高考英语复习专题

高考英语复习专题

杨鹏难句 130 句 1. that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数 5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程 度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。 难句类型：倒装、省略 a 本 句 的 正 常 语 序 应 当 是 ： that sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主 语 that sex ratio 之后的以 which 引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重 脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语 will be favored 之后。 b 在 which 引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在 maximize 的第一个宾语 the number of descendants that an individuall will have 中， an individuall will have 是修饰 descendants 的定 语从句，但是，因为 descendants 在从句中作 have 的宾语，所以引导词 that 可以省略。第二 处省略是在第二个 the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分 that sex ratio which maximizes. and hence 在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结 果。 意 群 训 练 ： that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 2. （this is ）a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; （这是一种）照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们 可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的 结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 解释：本句子的难度在一切 gre、gmat 包括 lsat 考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以 确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不 感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。 a、 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了 this is 。 这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们 以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的 省略形式。 b、 desire 后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是 to throw over reality a light，其中的 a light 是 被倒装到了 over reality 之后，正常应是 throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与 throw 距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从 that 开始直到句尾结束的长 长的定语从句不是修饰其前的 light 的，而是修饰一开始的 desire 的。 c、 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调 never,所以将其提前，引发了定 语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是 that might never be given away，倒装后系动词 was 被提前， given 因为在情态动词 might 之后所以变成了原型 give。a give way to b，是 a 让位于 b，而 a be given way to b， 则是 a 取代 b。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的 desire，what 引导 的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。what 从句中的不定式 to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower 中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是 to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。 d、 就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名 老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究 一个东西的特点那样的欲望（新冲动），前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。 意群训练：（this is ）a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . 3. hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. （3） 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词 译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动 的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲 动。 解释：介词 from 的宾语有两个并列的部分，由 and 所连接，在 and 之后的第二个 from 前， 省略了前面一样的谓语动词 derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是 derived from 后面的 成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。 意群训练：hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones. 4. virginia woolf ’ s provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs. dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5） 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词 译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（virginia woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（mrs. dalloway）时有关其 创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了 她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形 成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸 般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。 解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since 引导的原 因状语从句较难。 a、 since 之后的 it 指前面的 statement，highlight 的宾语 an aspect 之后有两个修饰成分，一 个是 of her literary interests， 另一个是以 that 引导的定语从句 that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰 an aspect 的。novelist 后面又有由 and 连接 的两个介词结构 concerned with doing 修饰 novelist. b、句中有两处省略，一是在 her literary interests that is very different from 当中，修饰 interests 的定语从句中引导词＋be that is 一起省略了。第二处在 and 之后，由于 concerned with 与前 面的 concerned with 重复，所以 concerned 被省略。 c、 本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一 个特点。 virginia woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs. dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 5. as she put it in the common reader , “it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-） 抽象词、抽象词组、比喻 就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被 指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我 们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德” 这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际 的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。 as she put it in the common reader , “it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .” 6. with the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . （4+） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词 译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易 受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡 萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。 解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的 状语和主句还好理解，从 leaving 开始句子变难；leaving 引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句 子的状语；分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个 via oxidative metabolism by the liver 又起 到了插入语的作用，把 be converted into 拆成两段。 本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的 body fluids, oxidative 和 resynthesis 通 过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism 和 muscle 这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而 glycogen 这种东西则没办 法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，gre 和 gmat 文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出 题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解 释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。 意群训练：with the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . 7. although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+） 难句类型：插入语 译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的 偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧 重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。 解释：本句中插入语的使用 revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半 个分句中的主语 that slaves' preference 与系动词 was 离得太远，造成阅读的困难。 意群训练：although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 8. gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their african and american experiences. （4） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表 达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作 用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。 解释：由 that 引导的宾语从句中，encouraged 的宾语 the transmission of the black heritage 被 同时表示并列和转折的 and so 分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号 后面的部分是修饰前面的 black heritage 的同位语。 意群训练：gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the black heritage of folklore ， music ， and religious expression from one generation to another ， a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their african and american experiences. 9. this preference for exogamy，gutman suggests， may have derived from west african rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定， 尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语 gutman suggests 割裂了主句的主语和谓语。west african rules 后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰(governing marriage), 第二个是以 which 引导的非限定性定语从句，从句中出现了第二个插入语 though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。 意群训练：this preference for exogamy，gutman suggests， may have derived from west african rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 10. his thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against blacks in the united states，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the chinese in california and the jews in medieval europe. （4+） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种 族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在 任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼 亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。 解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的 后半个分钟中，长长的插入语 as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition 作 为 主 语 his definition of racial prejudice 的同位语，使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理 解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but 之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转折后的内容就应该说其理论 对华人和犹太人相对无用。 意群训练：his thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against blacks in the united states ， but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the chinese in california and the jews in medieval europe. 11. such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5） 难免类型：复杂修饰 译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋 阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时 候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。 解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉 such thing as something 这样的语言方式，可是当 中间的小东西 thing 居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面 的 as 及其后的 something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以 such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词 remain 太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文 时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是 such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense. 意群训练：such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience. 12. it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样 的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却 能影响神经网络的发育模式。 难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack 从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容 词的形式是 lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。 本句的在 however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序 是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however 后面是个大倒装，lacking 之后的 that 引导的同位语人名是修饰主语 proof 的，但是因为它太 长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到 lacking 之后，正常的语序应该是 proof that the quality of ..was lacking 意群训练：it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. 13. although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view ， namely ， that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4） 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义 上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质 相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。 难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定 解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来 还是比较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习 中见得少，所以感觉上很别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这 样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的，表示肯定；如 not unlimited 就等于 limited。但是值得读者注意的是在 gre 和 gmat 这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考 试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是 dichotomous(即二分法的词汇，比如上面例子 中的 limited 和 unlimited)，则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的 not disprove, 不能理 解为 agree， 不反对者中，的确有人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如此， 大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的 be never rigidly disproved，没有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，而应该理解成从来都可能有 人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而 最好的办法，就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的表达理解 成没有完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态；这种理解才 是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。 运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前 面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这个分句中的 something be abandoned in favor of something else 这种语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说 得通，但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor of 强调的是这两种动作的同时性；抛 弃了前者，而转向后者，namely 之后的内容是前面的 opposing view 的同位语。 意群训练：although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system 14. other experiments revealed slight variations in the size ， number, arrangement ， and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -） 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互 连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相 似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语 as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。 在后面的分句中，主语 the obvious similarities 之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多 读者看到相隔很远的 more remarkable than 时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简 化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。 意群训练：other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 15. although some experiments show that ， as an object becomes familiar ， its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel， the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+） 虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程 相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少是对于那 些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：在 although 引导的分句中，谓语 shows 后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句，从句中先出现 一个插入语 as an object becomes familiar,之后的内容是由 and 连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其 实 and 前后就是两个句子，只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词 that 和谓语 become。 