【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解六大题型考查特点典例探讨学案（17页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解六大题型考查特点典例探讨学案（17页）

‎　2018届二轮复习 阅读理解六大题型考查特点典例探讨 ‎ ‎　　 阅读理解旨在考查考生理解总体和特定信息的能力。 ‎ ‎　　1. 理解主旨要义的能力 ‎ ‎　　任何一篇文章都有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落甚至第一个句子即可以得出文章的主旨要义。从这个段落或句子，读者可以知道文章描述的是谁或什么即文章的主题，也会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，文章的主旨要义则需要从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考查考生的略读文章、领会大意的能力，有时候它 ‎ ‎　　对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。 ‎ ‎　　2. 理解文中具体细节信息的能力 ‎ ‎　　一篇文章的主题和中心确定之后，还需要有大量的细节信息支持。这些细节对于理解全文的内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础，因而不容忽视。 ‎ ‎　　3. 根据上下文猜测生词的词义的能力 ‎ ‎　　正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。不懂得单词的含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但是，有时候单词的含义并非等同于词典上标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。根据上下文正确理解灵活多变的词义， ‎ ‎　　才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。 ‎ ‎　　4. 做出简单判断和推理的能力 ‎ ‎　　在实际阅读活动中，有时候需要根据文章提供的线索和事实，进行逻辑推理，推测作 ‎ ‎　　者未提到的事实或某事情发生的可能性。 ‎ ‎　　5. 理解文章的基本结构的能力 ‎ ‎　　文章讲究主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，主题句可能在某一段的开头、中间或结尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。段与段之间通常有词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全文的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对 ‎ 这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心思想、文中某段的大意或指代关系的题目中。‎ ‎ 6. 理解作者的意图和态度的能力 ‎ ‎　　每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，这类问题要求考生在理解文章总体的基础之上，去领会作者的眼外之意。 ‎ ‎　　下面结合高考阅读理解试题，具体分析对这些能力的考查： ‎ ‎　　 A ‎ ‎　　How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation (通货膨胀)? Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate. Only a brave man, or a ‎ very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your saving and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques. ‎ ‎　　I sometimes wonder what a being from another planet might report back about our way of life. “The planet Earth is ruled by a mysterious creature that sits or stands in a room and makes a strange ticking sound, it has a face with twelve black marks and two hands. Men can do nothing without it’s permission, and it fastens its young round people’s wrists so that everywhere men go they are still under its control. This creature is the real master of Earth and men are its slaves. ” Whether or not we are slaves of time today depends on our culture and personality, but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time. Certain men were very clever at measuring the time of day according to the beating of their own hearts. They were made to stand in a fixed place and every hour or so would shout the time. So it seems that the first clocks were human beings. ‎ ‎　　However, men quickly found more convenient and reliable ways of telling the time. They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun. They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hourglasses, and invented water-clocks. Indeed, any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. ‎ ‎　　Antique clocks could be very expensive, but one of the joys of collecting clocks is that it is still possible to find quite cheap ones for your own home. After all, if you are going to be ruled by time, why not invest in an antique clock and perhaps make a future profit? ‎ ‎　　41. According to the passage, collecting antique clocks______. ‎ ‎　　A. can hardly keep the value of your savings ‎ ‎　　B. will cost much of your savings ‎ ‎　　C. may increase your wealth ‎ ‎　　D. needs your bravery ‎ ‎　　42. By quoting (引用) the remark of a being from another planet, the author intends