【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题第四讲三大从句学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题第四讲三大从句学案

第四讲　三大从句 ‎1.(2019·江苏卷)Scientists have obtained more evidence ________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.‎ A.what B.that C.which D.where 答案　B　[句意：科学家已经获得了更多的证据，证明塑料正在进入人体。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺成分，故用that引导。]‎ ‎2.(2018·江苏卷)By boat is the only way to get here, which is ________ we arrived.‎ A.where B.when C.why D.how 答案　D　[根据句中的By boat可知，此处应用how引导表语从句，表示到达这里的方式。]‎ ‎3.(2017·江苏卷)He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he ________.‎ A.was being followed B.was following C.had been followed D.followed 答案　A　[句意：他匆匆赶回家，都没回头看看是否有人在跟踪他。此处强调的是过去正在发生的动作。]‎ ‎4.(2017·江苏卷)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20，half of ________ it used to charge.‎ A.that B.which ‎ C.what D.how 答案　C　[句意：我们选择这家旅馆是因为价格低至每晚20 美元，是原来收费的一半。charge为及物动词，缺少宾语，what相当于the price that，which指有范围的选择。]‎ ‎5.(2016·江苏卷)It is often the case ________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.‎ A.why B.what ‎ C.as D.that 答案　D　[句意：通常情况下，对于那些坚持希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的主语从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分，故要用that引导。]‎ ‎6.(2014·江苏卷)—What a mess！You are always so lazy!‎ ‎—I’m not to blame，mum.I am ________ you have made me.‎ A.how B.what ‎ C.that D.who 答案　B　[句意：——真是一团糟！你总是那么懒惰！——妈妈，该受责备的不是我，是你让我成了这个样子。根据句子结构分析，所填词汇在句中引导表语从句，且在从句中担当宾语补足语，此处指目前的这种状况，指事物，故用what，选B。]‎ ‎1.(2019·江苏卷)We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true.‎ A.which B.what C.when D.that 答案　C　[句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，从句的主谓宾成分齐全，先行词是表示时间的名词an age，故用关系副词when引导定语从句。]‎ ‎2.(2018·江苏卷)Self-driving is an area ________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.‎ A.that B.where C.which D.when 答案　B　[空处引导定语从句，先行词是area，关系词在从句中充当地点状语，因此用where，相当于in which。]‎ ‎3.(2017·江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.‎ A.which B.its ‎ C.whose D.whom 答案　C　[句意：1963年，联合国建立世界粮食计划署，它的目的之一就是缓解全球饥饿。根据先行词“the World Food Programme”和“purpose”间的所属关系可知选C。]‎ ‎4.(2016·江苏卷)Many young people，most ________ were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.‎ A.of which B.of them ‎ C.of whom D.of those 答案　C　[句意：很多年轻人前往偏远地区去追逐他们的梦想，他们中的很多人都受过良好教育。根据句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为Many young people，作介词of的宾语，故要用whom。]‎ ‎5.(2015·江苏卷)The number of smokers，________ is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.‎ A.it B.which C.what D.as 答案　D　[句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就下降了17%。as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，意为“正如……”，符合句意，故选D项。]‎ ‎6.(2014·江苏卷)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work ________ a good impression is a must.‎ A.which B.when ‎ C.as D.where 答案　D　[句意：这本书在我的日常交流中帮了很大的忙，尤其是在良好印象是一项必要条件的工作中。根据句式结构该定语从句中work是先行词，指事物，在从句中作抽象概念的地点状语，用where引导从句，故选D。]‎ ‎1.(2019·江苏卷)The doctor shares his phone number with the patients ________ they need medical assistance.‎ A.if only B.as if C.even though D.in case 答案　D　[句意：医生把他的电话号码告诉病人，以防(in case)他们需要医疗帮助。if only要是……就好了；as if似乎，好像；even though虽然，尽管。]‎ ‎2.(2018·江苏卷)________ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.‎ A.Once B.Unless ‎ C.If D.When 答案　B　[句意：除非你睡眠好，否则你一两个夜晚后就不能集中注意力，不能计划，也不能保持积极性。unless“除非”符合句意。]‎ ‎3.(2017·江苏卷)Located ________ the Belt meets the Road，Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.‎ A.why B.when ‎ C.which D.where 答案　D　[句意：坐落于“一带”与“一路”的枢纽地带，江苏将会为“一带一路”建设作出更大的贡献。根据句意判定为地点状语从句，故选D。]‎ ‎4.(2016·江苏卷)________ some people are motivated by a need for success，others are motivated by a fear of failure.‎ A Because B.If ‎ C.Unless D.While 答案　D　[句意：尽管有些人受到成功需求的激励，而另外一些人却因恐惧失败而退缩。根据句意可知，这两句话之间为转折对比关系，故要用while。]‎ ‎5.(2015·江苏卷)It is so cold that you can’t go outside ________ fully covered in thick clothes.‎ A.if B.unless ‎ C.once D.when 答案　B　[句意：天太冷，你不能去外面，除非你全身都裹上厚衣服。unless相当于if...not(如果……不)，符合句意。]‎ ‎6.(2014·江苏卷)Lessons can be learned to face the future，________ history cannot be changed.‎ A.though B.as ‎ C.since D.unless 答案　A　[句意：尽管历史无法更改，但我们可以从中获得面对未来的一些教训。A.“尽管”，引导让步状语从句；B.“因为”或“当……时”，可引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句，如引导让步状语从句需倒装；C.“既然”“自从……以来”‎ ‎，可引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句；D.“除非；如果不……”，可引导条件状语从句；根据语境可知前后句为让步关系，且是正常语序，故选A。]‎ 一、2步定名词性从句的引导词 ‎1.确定是四种名词性从句中的哪一种(根据从句在整个句子中的作用确定)‎ ‎2.划分从句的句子成分，理解句意，选择正确的连接词。‎ ‎(1)当名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，使用连接代词。‎ ‎(2)当名词性从句中主干齐全，根据句意判断出缺少状语时，使用连接副词。‎ ‎(3)当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，使用从属连词引导。‎ 二、3法定定语从句的关系词 ‎1.先行词还原法 如果认为是定语从句，大家可以把前面的名词直接还原到从句中，如果此句意思通顺，并且句子结构正确，则为定语从句。‎ ‎2.四看法 正确选择引导定语从句的关系词是学习定语从句的难点，大家可以在找出主句后使用“四看法”来正确解答试题：一看指人还是物；二看介词在何处；三看句中作何用；四看是否属特殊，这样就能准确判断关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，如作主语、宾语、表语，需选择关系代词who，whom，that，which，as等；如作定语，需选择whose，of which或of whom；如作状语，需选择关系副词when，why，where。‎ ‎3.还原法定介词 ‎“介词＋关系词”考查的重点在于“用不用介词”或“用什么介词”。因此在答题时考生必须注意解题思路。考生可采用“先行词还原法”将先行词还原到从句中来确定正确的介词，具体做法是：‎ ‎(1)把先行词放在从句中，根据句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。‎ ‎(2)注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。‎ 三、句意翻译法解决状语从句 对于状语从句的解答来说，最重要的一点是能够正确地翻译句子的意思，这样就能够判断出该从句是状语从句中的哪一种，选择也就很容易了。