句子中有一个生词 holistic，其实即使不认识，也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面 serial 的反义 词、parallel 的同义词，大约是统一、完整或同时的意思；其实只要能理解到其是与 serial 相反的意思即可。 意群训练：although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis， at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. 16. in large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. （3+） 在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量 的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 focus a on b; 难句类型：倒装 解释：focus a on b 指把 a 集中于 b，本句中介词 on 的宾语 determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods 中有一个小倒装，正常语序应该是 determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。 意群训练：in large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. 17. if one begins by examining why ancients refer to amazons , it becomes clear that ancient greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact 每 real amazonian societies 每 but rather to offer ※ moral lessons § on the supposed outcome of women＊s rule in their own society . (4) 如别我蝇珂旃噶一下为什系嘉人颇提善亚镇逊人ㄛ 下面腔一萸憩曹腕清晰剩ㄛ饶憩是嘉希帮勤衾这笱扦颇腔镗睡祥是太嗣腔掩用懂桶湛夤舷 腔荡史岈妗＂＂凌正腔亚镇逊扦颇腔＂＂奥是为剩勤衾蜀踬在其扦颇中腔统笥腔预期缀别 提鼎一笱※耋肃谅绛§” 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：有两个词汇需要先解释一下：something be meant to represent 是 use something to mean 的被动语态。mean 在这里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表达的目 的、意图，其英文释义为：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的结构为： something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把 be meant to 和 not rather 的两个 固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是为了...而是为了... 另外，suppose 的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思，也有预期的意 思，还有表示贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。 本句的 supposed 用法极其特殊，在此处的意思，用以上任何一个释义来理解居然都可以成 立，既是在说一个预期的社会状态，又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态，其 用法类似于中文中的一语双关，是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。 意群 训练：if one begins by examining why ancients refer to amazons, it becomes clear that ancient greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society. 18. thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. （5） 因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔 （schrodinger）的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近 似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内 的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷 无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：读到此句时，数学家不见得震惊，晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂，而 且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲，在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应 该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说 并不见得重要，gre 考试的出题者也不见得知道它；关键是要读懂句子的主要意思；数学家 不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中，出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的，所 以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。 主句中的主语 it 是一个开工主语，其具体的内容应该是从 to learn 开始一直到句子结束的长 达八行的不定式，但是此不定式实在太长，如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。learn 后面带着 两个以 that 引导的宾语从句，中间以分号和 and 分开，可以把分号以后的句子看成是 and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that 的省略形式。 意 群 训 练 ： thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. 19. the physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+） 物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令 人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反， 一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying assumption）稍微 受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句在文章中就是一个自然段，虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达 10 行 的例子，但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩，连主句带从句居然一共有八 个。从大往小说，由 whereas 连接了两个大句子，whereas 后面的句子中的主语 an augument 之后又跟了一个定语从句 that is convincing though imprecise， 修饰 augument。whereas 前面 共有六个句子，由 the physicist 作主语的主句；由 since 引导的原因状语从句，修饰 since 从 句中主语 an augument 的由 that 引导的定语从句，此定语从句中的条件状语从句 only if it is precise; since 从句中的条件状语从句 if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, 以及修饰此从句中的主语 assumptions 的定语从句 on which it is based 一共八个句子，从句套 从句，实在令人叹为观止。 然而，在考试现场去数句子的数目，是只有呆子才会干的事，读者们惟一要干的事就是反复 阅读这句话，什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂，才算初步掌握；再进 一步把它读顺，直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方，看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。 意群训练：the physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 20. however，as they gained cohesion，the bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’ s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres ， who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4-） 起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们 获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识 在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立 隔绝开来。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句读到表示并列的连词 and 开始变难。and 之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的， to 的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语 came。 lacking 之后的分词作定语修饰 a sense of female solidarity 其后的由 who 引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的 salonnieres 此从句中又有 一个定语从句 that each salonniere held in her own salon 修饰其前的 primacy,但是由于引导词 that 在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。 意群训练：however, as they gained cohesion, the bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. 21. as my own studies have advanced，i have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5） 随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对 结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈 越的鸿沟。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：本句子的中间一段 impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences 容易令人看晕，其中的 insect and vertebrate societies and less so with 由两个 and 连接了三个部分，然而它们其实不是同一层次的并列， 第一个 and 实际上是 between insect societies and vertebrate societies 的一部分，是并列的，而 and 之后的 less so with 其实是对于一个完整的表达方式 i have been increasingly less impressed with 的省略形式，去掉了与前面重复的成分。 后面修饰的 structural differences 的定语从句 that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them 中，又出现了一个别扭的插入语 at first glance，把应该连在一起 的 seem to 粗暴地分开，令人不熟悉此类难句的人倍感不适。 意 群 训 练 ： as my own studies have advanced, i have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constiture such an immense gulf between them. 22. although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances ， its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4） 虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应 的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句从句子的结构上来讲，惟一的难度在于 and 之后的句子的主语 talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology 太长，以至于看到谓语 circumvent 的时候已经 搞不清楚主谓了。更大的难度恐怕还在于对两个词汇的理解 circumvent 和 enterprise。我们 以前所背过的 circumvent 有两个词义，一个是规避，一是以计谋战胜，但是这两种意思放到 此处都显然不通；其实 circumvent 有一个我们没有背过的最常用的意思是包围、限制或陷害； 至于 enterprise 常用的意思是企业，这里的指事业。 意群训练：although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 23. is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？ （3） 这究竟是一种缺陷呢，还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在 试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？ 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句的句子既短，意思也不难理解，但插入语(or trying to forge)的干扰作用却极强。 意群训练：is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? 24. in addition, the style of some black novels, like jean toomer’s cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5） 不仅如此，有些黑人小说（比如 jt 的甘蔗）的风格接近于表现主义和超现实主义；这种技 巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命 运，这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：在本句中有三个词需要先解释一番：verge on 这个词组是接近于、濒于的意思，hero 在文学作品中是主人公的意思，pit 作动词时，除了挖坑、窖藏之外，还有使竞争、使斗争 的意思，其英文释义为：to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一种语义的被动语态 fate againt which black heros are pitted.如果用主动语态则是：pit black heros againt fate。 另外本句的结构复杂，分号之后是一个一般疑问句，但是由于修饰成分过多，过长，使得读 者看不清楚这个句子在问什么。其实如果没有最后的那个 prevalent theme 的同位语 a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression，本句会易懂得多。 意 群 训 练 ： in addition, the style of some black novels, like jean toomer's cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism； does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? 25. black fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like james weldon johnson’s autobiography of an ex- colored man. （4）注意：bring a to b ——〉bring to b a 《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却 鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯.韦尔登。约翰逊（james weldon johnson）的《一个曾经是有色 人的自传》（autobiography of an ex-colored man）。 难句类型：倒装 解释：在以 bringing 开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装，bring a to b 被倒装为 bring to b a, 其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻，正常的语序应该如下：bringing some fascinating and little-known works like james weldon johnson's autobiography of an ex-colored man to our attention in the process. 意群训练：black fiction surveys a wide variety of novels ， bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like james weldon johnson's autobiography of an ex-colored man. 26. although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the earth’s surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) 虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于 此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表 面辐射出的红外发射（infrared emission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送 回太空。 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语，但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配 allow something to do somthing 中间，将 allow 和 to 分得很远，所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。 后面的分句中的最后一行 radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space 是其前 面的 infrared emissions 的同位语。其中的 otherwise 是副词作状语，表示如果后面的分句所 说的 they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions 不发生时的后果。 意群训练：although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the earth's surface ， radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 27. the role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints — ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4） 这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强 加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略 解释：尽管我们很熟悉 the role of something 的这种表达，但本句中 the role of 被作者胜利很 活。首先，在 role 后面有一个省略了引导词 that 的定语从句(因为 role 在从句中作 ascribe 的 宾语)，这样就把 role 和系动词 is 隔得很远。其次，but 前面的句子的主要结构 the role is not of doing something 其实是 the role is not the role of doing something 的省略形式，因为后面的 the role 与前面的完全重复，如果不把它省略掉，谁看到都要觉得啰嗦。因为同样的道理， but 之后的 one of imposing constraints 实际上是 is one role of imposing constraints 的省略形式。 意群训练：the role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints— ways of feeling， thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 28. which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? （5） 以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类 所受限制”之间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？ 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句子在所有 gre 或 gmat 阅读题的题干中是最难读懂的题干之一。本句不但结构复 杂，而且用词抽象，使得读者如果想根据语义来搞清楚谁修饰谁，也变得极为困难。分析如 下：本句的主干是 which of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction?. versus 是一个介词，等于 against，即体育比赛中的 vs。其他的所有成分均是一 些修饰成分。其中一个对答题最重要的限制条件是 from human morphology,说明这种类比的 比较双方所比的必须是人类形态上的特征。 意群训练：which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 29. a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae. （3+） 在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出——但没能证明——食草动 物已吞噬了大部分水藻。 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句主语很长，而且谓语 suggested 与 that 引导的宾语从句间被插入语 but did not prove 隔开，造成阅读障碍。当 suggest 与 but did not prove 连在一起使用的时候，其意思不是建议， 而是指一种基于主观臆测的推理，中文翻译成“暗示”。其英文释义为：to call to mind by though or association the explosion suggested sabotage。gre、gmat 及 lsat 文章中，常用 suggest， but do not prove 来描述一种没有真凭实据、可能有问题的理论，然后在后面的叙述中把它否 定掉。 意群训练：a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. 30. perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. （5） 可能这样一个事实，那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的 水藻，这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物（而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物） 的做法，导致了在接下来的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：句子的结构繁杂。句子的主语令人吃惊地长，在最后一个逗号后的 led 以前，全是主 语！其实句子的主干简单，就是 the fact led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers。但是本句 的主语 the fact 后面的修饰成分长得吓人，先是个定语从句；定语从句中又套了一个定语从 句。然后逗号后面的 a practice 引导的部分是前面的主语的同位语兼任插入语，practice 后面 的修饰它的一大堆东西又是定语从句套着定语从句。本句是典型的层层修饰结构。 意群训练：perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. 31. studies by hargrave and geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. （5） 由哈格雷夫（hargrave）和吉恩（geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行 了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食 草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句对阅读者的阅读能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求读者读清楚句子的复杂的结构， 而且对读者的词汇能力也提出了更高的要求。 by 以前结构无需解释，by 以后有两个作介词宾语短语的动名词结构，measuring 和后面表示 并列和顺接的 and then 之后的 computing，说的是计算方法；前一个 measuring 说的是先算 出实验室中浮游动物品种的单位捕食速率，后面的 computing 前其实省略了一个 by，而且在 这个动名词结构中还包括一个分词结构 using the known population density of grazers，用已知 的捕食者的种群密度计算出其野外的群体捕食速率。整个的 by 以后的计算过程简单了就是： 实验室单位速率×野外密度＝野外群体速率 另外本句中的词汇也颇有迷惑性；虽然没有太难的单词，但是很多单词都是同义词和反义词， 容易让人读混；（斜线分隔同义词，冒号分隔反义词） estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natural/field; laboratory community; individual 意群训练：studies by hargrave and geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 32. in the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer， haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes， respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+） 在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群 落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的 6.6%和 114%. 