【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解七选五阅读命题特点及解题指导学案（8页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解七选五阅读命题特点及解题指导学案（8页）

‎2018届二轮复习 阅读理解七选五阅读命题特点及解题指导 ‎[考情精分析]‎ 近三年高考阅读七选五所给的材料以说明文为主。该题型的命题形式是给考生一篇300词左右的短文，命题人有目的地在文章中去除5处信息，并提供7个备选选项，要求考生从7个选项中选出5个合适的选项对应地填回原文5处空缺处。‎ 根据所挖空格在文中的位置可分为三类题型：(1)段首题：所挖句子多为主旨句或承上启下句；(2)段尾题：所挖句子多为概括归纳句或承上启下句；(3)段中题：多考查上下文的逻辑关系，以并列、递进、转折、让步、例证居多。‎ ‎[解题流程]‎ ‎ [分类例析]‎ 段首题 ‎1．空格为主旨句 在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，考生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。‎ ‎__38__ You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”‎ ‎►G.Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. ‎ ‎[分析]　‎ 本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。仔细阅读下文可知，下文举例说明了用数字来代替字母的密码方式，空格处应为一个主旨句，由此可知G项能起到统领本段的作用。故选G项。‎ ‎2．空格为承上启下句 ‎ 在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要考生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。‎ No matter where you are on the riskseeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 74(E.This_is_when_you_start_to_move_away_from_your_family_and_into_the_bigger_world.) To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.‎ ‎__75__ For the riskseekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.‎ ‎►G.New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.‎ ‎[分析]　本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。上文主要讲述了科学家的观点——对冒险活动的热爱在青少年时期有所增长。大脑增加了对新经历的渴望，而新的经历也意味着许多冒险。75题承接上文，引入下文的讲述，即“新的大脑研究表明当我们面对紧张的情况时，我们的大脑的工作方式是不同的。”接着阐述是如何的不同。故选G项。‎ 段尾题 ‎1．空格为总结、概括句 ‎ 做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如to conclude, in a word, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, therefore, as a result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。‎ There is no doubt that analyzing the exact data is important to assessment of an actual event.But data should be dealt with wisely.We often get wrong data which mislead us.Remember, data have no feeling but we humans have.Data don’t mean much to people if we do not have the abilities to analyze the data with the knowledge and confidence to judge whether they are true or false.________‎ ‎►A.Thus we should try our best to be wise thinkers.‎ ‎[分析]　本题设空在段尾，空格前的一句论述内容是“‎ 如果我们没有能力运用所学知识和自信去分析数据正确与否，那么数据对我们来说就毫无意义”。所得出的结论就是“因此我们要尽最大努力成为一名睿智的思考者”，结合线索词Thus可知A选项是正确答案。故选A项。‎ ‎2．空格为承上启下句 ‎ 还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。‎ Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources.__71__‎ Go to the original source. Media reports often simplify the results of medical research. Find out for yourself what a study really reported, and determine whether it was based on good science. Think about the type of study. 72(D.And_examine_the_findings_of_the_original_research.)‎ ‎►G.The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.‎ ‎[分析]　本题设空处为第一段段尾。第一段简要提出我们要学会分析来自各种渠道的健康信息，第二段就如何对这些信息进行分类整理给予一些建议。从文章篇章结构分析，空格起承上启下的作用。故选G项。‎ 段中题 段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。因此第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，从而得出正确答案。下面列举常考的依据逻辑关系设置的考题。‎ ‎1．根据并列或递进关系解题 ‎ 并列或递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有first(首先，第一), second(第二), third(第三); firstly(第一，首先), secondly(第二，其次), thirdly(第三); first(第一), next(其次), then(那么，然后); in the first place(第一，首先), for another(其次); to begin with(首先，第一), to conclude(最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。‎ 如果空格前后两句之间有also(也，而且), further(进一步地，而且),‎ ‎ furthermore(而且，此外), likewise(同样地，也), similarly(相同地，类似地), moreover(而且，此外), in addition(另外), what’s more(更重要的是), not only ... but also(不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。‎ ‎●Recall (回忆) your childhood memories Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood. Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad, but that’s not what’s important. __39__ — how being in those gardens made us feel. If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 40(G.For_each_of_those_gardens,_write_down_the_strongest_memory_you_have.) Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grownup garden. Have fun.‎ ‎►C.It’s our experience of the garden that matters ‎[分析]　空格前说“但那一点不重要”，由此可推测空格处会指出什么才是重要的，前后为顺承逻辑关系，C项“我们做园艺工作的体验才是重要的”符合题意。故选C项。‎ ‎2．根据转折或让步关系解题 ‎ 转折或让步关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而), nevertheless(然而，不过), still(还，仍然), though(可是，不过，然而), yet(然而), on the contrary(正相反), in contrast(与此相反，相比之下), in comparison(比较起来，与……比较), by comparison(相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折或让步关系。‎ A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39(F.With_a_code_book,_you_might_write_down_words_that_would__stand_for_other_words.) For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” __40__ However, it is also hard to keep ‎ a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.‎ ‎►A.It is very hard to break a code without the code book.‎ ‎[分析]　根据空格后的However可知前后句存在着逻辑上的转折或让步关系。