‎ ‎[典例]　________ they decide which college to go to，students should research the ‎ admission procedures.‎ A.As B.While ‎ C.Until D.Once 答案　D　[句意：一旦学生们决定了要上哪所大学，他们就应该研究申请此大学的入学程序了。as当……时；由于；while当……时；尽管；until直到；once一旦。根据句意可知选择D项。]‎ 一、 名词性从句 ‎1.that和what的区别 that 引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不担当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词＋关系代词”，即常说的“先行词＋that”。‎ It’s a shame that he has made such a mistake.‎ 他犯了这种错误真丢脸。‎ I will do what I can (do) to help him.‎ 我会尽我所能去帮助他。‎ ‎2.whether和if的用法 ‎(1)whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词的宾语时，连接词一般用whether。‎ It all depends on whether they will come back.‎ 这都取决于他们会不会回来。‎ ‎(2)句子中有or not 时用whether。‎ I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.‎ 我不知道他是否已经到达武汉。‎ ‎(3)主语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。‎ Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.‎ 会议是否延期还没有决定。‎ The question is whether they have so much money.‎ 问题是他们没有这么多钱。‎ ‎(4)whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if则不能。‎ We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.‎ 我们应该仔细讨论这个问题——我们能不能做这件事。‎ ‎(5)whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用，但if不能。‎ The question of whether they are male or female is not important.‎ 他们是男性还是女性的问题并不重要。‎ I have not decided whether to go or not.‎ 我还没有决定去不去。‎ ‎(6)间接宾语位于句首时或者间接宾语提前时用whether不用if。‎ Thank you，but whether I’ll be free I’m not sure at the moment.‎ 谢谢你，但是目前我还不确定我有没有空。‎ ‎(7)whether可引导一个让步状语从句，表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。‎ Whether he comes or not，we will begin our party on time.‎ 无论他来不来，我们都会准时开始我们的派对。‎ ‎3.“疑问词＋ever”和“no matter＋疑问词”的区别 ‎(1)“疑问词＋ever”可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。‎ Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.‎ 任何违反规则的人定会受到惩罚。‎ You can choose whatever you like in the shop.‎ 你可以选择那家商店里你喜欢的任何东西。‎ ‎(2)“疑问词＋ever”还可引导让步状语从句。‎ Whoever breaks the rule，he must be punished.‎ 无论谁违反规则，他必定会受到处罚。‎ Whatever you do，you must do it well.‎ 无论你做什么事情，你一定要做好。‎ ‎(3)“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。‎ No matter what you do，you must put your heart into it.‎ 无论你做什么事情，你都要全身心投入。‎ No matter who comes late，he must be punished.‎ 无论谁迟到，他都会受到处罚。‎ 二、定语从句 ‎1.定语从句与并列句的比较 区分定语从句与并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和连接词。如果句与句之间有并列连词and, but或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面内容的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。试比较：‎ ‎[正]Maria has written two novels, both of which have been made into television series.(山东卷)‎ ‎[正]Maria has written two novels, and both of them have been made into television series.‎ ‎[误]Maria has written two novels, both of them have been made into television series.‎ 玛利亚已经写了两部小说，它们都已经被拍成电视剧了。‎ ‎2.定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的比较 关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；关系副词在定语从句中作状语。‎ ‎[名师点津]　先行词是地点名词时，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词时，关系词不一定用when；先行词是reason时，关系词不一定用why。判断引导词的关键是看其在从句中作何种成分。试比较：‎ ‎①This is the factory where I worked last year.(作地点状语)这是我曾经工作过的工厂。‎ This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.(作宾语)这是我曾经参观过的工厂。‎ ‎②I will never forget the day when I worked with them.(作时间状语)‎ 我永远不会忘记我和他们一起工作的那一天。‎ I will never forget the day (that/which) I spent with them.(作宾语)‎ 我永远不会忘记和他们一起度过的那一天。‎ ‎③This is the reason why he was absent from school.(作原因状语)‎ 这就是他为什么没来学校上课的原因。‎ This is the reason (that/which) he explained for his absence from school.(作宾语)‎ 这就是他解释的没来学校上课的原因。‎ 以上例句中visit, spend和explain为及物动词，从句中缺少宾语，故应用that/which引导，且that/which可以省略。‎ ‎3.定语从句中which与as的比较 which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember, guess, hope等 句意上 意为“这一点”‎ 表示“正如/正像……的那样”‎ We have launched another man-made satellite, which is announced in today’s newspaper.‎ 我们又发射了一颗人造卫星，这是在今天的报纸上宣布的。‎ The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.‎ 正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。‎ ‎4.“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择及其后关系词的选择 ‎(1)介词后的关系代词主要有which, whom和 whose。‎ In our class there are 46 students，of whom half wear glasses.(四川卷)‎ 在我们班有46名学生，其中一半戴眼镜。‎ ‎(2)在“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选择常常依据下面四点：‎ ‎①根据定语从句中的谓语选择介词，主要是看谓语中动词与介词的搭配和形容词与介词的搭配。‎ In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.‎ 在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。(turn to sb向某人求助)‎ ‎②根据定语从句所修饰的先行词选择介词。‎ He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.‎ 他建造了一架望远镜，通过它可以研究天空。‎ ‎③根据句子所表达的意思选择介词。‎ The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.‎ 离开它我们不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。‎ ‎④“of＋which/whom”表示所属关系。‎ Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.‎ 最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。‎ 三、状语从句 项目 连接词 例句 注意事项 时间状 语从句 when，while，as，before，after，since，until，the moment等 ‎①When I was walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.‎ ‎②I will tell him the news the moment he comes.‎ 要注意时态一致，一般情况下，在时间状语从句中，表示将来的动作用一般现在时(不可用将来时)‎ 地点状 语从句 where，wherever ‎①Where there is a will，there is a way.‎ ‎②We are always welcome wherever we go.‎ 注意不要和where引导的定语从句混淆，若是定语从句，where前必然有先行词 条件状 语从句 if，unless，as/so long as，on condition that，in case等 ‎①You should go to school unless you are seriously ill.