难句类型：插入语 解释：句中有两组插入语，每组两个插入语，尤其是第二组，把 rate of 从中间劈开。不过 因为句义尚好理解，所以本句只是有一点别扭，但不算太难。 意群训练：in the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 33. the hydrologic cycle ，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. （4） 水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的 整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过 液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度 回复到大气水蒸气的形态。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解 释 ： beginning 开 始 的 一 系 列 分 词 都 是 修 饰 主 语 the hydrologic cycle 的 ， 分 别 是 beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along and into the grund surfacee 是 thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee 的省略形式，但是看上去意思却很清 楚。类似这样的省略，是出题者合理地利用了省略来达到改编学术论文时压缩文章篇幅的目 的。 意群训练：the hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 34. only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（4） 只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候， 才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：only 放在句首时，主句的情态动词 may 倒装，这是我们高中就已经学过的东西。然 而句首的 only 与倒装的 may 距离如此之远，这在以前却没有见过，所以读上去让人不习惯。 另外一个难点在于，前面的由 when 所引导的时间状语从句中，宾语 boundaries 后面跟了一 个定语从句，that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且从句中的 associate with 又被 water within it 所分开，读者还要分神去考虑 it 所指的是什么，所以读到后面倒装 的 may 的时候，难免不知所云。 意群训练：only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. 35. the historian frederick j. turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the united states since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the american farming system. （4） 史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（frederick j.turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自 18 世 纪 70 年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封 闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗 竭。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：典型的句子套句子。主句是 f.j.t. wrote that，宾语从句中主干是 the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在从句的主语 the agrarian discontent 后 面又来了一个定语从句。 意群训练：the historian frederick j. turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the united states since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the american farming system. 36. in the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial europe（which we may define here as europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to nvestigate more of the preindustrial european population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自 1300 年至 1800 年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量 的数据），开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶 层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而 正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。 解释：句子中有两个插入语，一个是跟在 preindustrial europe 之后的 which we may define here as europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,这个插入语的直接作用是解释前面的 preindustrial europe 的年代，而起到的客观作用则是把主句中的主语和谓语分割得很远；第 二个插入语是在 began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate 中间，把一个好好的 began to 斩为两段。 这句话另外一个难以理解的地方是 more of the preindustrial european population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工业化以前的欧洲人口中超过了那 2%到 3%的人，亦即占 97%到 98% 的人民群众。 意群训练：in the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial europe（which we may define here as europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial european population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops， and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 37. historians such as le roy ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories，which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+ 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：象勒罗伊。拉迪里（le roy ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些 个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对 犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。 解释：逗号以后的内容都是修饰逗号以前的 case history 的。在 which 引导的非限定性定语 从句中有一个插入语(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我们可以看到这个插入语中又套了一个插入语 but not confined to。 意群训练：historians such as le roy ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups（these attitudes include，but are not confined to ， attitudes toward crime and the law ） and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 38. it can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a european city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5） 难句类型：复杂修饰 译文：从文章中可以推断出来，一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每 千人的犯罪率与另外一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的 帮助？ 解释：句首的 it 是形式主语，其具体内容是从 that 开始到句子结束的全部内容。that 从句中， 主语 a historyian 之后修饰它的超长的定语从句是这个句子难以读懂的原因。compare crime rates with crime rates 中间被修饰第一个 crime rates 的两个修饰成分 perthousand in a european city in one decade of the fifteenth century 分隔得很远。在 with 之后的第二个 crime rates 后面， 省略了与前面重复的 per thousand in a european city。 意群训练：it can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a european city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? 39. my point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that， in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作 出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未 获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。 解释：宾语从句中的主语和谓语被长插入语分开，造成阅读障碍。插入语中有一个固定搭配 understanding of a as b，是把 a 理解成 b 的意思。不过本句中 as 的宾语不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s lives 可以理解成“形成了对人们生活的影响”也可以理解成“对人们 生活的塑造性(决定性)影响”。当然后面的理解是正确的，然而在阅读现场想要在瞬间做出 正确判断，还有赖于考生的阅读理解力和词汇功底的深浅。插入语后面还有一个固定搭配： a owes much to b，指前者有很多东西是来自于后者，得益于后者的。 意群训练：my point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage， a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 40. even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5） 即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能 够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、专有名词、固定搭配 解释：主语 the requirement 后面带着一个长长的修饰主语的同位语；由于 requirement 的同 位语中要求使用虚拟语气，所以其中的系动词成了原型(should be 省略了 should)。如此之长 的修饰成分过后，谓语 can be met 与主语的关系已经很难理清了。从 by 开始的状语结构更 为复杂；修饰 techniques 的后置的定语 derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants 实际上是由 or 所连接的两个固定搭配 the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个 derive from 中还套了另外一个固定搭配 the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个 derive from 则干脆把 derive 给省略了。 此外，本句的专有名词奇多，这使得阅读的难度非常高。 意群训练：even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. 41. but achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other —an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4） 但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即 什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句这样的复杂修饰和插入语的作用差不多；主语 achieving necessary matches 之后的 修饰成分 in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter 把主语和谓 语 requires 分开。值得注意的是修饰宾主的 of which molecules 中的 which 在此不是定语从 句的引导词，而是一个形容词，意思是哪个。 意群训练：but achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 42. islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. （5） 伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象——毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有 积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的 巧合相似之处——以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现 象的全部范围。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：这是一个被 gre 考生尊称为 no.题三大难文章之一的伊斯兰法中的臭名昭著的句子。 本句插入语前后都不难，关键是如何对待这段插入语。 首先，插入语很长，在原文中有四行。笔者在前面不只一次提醒读者，三行心目的插入语必 须跳过，看懂前后的内容再回头来看插入语。插入语难懂的第一个原因是其中混有大量的抽 象词和法律术语；还有一个重要原因，那就是它其实不是一个完整的句子。把插入语中所有 的修饰成分扒光，只剩下一个单词：coincidences，而主语和谓语 it has 则被作者省略。 不管从哪个角度上来看，这句话中的那个插入语都极像是 ets 布下的一个陷阱：首先，插入 语的内容对理解文章毫无作用；其次，考试中对插入语也出题；第三，其实这句话中的插入 语根本不必读。也可以根据插入语前后的内容用合理化原则的取非读法猜出其意思。插入语 前后的内容是伊斯兰法与其他法律不同，插入部分以 notwithstanding 开关，又有 of course, 可见插入部分一定是让步证据，因此可以对前后的内容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在说伊斯 兰法与其他法律有相同之处。 句末的 in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena 中，包含一个 倒装；正常语序的 appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately 中的副词 adequately 被提到 appreciate 的宾语之前。 islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 43. （both jewish law and canon law are more uniform than islamic law.）though historically there is a discernible break between jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient israel and of the diaspora （the dispersion of jewish people after the conquest of israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the old testament is very close to that of the talmud， one of the primary codifications of jewish law in the diaspora. （5） 尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（diaspora， 即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的 断裂，然则，《旧约全书》（old testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（talmud） 极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、专有名词 解释：本句与上一句同来自于同一篇文章，本文的主题是伊斯兰法，但作者反复用犹太法来 吓唬读者，同样 ets 也未就此句话出题。 这句话难读是因为两个原因：第一、作者在 between jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient israel and of the diaspora 一句中的 and 之后省略了 jewish law,使人看到 of the diaspora ancient israel and of the diaspora 一句中的 and 之后省略了 jewish law，使人看到 of the diaspora 时搞不清楚在什么与什么之间；第二个难懂的原因，是文中出现了大量的专有名词、法律术 语和历史背景。其实读者除了 israel 和 jewish 两个单词有必要也有可能认识之外，其他单词 既不需要了解也无法了解，像什么 diaspora(大流散时期)、old testament(旧约全书)、talmud(犹 太教法典)等奇怪名词，在非宗教国家的考生的大脑中，一点概念都没有，更不要说其英语 的表达了。那么 ets 的出题者在阅读文章中搞出这种东西来，不是有意违背公平出题原则之 嫌了吗？ 其实出题者也并没有要求读者把这些内容搞清，只需知道前面那句话是一个判断句，说犹太 法和伊斯兰法一致，后面这句话是对上面一句话的解释，因此肯定也在说它一致。再看第二 句话的结构，上来就是一个用 though 表示的让步语气，我们可以看出在一个 break between， 那么逗号后就应该是省略了 but 的转折语气，该说没有 break between，果然我们看到了 very close to 的字样。我们也知道，既有让步又有转折时，作者强调转折之后的内容。所以这句 话仍是在说犹太法一致。 043 both jewish law and canon law are more uniform than islamic law（这是作者加的便于理解 的话）. though historically there is a discernible break between jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient israel and of the diaspora(the dispersion of jewish people after the conquest of israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the old testament is very close to that of the talmud, one of the primary codifications of jewish law in the diaspora. 44. islam ， on the other hand ， represented a radical breakaway from the arab paganism that preceded it；islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-islamic arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-arab peoples of the conquered territories. （4） 另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（arab paganism）的一种根本上的决 裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结 果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（pre-islamic arabia）法律的不尽相同 的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。 (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：这句话是接着上面的那句话写下来的，是在说伊斯兰法的不一致。句中有三个插入语， 都起到了一定的干扰作用。第一个是 on the other hand，隔开了主语和谓语。第二个是 from a religious angle，分开了 examination of ，第三个 as it did， 根本就是句废话，分断了动词 comprise 和动词的宾语 the various components。 意群训练：islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the arab paganism that preceded it; islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-islamic arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-arab peoples of the conquered territories. 45. one such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. hence ， (there is ) the intensified research on legumes. （5），此句最好能够熟读，更好的是背诵下来。（复杂修饰+插入+省略+倒装） 这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然构 造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些 基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些 具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、省略 解释：本句的难度以倒装为主，复杂为辅；然而二者相互借力，难度更大，而且本句中有两 个省略，就更令读者头痛。 句子一开始的 one such novel idea is that of 之中的 that of, 是 that idea of 的省略形式。此外 容易理解，后面开始变难。inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因，是作者在此用了一个便装；正常 语序应该是：inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants， 即把非此植物的 genes 插入到该植物中。之所以倒装，是因为 discrete genes 加上复杂修饰的成分以后太长之故。同样，后面的 the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria 一句，正常的语序也是 the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成为固氮菌的寄主的基因 （如果它们能够被找到并分离出来的话）插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。这一回。genes 之 后不但有定语从句的复杂修饰，而且在 genes 和 that 从句之间还有一个不短的插入语，增加 了阅读难度。 最后的一句话，hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其实也不是一句话，只是一个词： research。作者省略了 there is ，其实引处即便看不清语法结构，作者的意思还是可以懂的。 因此，笔者在前面强调的“如果可以看懂意思，不必去分析语法”，在实战的应用中有其意 义；gre 和 gmat 中很多表达其实不严格遵守语法，或者有考生不懂的语法，读者处心积虑地 研究它们，不但没有实战意义，而且还令读者徒增烦恼。 本句是 gre 和 gmat 考试中集各种语言现象之大成者，包括了几乎所有的难句类型，希望读 者一定把这句话读熟；有心者最好能把它背熟，一定对提高你的阅读能力有好处。 意群训练：one such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. hence ， (there is ) the intensified research on legumes. 46. it is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物 的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：it 是形式主语，其真正的内容是 that 之后的由 even though 连接的两个句子。其实本 句的真正难度倒不在于句子的结构，而是对于其意思的理解：尤其是文科同学，可能缺乏必 要的背景知识，就更不容易读懂。句中的 set an upper limit on plant growth 直译为”给植物的 生成设立一个上限”，其真正的意思是“限制了植物的生长”；因此 the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth 之中的 availability 一定指的是氮的供给 之少。整句话的意思是，土壤中的氮植物能够利用，却太少；而空气中虽有大量的氮，植物 却不能利用，这岂不是自然界开的一个大玩笑。 it is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 47. unless they succeed，the yield gains of the green revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. （4） 除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科 植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话， 且即使这些基因综合体（gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：主句比较简单，而后面跟着的由 and 连接的两个表示让步的条件状语从句就相对复杂， 第一个从句是用一个修饰主语的定语从句 that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers 把主谓隔开；第二个从句则运用了插入语 once they are found 把主谓隔开。 