【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习学案：写作的解题技巧及训练（二）

【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习学案：写作的解题技巧及训练（二）

‎2019年高三二轮复习--写作的解题技巧及训练（二）‎ 一.课程介绍 知识点 1. 归纳讲解写作的解题技巧（2）---图表类作文 2. 写作中长短句原则 3. 写作中的主题句原则 4. 写作中的条理性原则 5. 写作中多变句式原则 ‎ 教学重点 ‎ 掌握并运用好图表类型写作的解题技巧 ‎ 教学难点 遣词造句的能力培养 二.要点回顾 书面表达（2017浙江卷）‎ 假定你是李华，计划组织一次郊游，请给你的英国朋友Chris写封邮件邀请他参加。内容主要包括：‎ ‎1.参加者;‎ ‎2.时间，地点；‎ ‎3.活动：登山，野餐等。 ‎ 注意：‎ ‎1.词数80左右：‎ ‎2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯 Dear Chris,‎ Regards,‎ Li Hua 答案：Dear Chris,‎ I'm Li Hua, I’m glad to invite you to attend an outing which is to be held in a small beautiful town next Saturday. We’ll meet at the school gate at 8 am then. ‎ There we will climb the mountains, have a picnic and play games. All these activities will help you relax yourself. Things that should be taken with us include necessary food , water, clothing, a camera and so on. I hope you can join our outing. You can call me at any time if you want to get more information about the activity.‎ Looking forward to your reply!‎ ‎ Regards,‎ ‎ Li Hua 三.知识精要 命题趋势 ①进一步体现高中英语新课改理念，引导考生观察生活、关注社会 ‎ 《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》提出了我国高中英语课程改革的要求，也为高考英语语言测试提供了依据。2017年全国高考英语书面表达题命制的基本方向：进一步体现高中新课改的方向，引导考生观察生活、关注社会、注重语言基础和语言能力运用、注重语言及选材的时代性、注重语言隐含的情感态度及文化意识。‎ ②凸显发散性、开发性的设题理念 ‎ 近年来，高考英语命题专家在不断总结经验，探索在应用文、记叙文和论说文这些体裁中，简化提示语言，找到短文写作题开放性与限制性之间的结合点。这种写作题型要求考生在给出的特定情景下按照特定的要求，开放式地发表评论、抒发情感，让考生有最大限度的发挥，突显了议论文的特点，对考生的语言组织能力和创新能力提出了更高的要求。‎ ‎ 发散性、开放性的短文写作题培养学生的想象能力和发散思维能力，能更加真实地考查考生实际运用语言的能力，能有效地拉开考生的成绩档次，有利于高校选拨人才。发散性、开放性的设题理念是高考英语书面表达题命制的主流方向。‎ 四.要点讲练 ‎【要点1】作文中长短句原则 ‎①一个短小精悍的句子，通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尤其当我们把短句放在段首或者段末时，它不仅可以承上启下，还可以揭示主题：As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如上所见，长短句结合，可以给人抑扬顿挫之感。因此，许多专家建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候，采用先短后长的句群形式，这样主体部分定会让人赏心悦目；文章结尾只需用一长一短形式。‎ ‎【例题】 我对此有很大的兴趣。有这么多不错的活动，如：感受烹饪文化、参观世界著名的大学、上外教课、学习家庭园艺、参加名胜古迹等等。我认为这些都对我们高中生有用。‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：先由短句表达作者观点。再由一个定语从句构成的复杂句来具体解释内容。‎ ‎【答案】　I have a great interest in it. There are so many wonderful activities, such as experiencing cooking culture, visiting world-famous universities, attending foreign classes, learning family gardening, visiting places of interest and so on, which I think are all very useful to us high school students.‎ ‎【即学即用】‎ ‎1．翻译句子 ‎①我想好好学习如何种植花和植物。我们有一个花园，在花园里我的父母中了各种各样的蔬菜，花和植物。‎ ‎②尽管不愿意，但是很快就到了我们分离的时候了。但是，这并不是结束。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①I want to learn how to grow flowers and plants well. We have a garden, where my parents grow various vegetables, flowers and plants.‎ ‎②It’ll soon be the time for us to depart, though unwillingly. But it is not the end. 　‎ ‎【要点2】写作中主题句原则 一篇文章的开头（有时也可在结尾）有一个主题句，也就有了中心，然后围绕主题展开相关内容，这样的文章思路清晰，让人一目了然。否则，若把主题隐藏在文章里，很可能使读者感觉云里雾里，不知所云。如：To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully ‎ prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the question correctly.开头一句赫然醒目，直接点题。‎ ‎【例题】不可否认的是，帮助陷入困境的将会给我们带来很多快乐，特别对于一个人的成长。‎ ‎【解析】试题分析:there is no denying that固定搭配，意为“不可否认的是”。‎ ‎【答案】There’s no denying that helping others in trouble will bring us much pleasure, especially for one’s growth.‎ ‎【即学即用】‎ 翻译句子 ‎①我写信的目的是邀请你下周末和我们一起去参观颐和园。‎ ‎②在中国北部，频繁的冬季雾霾已经带来了很大的问题。‎ ‎【答案】　‎ ‎①I am writing to invite you to visit the Summer Palace with us next weekend.‎ ‎②Frequent winter smog in northern China has become a serious issue. ‎ ‎【要点3】写作中条理性强的原则 一般来说，如果一篇文章按第一、第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等顺序罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。建议使用下列关联词：‎ 1. to begin with, then, furthermore, finally 2. to start with, next, in addition, finally 3. first, besides, last but not least 4. most important of all, moreover, finally 5. for one thing, for another thing ‎6.on the one hand, on the other hand ‎【例题】首先，在出国之前，旅客应该被训练去遵守社会和公共的秩序。其次，幼儿园和小学应该做更多去教授孩子去成为有责任的公民。最后，制定法律去惩罚那些在公共场所表现不好的人。‎ ‎【解析】试题分析：按顺序表达观念，使用高级表达逻辑关系的连词。‎ ‎【答案】 To begin with, before going abroad, tourists should be trained to obey social and public order. Besides, kindergartens and primary school should do more to teach the kids to be responsible citizens. Last but not least, laws should be made to punish those who behave badly in public places.