高考英语必备知识点

高考英语必备知识点

高考英语考点汇总知识点 But在高考中的四个考点解析 一、直接考查连词but在语境中的用法即要求考生根据试题的语境（看其是否有转折意味）来确定连词but的正确使用。这类考题通常会将连词but与连词and， so， or等结合起来考查。同学们做题时要注意比较，尤其要注意比较各个连词填入句子后，比较句意的逻辑性和通畅性。如：‎ ‎    1. You have failed two tests. You'd better start working harder， _________ you won't pass the course.‎ ‎    A. and            B. so            C. but              D. or ‎    「解析」D.or的意思是"否则""要不然"，只有此词填入空格，句意最通顺。‎ ‎    2. They wanted to charge $5， 000 for the car， _________ we managed to bring the price down.‎ ‎    A. but            B. so            C. when             D. since ‎    「解析」A.前后两分句之间是转折关系，故用but.‎ ‎    3. -Somebody wants you on the telephone. -_________ no one knows I'm here.‎ ‎    A. For            B. And           C. But              D. So ‎    「解析」C."有人打电话来找我"与"没有人知道我在这里"是转折关系，故填but.‎ ‎    二、利用but的转折语境考查其他知识点即根据题干中连词but的转折性语境来确定相关知识点的选择。此时尤其要注意前后相关信息的对比、对照或互为相反义。如：‎ ‎    1. He has made a lot of films， but _________ good ones.‎ ‎    A. any            B. some          C. few              D. many ‎    「解析」C.由于句中用了转折连词but，所以要填few与前面的many相对比。‎ ‎    2. It's hard for him playing against me. I've got nothing to play for， but for him， he needs to win so _________.‎ ‎    A. far            B. well          C. little           D. badly ‎    「解析」D.句中的badly不是表示"糟糕地"，而是表示"很""非常"，这样用的badly主要与表示"想要"或"需要"的词语或短语（如want， need， be in need of等）连用。如：Our school is badly in need of English teacher. 我们学校急需英语教师。/ He wants to buy a new car badly. 他很想买辆新车。‎ ‎    3. I told your friend how to get to the hotel， but perhaps I _________ have driven her there.‎ ‎    A. could         B. must           C. might            D. should ‎    「解析」D.比较："could+have+过去分词"的意思是"本来可以""本来应该""本来能够"；"must+have+过去分词"的意思是"一定已经"；"might+have+过去分词"的意思是"本来可以""本来可能"；"should+have+过去分词"的意思是"本来应该".根据句意，显然只有D最佳。    三、考查but的相关结构或句式如考查not…but…， not only…but （also）…等句式的搭配和运用。如：‎ ‎    1. Between the two generations， it is often not their age， _________ their education that causes misunderstanding.‎ ‎    A. like          B. as             C. or               D. but ‎    「解析」D.题目考查not…but…的用法，其意为"不是……而是……".全句意为：两代人之间引起的误解往往不是他们的（不同）年龄，而是他们所受的（不同）教育。‎ ‎    2. Reality is not the way you wish things to be， nor the way they appear to be， _________ the way they actually are.‎ ‎    A. as            B. or             C. but              D. and ‎    「解析」C.此题也是考查not…but…结构。全句意为：现实不是你想象出来的事物的状态，也不是事物表象给人的感觉，而是其本来的样子。‎ ‎    四、考查连词but与定语从句的相互干扰大家知道，在含有定语从句的复合句中，我们是不能在主句与从句之间使用并列连词的。但是，命题者有时却会利用连词but与定语从句的相互干扰性来考查考生的辨别能力。如：‎ ‎    1. I don't mind her criticizing me， but _________ is how she does it that I object to.‎ ‎    A. it            B. that           C. this             D. which ‎    「解析」A.此题考查it is……that…这一强调句句型。句意为：我不介意她批评我，我反对的是她批评我的方式。由于句中使用了并列连词but，所以绝对不能选D.‎ ‎    2. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday， but _________ didn't help.‎ ‎    A. it            B. she            C. which            D. he ‎    「解析」A.用it代替前面整句话的内容。但若去掉but，则选which.‎ Break常见短语及考点解析 ‎1. The computer system _____suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet. （2006年辽宁卷）‎ ‎    A. broke down B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in ‎    解析：A由语境逻辑可以推出该空表示"坏了"，因此应填broke down.　‎ ‎    2. To understand the grammar of the sentence，you must break it _____ into parts. （2005年湖北卷）‎ ‎    A. down B. up C. off D. out ‎    解析：A break…… down在此意为"将……分解"，符合语境逻辑。‎ ‎    3. I was still sleeping when the fire _____ ，and then it spread quickly. （2006年广东卷）‎ ‎    A. broke out B. put out C. came out D. got out ‎    解析：A由the fire与spread之间的语境逻辑可以推出该空表示"（火灾）发生"，因此应填broke out.以上三题都是考查break短语的用法，本文在此对其做一归纳。‎ ‎    1. break down ‎    （1）破坏， 毁掉；Who broke down the doors of our classroom？ 谁把我们教室的门打坏了？‎ ‎    （2） 破除；The old rules must be broken down. 这些陈旧的规章制度必须废除。‎ ‎    （3） 制服；The police tried to break down the prisoners' opposition.