意群训练：unless they succeed，the yield gains of the green revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 48. its subject（to use maynard mack’s categories）is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers， diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero odysseus primarily from without；the tragic iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5） 其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（maynard mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景 象”，因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥 德修斯（odyssus）的；然而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心 体验”：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（achilles）的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一 个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。 （从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思） 注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的 难句类型；复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词、熟词僻义 请思考：如果看不懂分号前的 without 的意思，是否可以用合理化原则根据分号后的那句话 推理出其意思？ 解释：本句中尽管也存在一些复杂修饰和插入的内容，但是本句话之所以难懂，与其说是因 为这些东西的影响，倒不如说是因为用词的抽象和语义的难以理解。作为一篇文学评论型的 文 章 ， 文 章 中 充 斥 着 一 些 很 抽 象 的 词 汇 ； 本 句 话 中 就 有 subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/present/identify/motivation/parti cularly/likable 等。背过这些单词的中文释义，并不意味着在阅读中能够清楚地理解其真正含 义。对于抽象词的训练方法，请参见附录中＜阅读抽象词提速法＞。这里仅解释几个对于这 句话最重要的单词： hero:在此不是指英雄，在文学评论型的文章当中，此单词的意思是主人公。 without:在此处是一个熟词僻义，意思是外部，等于 outside。 likable:不可望文生义，它不是像什么东西的意思，而是有吸引力的意思，其同义词有 pleasant 或 attractive. 本句中，对于理解全句起到最大影响的，就是能否正确理解 without 这个单词，然而问题在 于，如果不认识 without 的熟词僻义，是否可用合理化原则根据分号后的那句话推理出其意 思？根据紧跟着分别的 however，我们可以推断出分号前后的两句话所说的内容截然相反， 因此可以从 i 戏剧的描述中推出，without 的意思应该是不去认同其主人公的内心世界。 意群训练：its subject（to use maynard mack’s categories）is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers， diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero odysseus primarily from without；the tragic iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 49. most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+） 在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼 睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部 的同一侧面。 难句类型：倒装、省略 解释：本句的倒装本质上与我们早就的一种倒装结构是一样的，即形容词放在句首时，主语 和谓语倒装。本句的主干的正常语序应该是：eye placement is most striking;倒装后成了 most striking is eye placement。但是这种倒装在 gre 考试中出现，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的 most striking 被长长的状语 among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish 与后面的主 语和表语分开，造成阅读困难。 意 群 训 练 ： most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. 50. a critique of handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of black slaves in north and south america should be expanded .（4） 一个对于 h 的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在 17 世纪 60 年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批 评显示，关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查，而且显示出，对于在北美 和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解释应当被扩展。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略 解释：句子的主干清楚：a critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因为句子的结构 复杂、修饰成分多，再加上后面的 and 之后的 suggests 被省略，所以句子的结构很难被读 出来的。 本句的 suggest 不再是暗示，而是显示、说明的意思，其同义词有 point,indicate,imply。本句 的两个 suggest 之后的宾语从句都根据语法要求使用了虚拟语气。 意群训练：a critique of handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of black slaves in north and south america should be expanded . 51. the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle ， are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -） 对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛 屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）——上发现的火山岩石， 是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因， 大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即 the evidence is the fact that,难就难在 fact 之后说明 fact 的 同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是 volcanic rocks，主语后面的 found on oceanic islands 是分词修饰 volcanic rocks 的；islands 后面又有一 个说明 islands 的同位语 islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词 are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。 句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的 layered mantle thesis 就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到 layered mantle thesisr 最有力证 据就是其材料 fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同 于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。 意群训练：the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. 52. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state ）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+） 但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是 分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋 向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将 上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语 however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在 that 引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由 but 所 连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是 rich in incompatible elements 修饰 fluids；后面又 有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰 incompatible elements 的，最后还有一个状语来修 饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。 意群训练：some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered ， but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. 53. fallois proposed that proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of saint-beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -） fallois 认为，proust 在 1908 年试图开始写一部小说，又为了写一部批判 s-b 的 伟大作品的 真正本质的视而不见的长篇的证明而放弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人 记忆及小说情节的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句来自历来被 gre 考生尊称为所有 gre 文科文章中难度第一的普鲁斯特的追忆似水 年华，这篇文章的难度远远高于现在计算机考试的题目。普鲁斯特是公认的意识流小说的先 驱，据笔者推测，本文的原作者必定是研究普鲁斯特的大家，因此其文章必然带有思维的跳 跃，、不连贯性、时空颠倒等意识流手法：经过 ets 的改编后，虽然可读性略有啬，然积重 难返、无法救药，于是堕落成一篇流水帐文章。从本句的结构来看，也可以表现作者的这种 叙事风格：本句从 that 引导的宾语从句开始，实际上是以普鲁斯特的意识流向为线索，以列 举的方式描述其动机的变化，从一开始的写别的小说，其英文为 prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因为 abandoned 之后的状语 for…的结构复杂、用词 抽象，所以这个结构不太容易被看出来。blindness 在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨认能力 difficult to discern, make out,or discover,视而不见。give rise to 这个词组的意思是引起，使发 生。 意群训练：fallois proposed that proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of saint-beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel. 54. the very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for proust to set them out coherently. （5） 各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断 重新组合排列；正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有 致地安排好。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：请原谅笔者在此所做中文翻译的艰涩难懂，为了让读者能够更好地理解句子的结构， 本书尽量把中文翻译与英文原文的语序相对应，而且尽可能的不用意译。为了达到这个目的， 可以说绞尽脑汁，但本句之难懂也全非笔者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象词。本句仍然 来自于上面说过的这篇关于普鲁斯特的文章。句中的主语是 the very richness and complexity, 其后的修饰成分长达三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中还夹杂着插 入语，有效地分开了主语和谓语。其实本句虽然结构也比较复杂，但是不见得比前面的句子 复杂得多，其真正的难点，还在于句子中大量的抽象词的使用。由于笔者在附录中所提到的 原因，抽象词可以严重地占据大脑资源，因此带有大量的抽象词的结构复杂的句子就更为难 懂，比如本句就是一个很好的例子，复杂修饰与抽象词狼狈为奸，句意另人难以理解。 意 群 训 练 ： the very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels ， from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for proust to set them out coherently. 55. but those of who hoped, with kolb, that kolb’s newly published complete edition of proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4) 但是我们当中的那些希望（也算上 k 本人）k 新出版的 p1909 年书信的全集能够更加详细的 记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句中从句套从句，致使主语 those of us 与谓语的距离很远，而且中间的成分又极多， 使得句子很难读懂。修饰主语 those of us 的定语从句 who hoped 之中又套了一个宾语从句， 宾语从句的主语 complete edition 又被一前一后的两个定语所修饰，之后才依次是宾语从句 的谓语、宾语：主句的系动词、表语。 意群训练：but those of us who hoped, with kolb, that kolb’s newly published complete edition of proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. 56. now we must also examine the culture as we mexican americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally a conquered people a charter minority on our own land. 现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化，我们的经历是从一个主 权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞，在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族——在我们自己的 土地上的契约的少数民族。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、固定搭配 解释：主句中的 as we mexican americans have experienced it 是 examine 的状语，说明审视的 角度；后面直至句尾的分词结构又是 experience 的状语，详述了经历的具体过程。就是这个 分词有些难懂，因为我们熟知的结构是 from…to…没有见过，也没有想到过后面居然还有一 个 to,因此看到这个套了一个插入语的 newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people 的 时候头脑发生混乱，不明所以、不知所措。这里的 to 还是与前面的 from 搭配的，也就是说， 原文的结构是 from…to…to… 砩群救褶ㄩ now we must also examine the culture as we mexican americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ㄛ a conquered people 每 a charter minority on our own land. 57. it is possible to make specific complementary dna’s （cdna’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger rna’s （mrna’s）of the peptide hormones. if brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these mrnas. if the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cdna’s should still bind to these mrna’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mrna’s for the true hormones. （4） 科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补 dna’s（cdna’s），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使 rna’s（mrna’s）。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会 含有这些信使 rna’s.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同， 那么，互补 cdna’s 应仍然和这些信使 mdna’s 粘结的程度。含有这些 mrna’s 的脑细胞然 后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使 rna’s 进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟 是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。 难句类型：易混词 解释：与其他的难句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。笔者之所以在本句中不设标志和翻译， 是因为这三句话从结构和意思上来说并不难。然而很少有人能够真正的一次把这段话读清 楚，原因在于两个容易混淆的单词 cdna’s 和 mrna’s 在文中交替出现，而且相互作用；再 加上 brain cell 和 hormones 从中捣乱，更难读清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以 用 cdna’s 来探测 mrna’s。如果脑细胞产生了荷尔蒙，则其中必有 mrna’s 意味着可用 cdna 探测荷尔蒙。如果脑细胞制造的不是真荷尔蒙，则可以用 cdna’s 与其中的 mrna’s 附着的 情况来确定此荷尔蒙的真假。 意群训练：it is possible to make specific complementary dna’s （cdna’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger rna’s（mrna’s）of the peptide hormones. if brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these mrna’s. if the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cdna’s should still bind to these mrna’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mrna’s for the true hormones. 58. the molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cdna probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4） 采用 cdna 探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得 快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然 后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。 难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代 解释：主语后的修饰成分同样隔开了主语和谓语，但本句的难度主要在 because 从句中。按 照一般的习惯，作为从句主语的 it 应该指主句的主语，但本句的主句是一个比较结构，a should be faster than b because it…,此处 it 也可以指 b。但是因为这种指代不符合和我们以前 所形成的习惯，所以阅读现场不得不边读边根据句意来判断，这就增加了阅读理解的难度。 现场阅读时，类似 antiserums 的这种专有名词不必理会，仅需从词头 anti 推出这是一个反 p 荷尔蒙的东西即可。 意群训练：the molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cdna probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 59. nevertheless, researchers of the pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the ice age had they been in charge of events.（3+） 然而，研究 p 时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显 示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、修辞 解释：句末的由 how 引导的名词性从句中包括了双重的倒装，正常的语序本来是：if they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the ice age in certain model schemes。本句中 由于 arrange 的方式被提前，就造成了 arrange 的动作执行者也要提前，前面的 if they had been 则必须后置；这样一来又造成了 if 被省略，成为 had they been 的倒装结构。 另外，作者为了表达其对于这些研究者的模型的负态度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了 虚拟语气，并使用了 fanciful 这个词以表示这些研究的不负责任、异想天开的幼童心理。 意群训练：nevertheless, researchers of the pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the ice age had they been in charge of events. 60. this succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods ， rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4） 这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地 质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed） 中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代 解释：句子中的 rather than 之后省略了与前面重复的 being based,直接加上了介词 on。modern method 后面的部分都是修饰 method 的。其中的 remains 既可以作动词也可以作名词，此处 是名词的用法，biological remains 指的是类似于动物化石之类的遗迹。读到这里我们看到了 句子的难点，themselves 既可以指前面离得很远的 modern method(当然，在语法上来讲单复 数不一致)，也可以指前面离得较远的 biological remains，亦可以指紧挨着的 interglacial beds， 到底是指代哪一个，只有通过理解句意，才能确定在此处指 biological remains。 意群训练：this succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. 61. there have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need ， or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5） 人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些 并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞 耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略 解释：前面的主架构 there have been attempts to explain these taboos 很简单，从 in terms of inappropriate social relationships 开始句子变难，ralationship 后面跟着一个一直延续到句末的 长长的修饰成分，其中有两个固定搭配，either…or…和 between…and…，不但如此，原文 把这两个搭配又套在一起，变成了 either between…and…,or between…and…;再加上每一个 between…and 之后都是 those who 这样的结构，就愈发令人眼花缭乱了。 意 群 训 练 ： there have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging. 62. many critics of amily bronte’s novel wuthering heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5） 研究艾米丽。