‎ ‎②He will certainly pass the exam next term if he works hard at his lessons.‎ 条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时 原因状 语从句 because，since，as，for，now (that)‎ ‎①He didn’t go to school because he was ill.‎ ‎②As he is a League member，he takes the lead in everything in his class.‎ ‎①because语气最强，用来说明别人所不知道或最感兴趣的原因，回答why提出的问题；since次之，常表示已知事实，译为“既然”；as最弱 ‎②‎ as引导的从句往往放在主句前面，用来说明比较明显的原因；for用作连词时，往往表示一种附带的解释、说明或推理 让步状 语从句 although，though，as，even if/though，whatever，however，whoever，no matter what/who/how ‎①Although he is a child，he knows a lot.‎ ‎②Tired as/though I was，I went on with my work.‎ ‎③I will go and attend the meeting however busy I am.‎ ‎①当有though，although引导从句时，后面的主句不能有but ‎②as引导的让步状语从句必须把表语、状语或动词原形提前 结果状 语从句 so...that...，such...that...，so that(结果，以致)‎ ‎①He runs so fast that no one can catch up with him.‎ ‎②It was such an interesting novel that I read it three times.‎ ‎③I got up late so that I missed the early bus.‎ 在so...that...和such...that...所引导的结果状语从句中，so为副词，后面跟形容词、副词或分词，而such为形容词，后面只能跟名词或名词性短语 方式状 语从句 as，just as，as if，as though ‎①We should work and study as he did.‎ ‎②They talked as if they had been friends for years.‎ as if，as though在方式状语从句中多指非真实的或可能性较小的情况，常用虚拟语气 比较状 语从句 as...as...，not so...as，比较级＋than ‎①He works as hard as everyone else in the class.‎ ‎②He is taller than any other student in our school.‎ 可以用比较句型表示在一定范围内的最高级含义：比较级＋than＋any other＋单数可数名词 目的状 语从句 so that，in order that，for fear that，in case(that)‎ ‎①She studies hard so that/in order that she can enter a key university.‎ ‎②Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.‎ 从句中常用may，might，can，could，should等情态动词 ‎1.(2019·南通中学期中考试)________ girls can be ________ they would like to be, whether it is a pilot or an astronaut, is being accepted all around the world.‎ A.What；whomever B.That；whatever C.If；whoever D./；whatever 答案　B　[句意：女孩子可以想当什么就当什么，无论是飞行员还是宇航员，这一点正在被世界各地的人们接受。第二空是be动词后面的表语从句的引导词，表示“职业”，用whatever，排除A和C；去掉逗号中间插入的部分可见is前的主语从句“girls can be whatever they would like to be”从意思到成分都是完整的，故选择在名词性从句中不担任成分且无实际意义的that，故答案是B。]‎ ‎2.(2019·启东中学高三测试)In her first class, her professor asked her and her classmates ________ impresses them most when it comes to Africa.‎ A.how B.what C.which D.that 答案　B　[句意：在她的第一堂课上，教授问她和她的同学们，当谈到非洲时给他们留下了最深刻印象的是什么。表示“……的东西”用what引导宾语从句，故选B。]‎ ‎3.(2019·南京金陵中学高三测试)In the opening four sentences, Du described ________ the cycles of nature happen—the leaves come back to the trees, the flowers bloom, and the grass grows tall.‎ A.how B.when C.where D.why 答案　A　[句意：在开头的四句话中，杜描述了自然的循环是如何发生的——树叶回到树上，花儿绽放，草长得很高。the leaves come back to the trees, the flowers bloom, and the grass grows tall.是自然循环的过程，表示“如何，怎样”，故选A。]‎ ‎4.(2019·泰兴中学高三期末考试)Handling difficult employees can be a real challenge for any manager, regardless of ________experienced he or she is.‎ A.whether B.where C.how D.why 答案　C　[句意：对任何一个管理者而言，不管他或她经验多么丰富，应对不易相处的员工绝对是个挑战。whether是否；where在哪里；how怎样；why为什么。how＋形容词＋主语＋谓语，在本句中作介词of的宾语。其他选项连接词没有这样的用法。故C选项正确。]‎ ‎5.(2019·如东中学高三测试)We believe ________ you have been devoted to ________ naturally of great necessity.‎ A.that；being B.all that；be C.that all；are D.what；is 答案　D　[句意：我们相信你所为之倾注精力的事情自然是非常必要的。分析句子可知，believe后接宾语从句，宾语从句中to为介词，后接what作宾语，所以连接词为what，故what you have been devoted to 为宾语从句的主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数is。故D选项正确。]‎ ‎6.(2019·泰州市高三期末考试)Nowadays, some people tend to drink and gamble for the sake of ________ they call the circles, which is definitely stupid.‎ A.why B.how ‎ C.where D.what 答案　D　[句意：如今，有些人为了所谓的“圈子”而喝酒和赌博，这绝对是愚蠢的。分析句子可知，of 后接宾语从句，在宾语从句中，连接词what作call的宾语。故D选项正确。]‎ ‎7.(2019·无锡市高三阶段性测试)—He is eager to try something he has never tried before.‎ ‎—Oh, I see.That’s ________ he’s different from others.‎ A.when B.where ‎ C.how D.what 答案　B　[句意：——他急切地尝试一些以前他没有尝试过的事情。——我明白的。那就是他和别人不一样的地方。疑问副词where引导表语从句where he’s different from others.并在句中作地点状语。what要在句中作主语，宾语，表语；A、C两项的意思与句意不匹配。故B项正确。]‎ ‎8.(2019·扬州中学高三测试)________ has caused great confusion is ________ he ‎ made it without anyone else’s help.‎ A.What；that B.What；how C.It；how D.It；that 答案　B　[句意：让人极其困惑的是他是如何在没有别人帮助的情况下做到这一点的。表示“让人困惑的事情”用what引导主语从句，表示“如何做到的”用how表方式，引导表语从句。故选B。]‎ ‎9.(2019·扬州中学高三检测)All the mistakes I ever made in my life were that I said “Yes” ________ I wanted to say “No”.‎ A.how B.that ‎ C.whether D.when 答案　D　[句意：在我的人生中所犯的所有错误都是当我想要说“不”，却说了“是”。句中when引导表语从句，在句中充当时间状语。A、C项与句意不符，that在名词性从句中不做成分，故D项正确。]‎ ‎10.(2019·镇江市高三模拟)Nicholas was very kind, merciful and generous.This is ________ Father Christmas is based on.‎ A.where B.how ‎ C.what D.why 答案　C　[句意：尼古拉斯非常善良、仁慈、慷慨。这就是圣诞老人的由来。本句为表语从句，从句中缺少on的宾语，故选择连接代词。且on的宾语指代上文“尼古拉斯非常善良、仁慈、慷慨”这件事，故选择what指代事件、内容。故选C。]‎ ‎11.(2019·盐城一中高三模拟)She had just finished her homework________ her mother asked her to practise playing the piano yesterday.‎ A.when B.while ‎ C.after D.since 答案　A　[考查“had done＋when＋一般过去时”这一句式结构，表示“刚干完一件事，这时，另一件事发生了”；when在本句中为并列连词，连接并列句，相当于and at this/that time。句意：昨天她刚完成功课的时候，妈妈就叫她练习钢琴。while在……同时，表示伴随；after在……以后；since自从……，均不能用于此结构。]‎ ‎12.(2019·海安市期末监测)The mixture of better jobs, special government policies ‎ and having sponsors for studying abroad is ________ lies behind the changes to China’s brain drain.‎ A.what B.whether C.that D.where 答案　A　[句意：更好的就业机会、特殊的政府政策以及对留学生的资助是中国人才流失背后的原因。分析句子结构可知此处为表语从句，从句中缺少主语，故A项正确。]‎ ‎13.