专题08 并列连词和状语从句-备战2021年高考英语之纠错笔记系列(原卷版)

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专题08 并列连词和状语从句-备战2021年高考英语之纠错笔记系列(原卷版)

易错点 1 并列连词之间的误用 1. I’m sorry, _________ I won't be able to come tonight. A. for B. and C. but D. then 【错因分析】容易误选 A。学生误认为空格后的句子是用以说明 I’m sorry 的原因,便想当然地认为要选 for 来表示原因。 【试题解析】I'm sorry 后习惯上不接表示原因的连词 for,而接表示转折的连词 but(也可省略 but),用以 委婉地提出一个使对方不快的事实。又如: Oh, sorry, but she's out. 哦,不好意思,她出去了。 【参考答案】 C 2. In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, __________ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks. 【错因分析】容易误填 or。有的学生没有真正理解空格前后两部分之间为并列关系,易误填 or。 【试题解析】分析这个句子的结构及语境可知,Vietnam 与空格前的 China, Japan, Korea 之间是并列关系, 故填并列连词 and。 【参考答案】and 3. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, or their house of life is a hut. (单句改错) 【错因分析】前后句之间为转折关系,误用了表示选择的连词 or。 【试题解析】句意为:他们住在拥有太多房间的一所大房子里,然而他们精神生活的房子却是一个小屋。 前后句之间应使用表示转折关系的并列连词 yet/but。 【参考答案】or 改为 yet/but 4. Neither you nor I don’t know the truth.(单句改错) 【错因分析】对“neither…nor…”的用法掌握不牢。 【试题解析】句意为:你和我都不知道真相。“neither…nor…”本身就表示全部否定,故不用否定词,即不 能加 not。 【参考答案】删去 don’t 常见的并列连词 1. and 和 or ◆and 的用法如下: (1) 表示另加:其意为“和”“又”“而且”。如: ☞Let me have some toasts and a cup of coffee. 给我来几片烤面包和一杯咖啡。 (2) 表示结果:意为“因此”,与 so 的用法比较接近。如: ☞He fell heavily and broke his arm. 他摔得很重,手臂都摔断了。 (3) 表示条件:相当于 if…then,含有“如果……那么……”的意味。如: ☞Do that again and I’ll call a policeman. 你再这样做我就要叫警察了。 (4) 表示连续:既可表示一种连续不断的状态,也可以表示一个动作完成之后连续做另一个动作。如: ☞The train ran faster and faster. 火车开得越来越快。 ☞He finished lunch and went shopping. 他吃完午饭而后去买东西。 (5) 表示对比:含有“尽管……还”的意味。如: ☞Tom’s 15 and still sucks his thumb. 汤姆 15 岁了,还嘬大拇指。 ◆并列连词 or 要比 and 用法简单此,它主要表示选择,其意为“或”“还是”等。如: ☞It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱,是男孩还是女孩? ☞He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it. 他会讲法语,或者他懂法语。 另外,or 还可以表示一种否定的条件,相当于 if…not…如: ◆Be careful, or you’ll break that vase! 小心,否则你会把那花瓶打碎。 =If you don’t be careful, you’ll break that vase. 2. 表对比或转折的连词主要有 but 和 yet (1) but 的用法:其意为“但”“但是”“却”。如: ☞He looked around but could see nobody. 他向四周望望,却没看见什么人。 ☞I know of the town but I’ve never been there. 我知道有这座城市,但从未去过。 (2) yet 的用法:其意也表示“但是”“却”,与 but 用法相似,有时可换。如: ☞It is strange yet true. 这很奇怪,却是真实的。 ☞I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了,但我还要尝试。 3. 表因果关系连词主要有 for 和 so (1) for 的用法:表示原因,意为“因为”“由于”。如: ☞The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短,因为现在已经是 12 月。 注意: for 表示原因时,它引出的句子不能放在句首,如不能说: For it was now December, the days were short. (2) so 的用法:表示结果,意为“所以”“因此”。如: ☞It’s very cold, so wear a heavy coat. 外边很冷,因此穿一件厚大衣吧。 注意: 汉语可以说“因为……所以……”,但英语中表示结果的 so 不能与 表示原因的 because 连用,如不能说: Because it’s very cold, so wear a heavy coat. 4. 其他并列连词 除上面提到的并列连词外,还有 both…and, either…or, neither...nor, not only...but also 等并列连词。如: (1) both…and 的用法:意思是“不仅……而且”“……和……”。如: ☞He speaks both English and French. 他既说英语也说法语。 ☞Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹俩都是大学生。 (2) either…or 的用法:意思是“要么……要么”“……或是……”。如: ☞We can have either fish or beef. 我们可以吃鱼或是牛肉。 ☞We can either fly there or go by train. 我们可以坐飞机去也可坐火车去。 (3) neither...nor 的用法:意思是“既不……也不”。如: ☞He neither drinks nor smokes. 他既不喝酒,也不抽烟。 ☞She felt neither frightened nor sorry. 她既不感到害怕也不感到遗憾。 (4) not only...but also 的用法:意思是“不仅……而且”。如: ☞Not only men but also women were chosen. 不仅仅是男的,女的也有被选中的。 1.(2018·新课标 I 卷·短文改错)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed. 2. Don’t turn off the computer befor closing all programs, __________ you could have problems.