to________. ‎ ‎　　A. suggest human beings are controlled by a clock ‎ ‎　　B. describe why clocks can rule the planet Earth ‎ ‎　　C. tell readers what clocks look like ‎ ‎　　D. compare clocks to human beings ‎ ‎　　43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to measure the time? ‎ ‎　　A. Counting the beating of one’s own heart. ‎ ‎　　B. Making use of candles, sand and water. ‎ ‎　　C. Observing shadows cast by the sun. ‎ ‎　　D. Keeping slaves busy day and night. ‎ ‎　　44. The underlined phrase “stately homes”in paragraph 4 means________. ‎ ‎　　A. state-owned houses ‎ ‎　　B. houses in very good condition ‎ ‎　　C. grand houses open to the public ‎ ‎　　D. houses where statesmen meet regularly ‎ ‎　　45. The purpose of the passage is_______. ‎ ‎　　A. to introduce the culture of antique clocks ‎ ‎　　B. to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks ‎ ‎　　C. to compare different ways to make a future profit ‎ ‎　　D. to explain convenient and reliable ways of telling time ‎ ‎　　[导读] ‎ 这是一篇叙议结合的散文。人们在通货膨胀的今天应该怎样投资一笔钱呢？存在银行里，这笔钱几乎不能够保值，无论存款利息多么高。只有勇敢的人或是富有者才敢于在股票市场买卖。今天保护你的储蓄甚至增加你的财富最好方法之一似乎是购买过去遗传下来的漂亮的物品。因此，作者顺理成章地提出一些关于收藏古董闹钟的忠告，奉劝人 ‎ ‎　　们投资收藏古董闹钟以便将来盈利。 ‎ ‎　　Key: 41. C 42. A 43. D 44. C 45. B ‎ ‎　　41. C。细节事实理解题。收集闹钟可以增加你的财富。根据第1段的句子：Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your saving and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques. 今天保护你的储蓄甚至增加你的财富最好方法之一似乎是购买过去的漂亮的物品。这里我打算提供一些关于收集古董闹钟的忠告，我个人认为它们是最令人感兴趣的古董之一。再看最后一段最后一句：After all, if you are going to be ruled by time, why not invest in an antique clock and perhaps make a future profit?别忘了，如果你打算受时间制约，请投资收藏古董闹钟以便将 ‎ ‎　　来盈利吧？ ‎ ‎　　42. ‎ A。深层含义理解题。作者引用外星人的话，目的是为了说明人类被闹钟所控制。根据第2段的引文意思：有时候我想知道一个外星人关于我们的生活方式可能会反馈回去的报告内容是什么。“地球这个行星被神秘的动物控制，这种动物坐在或站在一个房间里并发出一种奇怪的滴答声，它有一张脸，脸上有12个黑色的标记，还有两只手。如果没有它的命令人们什么事情也不做，并且它把它那年轻的圆圆的人们的手腕系得紧紧地，这样，无论人们走到那里，都处于它的控制之下。这个动物是地球的真正的主人，人是它的 ‎ ‎　　” 奴隶。 ‎ ‎　　43. D。细节判断题。A项与第2段的下列句子吻合：Certain men were very clever at measuring the time of day according to the beating of their own hearts.; B项与第3段的下列句 ‎ ‎　　子吻合：They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hourglasses, and invented water-clocks；C项与第3段的下列句子吻合：They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun.；D项的含义是：“让奴隶日夜忙碌”，这与第2段的下列句子不一致：… but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time.但是人们相信许多年之前国王们畜养了专用的奴隶来辨别时间。 ‎ ‎　　44. C。词义猜测题。state-owned houses国有的房子；houses in very good condition状况良好的房子；grand houses open to the public对公众开放的宏伟的房子；houses where statesmen meet regularly政治家们经常集会的房子。根据第4段的信息词student, visiting palaces和museums判断，认真研究古董的学生应该尽可能多花时间参观宫殿、宏伟的房 ‎ ‎　　子和博物馆，可以看见一些过去遗传下来的最精致的闹钟的珍品。 ‎ ‎　　45. B。写作意图题。作者的写作目的是为了提出一些关于收藏古董闹钟的忠告。见第1段句子：Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques. 这里我打算提供一些关于收藏古董闹钟 ‎ ‎　　的忠告，我个人认为它们是最令人感兴趣的古董之一。 ‎ ‎　　B ‎ ‎　　Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” help you create this life of good feelings. ‎ ‎　　Here’s an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. ‎ ‎　　Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerk’s mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul. ‎ ‎　　Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness? ‎ ‎　　In the first case, where we don’t tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process, we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trusted, since we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others. In contrast, bringing the error to the clerk’s attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased. Whenever we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility. There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And it’s easy to think and act honorably