【英语】2020届高考英语二轮专题复习冲刺文档（学案训练）：语法部分专题三基础点课时第1讲名词

【英语】2020届高考英语二轮专题复习冲刺文档（学案训练）：语法部分专题三基础点课时第1讲名词

第1讲　名词 解答有关名词的题目时，一定要注意名词前的修饰成分，如数词、量词常修饰可数名词复数，也要注意修饰不可数名词的词或短语等，以用来判断其应为不可数名词还是可数名词的单复数形式，有时还要结合语境分析句子成分来判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。‎ 考点感悟 语法填空 短文改错 语法填空对名词的考查主要是名词的单复数和所有格，以及所给提示词(动词、形容词等)转换为名词的适当形式。‎ 感 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.‎ 答案：scientist　根据语境可知，作者是一名科学家，故填scientist “科学家”。‎ ‎2.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.‎ 答案：invitations　“邀请”为可数名词，其前有several修饰，故应填其名词复数形式。‎ 悟1.分析句子成分　如果词性不需要改变，则一般考查所给名词的复数形式；如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词所有格。‎ ‎2.注意单复数　如果为不可数名词，则没有复数形式；如果为可数名词，除根据上下文语境之外，还可通过限定词信息来判断：‎ ‎①不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式；‎ 短文改错对名词的考查重点是名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性等方面的误用。‎ 感 1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly ... ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：player→players　根据前面的all可知，player应用复数形式players。‎ ‎2.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：chicken→chickens　dozens of 用来修饰可数名词复数。‎ 悟 1.可数名词单复数的误用　可根据限定语来判断，高考时主要集中在错把复数用作单数。‎ ‎2.可数名词与不可数名词的误用　①不可数名词没有复数形式，因此熟记不可数名词是解题关键；②有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意其具体语境。‎ ‎②有these，those, several, many, both，all, different, a few等词修饰时用名词复数形式；‎ ‎③其前有one of时用名词复数形式；‎ ‎④如作主语，要注意主谓一致。即，谓语动词为单数则填名词单数形式，谓语动词为复数则填名词复数形式。‎ ‎3.名词的所有格　有些名词常常漏掉名词所有格，在表示“……的”时常用名词所有格。‎ ‎4.名词与形容词或动词的误用　应结合语境分析句子成分，由所充当的句子成分判断词性的正误。①名词一般作主语、宾语、表语或定语；②作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对主语的描述；③在冠词、所有格或介词后一般用名词。‎ 考点素能 一 名词复数变化规律 ‎1．规则名词变复数的6种形式 ‎(1)一般情况下，在词尾直接加－s：book→books, mouth→mouths, house→houses, girl→girls ‎(2)以－s, －x, －ch, －sh结尾的名词，在词尾加－es：glass→glasses, box→boxes, match→matches, brush→brushes ‎(3)以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，变y为i再加－es：city→cities, country→countries, party→parties, factory→factories ‎(4)以元音字母＋y结尾的名词，在词尾直接加－s：holiday→holidays, monkey→monkeys ‎(5)以o结尾的名词常在词尾加－s：radio→radios, zoo→zoos, piano→pianos, kilo→kilos, photo→photos；加－es的有：hero→heroes, Negro→Negroes, tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes ‎(6)以－f, －fe结尾的名词 ‎①少数直接加－s：roof→roofs, belief→beliefs ‎②一般以－f或－fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v再加－es：self→selves, life→lives, thief→thieves, wife→wives, knife→knives, leaf→leaves, shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, half→halves ‎2．不规则名词变复数的常见形式 ‎(1)单复数同形：deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft ‎(2)变内部元音：foot→feet, tooth→teeth, man→men, woman→women ‎(3)外来名词：medium→media 媒体， phenomenon→phenomena 现象， analysis→analyses 分析 二 常见的不可数名词 一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。‎ 通常只用作不可数名词的有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, knowledge, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。‎ 三 名词构词法(名词后缀)‎ ‎1．动词变名词的后缀 ‎2．形容词变名词的后缀 ‎3．表示“人”的后缀 四 区分名词或名词所有格作定语 ‎1．名词作定语往往说明其名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等 cotton goods 棉织品 bus driver 公交车司机 Beijing University 北京大学 evening suit 晚礼服 weather forecast 天气预报 ‎2．名词所有格作定语往往表示所属关系 the students' books 学生们的书 过关检测(限时：30分钟)‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Two ________ (German) were seen enter the building an hour ago.‎ 答案：Germans ‎2．Whoever chooses to be happy must help others to find ________ (happy), for the welfare of each is bound up with the welfare of all.‎ 答案：happiness ‎3．The ________ (soldier) heroic deed earned him a medal.‎ 答案：soldier's ‎4．We have two ________ (week) vacation for Christmas.‎ 答案：weeks'‎ ‎5．Without the proper treatment, minor ________ (injury) or burns could lead to more suffering and even loss of lives.‎ 答案：injuries ‎6．The stores were overrun with rats and ________ (mouse)．‎ 答案：mice ‎7．She was at her ________ (dentist) for two hours yesterday.‎ 答案：dentist's ‎8．You are working too hard. You'd better keep a balance between work and ________ (relax)．‎ 答案：relaxation ‎9．She had views quite different from her ________ (father)．‎ 答案：father's ‎10．I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond ________ (recognize)．‎ 答案：recognition Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．Often she buys some toy for him to play with, especially on his birthday.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：toy→toys ‎2．During the next few days, we visited the world－famous sight, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：sight→sights ‎3．While I was walking on my way to school, I noticed two cleaner sweeping the street. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：cleaner→cleaners ‎4．They have probably heard some horrible stories about other kid.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：kid→kids ‎5．We were told about the enemy defeat by our forces.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：enemy→enemy's ‎6．It's one of the most beautiful view that I've ever seen in China.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：view→views ‎7．My favorite sport is badminton, which brings me much happy.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：happy→happiness ‎8．I think you can make it if you follow the advices below.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：advices→advice ‎9．We need to take action to develop a sound system that advocates good behavior and keeps all necessary requirements in minds.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：minds→mind ‎10．Billy and I are good friends. I have some pictures of Billy's. Look at this one. How sweet he is smiling.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：Billy's→Billy Ⅲ.语法填空 Homecoming is the tradition of welcoming back former students and celebrating a school's __1__ (exist) in the United States. People, towns, high schools, and colleges come together, usually in late September or early October, to welcome back alumni (校友) and former residents. It __2__ (build) around a central event, such as a banquet and, most often, a game of football, or, __3__ occasion, basketball, ice hockey or soccer. When celebrated by schools, the activities vary widely. However, they usually consist of a football game, activities for students and alumni, a parade __4__ (feature) the school's marching band and sports teams, and the coronation (加冕) of __5__ (it) Homecoming Queen, or Homecoming King. A dance commonly follows the game on the day after the game. __6__ (attach) to a football game, Homecoming traditionally occurs on the team's return from the longest road trip of the season, the game, __7__ it is football or another sport, will typically include the home team playing a __8__ (considerable) weaker opponent. The game is supposed to be __9__ easy win and thus weaker schools will sometimes play __10__ (low) division schools.‎ ‎1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________‎ ‎5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________‎ ‎9．________　10.________‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了有关美国返校节的内容。‎ ‎1．existence　考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作celebrating的宾语，应用所给词的名词形式。existence表示“存在”。‎ ‎2．is built　考查动词的时态和语态。返校节以一个中心事件为基础。此处介绍的是通常的客观情况，故用一般现在时；主语It指代上文的Homecoming，它和build之间为动宾关系，此处要用被动语态。‎ ‎3．on　考查介词。on occasion “偶尔，有时”，与上文中的most often相对应。‎ ‎4．featuring　考查非谓语动词。feature作动词，意为“以……为特色”，与a parade存在逻辑上的主谓关系，应使用现在分词作后置定语。‎ ‎5．its　考查代词。本题看似简单，但是要弄清楚空处指代的对象比较难，因为空前出现了the school, marching band, sports teams, the coronation。但是根据句意“然而，活动通常包括足球比赛……以学校的乐队、运动队伍为特色的游行和返校节皇后或国王的加冕”可知，返校节皇后或国王应该是学校的，空处指代“学校的”，故填its。‎ ‎6．Attached　考查非谓语动词。attach与其逻辑主语Homecoming之间为动宾关系，故应用过去分词形式作状语。‎ ‎7．whether　考查状语从句。不管是足球还是另外的运动，比赛通常包括……。根据后面的or可知，此处用whether “不管……(还是”)引起让步状语从句。‎ ‎8．considerably　考查词性转换。此处表示“弱得相当多的对手”，修饰形容词应用副词。‎ ‎9．an　考查冠词。win作名词表示“(在比赛、竞赛中的)胜利”时，通常为可数名词，且easy的首字母读音以元音音素开头，故填an。‎ ‎10．lower　考查形容词比较级。根据句意以及上文中的“weaker schools”可知，此处应使用比较级。‎ Ⅳ.短文改错 In order to save the planet or raise public awareness of environmental issues, a “Used Book Donation Campaign” will carried out in our school next month. Any used book we no longer need it can be donated. All the collected book will be donated to some children who lived in poor mountainous areas of West China. I'm sure this campaign will have a great effect on everyone involving. On the one hand, we can play a important part in recycling resources for the protection of the environment. On the other hand, some children will benefit from those used books great. That's why it's difficult for them to have access from books.‎ 答案：‎ In order to save the planet raise public awareness of environmental issues, a “Used Book Donation Campaign” will carried out in our school next month. Any used book we no longer need can be donated. All the collected will be donated to some children who in poor mountainous areas of West China. I'm sure this campaign will have a great effect on everyone . On the one hand, we can play important part in recycling resources for the protection of the environment. On the other hand, some children will benefit from those used books . That's it's difficult for them to have access books.‎