(2018·天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to ________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.‎ A.whomever B.wherever C.whoever D.whatever 答案　C　[句意：金牌将会被颁发给在自行车比赛中获得第一的任何选手。本空需要连接词引导宾语从句，连接词在从句中作主语，指人，同时根据句意可知，应用whoever引导这个宾语从句。]‎ ‎14.(2018·北京卷)This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.‎ A.how B.which C.that D.what 答案　D　[句意：这是我父亲教我的——永远直面困难，凡事往好处想。根据语境可知，此处用what引导表语从句。句中的to always face difficulties and hope for the best是what指代的内容。]‎ ‎1.(2019·南京市高三联考)The Tang Dynasty is generally regarded as a golden chapter by people worldwide, ________ the Chinese civilization influenced many neighboring countries.‎ A.where B.when C.which D.who 答案　B　[句意：唐朝被世界范围的人们认为是一个黄金时期，在这个时期，中国文明影响了很多临近的国家。引导词在从句中作时间状语，故应用关系副词when引导该从句。B选项正确。]‎ ‎2.(2019·扬州中学高三测试)Meanwhile, on the top of each tower, a botanical garden will offer a relaxing space ________ visitors can enjoy nature, away from the noise of ‎ the city.‎ A.that B.where ‎ C.when D.which 答案　B　[句意：同时，在每个塔的顶部，一个植物园将提供一个放松的空间，在这里游客可以享受自然，远离城市的噪音。句中包含定语从句，先行词是space，在定语从句中作地点状语，指在这个地方，用关系副词where引导，故选B。]‎ ‎3.(2019·苏州中学高三测试)Not everybody agrees to the plan.Some support it, while I am one of ________ opposed to it.‎ A.who B.those who C.which D.those 答案　D　[句意：不是每个人都同意这个计划。有些人支持它，而我是反对它的人之一。句中opposed to it是形容词性短语作后置定语修饰those，故答案是D。]‎ ‎4.(2019·南通中学高三测试)The problem with traffic crowdedness in the city put forward at the meeting, ________ the government takes into consideration, is of great importance.‎ A.what B.where ‎ C.which D.as 答案　C　[句意：会议上提出的城市交通拥挤问题非常重要，政府考虑到了这个问题。分析句子可知，The problem with traffic crowdedness in the city put forward at the meeting为先行词，作take的宾语，又根据逗号，判断出本句为非限制性定语从句，所以关系代词为which。what不能引导定语从句。先行词在定语从句作宾语，所以不能用关系副词when。as是“正如”的意思，不符合句意。故C选项正确。]‎ ‎5.(2019·天一中学高三测试)—When did you return last Friday?‎ ‎—It was not until midnight ________ it was raining hard.‎ A.when B.which ‎ C.that D.before 答案　A　‎ ‎[句意：——上星期五你什么时候回来的？——直到半夜下起大雨时才回来。分析句子可知，midnight为先行词，在后面定语从句作时间状语，所以关系副词为when。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎6.(2019·泰州市高三期末考试)Stan Lee, an outstanding comic-book writer, created plenty of superheroes in his works, ________ the Spider-man and the X-men are the most famous.‎ A.for them B.for whom C.of them D.of whom 答案　D　[句意：斯坦·李，一位杰出的漫画作家，在他的作品中创造了大量的超级英雄，其中最著名的是蜘蛛侠和X战警。分析句子可知，本句superheroes为先行词，在后面定语从句中作介词的宾语，所以用关系代词whom, 根据句意可知，介词为of表示“……的”。故D选项正确。]‎ ‎7.(2019·盐城中学高三测试)Occasions are not uncommon ________ we have to cancel our plan due to something unexpected.‎ A.where B.that ‎ C.which D.when 答案　D　[句意：由于一些意想不到的事情，我们不得不取消计划，这种情况并不少见。句中包含定语从句，先行词是Occasions，在定语从句中作时间状语，指“在这种情况下”，用关系副词when引导。故选D。]‎ ‎8.(2019·扬州中学高三质量检测)Newly released data point to an increase in technology use among children ________ some worry is changing the very nature of childhood.‎ A.why B.who C.which D.where 答案　C　[句意：最新公布的数据显示，科技在儿童中的使用有所增加，一些人担心这正在改变儿童的天性。________ some worry is changing the very nature of childhood.是一个定语从句，修饰先行词an increase in technology use among children，some worry是插入语，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，故选C。]‎ ‎9.(2019·镇江市高三模拟)—How can I get in touch with the travel agency, Robin?‎ ‎—Just surf the Internet and then call one ________ the telephone number is provided.‎ A.with which B.in which C.of which D.by which 答案　C　‎ ‎[句意：——我怎样才能和旅行社取得联系呢，罗宾？——上网，然后打电话给其中一个提供的电话号码。本句为“介词＋关系代词”结构的定语从句，先行词为one，与从句the telephone number构成所属关系，故选C。]‎ ‎10.(2019·江阴市期末监测)Sustainable development is all about creating better health care, education, housing and improved standard of life for everyone, which is a simple idea，________ is hard to put into practice.‎ A.one B.the one C.one that D.that 答案　C　[句意：可持续发展就是要为每个人创造更好的医疗、教育、住房和提高生活水平，这是一个简单的想法，但很难付诸实践。分析句子结构可知，one作a simple idea的同位语，而one后是由that引导的定语从句，that指代先行词one在定语从句中作主语，故C项正确。]‎ ‎11.(2019·海安市期末监测)Nowadays, many developing countries are heavily in debt, because very high interest rates have created a situation ________ these countries now spend $13 on debt repayment for $1 ________ they receive.‎ A.that；that B.which；when C.where；that D.where；what 答案　C　[句意：现在，很多发展中国家负债累累，因为高利率造成了这样一种情况，这些国家用13美元偿还1美元的债务。分析句子结构可知，本题考查了两处定语从句，第一处的先行词为situation，从句不缺主宾表，缺少地点状语，应该用where，第二处的先行词为$1，关系词在从句中作宾语，应该用that，故C项正确。]‎ ‎12.(2019·兴化市高三质量监测)Whitney Houston’s sudden death suggests that drug abuse is such a serious problem ________ we should deal with properly.‎ A.which B.where C.as D.that 答案　C　[句意：Whitney Houston的突然死亡，表明滥用药物是一个我们应当恰当处理的严重问题。此处是“such...as...”结构。当前面的先行词由such修饰的时候，定语从句中的关系词应该用as，它在从句中作宾语，其他的关系词不能用，故选C。]‎ ‎13.(2019·徐州一中高三测试)In modern education, I think, students should be involved in various activities, especially those ________ they can gain experience for ‎ growth.‎ A.where B.who ‎ C.which D.whom 答案　A　[句意：在现代教育中，我认为学生要参加各种活动，尤其是那些能获得成长经验的活动。分析句子可知those代指前句的 various activities，而________ they can gain experience for growth是一个定语从句，those是先行词，指抽象地点，在该从句中缺少状语，所以用where引导，也可以换成in which，意思是在这些活动里。故选A。]‎ ‎14.(2018·天津卷)Kate，________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.‎ A.whom B.that ‎ C.whose D.her 答案　C　[句意：凯特到澳大利亚去工作了。读大学的时候我和她的姐姐住一个寝室。从句子结构看，本空需要关系词引导定语从句，先行词为Kate，且关系代词在从句中作定语，因此用关系代词whose引导定语从句。]‎ ‎15.(2018·北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work，________ helps them keep fit.‎ A.which B.who C.as D.that 答案　A　[句意：她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。