(单句语法填空) 3. It is downtown, but it is easy to go anywhere from the hotel by public transport. (单句改错) 易错点 2 but 与 although/though 的混用 1. Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area. (单句改错) 【错因分析】受汉语思维的影响认为“虽然……但是”可以连用,故发现不了错误。 【试题解析】从属连词 Though(虽然)不可与并列连词 but(但是)一起使用,故应去掉 but。 【参考答案】去掉 but 2. Although he had only entered the contest for fun, _____ he won first prize. A. but B. and C. even D. 不填 【错因分析】容易误选 A,将汉语的“虽然……但是……”直译为 although … but… 【试题解析】although 为从属连词,用以引导让步状语从句,它表明整个句子为复合句;而 but 在表示“但 是”时,它是并列连词,用以连接两个简单句使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词 although, 又用了并列连词 but,使得该句一半像复合句,一半像并列句,从而导致错误。正确的做法是,任意去掉 although 和 but 中的一个,使之要么成为复合句,要么成为并列句。 【参考答案】 D 汉语中可说“虽然……但是……”,但按英语习惯,通常不能说 although…but 或 though…but: 虽然很危险,但我要试试。 误:Although it is dangerous, but I will try. 正:Although it is dangerous, I will try. / It is dangerous, but I will try. 不能将汉语的“虽然……但是……”直译为(al)though…but…,这是因为 (al)though 为从属连词,用于引 导让步状语从句;而 but 在表示“但是”时,它是并列连词,用以连接两个句子使之成为并列句。由于在同一 句中既用了从属连词(al)though,又用了并列连词 but,使得句子一半像复合句,一半像并列句,从而导致错 误。正确的做法是,任意去掉 (al)though 和 but 中的一个,使之要么成为复合句,要么成为并列句。 Though the boy came back to life, ______ he was still weak. A.but B.yet C.however D.so 易错点 3 时间、条件状语从句中引导词的误用 1. With speech develops, the child starts to tie more words together.(单句改错) 【错因分析】对 as 引导时间状语从句的用法掌握不。 【试题解析】句意:随着语言能力不断发展,这个孩子开始把更多的词连起来说。前后两句表示两个发展 变化中的情况,表示在某事发生的过程中另一事也发生,as“一边……一边……;随着”,故应用 As。with 只是个介词,只能跟名词、代词在一起。 【参考答案】With 改为 As 2. —I’m going to the post office. —_______ you’re there, can you get me some stamps? A. As B. While C. Because D. If 【错因分析】容易误选 A。 【试题解析】尽管 as 和 while 均可用作从属连词引导时间状语从句,表示“当……的时候”,但两者有一个 重要区别,就是这样用的 as 从句的谓语不能是状态动词。 【参考答案】B 3. He was about to tell me the secret ______ someone patted him on the shoulder. A. as B. until C. when D. while 【错因分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。 【试题解析】when 意为“这时(突然)”,主要用于某一动作突然发生于另一动作正在进行或刚要发生之时。 【参考答案】C 4. John thinks it won't be long ________ he is ready for his new job. A. when B. since C. after D. before 【错因分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。 【试题解析】此句是由 before 引导的时间状语从句,构成“It won’t be+时间段+状语从句”,如果主句的谓 语动词是否定式时,意思是“没过多久就……”。 【参考答案】D 5. Don’t be afraid of asking for help ________ it is needed. A. unless B. since C. although D. when 【错因分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。 【试题解析】根据句意,此句是由 when 引导的条件状语从句, when 相当于 if。句意是:如果需要,就不 要害怕帮助。所以选 D。 【参考答案】D 一、时间状语从句的用法归纳 1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多,常见的有 before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。 2. 表示“当…时候”的 while, when, as 的用法区别是:while 从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词;表示 带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时,只能用 when;当表示“一边……一 边……”或“随着”时,只能用 as。另外,用于此义的 as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词, 不能是状态动词。 3. until 在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词,表示相应动作结束的时间;在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词, 表示相应动作开始的时间,意为“直到……才……”。如: ☞If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走, 至少也要等雨停了再走。 ☞The letter passed from one to another until everyone had read it. 那封信逐一传阅,直到每个人都看过为止。 4. 表示“一…就”除用 as soon as 外,还可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如: ☞I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。 ☞Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我刚开开门,他就告诉了我。 ☞The moment I have finished I'll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。 