again when we’re happy. While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once it’s started, it’s easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness. 46. According to the passage, the positive action in the example contributes to our . A. self-respect B. financial rewards C. advertising ability D. friendly relationship 47. The author thinks that keeping ‎ silent about the uncharged item is equal to . A. lying B. stealing C. cheating D. advertising 48. The phrase “bringing the error to the clerk’s attention” (in para. 5) means . A. telling the truth to the clerk B. offering advice to the clerk C. asking the clerk to be more attentive D. reminding the clerk of the charged item 49. How will we feel if we let the clerk know her mistake? A. We’ll be very excited. B. We’ll feel unfortunate. C. We’ll have a sense of honor. D. We’ll feel sorry for the clerk. 50. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage? A. How to Live Truthfully B. Importance of Peacefulness C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect D. Happiness through Honorable Actions [导读] 这是一篇说理、规劝性的议论文。本文的中心是：作者提倡通过高尚的行为获得幸福，规劝人们多行善事获得幸福，以形成一种美丽的积极的循环。高尚的思想行为可以使你的生活具有一种和平感、幸福感、善良感和自尊感。过高尚行为的生活可以创造美丽的积极的循环。高尚的思想导致高尚的行为。高尚的行为致使我们幸福的生存。当我们幸福的时候，我们容易产生高尚的思想和行为。虽然积极的循环难以开启，但是，一旦开启，就容易继续下去。坚持不断地做善事会给我们到来平静的心理，这样做对我们的幸福 ‎ ‎　　很重要。 ‎ ‎　　Key: 46-50 ABACD ‎ ‎　　46. A。细节事实理解题。第5段第6-8句：In contrast, bringing the error to the clerk’s attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased.比较而言，把这个错误引起这个职员的注意导致几件事情发生。职员立刻知道我们是高尚的（honorable）。我 ‎ ‎　　们一离开商店，就感觉到是高尚的，并且我们的自尊在增加。 ‎ ‎　　47. B。细节事实理解题。第5段第1-2句：In the first case, where we don’t tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. 在第一个案例中，我们不告诉那个职员，有几件事情会发生。在内心深处我们会知道我们 ‎ ‎　　自己就是小偷。 ‎ ‎　　48. ‎ A。句子意思猜测题。第5段分两层意思。第1-5句是第一层意思：在第一个案例中，我们不告诉那个职员，有几件事情会发生。在内心深处我们会知道我们自己就是小偷。在这个过程中，我们的心理会失去平静，也失去自尊。我们也会证明我们不可以信赖，因为我们通过告诉家里的人和朋友的方式来忠告我们的耻辱。第5段第6-8句是第二层意思：比较而言，把这个错误引起这个职员的注意导致几件事情发生。职员立刻知道我们是高尚的（honorable）。我们一离开商店，就感觉到是高尚的，并且我们的自尊在增加。通过对比这两层意思，可以判断bringing the error to the clerk’s attention意思是“实话告诉这个职 ‎ ‎　　员”。 ‎ ‎　　49. C。细节事实理解题。第5段第7-8句：Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased. 职员立刻知道我们是高尚的（honorable）。我们一离开商店，就感觉到是高尚的，并且我们的自 ‎ ‎　　员”。 ‎ ‎　　50. D。归纳标题。结合第1段和最后一段，并综合全文，我们可以得知：通过高尚的行为获得幸福。过高尚行为的生活可以创造美丽的积极的循环。高尚的思想导致高尚的行为。高尚的行为致使我们幸福的生存。当我们幸福的时候，我们容易产生高尚的思想和行为。虽然积极的循环难以开启，但是，一旦开启，就容易继续下去。坚持不断地做善事会 ‎ ‎　　给我们到来平静的心理，这样做对我们的幸福很重要。 ‎ ‎　　C ‎ ‎　　Malaria, the world’s most widespread parasitic (寄生虫引起的)disease, kills as many as three million people every year —- almost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African. In most years, more than five hundred million cases of illness result from the disease, although exact numbers are difficult ‎ to assess because many people don’t (or can’t) seek care. It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment, and what they often get no longer works. In countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, and the Gambia, no family, village, hospital, or workplace can remain unaffected for long. ‎ ‎　　Malaria starts suddenly, with violent chills, which are soon followed by an intense fever and, often, headaches. As the parasites multiply, they take over the entire body. Malaria parasites live by eating the red blood cells they infect (感染) .They can also attach themselves to blood vessels in the brain. If it doesn’t kill you, malaria can happen again and again for years. The disease is passed on to humans by female mosquitoes infected with one of four species of a parasite. Together, the mosquito and the parasite are the most deadly couple in the history of