根据句子结构可知，此处用which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。]‎ ‎1.(2019·南通等七市高三调研)The bus dropped me off and pulled away ________ I realized I had left my bag on it.‎ A.while B.before C.after D.since 答案　B　[句意：在我意识到我的包落在车上之前，这辆公共汽车已经把我放下然后开走了。文中表示“在我意识到以前”。while虽然；before在……之前；after在……之后；since自从，故选B。]‎ ‎2.(2019·泰州等七市高三调研)—What difference will it make ________ we shall go to the concert on Tuesday or on Saturday?‎ ‎—They offer a discount on weekdays.‎ A.that B.when ‎ C.whether D.why 答案　C　[句意：——我们周二还是周六去听音乐会有什么区别吗？——在工作日他们会提供打折服务。这里是whether引导的主语从句，it为形式主语。whether...or...“是……还是……；或者……或者……”。故选C。]‎ ‎3.(2019·南京市高三联考)It is so good a habit to instruct children to lay things ________ they belong when they are young.‎ A.to which B.where C.in which D.that 答案　B　[句意：在孩子们小的时候，教导他们把东西放在它们原来放的地方是一个非常好的习惯。通过分析可知，本句考查的是地点状语从句，A、C和D项均用来引导定语从句，所以答案选B。]‎ ‎4.(2019·如东中学高三测试)All of our equipment dates back to the 1960s and 1970s；we cannot make products that compete with foreign products, ________ we can buy the necessary technology.‎ A.unless B.while ‎ C.once D.if 答案　A　[句意：我们所有的设备都可以追溯到20世纪60年代和70年代；除非我们能买到必要的技术，否则我们不能生产与外国产品相竞争的产品。分析句子可知，本句为条件状语从句，所以应用表示条件的从属连词，根据句意可知unless符合句意。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎5.(2019·丹阳市高三期末考试)The girl was then hit a second time by another van ________ an elderly trash collector came to her aid, according to some witnesses.‎ A.before B.where ‎ C.until D.when 答案　A　[句意：据一些目击者称，一名拾荒老人还没来得及救那个女孩，女孩就随后被另一辆货车撞倒。before在……之前；where 在哪里；until直到；when当……时候。分析句子可知，本句缺少从属连词，根据句意，before符合句意。故A选项正确。]‎ ‎6.(2019·无锡市高三阶段性测试)We firmly believe that ________ the new examination system comes into existence, completely new situations will arise.‎ A.considering B.supposed C.providing D.given 答案　C　[句意：我们坚信，如果新的考试制度得以实施，将会出现全新的局面。considering考虑到；supposed所谓的；providing假如，以……为条件；given考虑到。结合句意可知此处是providing引导的条件状语从句，故选C。]‎ ‎7.(2019·连云港市高三期末测试)Guandan, a Poker game, originating ________ Premier Zhou Enlai was born, has been popular with the men in the street around the country.‎ A.from which B.in where C.where D.what 答案　C　[句意：起源于周恩来总理出生地的打牌游戏“Guandan”，在全国各地的大街小巷都很受欢迎。结合句意可知此处是where引导的地点状语从句，故选C。]‎ ‎8.(2019·宿迁市高三期末测试)Linda couldn’t have broken into the teacher’s office at midnight, for it was only nine o’clock ________ she returned to the dormitory and had a sound sleep.‎ A.before B.when ‎ C.that D.until 答案　B　[句意：Linda不可能半夜闯进老师的办公室，因为她回到宿舍睡了个好觉才九点。结合句意可知此处是when引导的时间状语从句，故选B。]‎ ‎9.(2018·北京卷)________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.‎ A.Although B.While C.If D.Until 答案　C　[句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上许多动植物将不复存在。根据句意可知，此处用If引导条件状语从句。]‎ ‎10.(2018·天津卷)Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend ________ they get sweet enough to be eaten.‎ A.ever since B.as if C.even though D.so that 答案　D　[从句意的连贯看，空前说等到周末再摘这些桃子，空后说“它们就变得够甜了，可以吃了”，这里应该用so that“以便”引导目的状语从句。]‎ ‎11.(2017·北京卷)If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people ________ you figure it out.‎ A.because B.though ‎ C.until D.since 答案　C　[句意：如果一些东西不懂，你可以进行搜索、研究、与其他人交流，直到你理解了为止。because 因为；though 虽然；until 直到；since 既然。由句意显然答案选C。]‎ ‎12.(2017·北京卷)________ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.‎ A.Once B.If C.Although D.Because 答案　C　[句意：虽然鸟儿的羽毛是用来飞行的，但是有些羽毛还有其他的用途。although “虽然，尽管”，表让步。once 一旦；if 如果；because 因为，均不符合语境。]‎ ‎13.(2016·浙江卷)________ online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive.‎ A.Since B.After ‎ C.While D.Unless 答案　C　[句意：尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但并不是所有的影响都是积极的。while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；虽然”；since既然，自从；after在……之后；unless除非。故选C。]‎ ‎14.Sometimes it’s hard to accept the truth ________ the lie sounds much better.‎ A.because B.unless C.though D.until 答案　A　[句意：有时候真相很难被接受，因为谎言听起来更好听。前后分句为因果关系，故选A。]‎ Ⅰ.单项填空 ‎1.(2019·江苏省高三第二次百校联考)In the US, there are currently over 5，000 community schools ________， in addition to serving as educational institutions, function as community centers for the surrounding neighborhood.‎ A.which B.where C.whose D.as 答案　A　[句意：在美国，目前有超过5 000所社区学校，除了作为教育机构之外，还作为周边社区的中心。此处schools是先行词，指物，在后面的定语从句中作主语，确定关系词which/that。故答案为A。]‎ ‎2.(2019·苏锡常镇四市联考)Sometimes, the kind of food we serve a person suggests ________ we show our gratitude.‎ A.when B.what ‎ C.why D.how 答案　D　[句意：有时候，我们为别人提供的食物暗示了我们如何表达我们的感激之情。可知此处是how引导的宾语从句，故选D。]‎ ‎3.(2019·江苏省苏北四市联考)Men must consider eating, drinking, clothing and finding shelter ________ they can pursue entertainment and recreation.‎ A.until B.unless C.before D.because 答案　C　[句意：男人在追求娱乐和消遣之前，必须考虑吃、喝、穿、住。until直到……为止；unless除非；before在……之前；because因为。结合句意可知此处是before引导的时间状语从句，故答案为C。]‎ ‎4.(2019·江苏省四星级学校联考)Just tell Mike ________ has a good knowledge of physics and history is qualified for the position.‎ A.Whenever B.Whomever C.Whoever D.Whichever 答案　C　[句意：只要告诉Mike，凡是精通物理和历史的人都能胜任这个职位。此处为宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，表示“任何人”，故C项正确。]‎ ‎5.(2019·江苏省苏州市高三期末)‎ ‎—Who is the most famous martial arts novelist?‎ ‎—Jin Yong，________ works deeply influenced the cultural development of Chinese-speaking communities around the world.‎ A.he B.his ‎ C.who D.whose 答案　D　[句意：——谁是最出名的武侠小说家？——金庸，他 的作品深深影响了世界各地华人社区的文化发展。此处为非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少定语，故D项正确。]