2020届二轮复习阅读理解之细节理解题类型中如何排除干扰选项

2020届二轮复习阅读理解之细节理解题类型中如何排除干扰选项

‎2020届二轮复习 阅读理解之细节理解题类型中如何排除干扰选项 众所周知，在英语高考试题中，总词汇量最多、阅读量最大、分值最高、考试分配时间最长的是阅读理解题。因此，高考英语越来越重视对考生阅读能力的考查。‎ 纵观历年高考阅读理解试题，其题型设计主要有主旨大意题、事实与细节题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。而其中细节理解题所占比重最大。今天我们为老师及学生们整理了该题型的命题特点、设问方式及解题技巧以深入的剖析。‎ 多数情况下，命题人不会明确地呈现一个事实，需要学生根据已有的信息进行处理，读出言外之意。还要特别注意文章的时间顺序、故事发生的地点、情节的发展、和人物之间的关系。‎ 考查文章细节理解的测试题的常见问题：‎ ‎① This article is particularly written for .?‎ ‎② When the writer says … he really means .?‎ ‎③ The author's attitude to… is that .?‎ ‎④ What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage?‎ ‎⑤ The writer regards… as .?‎ ‎⑥ The writer's purpose in writing this story is .‎ 高考细节理解题主要考查考生对文章(或某一段落)中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的辨认能力，分直接辨认和间接辨认两种。‎ ‎1.直接辨认 细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观事实作解释或判断，只要求他们从阅读材料中直接获取信息，要求学生记住重要的细节，在需要的时候能准确而迅速地将他们回忆出来。‎ ‎2.间接辨认 间接辨认不仅要求读者能从阅读材料中直接获取信息，还要将获得的信息进行同义转换，用同义或近义的形式复述出来，为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型等找到正确的英语释义，以检测考生的句义复述能力。‎ 具体可细分为以下几种形式：‎ No.1排序题 这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。‎ 解题方法可采用“首尾定位法”。即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。‎ 常见命题形式有：‎ Which of the following is the correct order of…?‎ Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?‎ No.2同义（反义）转换题 近年来高考中部分细节理解测试题已由过去简单的对号入座直接答 题向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查对英语语言的理解能力。‎ No.3数字转换题 此类题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出转换关系，通过计算，得出正确结论。这类计算题一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。通常采用的方法有“列表法”、“推算法”等。‎ 考题探究 Most people think of racing when they see greyhounds(灰狗) and believe they need lots of exercise. They can actually be quite lazy! Greyhounds are good at fast races but not long-distance running. They do need regular exercise but they like to run for a short burst and then get back on the bed or a comfortable seat. Another misunderstanding is that greyhounds must be aggressive(好斗的) because they are big in size. In fact greyhounds love people and are gentle with children.‎ Greyhounds can live for 12-14 years but usually only race for two or three years, and after that they make great pets. They don't need a lot of space, don't make a lot of noise, and don't eat a lot for their size.‎ Normally, greyhounds can be as tall as 90 cm. There is, however, ‎ a small-sized greyhound, which stands only 33 cm. Greyhounds come in a variety of colors. Grey and yellowish-brown are the most common. Others include black, white, blue, red and brown or a mix of these.‎ Greyhounds have smooth body coats, low body fat and are very healthy. Because theyre slim(苗条的)they dont have the leg problems like other dogs the same height. But they do feel the cold. Especially since they would much rather be at home in bed thanwalking around outside.‎ ‎1.Why does the author say that greyhounds make great pets?‎ A. They are big in size.‎ B. They live a very long life.‎ C. They can run races for some time.‎ D. They are quiet and easy to look after.‎ ‎2 . If you keep a pet greyhound, it is important .‎ A. to keep it slim B. to keep it warm C. to take special care of its legs D. to take it to animal doctors regularly 学海导航 ‎1.D 从题目可以看出该题目是考查对文章细节理解的题目。结合语境，‎ 注意上下文的关系，注意查找关键信息。由文章的第二段的内容来看，文章用了三个具有否定意义的排比句They don't need a lot of space, don't make a lot of noise, and don't eat a lot for their size.，分析了灰狗的习性和特点，尤其是在点明了they make great pets之后，又对其原因进行了分析，此时我们就可以根据文章的讲解来推断题目。故该题目的关键是对文章第二段的内容进行分析，归纳，然后得出结论。‎ ‎2.B 由题目可知该题应该是个对文章细节的推断题。由该题考查的内容，我们可以讲注意力放在文章的最后一段。最后一段中提到灰狗没有其他类型狗的腿的毛病，因此 C项错误。文章特别提到they do feel the cold.，说明他们怕冷，因此就需要保暖了。故B项是正确答案。‎ 总结通过对上面细节理解题的讲解，我们可以做出以下的总结:‎ ‎1.定位能力很重要，要通过不断的做练习来进行有意识的培养。‎ ‎2.细节理解题通常是定位部分的变体或者是重复，即意思相同但表达的方式会有所变化。‎ ‎3.切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解做出凭空想象的判断，每一道题目的选择都离不开对原文的理解和把握，答题时要力求紧扣文章中心来寻找解题的线索。‎ 巧解词义猜测题,英语阅读理解满分必备!‎ 推断单词和短语的含义是高考阅读理解题6大出题方向之一，也是考查考生英语语言能力和文化品格的一种重要方式。词义猜测题可以针对单词、短语的意思进行命题考查，还可以针对某一句子的准确理解或代词的精确指代进行设题。除了直接考查单词或短语词义猜测外，在阅读理解文章中，总会有一些单词或短语超出了《考试大纲》词汇表的范围，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测，这也是对词义猜测的一种间接考查。‎ 词义猜测题考查的范围主要在以下几个方面：生词、短语、熟词生义、句子和代词的指代。‎ 常见的设问形式主要有以下几种：‎ What does the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...refer to?‎ What does the underlined phrase "..." in Paragraph...refer to?‎ What does the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...mean?‎ What does the author mean by "..." in Paragraph...?