5. every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等以 time 结尾的词 语也可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。如: ☞Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他时,他好像有病。 ☞Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他,他都不在。 ☞You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 ☞Next time you’re in London come and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。 注:其中的 every time, each time, any time 前不用冠词,(the) next time, (the) last time 中的冠词可以省略,而 the first time 中的冠词通常不能省略。 6. before 和 since 引导的时间状语从句: ◆before 引导时间状语从句的句型有: it was not…before… 没过多久就…… it will be…before…过了多久才…… ◆since 意为“自从……”,可构成: It is/was+一段时间+since… since 与终止性动词连用,表示“自……以来已有多长时间”; since 与延续性动词连用,表示“自从不做某事有多长时间了”。从句中常用过去时,主句用一般现在时 或现在完成时。 二、 条件状语的用法归纳 1. if 表示正面的条件, 意为“如果”; unless (=if not) 表示负面的条件, 意为“除非, 如果不”。如: ☞If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请求他, 他会帮助你。 ☞If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。 ☞He is sure to come unless he has some urgent business. 他一定会来, 除非他有急事。 2. in case, on condition that, providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that)等词汇意思相近, 指 “假如, 假使, 在……条件下”(比 if 更为书面化)。如: ☞In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来的话, 告诉我一声。 ☞I shall give you my dictionary on condition that you return it tomorrow. 我将把我的字典给你, 如果你明天要还的话。 ☞I will go, providing/provided (that) my expenses are paid. 只要我的费用有人付, 我就去。 ☞Suppose/Supposing (that) he does not come, what shall we do? 他要是不来, 我们该怎么办? 3. as long as (=so long as) 表示充分必要条件, 引导语气强烈的条件状语从句时, 意为“只要”。如: ☞I will cooperate as long as I am notified on time. 只要及时告诉我, 我就会合作。 ☞You may use the book so long as you will return it on time. 只要你准时还, 你就可以借这本书。 1. The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _______ we meet them again. A. after B. before C. since D. when 2. It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life________ we’ve actually had that lesson. A. until B. after C. since D. when 3. _____the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover. A. Until B. Unless C. Once D. Although 易错点 4 原因、目的、结果、让步状语从句中引导词的误用 1. Tired ________ he was, he continued his work. 【错因分析】没有掌握 as/though 引导让步状语从句的用法。 【试题解析】句意:虽然他很累,但他继续工作。as 引导的让步状语从句放在主句之前,从句中的表语、 状语或谓语部分的实义动词原形需提前置于句首;though 也可引导让步状语从句,句子可倒装也可不倒装。 【参考答案】 as/though 2. So that we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early. (单句改错) 【错因分析】误将 so that 引导的目的状语从句放于句首。 【试题解析】句意:为了能看到日出,我们很早就向山顶出发。由句意可知,从句为目的状语从句,但 so that 引导的从句不能置于句首,一般只能置于主句之后,故应用 in order that。 【参考答案】So that 改为 In order that 一、让步状语从句的用法 引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些:though, although,while, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever, regardless of+名词/名词短语/名词从句,despite,in spite of。 (1)though, although 表示“虽然,纵然”之意。 这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though 较常使用,although 比 though 正式,二者都可与 yet, still 或 never,the less 连用,但不能与 but 连用。 (2)as, though 表示“虽然……但是”,“纵使……”之意。 as 引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though 也可用于这样的结构中,但 although 不可以这样用。 如: ☞Object as you may, I’ll go.(=Though/Although you may object, I’ll go.) 纵使你反对,我也要去。 (3)even if, even though 表示“即使……”,“纵使……”之意,含有一种假设。 这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常互换使用,但意义有细微差别。even if 引导的让步从句含有 强烈的假定性,可用来表示与事实相反的假设,但不能用来描述已经发生的事实。而 even though 引导让步 状语从句时,是以从句的内容为先决条件的,即说话人肯定了从句的事实,表示已经发生了的事。 如: ☞We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要作一次旅行。 (4)whether...or...表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。 由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。 如: ☞You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy. 不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。 ☞Whether you believe it or not, it's true.无论你是否相信,这都是真的。 (5)“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……;不管……都……” 它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。 如: ☞No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.) 无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的。 ☞No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law. 不管你是谁,你都要遵纪守法。 但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。如: ☞Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句) 无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。 ☞I'll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever 引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。 ☞Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。 此外,有时 while 也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。如: ☞While I like the colour, I don't like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。 二、原因状语从句的用法 1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有 because, as, since, now that 等; 2. as 与 since, now that 一样表示双方都知道的原因,通常位于主句前,且均不可用于强调结构被强调。 3. 当表示直接的因果关系,回答 why 时,或有 only, just, all not ,but 等修饰时,或用在强调结构中都只能用 because。 三、目的状语从句的用法 引目的状语从句的从属连词有 so(以便), that(以便), so that(以便,为了), in order that (为了,以便);in case(以防,以免), lest(免得,以防), for fear that(以免,惟恐)等。从句中一般含有 can, could, may, might, will, would 等情态动词。如: ☞Bring it closer so (that) I can see it better. 拿近一点以便我看得更清楚。 ☞Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly. 咱们坐前排,以便看得清楚点。 ☞I left at 6:00 so that/in order that I could catch the train. 为了赶上火车,我六点就出门了。 ☞I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码写下,以免忘了。 ☞Take the raincoat in case it rains. 带着雨衣,以防下雨。 ☞Be careful lest you fall from that tree. 要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。 ☞He walked fast for fear that he should be late. 他走得很快,以免迟到。 注:当从句主语与主句主语相同时,可用不定式来表达相同的意思。如: 译:为了通过考试,他学习非常努力。 正:He studies very hard so that(=in order that) he can pass the exam. 正:He studies very hard so as to (=in order to) pass the exam. 1. _________the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp. A. While B. Unless C. Since D. Until 2. Cathy had quit her job when her son was born _______ she could stay home and raise her family. A. now that B. as if C. only if D. so that ◆ 区分 while 引导的并列句与状语从句 while 引导并列句时,表示前后句之间的对比,意为“然而”。 引导时间状语时,表示“当……时” 引导让步状语从句,表示“虽然,尽管” ☞He went out for a walk, while I stayed at home. 他出去散步了,而我却呆在家里。 ☞I like singing while she likes dancing. 我喜欢唱歌,而她喜欢跳舞。 ☞While I was watching TV, the bell rang. 我看电视时,铃响了。 ☞While it was late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,但他还在继续工作。 ◆as/when/while 引导时间状语的区别 as 着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生,as 从句中的谓语动词既可是持续性动词, 也可是短暂性动词。 when 既可以表示在某一点的时候,又可以表示在某一段时间内,主语与从句的动作或事情可以同时发 生也可以先后发生。 while“当……时;在……期间”,从句中动词一般要用延续性动词,并且 while 强调主句所表示的动作 持续与从句所指的整个时间内。 ◆so…that, such…that…引导结果状语从句 so…that…“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句,常用于以下结构: 形容词/副词 so many/few+可数名词复数 +that 从句 much/little+不可数名词 形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数 such…that…“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句,常用于以下结构: 形容词+可数名词复数 such 形容词+不可数可数名词复数 +that 从句 a(n)+形容词+可数名词单数 注意: little 意为“少”时,构成 so little; 意为“小”时,构成 such little。 ▶Such a little boy has so little difficulty in working out this problem that I admire him very much. 这样小的一个男孩解这道题所遇到的困难是如此之少,以至于我很佩服他。 ◆where 引导定语从句与状语从句的区别 1. where 引导定语从句时, where 是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词, where 引导的 从句修饰先行词。如: ☞The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here. 我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。 ☞This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这就是我两年前住的那个房子。 ☞We will start at the point where we left off. 我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。 2. where 引导状语从句时, where 是从属连词, where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where 前面没有表示地 点的先行词。如: ☞Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet. 武汉位于长江和汉江汇合处。 1.【2018·北京卷·单项填空】_________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. A. Although B. While C. If D. Until 2.【2018·江苏卷·单项填空】 _______ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights. A. Once B. Unless C. If D. When 3. 【2017·北京卷·单项填空】 ________ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes. A. Once B. If C. Although D. Because 4. 【2017·北京卷·单项填空】 If you don't understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people ________ you figure it out. A. because B. though C. until D. since 5.【2017·江苏卷·单项填空】Located ________ the Belt meets the Road,Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. A. why B. when C. which D. where 6. Bring the flowers into a warm room ________ they’ll soon open. A.or B.and C.but D.for 7. John plays basketball well,________ his favorite sport is badminton. A.so B.or C.yet D.for 8. ________ the fire breaks out,he is the first to arrive at the scene. A.Every time when B.Moment C.No matter whenever D.Every time 9. They will not start the work _______ their teacher comes back. A. while B. until C. as soon as D. if 10. —Tony, don’t stay up too late, _______ you’ll feel sleepy in class. —I won’t, Mom. Good night. A. but B. or C. though D. because 11. —What do you think of a good friend? —Friends are like books—you don’t need a lot of them _________ they’re good. A. as long as B. as soon as C. as well as D. as large as 12. ______ it is raining hard, they are still working in the field. A. Because B. As soon as C. Though D. Unless 13. She cared more about her students than her own health. That’s why two years passed _____ she was treated for breast cancer. A. since B. before C. after D. until 14. It is well-known that atmosphere gets thinner and thinner _________ the height increases. A. while B. when C. as D. with 15. I don’t want to talk to you _________ you’re so annoyed and impatient. A. when B. unless C. though D. till 16. _______ this may sound like a simple process,great care is needed. A. Although B. If C. When D. Because 17. Jim is in good shape physically _____ he doesn’t get much exercise. A. if B. unless C. as long as D. even though 18. Scientists have discovered that bees learn to fly the shortest possible route between flowers _____ they are in a different order. A. even if B. so that C. in case D. as if 19. I believe you will have a wonderful time here you get to know everyone else. A. though B. as if C. once D. so that 20. James was enjoying the art show, _________ his wife wanted to go home. A. or B. for C. so D. but ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________
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