‎ ‎6.(2019·江苏省常州市高三期末)Granny always keeps her cell phone switched off ________ she’s expecting a call.‎ A.since B.unless ‎ C.once D.when 答案　B　[since既然；unless除非；once一旦……；when当……时。句意：外婆的手机总是关机，除非她在等电话。根据句意可知此处表示“除非”，故B项正确。]‎ ‎7.(2019·南通市高三三月联考)—You need to provide a hard argument as to ________ the exam scheme will be reformed.‎ ‎—As you see, teachers and students have too much burden.‎ A.where B.when ‎ C.how D.why 答案　D　[句意：——你需要就改革考试制度的原因提出一个有力的论据。——正如你所看到的，老师和学生的负担过重了。从答语的情况来看，改革的原因是老师和学生的负担太重了，从句中缺少原因状语，故D项正确。]‎ ‎8.(2019·镇江模拟)He may win the competition，________he is likely to get into the national team.‎ A.in which case B.in that case C.in what case D.in whose case 答案　A　[which引导非限制性定语从句，in which case意为“在这种情况下”。]‎ ‎9.(2019·南通市高三三月联考)I got enough money ready before leaving for the bookstore ________ I found many good books that could add to my collection.‎ A.so that B.in case C.provided that D.only if 答案　B　[句意：我在去书店之前准备了足够的钱以防我发现值得收藏的很多好书。so that以便；in case以防；provided that倘若；only if只有。根据句意可知此处表示“以防”，用in case引导这个目的状语从句，故B项正确。]‎ ‎10.(2019·无锡市普通高中教学质量抽测)The news spread quickly all over the world ‎ ________ Michael Schumacher came to life after his being seriously injured 5 years ago.‎ A.that B.what ‎ C.which D.when 答案　A　[句意：迈克尔·舒马赫在5年前受了重伤后苏醒过来的消息很快传遍了全世界。此处名词news后面是that引导的同位语从句，说明该名词的具体内容，故选A。]‎ ‎11.(2019·无锡市普通高中教学质量抽测)Ms Meng, CFO of Huawei, got arrested for no good reason in Canada, ________ caused great anger of the whole nation of China.‎ A.that B.as ‎ C.which D.what 答案　C　[句意：华为CFO孟女士在加拿大无故被捕，这引起了全中国人民的强烈愤慨。此处是前面整个句子做先行词，用which引导非限制性定语从句，且作主语，故选C。]‎ ‎12.(2019·泰州市普通高中教学质量抽测)‎ ‎________ offensive nicknames are seen as a form of bullying at school, next time you want to call someone by its nickname, weigh it before you do.‎ A.Since B.Unless ‎ C.Although D.Before 答案　A　[句意：因为在学校无礼的昵称被视为一种欺凌行为，所以下次你想叫别人的昵称时，一定要三思而后行。since既然；unless除非；although尽管；before在……之前。此处是since引导的原因状语从句，故选A。]‎ ‎13.(2019·扬州市高三第一次质量检测)In many ways, the magic of AI is ________ it’s not something you can see or touch.‎ A.whether B.what C.that D.why 答案　C　[句意：在很多方面，人工智能的神奇之处在于它不是你能看见或触摸到的。分析句子可知，表语从句为完整的句子，不缺成分，解释人工智能的神奇之处在何处，所以用that引导。故选C。]‎ ‎14.(2019·徐州市高三第一次质量检测)Bella, who is always cheerful, creates a friendly work atmosphere in her office every day，________ her colleagues find ‎ pleasant and relaxing.‎ A.where B.which ‎ C.when D.that 答案　B　[句意：贝拉总是很开朗，每天都在她的办公室里营造一种友好的工作氛围，她的同事们觉得这样的氛围轻松愉快。句中先行词为atmosphere，在非限定性定语从句中作动词find的宾语，所以用关系代词which引导。故选B。]‎ ‎15.(2019·盐城市高三第一次质量检测)As Emerson puts it，________ we travel the world over to find the beautiful，we must carry it with us or we find it not.‎ A.unless B.until C.though D.because 答案　C　[句意：如爱默生所言，我们环游世界是为了寻找美，但是我们必须与美同行才能发现它。unless除非；until直到；though尽管；because因为。根据句意可知，这里表示一种转折关系，故选C。]‎ Ⅱ.阅读理解 A ‎(2019·苏州实验中学高三一模)‎ With smart technology increasingly influencing all aspects of our lives, it is only a matter of time before someone invents “smart” shoes—ones that can be made based on personal needs.Called “ShiftWear”， the sneakers are the brainchild of a team of businessmen, and engineers led by New York-based designer David Coel.‎ The adaptable shoes can be customized by using a smart phone app.Shoe owners will have the option of selecting a design from a variety of HD pattern by famous artists or creating one themselves.The company’s founders imagine a marketplace where artists can not only share but also sell their designs to others.Despite being electronic, the designs are clearly visible even in the brightest sunlight.What’s even cooler is that by switching on a backlight, users can even show off their designs in the dark!‎ According to Coel, the sneakers will keep their charge “forever” if only images are displayed.Though they will need periodic recharging, active users have nothing to worry about.That’s because the shoes are equipped with special walk-n-charge technology that powers the shoes—with every step.Inactive users also have options of charging the sneakers without using wires.‎ The bottom part of the shoes is covered with Kevler fibers, a kind of strong material, reducing normal wear and tear.Even better? They are completely waterproof (not let ‎ water through) and can even be thrown into an ordinary laundry machine for a quick wash! The company predicts that the shoes will range the price from $150 to $1000 depending on the size of the E-panels where the designs are displayed.‎ This is not the first time that electronics and shoes have combined.Lithuania-based iShuh Technology has come up with a similar concept that connects e-reader panels to a smart phone app via the Bluetooth.Whether these smart shoes become as popular as our smart devices remains to be seen, though they surely are attractive.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文属于科普文，介绍了智能鞋及其背后的充电技术以及市场前景。‎ ‎1.What can we know about the smart shoes from the text?‎ A.The electronic designs can not be seen clearly at night.‎ B.The designers make sure every pair of sneakers are unique.‎ C.The bottom of the shoes can last longer due to special materials.‎ D.The shoes have to be washed by hand to protect the electronics.‎ 答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“The bottom part of the shoes is covered with Kevler...wear and tear.”