‎ Which of the following can replace the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...?‎ 一考查“不明身份”的代词指代 代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。‎ 解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。‎ In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations — UNESCO and National Geographic among them — have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.‎ Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Center, Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakersand Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, working, and raising a family in a village in Nepal.‎ ‎33．What does “that tradition” in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Having full records of the languages.‎ B. Writing books on language teaching.‎ C. Telling stories about language users.‎ D. Living with the native speakers.‎ ‎【分析】　答案选A，根据画线词上一段的内容可知，有很多学者一直致力于对快要绝迹的语言和文化的记录工作。再结合画线词所在句可知，耶鲁大学的Mark Turin也在做这件事，即记录语言，防止语言的消失。‎ 二考查“熟词生义”的单词词义 英语单词的含义丰富、搭配灵活，一些熟词在不同的语境或不同的搭配中有不同的含义，而这些含义与其本义有时没有密切的联系，这就需要我们结合语境来推断其含义；有时这些单词的新义既体现了其基本含义，又有迁移与拓展。在解答此类词义猜测题时就要求我们将单词的本义和语境有机地结合起来，综合考虑，然后准确推断其在特定语境中的含义。‎ My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers...At last they had seen a half－written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.‎ That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.‎ ‎23．What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean?‎ A. Showed.　　　　B. Sent out.　　　　‎ C. Delivered.　　D. Gave back.‎ ‎【分析】答案为D，restore的含义是“恢复，使复原，修复”，但在本文的语境中，根据上文中的“found”、画线词后面的内容及故事情节的发展可知，此处指作者的丈夫找回了丢失的重要文件，因此give back“归还，还给”，符合语境。‎ 三考查“深奥难懂”的单词词义 这种类型是最常见的词义猜测题的命题方式，考查学生猜测文章中某个生词或短语的含义，或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替。此时我们可以借助下面这些方法来答题：‎ ‎1．“拆猜”并用解决问题 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。此时可以用“拆猜”的方式，先把该词的各种词缀或前后两个合成部分拆开，再结合我们掌握的构词法知识，根据中心词的含义和词缀的含义猜测其意思。‎ Passenger pigeons (旅鸽) once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers...described flocks (群) so large that they darkened the sky for hours.‎ It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons...making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the ‎ world... was seen near Cincinnati.‎ Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an ever lasting supply and killed them by the thousands.‎ ‎25．The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons' ．‎ A. escape B. ruin C. liberation D. evolution ‎【分析】　B　画线词undoing可分解为否定前缀un－和doing。画线词前面叙述了旅鸽数量很多，画线词后提到大量的旅鸽被杀害，结合否定前缀un－和选项看，该词的含义与ruin“毁灭”相近。‎ ‎2．利用同义词、近义词猜词 在单词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时考生可从熟悉的词语中推测其含义。‎ ‎3．利用反义词猜词 对比是描述、说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物有可能是相反的，因此可以根据反义关系推测其含义。‎ ‎4．利用上下文语境猜词 学生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。‎ ‎5．利用定义或解释猜词 释义是对单词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。有些文章，特别是科研报告类的文章，通 常会给一些关键词下定义，考生可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。‎ ‎6．利用例证猜词 为了进行说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生猜测单词词义。举例时，常常会用一些表列举的词，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。‎ ‎7．利用复述或同等关系猜词 为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白，作者有时会运用不同语句来复述同一概念，这时考生可以利用这些重复叙述的语句和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使考生猜出单词词义。只要我们找出其中一个或几个词或短语，便可确定同等关系中单词的词性、作用和大概的意思。‎ ‎8．利用词义搭配、关联猜词 任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的，考生可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测单词的词义。‎ ‎9．利用语义转折猜词 有时作者为了增强表达效果，在文章中会用一些表示转折意思的连词、副词或短语，如：though, although, but, yet, instead, however, while, rather than等，考生可以根据转折的语境猜测词义。‎ 三考查句意理解 考查句意理解的试题一般因为句式复杂、意义含蓄而出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。‎ Sampal's story began in 2011, when she was accidentally caught by fishermen in the waters off South Korea. However, instead of letting her go, the men sold her to an aquarium. Here, she was placed in a small pool where she spent her days performing tricks for visitors.‎ Sampal was not destined to spend her life in captivity. Shocked by the conditions she was living in, South Korean animal advocates began to help her get free.‎ ‎32．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 probably mean?‎ A. Sampal didn't like spending her life in a pool.‎ B. Sampal would have to lose her freedom.‎ C. Sampal's life was brought back to normal.‎ D. Sampal would certainly be helped by people.‎ ‎【分析】　答案应为D，前面谈到Sampal被捕捉之后的命运，画线句子后说到韩国动物保护者开始展开营救工作，因此选D项，她肯定会得到人们的帮助。‎