勃朗特（emily bronte）小说《呼啸山庄》（wuthering heights）的许多文学评论 家，将小说的第二部分视作一种对比物，即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话，也是在对第一 部分作出一种诠释评判，而在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确 证。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：上面的翻译中为了符合中文习惯不得不把修饰 the first part 的 where 引导的定语从句 翻译到中括号以外。本句主要难在两个地方，一个是插入语 if it does not reverse 如何理解， 另一个是 counterpoint 的意思是什么。产生，插入语的位置比较讨厌，把 comments on the first part 这样一个连贯的说法割成两段，增加了阅读的难度。而且它的意思容易理解错；if 既可 以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思，则上下文的意思 则要理解成即使不反对第一部分，也要给予第一部分一个负面的评论。然而此处不能这样理 解，因为 that 之前的 counterpoint 的意思不是相反、对立，而是指和谐的组成部分的意思。 这个词来源于一个音乐术语，指音乐中的对位法、旋律配合，引伸为形容两个不同的东西彼 此和谐一致，同义词是 harmony。因此文中的 if it does not reverse 的意思是假如不反对第一 部分，则是与第一部分和谐一致的评论的意思。这种情况下，插入语纯属废话。 意群训练：many critics of family bronte’s novel wuthering heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. 63. granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of henry james， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. （4+） 诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利.詹姆斯（henry james） 的那种意识相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程 度上注定是无法令人信服的。 granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course. 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句的结构固然复杂，但造成最大的阅读难度的，主要还是对一些抽象词的理解。正 面是对一些关键词汇的解释： granted that 出现在句首，其意思是大家都同意、当然，实际上是一种让步语气，等于 admitted,of course。 need not argue 中的 argue 在此不是表示常用的那个辩论、争论的意思，而是表示意味着或证 实的意思，其同义词是 maintain 或 prove。 camparable 的词义有两个，除了读者熟悉的that can be compared 之外，还有一个意思是 worthy of comparison，其同义词是 as good as。本文中用的是后面的那个意思，对于这个词义的理 解，后面的第 18 题考到了。 意群训练：granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of henry james ， their presence does （ 15 ） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. 64. this is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because wuthering heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. (5) 这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题（尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释 中，僵化死板总是一种危险），而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可 辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于一个囊括无遗的解释中。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：本句的两个插入语虽然有一些干扰性，但是最为主要的难点在于成批出现的抽象词， 如 interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/r esist/inclusion/all-encompassing 等 。据笔者估测，对于初学 gre 或 gmat 的学习者而言，在一句话中出现了三个心上的抽象词 就会使阅读理解造成障碍，而这句话中出现了十三个这样的单词，读不懂也不足为怪。 训练：this is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because wuthering heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that ， ultimately ， resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. 65. the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another ， with variations exceeding the measurement error ； and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4) 铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度 超出测量误差；而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成 几乎是毫无二致的。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专业抽象词 解释：本句是一个怪异的现象的典型例子：句子的结构谈不上复杂，所用单词也不难，但是 除非读者有理工科的科研（最好是材料科学的科研）背景，否则句子虽然能够得读下来，但 是却搞不清句子说的是什么意思。首先，句子中出现的一些词汇虽然也都比较常见，但是在 理科文章中出现，就有了专有名词的意味，同时还带有很抽象的学术含义，笔者称之为专业 抽象词，如 isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study 等。认识 这些单词，并不意味着懂得它们在文章的意义和作用。比如说 measurement error，大家都可 以望文生义地理解成测量错误、测量误差，但是在对文章的阅读中这种字面上的理解是远远 不够的。其实此处强调的并不是测量中出现的错误和毛病，而是指那些每次测量都会发生的、 永远也无法避免的、在测量值和实际值之间的正常的差异。因此，本句话的真实含义也难以 理解。句子只是罗列了一堆事实，而作者真正想说的意思是什么呢？其实 variations exceeding the measurement error 的言外之意是这些不同 variations 是真正有意义的不同，而不是试验的 误差；那么不同矿源的铜矿的铅同位素成分真的不同，相同的矿源的铅同位素几乎相同，就 意味着我们可以通过测量铅同位素的成分来确定铜矿的矿源(挖掘地)。 意群训练：the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another ， with variations exceeding the measurement error ； and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. 66. more probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. （3+） 更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过 内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装 解释：句首有一个倒装，正常语序是 bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入 部分的频繁出现使句子显得十分凌乱。 意群训练：more probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. 67. a long-held view of the history of english colonies that became the united states has been that england’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the american revolution . （4+） 一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在 1763 年以前对 于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转 变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：主架构简单，可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是：a long-held view has been that..。但是主语 a long-held view 之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语：of the history of the english colonies that became the united states。系动词 has been 之后所接的表语从 句其实不止一个，其实原句是用了 and 来连接两个并列的表语从句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的 has been 照例被省略。 意群训练：a long-held view of the history of english colonies that became the united states has been that england ’ s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the american revolution . 68. it is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4） 现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含 物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在， 这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句的句子既长，专有名词又多，从句层出不穷，故而难懂。在本句中出现的专有名 词中，除了 silicates 硅酸盐这个单词常常出现于理科文章中，需要记忆之外，其他单词阅读 现场简单处理一番既可：inclusions 可以猜出是被包含的物质；garnet 作首字母提炼叫 g:crystallography 只要能从词头推出这个单词与晶体有关即可。 意群训练：it is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 69. even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in divided society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of puerto ricans as a colonial minority. （4+） 即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（divided society）一书中 所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起 来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词 解释：本句实际上是由 and 连接的两个句子，阅读的一个难度在于，and 之后省略了 they(此 处指前面的主语 the radical critiques，)而 are thus able to 又与前面离得太远，使读者难以找 到主语。 另外，句中的固定搭配 attach a to b 和 illuminate c as d 当中的 a、b、c，全部既长又抽象， 理解起来较为困难。 意群训练：even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in divided society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of puerto ricans as a colonial minority. 71. open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the united stated in the fifties, and beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable . （4+） 公开对妇女压迫的存在的承认对于 50 年代的美国而言有些过分激进，而且 b 的结论，即妇 女经济状况的变化，经管它本身不是一个充分的因素，但是“仍然是提高妇女地位的根本因 素”的观点，尤其无法令人接受。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 贱庋ㄩ挂历是由 and 所蟀诿腔谤跺煦历ㄛ前一跺煦历腔主逄虽然衄一些修饰伧煦ㄛ笋整体 奥晟逊算疑黍；缀面腔煦历中腔修饰伧煦憩掀诞面黍；主逄 beauvoir＊s conclusion 缀面掩楼 上剩肮位逄植历 that change in＃,奥且在植历腔主逄睿彖逄之洁逊楼剩一跺唇入逄；我蝇疑 祥容眢叁肮位逄植历中腔伧煦朱齐ㄛ缀面又艘善系桶赋凳 was particularly unacceptable 腔时 紧ㄛ砑祥起懂主逄是誰ㄛ祥辇心中琼然；如别是膻衄褶习彻面历腔人ㄛ珩硐疑黯然神伤” 意群训练：open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the united stated in the fifties, and beauvoir ’ s conclusion , that change in women ’ s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable . 72. other theorists propose that the moon was ripped out of the earth’s rocky mantle by the earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the earth’s iron fell to its core. （4）其他的理论家提出，在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后，由于地球与另一个庞大的天 体发生碰撞，月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。 rip:撕开；拨去；在本文是 撕开的意思。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：这个句子虽然还算短，但结构并不简单，句中共有三介词结构作状语。结构的复杂在 本句中给读者带来了真正的阅读困难：月亮、地球、大型天体之间的关系如何？三个事件之 间的先后顺序怎样？另外的一个难点在于，在 the moon was ripped out of the earth’s rocky mantle 这段话中，be ripped out of something 可以作两种解释。rip 既有撕开的意思，又有剥 去的意思，而此处的 be ripped out of something 很被读者理解成被剥夺走某物的意思。实际 上，根据对上下文的理解，这里应该理解成从某物中撕裂出来的意思。 意群训练：other theorists propose that the moon was ripped out of the earth’s rocky mantle by the earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the earth’s iron fell to its core. 73. however , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early new england culture that seem to have been most distinctly puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of new england as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of massachusetts and connecticut. （4） 然而，进来的学术研究强烈的显示那些看来最为明确的请教徒的早期新英格兰文化的一些方 面，比如强烈的宗教导向和团体意识，就整体而言却不是新英格兰的典型特征，而是在很大 程度上只局限与马萨诸赛和康涅狄格两个州。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：宾语从句的主语 those aspects 后面跟着长长的修饰成分 of early new england culture that seem to have been most distinctly puritan。不但如此，主语和表语之间又被长长的插入语 such as 分开，而且表语也不是一个，而是 were not,but were 的结构，使得句子十分难读。 意群训练：however , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early new england culture that seem to have been most distinctly puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of new england as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of massachusetts and connecticut. 74. thus，what in contrast to the puritan colonies appears to davis to be peculiarly southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically english than the cultural patterns exhibited by puritan massachusetts and connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern british colonies from barbados north to rhode island and new hampshire. （4） 因此，那些与（北方）清教殖民地形成鲜明对比、并在戴维斯教授的心目中显得具有特殊南 方色彩的特征——占有欲、对政治和法律的浓厚兴趣、以及培养大都市文化模式的倾向—— 不仅仅要比清教的马萨诸塞州和康乃涅克州所展现出来的文化模式更具有典型的英国色彩， 并且几乎毫无疑问地构成了绝大多数其它早期近代英国殖民地的特征，从巴巴多斯北至罗得 岛和新罕布什尔州。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：这个颇长的句子是由一个 what 从句做主语，此主语 what in contrast to the puritan colonies appears to davins to be peculialy southern 中有又一些插入语的修饰成分，其实主干很 简单，就是 what appears to be southern。southern 后的两个破折号之间的内容是主语的同位 语，实际起到了一个插入语的作用。一直到句子写了五行之后，谓语动词 was 才姗然出现， 难怪读者看得不舒服。but also 之后，省略了与前面一样的 was. 笔者在此再次提醒读者，笔者之所以对此类句子做语法分析，是为了让读者熟悉这些语法结 构，而不是希望读者在现场阅读进也去分析其语法，正确的方法是通过熟读本书中的种种难 句，使大脑习惯这些语言结构；实战的现场阅读把注意力集中在句子的意思上，比如这句话， 只要读出“与 d 的观念相反，南方的州与清教的殖民地一样，都是有着英国风格的”意思即 可。 意群训练：thus，what in contrast to the puritan colonies appears to davis to be peculiarly southern — acquisitiveness ， a strong interest in politics and the law ， and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically english than the cultural patterns exhibited by puritan massachusetts and connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern british colonies from barbados north to rhode island and new hampshire. 75. portrayals of the folk of mecklenburg county, north carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his harlem days, of pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical greek myths in the guise of the ancient black kingdom of benin, attest to this.（5） 一些描述，关于他从小就记得的北卡罗来纳州的 m 县的人民、关于他在 h 的日子里的爵士 乐手和公寓的房顶、关于匹兹堡的钢铁工人的描述和他的假借古代 b 国对古希腊神话得宠 俗，都表现了这一点。in the guise of :”假借、在…的幌子下，假装”。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句主语之长，主语的长度与谓语长度的比例之大，是极为罕见的，在最后的三个单 词 attest to this 之前的所有内容，全是主语，主语和谓语的比例达到了 46 比 3。不熟秋 gre 和 gmat 句式的人是很难把这句读懂的。句子的主语实际上是一个由 and 连接的并列结构， 而真正的主语只有两个：portrayals 和 his reconstruction。portrayals 后面长度惊人的修饰成 分以三个大列举的方式说出了其描述的对象，其中第一个列举中又包含了一个定语从句，修 饰前面的 folk（人、人们、人民、民族），第二个主语的修饰成分中使用了一抽象词组：in the guise of，相当于一个介词，其意思是假借，在….的幌子下，假装。 意群训练：portrayals of the folk of mecklenburg county, north carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his harlem days, of pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical greek myths in the guise of the ancient black kingdom of benin, attest to this. 76. a very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized （or smaller） balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. （4） 浮游动物体内一种极特殊的进食适应性变化是蝌蚪状的尾海鞘纲动物（appendicularian）的 那种适应性变化，而尾海鞘纲动物则存活于核桃大小（或更小）的黏液球囊内，装备有过滤 器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：gre 和 gmat 考试中比较有特色的一个语言现象是 that (those) of 的频繁出现。that(those) of 的作用是省略掉与前面一样的名词性成分，从而起到简化句子的结构、缩短句子的长度 的作用。然而对于初学 gre 和 gmat 的人来说，由于以前较少遇到这种结构，而且即使遇到 也是在比较简单的句子中间遇到的，所以在复杂句式中一旦遇到，往往一下子搞不清楚这个 that(或 those)指的是前面众多名词性成分中间的哪一个。解决这个问题的办法，就是多读、 反复读这样的句子，熟能生巧。 意 群 训 练 ： a very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized （or smaller） balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. 77. these historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. （3+） 但是，这些史学家还不曾充分地分析同一时期中那些具体的女权主义思想和活动的发展。 难句类型：倒装 解释：本句看着别扭的原因是句子的语序颠倒，正常的语序应该是：however, these historians have analyzed the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period less fully.但是这种语序仍然令人费解：为什么作者不说 these historians haven’t fully analyzed the development of feminist ideas?既明确又好懂，何乐而不为？ 其实这里倒不见得是 ets 故意作梗，不让读者读懂，而是因为心上的两种说法之间存在着细 微差别：前者强调的是有分析，但与文中的其他研究相比不够完整；后者则是强调没有怎么 去研究。gre 和 gmat 中使用的英语属于中高级英语，其中的细微之处请读者细心体会。 意群训练：these historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. 78. apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 m before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. (5) 显然，大多数的巨星能够失去足够多的物质以至于在燃尽其核燃料以前他们的质量下降到关 键值 1.4m 以下。难在：sufficient …that… = so much (many ) … that… 难句类型：特殊省略、固定搭配 解释：我们中国考生显然没有见过 sufficient…that…这样的结构，因此习惯性的把 that 以及 其后的内容看成了一个定语从句来修饰 material，但是这样读下来发现意思不通，于是发生 思维混乱，大脑拒绝工作，以至当场晕厥。 实际上原文相当于在 sufficient 之前省略了 such,与后面的 that 构成了一个 such…that…的结 构，但是这种省略不是可以随便使用的：本句之所以能够这样表述，是因为 sufficient 本身 就是一个 enough to meet the need of a situation 的意思；而 enough 的意思是 occurring in such quantity as to fully meet demands, needs, or expectations.所以，把这两个词义串在一起， sufficient material that…的词义就变成了 material occurring in such large quantity that the need of …be fully met。