the earth and one of the most successful. Malaria has five thousand genes, and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control. Studies show that mosquitoes are passing on the virus more frequently, and there are more outbreaks in cities with large populations. Some of the disease’s spread is due to global warming. ‎ ‎　　For decades, the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine, a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make. Unfortunately, in most parts of the world, malaria parasites have become resistant to it. Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available, but they have been in short supply and are very expensive. If these drugs should fail, nobody knows what would come next. ‎ ‎　　51. According to paragraph I, many people don’t seek care because . ‎ ‎　　A. they are too poor ‎ ‎　　B. it is unusual to seek care ‎ ‎　　C. they can remain unaffected for long ‎ ‎　　D. there are too many people suffering from the disease ‎ ‎　　52. People suffering from malaria . ‎ ‎　　A. have to kill female mosquitoes ‎ ‎　　B. have ability to defend parasites ‎ ‎　　C. have their red blood cells infected ‎ ‎　　D. have sudden fever, followed by chills ‎ ‎　　53. Which of the following may be the reason for the wide spread of the disease? ‎ ‎　　A. Its resistance to global warming. ‎ ‎　　B. Its ability to pass on the virus frequently. ‎ ‎　　C. Its outbreaks in cities with large populations. ‎ ‎　　D. Its ability to defend itself and resist new drugs. ‎ ‎　　54. It can be inferred from the passage that . ‎ ‎　　A. no drugs have been found to treat the disease ‎ ‎　　B. the alternative treatment is not easily available to most people ‎ ‎　　C. malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites ‎ ‎　　D. nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease ‎ ‎　　55. Which of the following questions has NOT been discussed in the passage? ‎ ‎　　A. How can we know one is suffering from malaria? ‎ ‎　　B. How many people are killed by malaria each year? ‎ ‎　　C. Why are there so many people suffering from malaria? ‎ ‎　　D. What has been done to keep people unaffected for long? ‎ ‎　　[导读] 这是一篇介绍医学科普常识的说明文。本文主要介绍疟疾病的起因、传播、危害与治疗。疟疾（Malaria）是世界上传播最广泛的寄生虫引起的病，每年都要使三百万人致命——几乎全是5岁以下的孩子，并且是贫穷的非洲人。疟疾病本身有很多基因，对于各种新药物具有抵抗性，所以目前还没有找到根治疟疾病的最佳治疗方法和药物。 ‎ ‎　　Keys: 51-55 ACDBD ‎ ‎　　51. A。细节事实理解题。见第1段第2-3句：… because many people don’t (or can’t) seek care. It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment, and what they often get no longer works. (多年来，有5亿多病例由这种病引起的，虽然确切的数字难以估计，) 因为许多人不去寻求（或不可能）医疗护理。这种情况对于一个年收入不到200美元的家庭并非不同寻常，因为要治疗疟疾病， ‎ ‎　　就花去年收入的四分之一，并且他们时常所得到的不再有效。 ‎ ‎　　52. C。细节事实理解题。见第2段第3句：Malaria parasites live by eating the red blood cells they infect (感染) .疟疾寄生虫依靠吃他们感染的红血球生存。这说明疟疾病患者的红 ‎ ‎　　血球受到感染。 ‎ ‎　　53. D。细节事实理解题。这种疾病之所以广泛传播是因为它有一种自我防御和抵抗新药物的能力。见第2段倒数第3句：Malaria has five thousand genes, and its ability to change ‎ ‎　　rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control.。 ‎ ‎　　54. B。推理判断题。根据第3段倒数第2句：Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available, but they have been in short supply and are very ‎ expensive. 一些成功的可供选择的化学药品在阻止疟疾的这种抵抗力方面已经出现效用，但是这些可供选 ‎ ‎　　择的化学药品非常短缺，并且昂贵，因此大多数人不容易得到可供选择的治疗。 ‎ ‎　　55. D。细节事实理解题。A项见第2段第1句：Malaria starts suddenly, with violent chills, which are soon followed by an intense fever and, often, headaches；B项见第1段第1句：… kills as many as three million people every year almost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African.；C项见第2段第3句：Malaria has five thousand genes, and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control.；又见第1段第2 ‎ ‎　　句：… because many people don’t (or can’t) seek care.；D项没有提到。‎