可知这种鞋的底子由于由特殊的材料制作所以很耐磨，故选C。]‎ ‎2.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?‎ A.How the sneakers are charged.‎ B.How the sneakers can work well.‎ C.What images the sneakers show.‎ D.What technology the sneakers carry.‎ 答案　A　[段落大意题。本段主要讲述智能鞋动力的问题，只要穿着智能鞋行走就可以充电，故选A。]‎ ‎3.The varied prices of the sneakers mainly depend on ________.‎ A.the length of the shoes B.the size of their e-panels C.the designers of the shoes D.the materials of their bottoms 答案　B　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可知，价格不同的原因是用于展示设计的电子展示板的尺寸不一样，故选B。]‎ ‎4.How does the author feel about the sneakers’ future market?‎ A.Negative. B.Anxious.‎ C.Uncertain. D.Confident.‎ 答案　C　[作者态度题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，尽管很有吸引力，但能否像智能设计那么流行仍有待观察，故可知作者对此态度是不确定的，故选C。]‎ B In the movie Jurassic Park (1993) a billionaire creates a theme park filled with dinosaurs, brought back from extinction through cloning by a team of scientists.‎ Although the film is of course fictional, the methods used in it to bring animals back from the dead may soon become reality.‎ Scientists from Harvard University in the US are currently working on resurrecting the woolly mammoth, a mammal that became extinct around 4，000 years ago.‎ However, it wouldn’t be an exact copy of the hairy beast.“Our aim is to produce a hybrid elephant-mammoth embryo，” Professor George Church, head of the team of scientists, told The Guardian.‎ ‎“Actually, it would be more like an elephant with a number of mammoth traits.We’re not there yet, but it could happen in a couple of years.”‎ The team is hoping to make a “mammophant”—a mix between an elephant and a mammoth.It would be like a regular elephant but have features from the mammoth that would make it more adaptable to cold weather.‎ Small ears, a thick layer of body fat and, of course, long hair are what helped the mammoth live in freezing temperatures.‎ So why go through all the effort and expense to bring back an animal that died out thousands of years ago? The answer lies in climate change.‎ It’s hoped that the creatures will stop frost in the world’s tundra from melting and releasing huge amounts of harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.‎ ‎“Mammoths used to keep the tundra from thawing by punching through snow and allowing cold air to come in，”said Church.“In the summer, they knocked down trees and helped the grass grow.”Church and his team are attempting to mix mammoth DNA, recovered from frozen samples of the animal found in Siberia, with that of the Asian elephant, which is its closest relative.‎ There are critics who believe that the media has got carried away with the story though, after several websites ran headlines such as Woolly mammoths will be ‎ roaming Earth again within two years.‎ ‎“So far, scientists have managed to incorporate traits of the mammoth into elephant DNA.In a few years, they hope to make an embryo, but that’s a long way from creating a viable embryo, ”Popular Science magazine wrote.‎ Some have even gone so far as to call the story “fake news”.Paleoanthropologist(古人类学家)John Hawks wrote on blog platform Medium：Is this just another case of the media sensationalizing(大肆渲染) what is otherwise a good science story?‎ Although we may not be seeing woolly mammoths at the zoo any time in the near future, it’s still exciting to know that there is still the possibility of a real Jurassic Park someday, however tiny that possibility may be.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了哈佛大学的科学家目前正致力于复活一种大约4 000年前灭绝的哺乳动物——长毛象。此举的目的是通过它们来应对全球变暖，也有一些人对此持反对意见，但不管怎样，这都是令人兴奋的。‎ ‎5.The underlined word “resurrecting” in Paragraph 3 probably means ________.‎ A.making something adaptable to current condition B.studying a sample of something C.bringing something back to life D.producing a hybrid embryo of something 答案　C　[词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“the methods used...may soon become reality.”可知，电影中用来把动物从死亡中拯救过来的方法可能很快成为现实，此处是说哈佛大学的科学家目前正致力于复活一种大约4 000年前灭绝的哺乳动物——长毛象，由此可知画线词词义为“复活”，故C项正确。]‎ ‎6.What would a mammophant look like according to the text?‎ A.It would be a combination of elephant, mammoth and dinosaur.‎ B.It would be an exact copy of the woolly mammoth with long hair.‎ C.It would look like a normal elephant but also share some mammoth traits.‎ D.It would be like a bigger sized elephant with small ears and short hair.‎ 答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第五段第一句可知，长毛象看起来像普通的大象，但也具有一些猛犸象的特征，故C项正确。]‎ ‎7.What is the main purpose of producing mammophants according to Church?‎ A.To improve biodiversity.‎ B.To help fight global warming.‎ C.To remove frost in the tundra.‎ D.To help the grass grow in the tundra.‎ 答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第九段及第十段第一句可知，这些动物有望阻止冰原融化并向大气层中释放大量有害的温室气体，因此目的是为了应对全球变暖，故B项正确。]‎ ‎8.What can be concluded from the text?‎ A.The media holds a cautious attitude toward the mammophant program.‎ B.A hybrid elephant-mammoth embryo is likely to be produced within two years.‎ C.The method used to produce mammophants was borrowed from the movie Jurassic Park.‎ D.Scientists still have a long way to fulfill the goals of the mammophant program.‎ 答案　D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“In a few years...from creating a viable embryo”可知，培育出一个存活的胚胎还有很长的一段路要走，也就是科学家要实现他们的目标还有很长的路要走，故D项正确。]