‎ ‎【即学即用】‎ ‎①首先，你应该准备充分并且完全理解你的演讲科目；其次，把你的紧张视为一件积极的事，这能给你能量用一种感情的方式去发表演讲；最后，古话说的好，自信是成功的首要秘密。‎ ‎②首先，我喜欢运动，做运动已经是我生活中的重要一部分。此外，我既友好又有耐心，因此，我能和他人友好相处。更重要的是，我认为这是服务我们社会和培养能力。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①First and foremost, you should be prepared and understand the subject of your speech completely. Besides, look at your nervousness as a positive thing, which can give you the energy to deliver your speech in an emotive way. Last but not least, as the old saying goes, the confidence is the first secret of success.‎ ‎②To start with, I love sports and playing sports has been an important part of life. What’s more, I am friendly and patient, so I can get along well with others easily. More importantly, I consider it a good chance to serve our society and develop my ability.‎ ‎【要点4】作文中多变句式原则 ①加法（串联）‎ 我们有时希望自己像个native speaker一样能写很长的句子，但又怕写错。要解决这一个问题，最保险的写长句的方法是：在句子之间加and，但要处理好先后关系或者并列关系。如：I enjoy music and he is fond of playing the guitar.如果是两者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：not only...but also...其他的词可以用：besides, furthermore, moreover ②转折（拐外抹角）‎ 用了表示转折的关联词，可以使文章要点明确，重点突出。如：‎ The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.‎ The coat was thin, but it was warm.‎ 表示转折的词汇还有：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite ③因果 文章中使用了表示因果关系的连词后，可以让你的句式变得丰富多彩，语言富于变化，更具有说服力。‎ The snow began to fall, so we went home.‎ 更多表示因果关系的词汇：therefore, accordingly, as a result, for this reason, so that ④失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重） ‎ 有时突然出现一个不合乎常理的句子，必然会吸引别人的注意力，显得与众不同。其实就是使用主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句的变形。如：‎ This is what I can do.‎ Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.‎ ⑤附加 定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用，也会让人感觉你有深厚的语法功底，又具有极强的语言表现力。如：‎ The man who/whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.‎ I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.‎ Mr. Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.‎ ⑥排比 文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于排比，如果想要你的文章更加精彩的话，可以使用排比句、对偶句、动词（短语），表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！如：‎ Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.‎ ‎【例题】在中国，这是最著名的景点之一。因此，我和我的朋友打算去参观(翻译）。‎ ‎【解析】试题分析：因果关系的句式，用so来引导。‎ ‎【答案】 It is one of the most famous tourist attractions in China. So my friends and I are planning to pay a visit to it.‎ ‎【即学即用】‎ ①俗话说：有目标的人会成功，因为他们知道他们的方向。‎ ②采取措施去减缓交通压力是有必要的。然而，我认为提供更好更方便的交通系统是更重要的。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ①As a saying goes, people with goals succeed because they know where they are going.‎ ②It is necessary to take effective measures to relieve traffic pressure. However, I think to provide a better and more convenient public transport system is more important.‎ ‎※【链接高考】‎ 1. ‎（2015年北京卷） ‎ ‎ 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序， 介绍在“传统文化进校园”活动中，向面人艺术家学习捏面人的过程， 并以“A Day with a Craftsman”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件。 注意： 词数不少于 60。 提示词： 一个面团 a piece of dough 面人 dough figurine ‎________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎【答案】‎ Last Tuesday, our class invited an old craftsman to teach us how to make ‎ dough figurines. ‎ When the craftsman came in to the classroom, we gave him a warm welcome and two boys helped him with the tool box. First, the craftsman showed us the steps and skills of making dough figurines. We stood around him and watched attentively. Then we started to have a try ourselves. The old man walked around and helped us patiently. Finally, we put the figurines we made on the table and took pictures with the old craftsman. Looking at the figurines, we were all very excited.‎ We hope we can have more activities of this kind!‎ ‎【解析】情景作文，还是要仔细观察四幅图片，从每一幅图片中总结一句话，作为该图的主要内容，第一幅图为欢迎手艺人，第二幅图是大家看他做的步骤和方法，第三图是我们做，手艺人指导。最后一幅图是我们的成果。‎ ‎2.（2015年福建卷） ‎ ‎ 请阅读下面图画，按要求用英语写一篇词数为120左右的短文。 ‎ 内容包括：‎ ‎1. 描述画面；‎ ‎2. 概述其含义；‎ ‎3. 谈谈个人感想。 ‎ 凿壁偷光 ‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 短文开头已给出,不计入总词数；‎ ‎2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯；‎ ‎3. 