所以我们除了可以把原句看成是省略了 such 以外，还可以把 sufficient … that…看成了一个固定的搭配，相当于 so much …that…的意思。 意群训练：apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 m before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. 79. this is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.（5） 即使是武装部队是在一种趋向职业平等的制度变迁的风气中运作的时候，而且即使部队是在 联邦政府的同工同酬的约束下运行的时候，情况仍然是这样。 难句类型：倒装、省略 解释：不论笔者把这句话算成倒装还是省略，其实都有些牵强。阅读能力较高的读者应该可 以看出，文中的语序和表达都是完全符合英文规则的，但问题在于它极不符合汉语习惯：按 照中文的习惯，even though 之后的长长的从句应当放在句首，而 this is so 则应该放到最后 来说，而且，如果要用 and 来连接这么长的两个状语，也应该在其中补充上主语用来和谓语 才能让人看懂。但是这就是考试中的英语，也是英语国家的高级知识分子们天天用来做学问 的英语，既然他们可以看懂，并能写出来，我们也一定可以看懂，需要的时候也一定能够写 出来。 意群训练：this is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. 80 、 an impact (on the mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the moon, in view of the moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to earth. （5） 一个能够把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉轨道的碰撞发生的可能性甚至小于这种事件在月 亮上发生的可能性，考虑到月亮更小的尺寸及其与地球接近的程度。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代 解释：in view of 的意思是考虑到、由于，等于 because of,本句粗看上去十分简单，可是你看 完之后会发现本句十分难懂。这句话的意思很容易被理解成：如果考虑到月亮的尺寸和与地 球的距离的话，火星碎片被撞击所发射到地球的几率，要小于发射到月亮上的几率，有点常 识的人就会知道这是不可能的：月亮比地球小得多，而且与火星的距离也与地球类似，碎片 射到月亮上的几率怎么会反而高呢？这里的关键在于 such an event 在文章中指什么，如果是 指把火星碎片射到月亮上，那么本句的意思当然是荒谬的；可是如果是指把月亮的碎片发射 到地球上，那么本句的意思就对了，实际上句首的 an impact 之后被省略了一个 on mars，所 以原文的 such an event on moon，指的是 an impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an earth-intersecting orbit.因此如果把原文补全，则句子就变成了下面的 样子：an impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an earth-ibntersecting orbit is even less probable than an impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an earth-intersecting orbit, in view of the moon’s smaller size and closer proximiy to earth. 意群训练：an impact (on the mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the moon, in view of the moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to earth. 81、 not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin，from that donor are accepted permanently. （4） 但是，我们已经发现，在许多种老鼠之间，这些移植法的“常规”并没有被肝脏移植物所遵 循。肝脏移植物非但从没遭到过排斥，甚至还诱发了一种供者特异性无应答状态 （donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此状态中，随后来自那个供者其它器官的移植物，如 皮肤，会永久地被接受。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装 解释：not only 放在句首时谓语被提前，这种倒装对我们的读者来讲不算什么新鲜事。干扰 度比较大的是在修饰 unresponsiveness 的定语从句 in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently 中，插入语 such as skin 和前面的 transplants 搭配的 from that donor 共同作用，反复地打断读者的思路，使得从句中主语和谓 语不能连贯。 意 群 训 练 ： not only are liver transplants never rejected ， but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin， from that donor are accepted permanently. 82、 as rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered （by seismic waves） generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. （4） 当岩石界面被穿过的时候，震波所遇到的弹性性质通常会发生突然的变化，这就使得一部分 能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回来的波被震波纪录仪记录下来。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、过去分词与谓语易混 解释：绝大多数人读到 the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly 这一句 的时候，第一反应都是把 encountered 看成了谓语动词，再看到 change abruptly 的时候又搞 不苾怎么会跑出来两个动词，反复看上 n 遍才看清楚这句话的结构。本句难就难在主语 the elastic characteristics 后面的表示袪的过去分词 encountered 的动作发出者在句子中根本就没 有出现过，相当于原文在encountered后面省略了一个by seismic waves,读者却没有心理准备， 同时也不熟悉这种分词修饰的方式，因此也难以读懂。 意群训练：as rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered （by seismic waves）generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. 83、 while the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed ， showing ， for instance ， that it was a posthumous production of the danaid tetralogy which bested sophocles，and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. （4） 数据资料已被统计出来，或被重新统计出来，以便证明在文体学这方面，《乞援衰女》实际 上确实在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后两者现在则变成了“原始”的剧作）之后以及在 轴残片却唤起了一种幽灵似的疑虑，即另一块残片有可能再度被挖掘出来，并证明，比如说， 《乞援衰女》是作者藉以击败索福克勒斯的《达那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，从而将 创作年代再度置于极度的混乱之中. 注：best:击败,=defeat, overcome, outdo 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：specter 之后的 that 从句是 specter 的同位语，从句中有两个分词作状语，中间由 and 连 接。其中以第一个分词结构 showing that it was a posthumous production of the danaid tetralogy which bested sophocles 的意思较为难懂，有两个地方要解释一下： 首先，best 在这里的用法我们以前很少见到，用作及物动词，是击败后者的意思，等于 defeat,overcome 或 outdo。 其次，a posthumous production of the danaid tetralogy 这种说法不符合我们的常规想法，我们 看到 a posthumous production of 的时候，根据中文的语言习惯，惯性的到 of 之后去找人名， 但是看到后面跟着的是作品名，就想不通了，与中文不同的是，英文中的遗作后面不一定只 能接人名，接作品名的时候指的是作品在作者死前未发表的那一部分，比如本文的四部曲， 可能作者死前全部写好，但只发表了三部，但是死后发表的遗作第四部击败了 s。 意群训练：while the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the danaid tetralogy which bested sophocles，and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. 84、 the methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3+) 一个社会所创造出来藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成产生，以保存在这个 社会看来具有本质意义的文化遗产的各个方面。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句是前面所举的复杂修饰类难句的例句，已经有所详述。 意 群 训 练 ： the methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. 85 、 traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. （4） 传统上，风媒传粉被看成是这样的繁殖过程：其特征就是由一些随即事件的发生，在这些随 机事件里，风的反复无常被大量的产生花粉所补偿，以至于新种子的最终产生被保证了，其 代价是产生远远多于实际使用量的花粉。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：笔者曾经遇到过一个同学，下课以后来找我，说这篇文章读得不好，因为首段的两句 话看不懂。这篇文章的首段很长，但仅由两句话构成，不但讲述了老观点的内容，而且解释 了这篇文章的主题的所在，从这里我们可以看出在现场迅速读懂难句的重要性。marked by 之后的内容修饰 reproductive process 的。其后的 random events 后面又跟着一个定语从句来 修饰它。从句中的被动语态 the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen 有些特殊，因为文中不是按照中文的习惯说 are compensated，而是说 compensated for，这是由于主语 the vagaries of the wind 并不是被补偿的对象，而是补偿的对 象，后面的 at the expense of 是以…为代价的意思。 意群训练：traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. 86、 because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. （5） 由于花粉粒在其长距离的运输过程中所要面临的潜在危险是巨大的，按上述观点来看，由风 授粉的植物补偿了通过偶发事件而伴随造成的花粉损失。其途径是，制造出大于昆虫授粉的 植物种类所产生的花粉量的一至三个数量级的花粉量。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：本句就是上面所说的构成本篇文章首段的第二句话，而且本句的难度超过上一句。本 句一上来就不好读，because the potential hazards that pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous,其中主语后的 pollen grains are subject to 本来就是 一个定语从句，但是由于主语 the potential hazards 在从句中作介词 to 的宾语，所以引导词 that 被省略，这就显得句子的结构模糊不清，再加上 as 引导的状语从句，隔开了主语和谓 语，给读者造成了较大的阅读困难。后面的分句中，句子的结构更为复杂：插入语、定语和 状语层层相套。有两个词组需要解释一下：orders of magnitude 指的是数量级，其中 order 是等级、级别的意思，而 magnitude 在此不是指重要、星球的光亮度，指的是尺寸大小和数 量多少的程度，同义词是 size,quantity,number。后面的 speciespollinated by insects 特指虫媒 植物。 意群训练：because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. 87、 for example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones， where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. （5） 例如，带有胚珠的松球的鳞苞综合体的螺旋状安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性生殖器官的所在位 置，对于气流模式的形成与产生殊为重要，而这些气流模式在松球的表面盘旋上升，从而把 在空气中飞行的花粉从一个鳞苞传播至下一个鳞苞。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词 解释：本句的两大难点中，一是结构复杂，二是专有名词较多。在主语 the spiral arrangement 之后，出现了长长的定语，其中套了三层修饰，这样读者就难以把主语和谓语联系到一块。 另外，句中的大量生词也明显干扰了我们的理解，spiral arrangment(螺旋状安排)、scale-bract complexes(鳞苞综合体)、ovule-bearing(携带胚珠的)、pine cones(松果)、female reproductive organ(雌性生殖器官)、airflow pattern(气流模式)等。其中只有后面的三个单词我们有可能根 据常识大概猜出其含义。那么现场阅读时遇到这种东西又该如何处理呢？ 可以肯定的是 ets 的出题者并没有期望读者都是生物学家或物理学家，而且从众多的出题的 情况来看，也根本不可能考到任何必须对专有名词作精确理解的内容。读到这种东西的时候， 读者的首要任务是从联系文章出题的角度，读出这句话与文章主题有关的意思，从而理解它 在文章中的作用。比如这个句子，读者只要能够读出 the arrangement of female reproductive organs of conifers are important to reduce the ollen waste 这个意思即可。 意群训练：for example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. 88、 friedrich engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. （3+） fe,却预测妇女们将被从家庭的“社会、法律和经济压迫”中解放出来，只是通过使得征召“整 个女性阶层进入公共的工业中去”成为可能的技术进步的方式做到的。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：本句的前半部分简单，后面的宾语从句中的第二个状语 by technological developments 后面跟着的定语从句中出现了倒装：the made/possible/the recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry 的正常语序应该是 that made the recruiment of the whole female sex into public industry/possible/，固定搭配 make…possible 中的副词 possible 被倒装到了前面。 意群训练：friedrich engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination ” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. 89、 it was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work， previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work." （5） 十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一类“没前途”的职业，这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改 变，而是由于秘书工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练——与行政工 作的分离。自此以后，这类“没前途”的职业便被视作是“女人的工作” 。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：这句话的结构是 it was something that,,,it 是形式主语，其真正的内容是 was 之后、that、 之前的 something 的内容。本句的 something 结构复杂、长度惊人，并且包含了一个较长的 插入语，把固定搭配 separation from 分开，造成了极大的阅读困难，其实这个句子说得简单 就是 it was the separation of secretarial work from administrative work that created a new class of jobs。 意群训练：it was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work， previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work." 注：本文难度在分不清 separation … from 的搭配关系 90、 the increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire. （5） 二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间 的增加并无多大联系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能 雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减，而在此之前的许多情形中，单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯 一—一类妇女。 the pool of 如果后面跟着一群人，则表示劳动力资源 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：主语 the increase 之后照例来了一堆修饰成分。后面的 had less to do with…than do with…的意思是与前面的东西的关系不如与后面的关系那么重要，相当于中文的与其说还不 如说…。但是本句的比较双方都是又臭又长的由 and 所连接的两个名词性短语，令读者阅读 时的思维难以连贯。the pool of 如果后面跟着一种人群，则这个词组指劳动力资源。 意群训练：the increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases， the only women employers would hire. 91、for one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. （5）难句类型：正话反说 请思考：如果文中说这句话的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者说上面的这句话有什么用意。 解释：本句虽然貌不惊人，但本书既然将其收录进来，并标出难度 5，就意味着其中有怪异 之 处 。 值 得 一 提 的 是 ， 本 文 前 面 曾 把 控 制 种 群 密 度 的 因 素 分 为 两 种 ， 一 种 叫 做 density-dependent factors(这里简称 d-d 因素)，另一种叫做 dentsity-independent factors(简称 d-i 因素)。原文的直译虽然好懂，但是总令人感觉说得不甚明白。显然，gre 或 gmat 的作者不 可能随便说一句无关痛痒的话，那么没有任何种群能够在所有的时间全被 d-i 因素所控制， 其真正意思是什么呢？就是：一切种群都必然在某个时间内受到 d-d 因素的控制。本句是 ets 在考试中惯用的正话反说的典型例子，请读者深沉体会。本句在文章中也是理解作者态度的 关键所在。 意群训练：for one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. 92、 in order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. （5） 为了能理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质，我们可以把那些作用于增长参数的密度依赖效 应视作生态学家们力图将其分离并予以解释的“信号”，正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对 较低的数值递增，或从相对较高的数值递减；而与此同时，那些密度独立效应起到的作用则 构成了种群动态变化中的“噪音”。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：句子不仅很长，而且有两个地方看上去不舒服，第一：think of ..as…不是很常见，其 实 think of 这个词组就等于 consider,imagine,加上后面的 as 就是把….认为是…的意思。第二 个不习惯的地方是 signal 后面的大段修饰语，不但长度很长，而且在 signal 后面还省略了一 个 that，正常应该是 the signal that ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret,,与前面见过对 that 的省略不同的是，这次 that 在句中不是句子的宾语，而是不定式动词的宾语。 意群训练：in order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. 93、 but the play’s complex view of black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than du bois ’ famous ， well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity ， or fanon ’ s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. （5） 但该剧有关黑人自尊可与人类团结相融合这一复杂观点，丝毫都不比杜波伊斯（du bois）的 理想或法侬（fanon）的强调来得更为“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟虑的理想是， 民族的自觉可以和人类大同共存；法侬则对理想的国际主义进行了强调，而这一理想的国际 主义同样也能兼容民族身份与角色。 no more … than :一样不 注：view black self-esteem and human solidarity ideal ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity emphasis national identities and roles accommodates internationalism 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句的一个大难点就是对 a no more “contradictory” than b 的理解，与我们想当然 的意思正相反，其意思不是 a 不如 b 更矛盾，而是 a 与 b 同样都不矛盾。a no more…than b 这个固定搭配的意思是 a 与 b 一样都不….例如：i can no more swim than a hammar 并不是说 我游泳不如锤子游得好，而是说我与锤子一样都无法游泳。 另一个难点在于句子中大量的抽象词，给读者的词汇能力提出了较高的要求。但是功底较好 的读者应该可以发现，句中用来比较的前后项中的描述三个作家的九组词汇形成了一个 3× 4 的同义词矩阵，如上述的注。每一列都是同义词，可以看出，这三个人的观点是相同的， 也可以看出作者英语功底之深。 意群训练：but the play’s complex view of black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than du bois’ famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity ， or fanon ’ s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. 94、 in which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as isaacs’ to raisin in the sun？难句类型：复杂修饰、题干圈套 （5） 在以下哪一个选项中，文章的作者加强了他对类似这样的对于《》做出的反应的批判呢？ 解释：为了对应原文，以上中文的翻译显得很笨拙，请读者原谅。需要说明的是，本题号称 gre 五大难题之一。对于此题的市面上众说纷纭，皆不得要领，笔者很高兴能通过这本书把 此题讲清楚，一来以正视听，二来解决同学们的疑难，三来提示 ets 出题者的叵测居心。 此题之所以难解，是因为题干中藏有圈套。请仔细观察题干，它问的是作者对谁的批评？是 对 i 一伙的所有批评家的 responses 还是对 i 个人的 responses 做出的批评呢？当然是对所有 的 responses。出题者在此设下陷阱，让读者怎么看都像是对 i 的 responses 的批评，可是文 章中对于 i 的描述并没有能和选项匹配的说法，因此用 i 到文中去定位，这道题当然无法做 出：而文中对与 i 抱有相同观点的全体评论家们对＜太阳下的葡萄干＞一书的反应的描述十 分清楚：indeed, a curiously persistent refusal to credit hansberry with a capacity for intentional irony has led some critics to interpret the play’s thematic conflicts as mere confusion,contradiction, or eclecticism.isaac, for exmaple,… 评论家们从一个错误的前提（即 h 不能 intentianl icrony）推出一个错误结论，那么我们的作 者应该怎么批评他们呢？当然要驳倒其 assumption，说 h 是能作 intentinal irony 的。我们于 是看到了 d 选项，intentianal 的完美的同义词：well-considered.从本题中可以体会到，对于 句子的阅读能力是多么重要。 意群训练：in which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as isaacs’ to raisin in the sun？ 