‎ Ⅲ.任务型阅读 ‎(2019·镇江市高三年级第一次模拟)‎ Decoding the young brain There was a funny experiment to see how a young child would answer a specific question compared to an adult.After the adult had spent some time speaking with the child, he asked the child, “What do you think about me？” The child answered, “You talk too much.” When the adult performed the same experiment with another adult, the reply to the same question was, “I think you’re a very interesting person.” Even if the adult felt the same way as the child, his brain allowed him to take a moment，consider the question, and come up with an answer.He could have been annoyed, but his answer didn’t reflect it because he was being polite.‎ The secret lies in the science of the developing brain.The child’s honest answer was reflected in the fact that his brain wasn’t equipped to filter(过滤) information before answering the question.As a result, he was honest, but he said something that may have been hurtful.However, the child did not intentionally hurt the adult；it’s just the way his brain works.As a child grows into adolescence and then into adulthood, that changes.‎ The human brain is made up of billions of neurons(神经元).In order for our body to ‎ execute a command, like getting up from a chair and walking to the other room, the neurons in the brain have to communicate with each other.They also help us employ our senses like taste and touch and help us remember things.‎ When the neurons send messages, perhaps one sensation(感觉) the person feels is excitement about eating a cookie because it is so delicious.Later, if that person smells a cookie or hears someone talking about a cookie, it can spark the electrical signals that call up the memory of eating the delicious cookie.In an adult, he or she may remember that eating too many cookies can have consequences, like weight gain.But because the younger brain is more impulsive(冲动的), the desire to feel the pleasure of the sweet treat outweighs the consequences.‎ That is because when a child is young, his brain is “wired” in such a way that he seeks pleasure and is more willing to take risks than an adult.This affects his decision-making process and it is why younger people tend to be more impulsive.Sometimes parents have to tell their children over and over again before the child remembers that something is dangerous or risky.How many times have we heard a parent say, “I tell her this all the time, but she never listens！”‎ To conclude, what we know about the young brain is that children are more likely than adults to be impulsive.It isn’t always necessarily because they are being naughty；it may very well because of their brains.So the next time you ask a child what he really thinks of you, be prepared for any kind of answer.‎ Decoding the young brain An experiment on a young child A young child answered the question (1)____________ the top of his head while an adult paused, and (2)____________ twice before he found an answer.‎ Causes of the ‎ ‎(3)____________ reflected in the experiment The developing brain of the young child contributed to his honest answer.‎ ‎◆He was more likely to hurt or offend others (4)____________ he didn’t intend to do so.‎ ‎◆It’s just the way his brain works and with him growing up, that changes.‎ Billions of neurons (5)____________ up the human brain have their own mechanism for functioning.‎ ‎◆The neurons have to communicate with each other, helping us employ our senses and remember things.‎ ‎◆A person may (6)____________ the smell of a cookie with the memory of eating it.‎ ‎◆A younger brain is more impulsive compared with an adult’s.‎ A young child’s having a natural (7)____________ to seek pleasure and take risks results from his young brain.‎ ‎◆This affects his decision-making process and it is why younger people act in an impulsive way.‎ ‎◆Warned many times before, a young child will still try something (8)____________ or risky.‎ A conclusion drawn from the experiment An adult’s ability to control his impulses is much (9)____________ and a young child is not (10)____________ being naughty when they make hurtful or offensive answers.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　这是一篇说明文。文章说明了小孩子说一些伤人的、冒犯性的语言并不是故意为之，而是因为儿童的大脑还没有发育完全，不具备在回答问题前过滤信息的功能导致的。‎ ‎1.off　[由第一段中的“‘What do you think about me？’ The child answered, ‘You talk too much.’”可知，对于提出的问题，孩子的回答总是不假思索。off the top of one’s head意为“不假思索”，故填off。]‎ ‎2.thought　[由第一段中的“his brain allowed him...with an answer”可知，成年人得出答案前总是会考虑再三，且实验发生在过去，故填过去式thought。]‎ ‎3.phenomenon　[第一段通过实验引出后文中分析造成这种现象的原因，故填phenomenon。]‎ ‎4.although/though　[由第二段中的“As a result, he was honest...intentionally hurt the adult”可知，虽然孩子可能会说一些伤人的话，但是他们并不是有意的。故填连词although/though。]‎ ‎5.making　[由第三段第一句可知，数十亿的神经元组成了人类的大脑。本句已经存在谓语动词have，故make做非谓语与其逻辑主语Billions of ‎ neurons构成主谓关系，故填making。]‎ ‎6.associate　[由第三段最后一句可知，神经元通过味觉或者触觉帮助我们记住事物，故一个人可能会把饼干的味道和吃饼干的记忆联系起来。故填associate。]‎ ‎7.tendency　[由第五段第一句可知，一个年幼的孩子有一种寻求快乐和冒险的自然倾向，这是由他幼小的大脑决定的。故填tendency。]‎ ‎8.dangerous　[由第五段倒数第一、二句可知，即使父母警告过多次，孩子还是会去尝试危险或冒险的事物。故填dangerous。]‎ ‎9.stronger/greater　[由最后一段第一句可知，成年人比小孩子控制冲动的能力更强、更好。故填stronger或greater。]‎ ‎10.necessarily　[由最后一段第二句可知，因为大脑构造的关系，小孩子说一些伤人的、冒犯性的语言并不一定总是因为淘气。故填necessarily。]‎