上文指出了利用密码本来破解密码的方式。根据后文“However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long”可知选择A项(没有密码本很难破解密码)符合题意。故选A项。‎ ‎3．根据因果关系解题 ‎ 如果空格前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果), thus/therefore(因此), so/such ... that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着因果关系。‎ If you find a public speaking course that looks as though it’s going to give you lots of ‎ dos and don’ts, walk away! Your brain is so full of what you’re going to be talking about. __54__. As far as we’re concerned, there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking.Your audience can be your friends.‎ ‎►G.So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse ‎[分析]　本题可利用因果关系解题。空格前面一句“Your brain is so full of what you’re going to be talking about.(你的大脑充满了要谈的内容。)”表示原因，而G项中的So在此处表示结果。故选G项。‎ ‎4．根据解释例证关系解题 ‎ 空格前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和演绎(从观点到例子)。‎ There are three main types of cryptography. __37__ For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”‎ ‎►E.You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.‎ ‎[分析]　本题可利用解释例证关系解题。本题采用的思维方式是演绎(从观点到例子)，空格后的句子是例子，即“For example, the first letters of ’My elephant eats too many eels’ spell out the hidden message ’Meet me.’”。故选E项(你可以拼写每个单词的第一个字母来隐藏信息)。‎ 除每个题型有自身特殊的解题技巧外，在阅读七选五中还有两种通法，根据考题活用这两种方法能够准确判定答案。‎ ‎1．词汇复现法 复现，是为保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述。复现关系，主要是指原词复现、同源词复现、同义词/近义词复现、反义词复现等。‎ ‎·__39__ If you’ve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives, we’ll have our trust tested or violated.‎ C．Stop regarding yourself as the victim.‎ D．Remember that you can expect the best in return.‎ ‎[分析]　由空格后面的内容可以看出，本段主要讲的是被背叛了后该怎么办。选项C中的关键词语“victim”与本段主旨相吻合，“victim”一词在本段中反复出现，属于原词复现，且选项C是对本段的概括总结。故选C。‎ ‎2．代词线索法 英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。 it 可指代单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；one指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子；these 或those指代前句的复数名词。‎ But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult. __37__ This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.‎ A．Do not buy it.‎ D．It just requires a little knowledge.‎ ‎[分析]　空格上一句提到买鱼、贮藏鱼和烹饪并不难，启承上句，此处指只是需要一些这方面的知识。D选项中的代词“It”指代前面提到的“Buying, storing, and cooking fish”。故选D。‎ 典题演练 Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.‎ People have used secret codes for thousands of years. __36__ Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.‎ There are three main types of cryptography. __37__ For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”‎ ‎__38__ You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”‎ A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. __39__ For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” __40__ However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.‎ A．It is very hard to break a code without the code book.‎ B．In any language, some letters are used more than others.‎ C．Only people who know the keyword can read the message.‎ D．As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.‎ E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.‎ F．With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.‎ G．Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the ‎ alphabet.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。人们用密码来传递信息已有几千年历史。设置密码与破解密码的斗争也是永久不变的话题。‎ ‎36．选D　空格前一句说“人们使用密码已有几千年了”，空格后又说“破解密码从不远远落后于设置密码”，由此语境可知选D项“只要有过的密码，人们就试图破解”。‎ ‎37．选E　由该空的后一句可知，此空选E项“你可以拼写每个单词的第一个字母来隐藏信息”。‎ ‎38．选G　前一段作者说有三种主要类型的密码学并介绍了第一种，根据逻辑关系可推知，本段应介绍第二种。‎ ‎39．选F　空格前说“要读取真正代码的信息，你必须要有一个密码本”，由a code book可锁定F项中的With a code book。F项“有了密码本，你可以写下代表其他单词的单词”符合上下文语境。故选F项。‎ ‎40．选A　分析语境可知，该空仍然在谈论密码本的事情，由此可锁定A项“没有密码本很难破解密码”，这与后一句“但是，长期保持密码本的秘密也很难”语意衔接紧密，可确定为答案。‎ Everyone knows that fish is good for health. __36__ But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult. __37__ This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.‎ ‎__38__ Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh. __39__ When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.‎ There are many common methods used to cook fish. __40__ First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (调料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it’s ready to serve.‎ A．Do not buy it.‎ B．The easiest is to steam it.‎ C．This is how you can do it.‎ D．It just requires a little knowledge.‎ E．The fish will go bad within hours.‎ F．When buying fish, you should first smell it.‎ G．The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。人人都知道吃鱼有利于身体健康，但在家做鱼的人似乎不多。本文作者介绍了能买到新鲜鱼的技巧以及一种简单的做鱼方法。‎ ‎36．选G　空格前说“人人都知道吃鱼有益健康”，故本空应该接上句说吃鱼的好处，由此可知选G项“人们认为鱼的脂肪有助于预防心脏病”。‎ ‎37．选D　空格前说“买鱼、储藏鱼、做鱼并不难”，空格后说“本文就是关于如何买鱼并用一种简单方法做鱼的”。综观各选项，D项“这只需要一点儿知识”与上下文语意衔接紧密，故选D项。‎ ‎38．选F　由空格后的smell sweet可锁定F项中的smell it。将F项代入空格后，语境为“买鱼时，你应该先闻一闻。新鲜的鱼闻起来不错”。故选F项。‎ ‎39．选A　空格前说“任何鱼腥味或浓烈的臭味都说明这鱼不新鲜”，理所当然，这样的鱼不能买，故选A项。‎ ‎40．选B　空格前说“鱼有很多普通做法”，空格后开始列举步骤，由此可推测空格处应该是指出众多方法中的一种。故选B项“最简单的(方法)是蒸鱼”。‎