95、 inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century progressive historians such as beard and becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. （3+） 作为二十世纪早期“进步派”史学家（如 beard 和 becker）等人某些观点的继承者，这些近 期的史学家所提出的观点值得我们予以评价。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：看够了后置的修饰成分，我们来看一个放在前面的同位语。inheritors 之后的长长的 复合结构是主句的主语 these recent historians 的同位语。本句稍微有些难的地方在于，很容 易把 b 和 b 与 recent historians 的关系看错。正确的理解是：recent historians 是 b 和 b 的后继 者，而不是相反。 意群训练：inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century progressive historians such as beard and becker ， these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. 96、 despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. （5） 尽管存在这些模糊范畴，但我们不应该断然声称，在各个易于辨认出的阶层之间所存在的敌 对态度就无法被合理地观察到。 难句类型：复杂修饰、三重否定 解释：从这个例子可以看出，句子的难度也不全是与其长度成正比。比如这句话，既不算长 又没有什么不认识的单词，但是偏偏很难看懂。看不懂的原因，是写文章的人使用了三重否 定，should not unequivocally, cannot。在这里，可以明显看出 ets 在考查我们的阅读能力，因 为如果想把句子肯定的语气而不改变句子的意思是很容易的。despite these vage categories, one may still claim definitely that hostility between discernable classes can be validely observed. 意群训练：despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. 97、 yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. （5+） 然而，有些史学家强调在殖民者之间曾出现过一种普遍的一致意见。这些史学家如果不认识 到各种矛盾的存在，就无法充分地理解这种一致意见，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或压制 之后才有可能获得那种一致意见。 it 指代：general consensus 难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定 解释：本句同样不算长，但是难度却超乎寻常，而且本句在文章中是最后一句，文章的作者 用本句话给出了他对文章中心论题的最后态度，不可谓不重要。据笔者观察，能够现场读懂 这句话的读者绝不超过 20%。 本句之所以难，是因为三个原因，第一，句子中的复杂修饰带给读者思维上的困难。第二， 本句 without 引导的条件状语的表述不符合读者大脑中的语言及思维习惯。without 引导的介 词结构作条件状语，在中文里面不一定要像笔者上面给出的翻译一样，要放在其推出的结论 的前面，相当于，如果不…则…，而在英文中，它既可以放在前面，也可以后面，而且以出 现在后面的情况居多。这就造成了中国读者的思维上的不习惯。不但如此，without 之后的 表达也让人看得不舒服，我们习惯的表达是 without understanding that the conflicts had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.而句中把 the conflicts 和 that 调换了一下，变成了 without understanding the conflict that had to be overcome or repressed in oreder to reach it，从语 法上可通，但从句义上却看起来别扭。作者为什么不用看起来更通顺的前一种说法呢？这是 因为两者的意思上存在细微的差别。前者强调的是要去理解泛指的矛盾被克服这件事，而后 者强调的是要去正确理解特指的需要被克服才是理解整个抗英斗争的着急。 另外，句中的 consensus 和最后的 it 都是指殖民者的一致抗英的共识。 本句给读者造成的最大困难还在于它使用了双重否定，如果不理解那些必须被克服的矛盾， 就不能理解这些共识，其意思就是只有理解了那些必须被克服的矛盾，才有可能理解这些共 识。请读者反复阅读，以熟练掌握这种对于多重否定的思维转换。 意群训练：yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. 98、 it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and loyalist causes during the american revolutionary war？（5）插入语多 从文章中可以推断出来，作者最有可能同意以下哪一个关于在美国革命战争中的社会经济各 阶层及其对叛党和保王党的支持的陈述？ 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：句子是在 regarding 之后才开始难懂的。regarding 引导一个分词结构，修饰 statement。 分词中 regard 的宾语有两个，一个是 socioeconomic class，另一个是 support for the rebel and loyallist caused,中间由 and 相连接，本句的不好懂之处在于，我们对 support 的第一反应是 把它当成动词，这样就有可能理解成 and support for 是与前面的 agree with 并列的谓语，当 然这种理解在语法上是成立的，然而在逻辑上不成立。正确的理解是 support 作名词，与 socioeconomic class 并列。其实本题干的意思就是在问哪个阶层的人会支持哪一方。 意群训练：it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and loyalist causes during the american revolutionary war？ 99、 she wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.（5） 她希望抛弃传统的方法和像芭蕾舞这样已经确立的舞蹈语言，而希望探索人类表现力的内在 源泉。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词、易淆结构 解释：本句尽管用词抽象，但给读者带来直接威胁的还是句子的结构，句中由两个 and 连接 起三部分内容，这在语法上似乎说不通，可实际上这两个 and 在句子中所处的层次其实是不 同的，第一个 and 连接了 discard 的两个宾语，也可以看成是 and 后面省略了不定式 to discard, 也就是说第一个 and 是在不定式中的并列，而第二个 and 的层次要高于前面的第一个 and。 读者读到 established 的时候容易犯两种错误，一是把 and 之后的 established 看成是与 wished 并列的谓语，二是把 established 看成是与 discard 并列的不定式。其实这两种理解在语法上 都行不通；如果与 wished 并列，则后面要加不定式，如果与 discard 并列，它本身就必须是 动词原型。 其实在阅读的现场，考生根本就没有时间去考虑其语法，上面所说的把 established 读错，还 是因为读者很少见到 established 作形容词的用法及两个 and 居于不同层次的情况。 意群训练：she wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. 100、 although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted ， only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. （5） 尽管有可能从实际制造的商品和服务中可推知制造商和服务业认为他们的顾客所需要的是 什么，但只有对由实际顾客撰写的相关的个人文件进行一番研究，方能提供一幅精确的图画， 藉以说明“什么样的人”需要什么样的东西。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：前面的 it 是形式主语，主语真正的内容在不定式中。不定式中的大规模倒装，是这 个句子读不懂的主要原因：infer 的宾语是 what 从句，而 infer 和从句之间被以 from 为首的 作状语的介词结构所分隔。正常语序应该是：to infer what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted from the goods and services actually produced.后面的分句也不 好读：主语很长，而且句末的宾语 precise picture 后面的修饰成分 of who wanted what 也是比 较少见的。 意群训练：although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. 101、 with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century english history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century england readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.（4） 关于这个最后的问题，我们可以顺便指出，t 尽管正确的使劳动人民重返十八世纪英国的历 史舞台，但是他又可能吹嘘了这些人对于资本主义消费观在普遍意义上的敌视态度；比如说， 十八世纪的英国劳动人民就很容易从家酿的啤酒转而引用由大型的、资本密集的城市酿酒厂 生产的标准啤酒。in passing:顺便的、随便的、偶然的 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句的难点就在于句子开始的 we might note in passing that thompson…一句中，不认 识 in passing 这个词组，现场就无法读懂这句话的结构和含义；好在这里这个词组没有什么 特别重要的意思，即使跳过也不耽误大事。 in passing 的意思是：顺便地，随便地或偶然地，其在英文中的同义词就是 briefly,incidentally。 句子中的 note in passing that…就是“顺便提一下”，“简单说一句”的意思。 意群训练：with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century english history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century england readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries. 102、 the correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.（4+） 当然二氧化碳与大气温度之间的相互联系并不能确定到底是大气成分的变化引起了气候的 变暖和变冷的趋势，还是大气成分的变化是由气候的冷暖变化造成的。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：本句主句中的谓语 establish 在 gre、gmat 和 lsat 的阅读文章中除了可以作建立的意思 以外，还有一个更常用的意思，就是确定、确证的意思，等于 determine, prove 或 confirm， 另外，本句的省略很容易使读者将指代关系搞混：在最后的 or were caused by their 当中，存 在 两 处 省 略 ： or 之 后 省 略 了 与 whether 一 句 中 相 同 的 主 语 changes (in atmospheric composition)；最后的 their 之后又省略了与 whether 从句中的主语一样的 changes。这里不管 将 their 之后被省略的内容看成是 warming and cooling trends 还是看成 composition 都是错误 理解。 意 群 训 练 ： the correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their. 103、 such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. （5 -） 他们相信，诸如灵与肉的问题，或更普遍而言，人类知识的性质等此类哲学关注，均是一些 基本的人类问题，其探索性的哲学答案已构成一个必要的基础，其它所有的智力思辩均赖以 建立其上。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、抽象词 解释：本篇文章所讨论的主题就是哲学的起源问题，因此在这篇文章中出现大量的抽象词， 是理所当然的。 然而本句的开始的结构比较特殊，出现了一个倒装结构，正常的语序应该是：they believe that such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generrally, the nature of human knowledge, are basic human question…。笔者说此结构特殊，并不是因为我们司空见惯了的倒 装本身，而是因为从句子的结构来讲，此倒装毫无必要，并无头重脚轻之虞。作者之所以这 样写，一是为了强调句首的、作为文章主题的哲学，二是为了使句式有所变化，不至于过分 单一，三是为了为难一下考生，看看读者看懂了没有，后面就对这句话出了一道题。 意群训练：such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. 104、 the idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out，on close examination，to be of quite recent origin. （4） 细作审视，我们便不难发现，一种被称为“哲学”的独立学科——既有别于神学和科学诸般 学科，并高高在上地对其予以评判——的思想，其渊源却是甚为近期的事。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：本句与上面那句话出自同一篇文章，因此用户仍很抽象，在此解释几个对读句子比较 重要的单词。 sit in judgment on :审视，做出判断，本文中特指文章前面所说的 superior to； pursuit:不是追求，而是指被从事的事业=occupation, career, interest, etc. turn out:被证明是，实际是，同义词有：prove to be, be discovered to be。 这句话除了单词的问题之外，两个插入语把主谓宾全部隔开，尤其是第一个插入语还很长， 造成了我们阅读的困难。 意群训练：the idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out，on close examination，to be of quite recent origin. 105、 they were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.（5-）他们战斗着， 尽管是谨慎的，来为学术界打开新科学的大门，而且去把学术生活从宗教哲学中解脱出来， 而且他们把自己的工作看成是对科学和物理学而不是对哲学成长做出了贡献。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词 解释：本句再一次出现两个 and 连接三个不属于同一层面的成分的情况：第一个 and 连接 两个并列的不定式，第二个 and 的级别较高，连接前后两个并列的句子，and 之后相当于省 略了主语 they.第二个插入语起到的干扰作用比较大，把 the growth of 分割成了 the growth, not of philosophy, but of…。 意群训练：they were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics. 106、 but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. （4） 但是，最近在所有这三类动物身上，对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱 这样一种企图，即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。而所谓的趋同进 化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相关的生物群体之间，作为对类似的环境压力作出的 反应，彼此独立的发展形成某些相同特征。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：读者大概也看出来了，本句的最大特点就是长，复杂修饰的长主语，复杂修饰的长宾 语，中间以谓语 undermines 相连。修饰 attempt 的不定式中的 to explain away something as… 意思是把某件事情当作后面的东西解释掉。本句在文中起到了一个极为重要的作用，后面有 一道题专门对本句提问。现场这种句子能否顺利看懂，会对考生考试的分数起到直接影响。 意群训练：but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. 107、 human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. （5） 人类基因所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就连去具体规定人类 1011 的神经细胞中任意一 个细胞应占据大脑的哪个半脑都无法做到，更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。 难句类型：倒装、省略 解释：本句在固定搭配 too little information even to specify 之后，是一个大型倒装，正常的 语序应该是: human genes contain too little information even to specify that each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. 固定搭配 too..to 是太怎么样以至不能如何的意思，其后的 specify 后面的内容实际上是一个 宾语从句。文章的作者把从句中的宾语提到主语和谓语之前，并省略引导词 that，使得句子 非常难以读懂。最后的 let alone 的意思是表示递进的“更不要说，何况”。 意群训练：human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. 108、 for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5） 对于一个从事女权主义文学评论的妇女来说，主观性还是客观性，或者说评论家应该做艺术 家还是作科学家的争论有着特殊的重要性；对她来说，此问题不仅仅是学术上的，而且还是 政治上的，并且她所给出的定义，不管有利于问题的哪一方面，都会招致特殊的风险。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、省略、抽象词、易淆指代 解释：首先解释一下几个词汇：versus:在这里不是前面的 against 的意思，它和后面的 or 都 是“是….还是…”的意思，其英文释义为：in contrast to or as the alternative of free trade versus pretection 。court:招致（风险、失败），英文释义：to act as to invite or provoke (courts disaster)。 分号前面的句子的主语被插入语”or critic-as-artist-or-scientist”分开，正常情况下应该是 the subjectivity versus objectivity debate。这种名词修饰名词的情况在 gre 和 gmat 考试中是常见 的，如前面讲过的句子中出现的 mind-body problem。 最后的条件状语从句 whichever side of the issue it favors 看上去不难，但却不好理解，首先是 whichever 被提前的表示方法，相当于 no matter it favors which side of the issue 的倒装，no matter 被省略，which 提前并改成了 whichever，后面的 side of the issue 也被提前到主谓 it favors 之前，issue 在此之前面的主要问题，即主观性还是客观性的问题，而 it 前面的名词太 多，一下子不好辨别，其实就是指本句的主语 her definition。 意群训练：for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors. 109 、 if she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.ㄗ 4 ㄘ梁如她叁踬权主义文悝评蹦隅义为谛夤腔睿褪悝性腔＂＂一 跺衄效腔、褫证妗腔、烩性腔、无蹦咸踬饮褫以使用腔源杨＂＂饶系ㄛ这跺隅义祥躺蔚龉拨 裁蚕评模作为眙术模腔源杨ㄛ奥且褫夔颇郯鬼饶些寻求蜊曹悝术赐腔现状腔挚其思维ㄛ特 梗是衄寿性梗褒伎腔思维腔人蝇腔妗用主义腔政笥醴梓腔伧憩” 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：这句话在原文中紧接着上例的难句，句中的插入语虽然长，但是并不打断正常的语义， 因此不算难懂；但是 but also 之后的分句中的宾语 accomplishment 的修饰成分实在太复杂， 而且充斥着各色的极端抽象的词汇，没有一定的词汇功底，这句话的意思是不容易看懂的。 砩群救褶ㄩ if she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific 每 a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform 每 the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles. 110、 these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake ，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. （5+） 这些问题之所以带有政治性质，因为不可避免地，围绕这些问题展开的争论与其说是一种在 客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索，倒不如说是一种学术上的权力斗争。在此斗争 中，许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学术界——的学术生涯和职业命 运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头，与她们相伴随的是对人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇，这 一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存在的性别主义的一股重要影响。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词 解释：相信有不少同学在阅读现场看到这个长达 10 行，不算标点就有 81 个单词的庞然大句 的时候，不禁心为之颤、色为之变、气为之短、胆为之寒。曾经有人把 gre 戏称为 god read english，我们果然在这个句子中看到了“天书”的风采。 经笔者认真的统计，本句是一切英语考试中所出现的最长的句子。而值得一提的是，笔者自 己当初在模考中读到此处时，却根本没有感觉到这个句子的长短，只是在模考结束以后回头 看文章的时候，才发觉这个文章中的第三段整个就是一句话。其原因在于笔者当时已经对 gre 考试中出现的阅读难句做过认真的、系统的训练，而经过难句训练的人在读文章的时候、 既不看句子的长短，也不想句子的结构，只看句子的意思。其道理在于，他读过太多遍的长 句子，以至于对句子的长度早已麻木，而且也太熟悉这些句子的语法结构，不用想就知道这 些结构所表达的含义，这才是我们训练难句的最终目的。 本句的主句极短，难就难在从 in the sense that 开始到整句话结束为止的状语上。that 引导的 从句作 sense 的同位语，从句中的主架构还是前面曾经讲过的 less…than…的结构，译成“与 其说是…还不如说是”and 后面是一个独立的介词结构，作者用它来强调女评论家的重要性。 可以理解成作者在 with them are the chances.中省略了系动词 are. 意群训练：these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake ， and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. 111、 perhaps he believed that he could not criticize american foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.（4-）他有可能相信，他 不能够既批评美国的对外政策，同时又不危及到他从联邦政府那里已经获得的对民权运动的 支持。 难句类型：复杂修饰、正话反说（双重否定） 解释：单从语言上来讲，这句话并不难，但是我们可发觉作者在句子中拐弯抹角的，双重否 定的表达，想说的一定不是字面上的意思：这是一个标准的正话反说“他有可能相信，他不 能够既批评美国的对外政策，同时又不危及到他从联邦政府那里已经获得的对民权运动的支 持。”的实际意思就是：他可能相信，如果他批评美国的对外政策，就有可能会危及到（他 从联邦政府那里已经获得的）对民权运动的支持。其实这是一个较为简单的思维转换，也是 gre 和 gmat 的阅读和逻辑中经常出现的表达方法。希望读者通过反复的训练，迅速习惯这种 语言方式。 意 群 训 练 ： perhaps he believed that he could not criticize american foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government. 112、 however, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.（5）可是，一些窝中会有一些相 反旋向的蜗牛，而且在主要是左旋的窝种，出现右旋的几率是令人惊奇的高。 难句类型：正话反说（或暗含的强对比） 解释：本句貌不惊人，实无难句之伟岸雄姿，然而不知在考试中难倒了多少英雄好汉，原文 的表面意思简单至极，一些窝中会有一些相反旋向的蜗牛，在左旋为主的窝当中，出现右旋 的几率是令人惊奇地高，关键是作者只是单纯地想说左旋窝的右旋几率吗？什么是高，是绝 对值还是相对值？如果是相对值，那么是与什么相比呢？ 这么一提示，读者可能会发现作者的言外之意，作者的真实意图，是想将两种窝的情况做一 个对比，把句子补全就是：在左旋窝中会出现右旋，右旋窝中有左旋，而左旋窝中的右旋数 量远远高于右旋窝中的左旋数量，这篇文章对这句话出了一道题，答案就是右旋窝中的左旋 数量少于左旋窝中的右旋数量。 ets 的出题者的语言表述常常像初恋中的腼腆少女，言语间闪烁其辞，留有余味。让我们的 考生自己云猜想，恐怕不是出于羞涩；其真实用心和正确含义，关乎读者的考试成败，不可 不察。 意群训练：however, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high. 113、 in experiments，an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs，but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs. 在实验中，用取自右旋卵子的细胞质进行的注射，可改变左旋卵子的模式；用取自左旋卵子 的细胞质进行的注射却不能影响到右旋卵子。 难句类型：省略、易淆词 解释：本句与上一句来自于同一篇文章，蜗牛的右旋与左旋，在阅读这篇文章的过程当中， 所有同学都在竭尽全力地分清左、右的区别，然而这里的时候，ets 的出题者终于突破了读 者的心理防线，彻底地搞混了左右之间的关系。 其实在这里之所以容易搞混，还有一个人为的重要原因，就是这句话使用了大量的省略；方 中的 changes the pattern of sinisteral eggs 后面，实际上省略了一个 to dextral，而最后的分句 an injection from sinisteral eggs does not influencee dextral eggs,则是 an injection of cytoplasm from sinisteral eggs does not influencee the pattern of dextral eggs 的省略形式。 