短文中不能出现与本人相关的信息；‎ 参考词汇：凿，钻：bore 参考范文：‎ ‎ In the picture,we can see a boy in worn clothes,sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of ‎ books on it. A weak ray in through a small hole in the wall and he was absorbed in his reading.‎ ‎ This is a well-known story from an ancient Chinese idiom.The boy,being poor,couldn’t afford even a candle,so he bored a hole in the wall to “steal” the light from his neighbor’s house to read at night.The moral of the story is:spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.‎ ‎ Of course,things are totally different today.It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts.Hard work pays off.We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and prepared for the future.‎ ‎【解析】2015年福建高考英语作文采用“图片+感想”的形式，要求考生能够客观描述图片所展示的内容，同时表达自己主观的理解。 考查形式属于标准的三段式作文，为学生们所熟悉。 从内容上看，借用中国典故--凿壁借光，告诉当代青少年在求学与成功的道路上，外因（环境和条件）并不是决定性的因素，而内因（勤学、吃苦）才是最重要的。所以，综合考虑，作文的难易度把控得很好，考生几乎没有偏题的可能性，从而能够很好地体现出学生们的英语水平应用能力。根据福建省高考作文的评分标准，考官首先会根据文章的内容和语言判定作文所属的档次，然后再从以下几个方面评价学生的作文得分：内容切题，语言表达准确，多样，连贯，得体。另外，学生也需要注意自己作文的标点符号和卷面书写。‎ ‎3.（2014年新课标I）‎ 假定你是李华，计划暑假间去英国学习英语，为期六周。下面的广告引起了你的注意，请给该校写封信，询问有关情况（箭头所指内容）‎ 注意：1．词数100左右；‎ ‎ 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ ‎ 3．参考词汇：住宿-accommodation ‎【答案】‎ Dear Sir/ Madam,‎ I am a student in China and I plan to go to Britain to attend a summer school during the vacation. I’ve seen your ad, and I’d like to know something more about your six-week English course. First when will the course start and how many class hours are there per week? Besides, I wish there would not be too many students in a class. I’d also like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included Would there be host family or university dormitory?‎ I am looking forward to your early reply. ‎ Yours faithfully,‎ Li Hua ‎4.（2014年北京卷）‎ 假设你是红星中学高三（1）班的学生李华，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，用校刊“英语园地”写一篇短文，记述你和同学们向学校提建议，解决自行车存放问题的过程。‎ 注意： 1. 词数不少于 60.‎ ‎ 2. 短文的开头已给出，不计入总词数。‎ ‎ There was a problem with the parking place for bikes in our school.‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 参考范文：‎ One possible version ‎ There was a problem with the parking place for bikes in our school, I noticed the entrance ‎ was small and almost blocked. So my classmates and I had a discussion and wrote a report. Then we went to meet the schoolmaster in his office and gave the report to him. He accepted our suggestions. Soon afterwards, a second entrance was opened to the parking place. Now it is easy to park our bikes there.‎ ‎4.（2014年辽宁卷）‎ 假定你是学生会主席李华。学校将举办一次以“校园生活·创意无限”‎ ‎(Innovations on Campus)为主题的创意作品展评活动。请你根据以下图示，以短文 形式用英语写一份书面通知。‎ 注意: 1.词数100左右;‎ ‎ 2.可以适当发挥，以使行文连贯;‎ ‎ 3.开头及结尾已为你写好，不计人总词数。‎ 参考词汇: 校园campus 创意作品innovation 颁奖prize-giving ‎参考范文：‎ Notice ‎ An exciting event "Innovations on Campus" is around the corner. Everyone of you is expected to be part of the event which encourages creative minds and gives full play to your DIY skills.‎ Note that your innovations must be school things. Along with your wonderful innovation, you need to hand in a report, explaining how the idea occurs to you and what materials you use.‎ All the collections will be on show from June 16 to 18 in the gym. Looking forward to the prize-giving ceremony? Sure! It’ll be held from 15:00 to 17:00 on June 18. So don’t miss the chance of being the winner. Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success. For any questions, call Li Hua at 44876655.‎ Come on, everybody! It's your show time.‎ Student Union ‎ ‎4.（2017年北京卷第二节）‎ 你是红星中学高三学生李华，请根据一下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，记录毕业前夕你们制作以感 参考词汇: 视频video 注意:作文词数不少于60; ‎ ‎__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎ Graduation finally came. My classmates and I decided to do something. After a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record our experiences at school.‎ ‎ Material collecting took us a whole week, during which we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life. The editing part after that was tough. We debated over what to put into the video. Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned out perfect. Several days later, when the video was played on the graduation ceremony, it was well received. The students and teachers shared a great time. That surely gave us a great sense of achievement.‎ 五.模块自测 1. ‎（2016年北京卷第二节）‎ 你班同学参加了学生的“地球日”系列活动。请按照四幅图的先后顺序，以“Actions for a Greener Earth”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件，介绍活动的全过程。 ‎ ‎ ‎ 注意:作文词数不少于60; ‎ 参考词汇:earth day ‎__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 参考范文 One possible version A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.   Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials. We brought to our classroom worn-out clothes, pieces of cardboard and empty plastic bottles, and turned those into dolls, handbags, issue boxes and small vases. That weekend, we went to a nearby neighborhood and gave them away to the people there. All were very happy with those unexpected gifts, especially little kids and elderly people. We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.        We are very proud of ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world.‎ ‎2.（2017年江苏卷）‎ 请认真阅读下面有关我国电影票房收入（box-office income）的柱状图及相关文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。‎ Saturday Afternoon. In a Shopping Centre.‎ Li Jiang: Hi, Su Hua.Which movie shall we see?‎ Su Hua: Whatever. We’ve got so many choices, Kung Fu Yoga, Journey to the West…Each sounds great!‎ Li Jiang: Yeah! And some movie stars are fantastic.‎ Su Hua: And the high-tech!...‎ Li Jiang: Perfect! Let’s get some food first. We only have 20 minutes left.‎ Su Hua: No hurry. The cinema is on the same floor.‎ One Day in 2016.At Home.‎ Son:Mum, shall we go and see a film tonight?‎ Mother: Why bother?We can stay at home and watch films online. It’s convenient with our new and ‎ faster network Son: But it feels good in a cinema.‎ Mother: And the price… We have to pay 50 yuan a ticket.‎ Son: Only 10 yuan more than last year.‎ Mother: But still we cannot get the money’s worth.Some films are just boring…‎ ‎【写作内容】‎ ‎1.用约30个单词概述柱状图信息的主要内容；‎ ‎2.我国电影票房收入变化的原因有哪些，简要谈谈你的看法（上述对话仅供参考，原因不少于两点）；‎ ‎3.谈谈你对我国电影票房收入走向的看法，并简要说明理由。‎ ‎【写作要求】‎ ‎1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；‎ ‎2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；‎ ‎3.不必写标题。‎ ‎【评分标准】‎ 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 参考范文：‎ Possible version one:‎ The box-office income of Chinese movies witnessed a constant increase from about 17 billion yuan in 2012 to over 40 billion in 2015. However, that increase slowed down in 2016.‎ The reasons behind this are various. The fast economic development before 2016 was probably the most powerful engine driving the constant growth in the box-office income. The application of new technologies and the wide appeal of movie stars could also account for the increase. However, China saw a decline in its economic growth rate last year. And the internet increased options for movie lovers. Consequently, some viewers began to turn away from cinemas, leading to a slower growth.‎ China’s economy is expected to grow at a medium speed in the coming years, so an increase is possible in the investment in the movie industry and the number of quality movies. Therefore, its box-office income will probably enjoy a slight increase.‎ ‎(150 words)‎ Possible version two:‎ As is indicated in the graph, the box-office income of Chinese films increased constantly from 2012 to 2015, but its growth, for one reason or another, slowed down in 2016.‎ The increase in the box-office income can be attributed to a number of factors. The quality of life has improved and watching films is regarded as a good means of entertainment. Besides, filming technology has advanced and more quality films are on offer. Moreover, the internet plays an important part. On the internet, people can seek information about their favorite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, which is both time-saving and economical.‎ However, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future. Cinemas have gradually given way to the rise of the internet and cellphones, and the ticket price is on the increase. Therefore, the film industry should make greater efforts to attract more viewers