意群训练：in experiments，an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs，but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs. 114、 recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on earth and long believed to have a martian origin might actually have been blasted free of mars’s gravity by the impact on mars of other meteorites. （4+） 最近，某些科学家得出结论认为，那些在地球上发现的并一直被相信源自火星的陨石 （meteorite），实际上有可能是由于其它的陨石撞击火星而致使其被震离火星的重力作用范 围。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：这个句子难就难在以 that 引导的宾语从句，从句中的主语是 meteorites，修饰它的成 分有两个，一个是 found on earth，另一个是 long believed to have a martian origin，两个冻死 的成分之间以 and 相连接。注意，这里不能把原句理解成是 meteorites found on earth and meteorites long believed to have a martian origin 的省略形式，这个表达是说有两种陨石，一种 是地球上发现的，另一种来自于火星，原文所指的是同一批陨石的两个特征，发现于地球， 来自于火星。 句子最后的 by the impact on mars of other meteorites 读上云令人感到不舒服的原因，是 the impact of other meteorites 中的 impact of 被修饰 impact 的 on mars 分隔开了。 意 群 训 练 ： recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on earth and long believed to have a martian origin might actually have been blasted free of mars’s gravity by the impact on mars of other meteorites. 115、 under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned. （4） 在这种观点的力量作用下，一件或许是不可避免的事情发生了：修辞艺术竟然从被视和具有 让人怀疑的价值这样一种地位（因为尽管它有可能既构成一种歪曲真理的手段和误导行为的 来源）转变到彻底遭谴责的地位。 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句的插入语堪称 gre 和 gmat 考试中最长的插入语之一。笔者曾在本书前面的讲解 中强调过，这种插入语(三行以上)一定要在阅读中毫不犹豫地跳过，读完整个句子后再来读 它。否则不但句意无法衔接，而且类似于本句中的 from…to…的固定搭配，也会在插入语的 干扰下远隔千山万水，在读者的大脑中永无聚首之日。 意群训练：under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned. 116、 none of these translations to screen and stage，however，dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of a connecticut yankee ， which ends with the violent overthrow of morgan ’ s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century，where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. （4） 然则，在所有这些被搬上银幕和舞台的改编作品中，没有任何一部作品能生动地再现《康乃 涅克州的美国佬》结尾处的无政府状态。而在原作结尾处所描述的情节是，摩根历时三年之 久苦心经营的进步事业被暴力推翻，他又重返于十九世纪，在由于他的那些有关吊桥和城垛 的语无伦次的唠叨而被列为疯子之后，显然自杀身亡。 难句类型：复杂修饰、 解释：本句是典型的层层修饰的例子，主句的宾语 anarchy 被修饰得不像话，以至于笔者用 光了三层修饰符号也没有把所有的层次标全(anarchy)与 at the conclusion of 之间未做标记， 是后者修饰前者)，其实这种句子无它，惟长而已，多练即可。 意群训练：none of these translations to screen and stage，however，dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of a connecticut yankee ， which ends with the violent overthrow of morgan ’ s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century，where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. 117 、 calculations of the density of alloys based on bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid ， such as alloys of palladium and silicon，or alloys consisting of iron，phosphorus，and carbon，although small discrepancies remained. （5） 以伯纳尔所建立的旨在研究合金中金属成分的那类模型为基础，研究人员对合金密度进行了 计算，这些计算相当程度上与某些合金测量中通过实验确定的数据趋于一致，尽管一些细小 的差异依然存在。实验中测量的那类合金由一贵金属和一准金属构成，例如，钯和硅的合金， 或由铁、磷、和碳组成的合金。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：前面的分句中同时有两个成分修饰主语 calculations。宾语 the experimentally determined value 之后的、从 from 开始一直到 although 之前的内容修饰宾语，说明宾语中 determine 的 具体方法。 值得注意的是后面的分句中的 although。在由两个分句组成的句子中，although 如果出现在 后面的分句的句首，则其不是表示让步，而是一种委婉地表示转折的语气，相当于 but. 意群训练：calculations of the density of alloys based on bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid ， such as alloys of palladium and silicon，or alloys consisting of iron，phosphorus，and carbon，although small discrepancies remained. 118、 and walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”.（4） 而起，w 倡议把“在金钱的圈子之外废除金钱的力量”作为消除这种暴政并且重新获得真正 的平等的方法。 难句类型：倒装 解释：本句是典型的倒装，本句的正常语序应该是：and walzer advocates “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere” as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality/,而句中则把 advocates 的宾语”the abolition of the poer of money outside its sphere”倒装到了句末。 意群训练：and walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”. 119、 it is now established that the milky way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought. 现在，这已成为一个不争的事实：银河系要比迄今为止所想象的要来得远为浩瀚广阔，并具 有远高得多的质量。（原书无此句） 120、is it not tyrannical, in pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in“sensitivity”or“the ability to express compassion”merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as“the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth? （5） 按照 p 的观点，坚持那些在“敏感性”或“表达同情心的能力”上突出的人应该与那些在对 赚钱很重要的能力（比如“刻苦工作的能力”）上突出的人得到同样的财富，难道这种做法 就不是暴政么？ 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：句首的 it 是形式主语，其真正的内容在不定式中，insist 引导的宾语从句中的谓语 merit 是句子的中心难点。因为我们通常只知道 merit 的名词词义，并不知道它也可以被用作动词， 所以此处不容易看懂。其动词的意思是:应该得到……，值得….，英文释义为 to deserve, be worthy of。另外，句子作为一个疑问句，却结构复杂，冗长不堪，也是本句难以读懂的一个 重要原因。 意群训练：is it not tyrannical, in pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in “sensitivity” or“the ability to express compassion”merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth? 121 、 yet waizer ’ s argument ， however deficient ， does point to one of the most serious weak-nesses of capitalism-namely ， that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration. （5） 然则，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最严重的一个 弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫地位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的方式获得了其物 质报偿，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人受戴和钦佩的品质。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装 解释：第一个插入语 however deficient 中的 however 在此不是转折连词，而是副词，等于 no matter how，但是因为后面出现了 no matter how，而作者又追求语言表述的多样性，所以 作者在此使用了 however deficient 这样较为少见的(但在 gre 考试中多见)的语言。 尽管本句的插入语较多，第二个插入语很长，但是本句的真正难点在倒装上。破折号后面的 部分是主句宾语的同位语从句，此从句中固定搭配 bring a to b 被倒装成了 bring to ba。如果 把这句话恢复成正常语序，则是 it brings people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their materiall rewards, often lask those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration to predominant positions in a society。很明显，这样的语序会显得头重脚轻。 意群训练：yet waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak- nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration. 122、 the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty ， even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax. （4 - ）对美国印第安人传统口头文学的欣赏，一直被质量低劣的翻译所限制和妨碍，并且 即使是那种不可多得的既体现着文化敏感性，又在美学上令人满意的译作，也难以完全传递 出原作的诗体结构、语调和句法。 注：the difficulty (….) of：括号中的是插入语 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句的插入语不好对付，一来它的长度比较长，而且修饰层次多，内容也不甚好懂， 二来这个插入语正好嵌在 difficulty of 的中间，割裂了句意。 意 群 训 练 ： the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited ， hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty ， even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure， tone，and syntax. 123、mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen，were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. （4+）“风俗习惯”，体现了每一文化制约每 个公民的理想准则，它是在这种信仰中发展而来的，即一个社会的基础在于个人能力的培养， 并将这些个人能力置于对社会的服务之中。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：与前面的绝大多数句子相比，本句的结构算不上复杂。但是由于句意抽象，所以读到 the cultivation of individuall powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity 的时候容易读不 懂，因为后面的这个不定式既有可能是修饰 cultivation 的，也有可能是修饰 individual powers 的。这里修饰的是后者。而且这里的 individual powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity 不应翻译成“individuall powers to serve the comm.unity”即可。此文强调这种 individual power 被置于一种位置、一种定位。当然这种细微的差别不一定会影响答题，但有时会对文章的理 解产生影响。 意群训练：mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. 124、only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. （5） 唯独在二月革命（the february revolution）这一情形中，我们缺乏一种有用的有关参加者的 描述，而这一描述则有可能按照社会历史有关革命动员过程所教给我们的内容来勾画出这场 革命的性质。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、易淆指代 解释：句首虽有一个倒装，但是这种简单结构并不能给我们的读者带来大的影响；倒是主句 宾语 a useful descryiption of participants 之后的定语从句 that might characterize it 中的两个易 混指代及其后的状语 in the light of 给我们的理解造成了巨大的困难。 首先，that 从句所修饰的不是 participants，而是 description。紧随其后的 it 指的则是前面的 february revolution。判断这两点的惟一方法就是通过句子的意思，没有任何其他途径。后面 的 in the light of…是按照…、根据….的意思，其英文解释为 from the point of view。后面的 层层修饰虽然有一定的难度，但是我们已经在前面的句子中司空见惯，在此不多做解释。 意群训练：only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. 125 、 as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.（5） 作为一个结果，有两件事就变得很困难或者根本不可能，1、为一次成功的革命建立起一个 详尽的并可信的关于参加者的描述；2、回答人们会问的、关于起义者的社会背景的甚至是 最为基本的问题。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、省略 解释：主句的主语 it 是形式主语，其真正内容在后面的两个由 or 连接的并列的不定式中， 前 一 个 不 定 式 中 出 现 了 一 个 大 型 倒 装 ， to establish /for a successful revolution/ a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture of those who participated 的正常语序是 to establish a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture(of those who participated)/for a successful revolution。对 于类似的结构，读者如果按照笔者的要求认真地过前面的难句，训练到现在已经有所感觉。 正确的现场感觉是这样：看到 established 之后没有出现宾语，而是直接出现表示目的的 for， 句意不完整，大脑就会根据前面训练得出的经验自动判断可能有倒装的结构；读者本人的反 应就是隐隐觉得后面应该有 established 的具体内容。因为有这种预期，读到 a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture 的时候，正好可以把它与没有说完的 established 连在一起。 后面的不定式的宾语 even the most basic questions 之后有两个并列的宾语，第一个是省略了 引导词的定语从句 that one might pose，第二个分词修饰 concerning the sociall origins of the insurgents。 意群训练：as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents. 126、 anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.（4） 当人类学家和其他人试图去描述一个小规模的同一性质（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化 标准时，他们处在一种要坚实得多的基础上。相对而言，当他们着手从事这样一个艰巨的任 务，即去揭示存在于一个复杂的、由许多彼此间毫无联系的群体所构成的现代单一民族的独 立国家（nation-state）时，他们就具备一个同样坚实的基础。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：句子的结构拉得很长，主要原因是用来比较的两个 when 引导的状语从句都太长，句 子的主干是 anthroplogists are on much firmer ground/when…/than/when…/。结果 more than 的 结构被长长的状语从句分隔得很远。 另外，第二个 when 引导的从句中的宾语也很复杂，解释一个单词：nation-state 指单一民族 的国家。此单词的词义不必背下来。 解释：anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups. 127 、 the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.（4+） 不管 v 的直接来源是什么，意大利的影响都有可能存在：墨西哥的 c 戏剧本身就被认为来自 于 16 世纪的西班牙作家的戏剧作品，而那些作家的灵感来自与他们与在西班牙巡回演出的 意大利 cd 剧团的遭遇。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句的冒号以后的分句中的 from 引导的状语的结构又是典型的层层修饰，再加上主 句的内容，整个句子的意思很难理顺。到底是什么来自于什么？ 意群训练：the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain. 128、 it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works. 因此，一般而言，正是 通过对口头文学创造性的强调，这些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得 以发展一种强有力的和富于吸引力的语言，并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：读者们阅读本句的时候一定感觉极其别扭。首先，我们尽管知道 it has been …that..。 这种结构是一种强调语气，但是 it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity that…看上去就极不舒服。当然从语法上讲这么说是可以的，可是我们确 实很少见到 it has been 和 that 之间插入这么多东西的说法。解释一下 by way of 的意思，就 是通过什么样的方法、通过某种手段的意思。其英文释义为 by the route of，同义词是 via。 that 以后的内容看上去更费劲，既有长插入语分开主谓，又有复杂修饰的宾语。本句之所以 结构怪异，意思费解，其原因是作者为了强调这个口头文学的方法。否则，句子可以写得比 较好懂: thus, these chicano writers, whose english-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerfull and arresting languagee that characterized their spanish-language works.generally by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity. 意群训练：it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works. 129、 to measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months. 为了恰当地测量它们，监测设备必须被设置在一网络上，彼此的间距最多为五十公里，位于 每个网点的感应器沉放至海洋深处，并在许多个月中一直固定在那里。 (原书无此句) 130、 this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship. （3） 这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的宣言，主要是旨在对抗最高法院在“dred scott 诉 sandford”一案中的判决，此判决裁定，在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：句中的两个插入语分别起到了两个有效的分割作用：第一个隔开了主句的主语和谓语； 第二个分开了作状语的不定式中的宾语及其同位语从句。 意群训练：this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’ s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship. 131、 the broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. （4）第十四条修正案的宽泛笼统的语言强烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲载入宪法的不 是一张具体民法的细目清单，而是一种平等公民权的原则，这一原则禁止有组织的社会将任 何一个个人作为劣等阶层的成员来对待。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：本句的倒装还算友好，into 的介词宾语 the constitution 比较短，然后马上是 write 的宾 语。而且本句的结构也算合理，避免了头重脚轻。如果真按照正常语序来写，那么句子只有 更难读懂。即： the broad languagee of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individuall as a member of an inferior class into the constitution. 意群训练：the broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. 132、 this doctrine has broadened the application of the fourteenth amendment to other，nonracial forms of discrimination ， for while some justices have refused to find ， any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored ， most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations. sexual discrimination in particular ， are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. （5） 所谓“怀疑分类”，意指那种在有可能被理解成以种族为基础，针对某一群体进行的歧视这 一信条扩展了第十四条修正案的适用范围，使其同样也适用于其它的、非种族形式的歧视。 因为虽然某些法官拒不将除种族以外的立法分类裁定为非法的，但绝大多数法官已经接受了 这样一个论点，即至少某些非种族性质的歧视，尤其是性别歧视，是“值得怀疑的”，并理 应接受法庭这种更高程度上的审视。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、三重否定、抽象词 解释：句子虽然长，结构却不是太难，相信坚持训练到这里的读者不会再感到句子太长、或 者结构太难了。不过这句话还有两个难点的。一个是其中大量的法律方面的抽象词，另一个 就是其中的一个三重否定：some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored,实际上就是：some justices believe that only racial classification may be constitutionally disfavored 或 者 some justices regard nonraciall discrimination to be constitutionally legitimate。 意群训练：this doctrine has broadened the application of the fourteenth amendment to other， nonracial forms of discrimination，for while some justices have refused to find，any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored ， most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations. sexual discrimination in particular ， are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.