警方设法制服囚犯的反抗。‎ ‎    （4） 坍塌， 坏掉；Because of explosion the bridge broke down last night. 由于爆炸， 昨夜这座桥倒塌了。‎ ‎    （5）（计划等）失败， 破裂；Your plan has broken down. What a pity！ 你的计划失败了， 真遗憾！‎ ‎    Why did the peace talks break down？为什么和谈失败了？‎ ‎    （6）（健康、精神）崩溃；After a long time of hard work， he almost broke down. 长时间艰苦劳动之后， 他的身体几乎垮了。‎ ‎    （7）　分解This matter will break down in water. 这种物质在水中会分解。‎ ‎    2. break up ‎    （1） 解散，驱散。如：The police broke up the crowd （the meeting）。 警察驱散了人群（集会）。‎ ‎    （2） （学校等）放假。如：When do you break up for Christmas？ 你们什么时候放圣诞节假？‎ ‎    （3） 结束，破裂。如：The weather shows signs of breaking up. 好天气看样要过去了。‎ ‎    Their marriage is breaking up. 他们的婚姻濒临破裂。‎ ‎    （4） 击碎，撞碎。如：The ship broke up on the rocks. 船触礁撞毁了。‎ ‎    Let's break up the whole into parts. 让我们化整为零。‎ ‎    （5） 绝交。如：She's just broken up with her boy-friend. 她刚与男朋友绝交。    3. break in破门而入，打断Last night a thief broke in and stole away his camera. 昨夜一个小偷闯了进来， 偷走了他的相机。‎ ‎    He broke in with some ideas of his own.他插了话， 说了说自己的一些看法。‎ ‎    4.break into破门而入，突然……起来They broke into the prison and set free all the prisoners. 他们冲进监狱，释放了所有的囚犯。‎ ‎    Hearing the sad news，the old woman broke into tears. 听到这个悲哀的消息， 这位老年妇女突然哭了起来。‎ ‎    5. break out战争爆发，争吵爆发,（火灾）发生When did the war break out？ 这场战争是什么时候爆发的？‎ ‎    I have heard that a quarrel broke out between them. 我听说他们之间爆发了争吵。‎ ‎    More than one hundred fires broke out in our city last year. 去年我市发生了一百多起火灾。‎ ‎    6. break away from打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯You must break away from these old customs. 你们必须破除这些旧风俗。‎ ‎    The dog broke away from its owner and ran away. 狗挣脱了主人，跑了。‎ ‎    You'd better break away from the habit of smoking. 你最好改掉吸烟的习惯。‎ ‎    7. break through 出现，突破It was a cloudy day， but the sun at last broke through.原本是个阴天，不过太阳最后还是出来了。‎ ‎    Our soldiers successfully broke through the enemy's defences. 我们的战士成功地突破了敌军的防线。‎ ‎    8. break into pieces破成碎片The mirror fell to the ground and broke into pieces. 镜子掉到地上摔成了碎片。‎ ‎    9. break one's word/promise食言， 说话不算数I believe in him，because he never breaks his word / promise. 我信任他，因为他从来不食言。‎ ‎    10. break the law/rule违反法律/规章制度Nobody can break the rules of our company. 没有人能违背我们公司的规章制度。‎ ‎    11. break forth突然发出，爆发，迸发， 发作The crowd broke forth in cheers. 欢呼声从人群中迸发出来。‎ ‎    12. break in two使破成两半When I hit the ball， my bat broke in two. 击球时我的球拍断成两截。‎ ‎    13. break the record打破纪录This athlete has just broken the world record in men's high jump. 这名运动员刚刚打破了男子跳高世界纪录。‎ ‎    14. break one's heart使某人心碎，使某人悲痛欲绝To tell you the truth， the bad news broke my heart at that time. 说实话，那时这个坏消息使我悲痛万分。‎ Take高考常考短语及考点解析 一、短语归纳 ‎1. take after 长相或举止像 （某个长辈）（不用进行时） Mary really takes after her mother； she has the same eyes，nose and hair.‎ ‎ 玛丽真像她妈妈，眼睛、鼻子和头发都一个样。 2. take apart把 （小型机器、钟表等） 拆开；拆散；（在体育运动或比赛中） 把……彻底打败；对……苛求；严厉批评Take the watch apart and see if you can see what‘s wrong with it. 把手表拆开来看看你能不能检查出什么毛病。 England was really taken apart by Italy in last night‘s match. 在昨晚的比赛中，英格兰队可谓给意大利队打得溃不成军了。 3. take as 看作，认为 （=regard / consider / look on / treat …… as） I took your nod as a sign of approval. 我把你的点头看作是同意的表示了。 4. take away 拿走；使停学，使离开；使消失；减去The child was taken away（辍学） from school. Now I‘ll give you some tablets to take away（使消失） the pain. Take away（减去） 2 from 4 and you get 2. take away from 贬低 （有益或令人满意之事物）的作用His refusal to accept the prize does not take away from his success in winning it. 他拒绝领奖无损于他赢得此奖的斐然成绩。 5. take back承认说错了 （话） ，收回 （诺言、话语） ；使回忆起； 送回，还回去；退（货） I‘m sorry I was rude； I take back everything I said. 对不起我失礼了，我承认我所说的全都错了。 Seeing that old film really took me back！ 观看那部旧电影的确使我回想起了过去的岁月。 6. take down拿下，取下；记下来；褪下（裤子等穿于腰以下的衣物）； 把 （大型机器或大物件）拆成零部件；把……拆卸开 （tear down 推倒；拆毁 pull down 拆毁） When the picture was taken down， the wall looked very bare. 把那幅画取下来后墙壁就显得毫无装饰了。 We‘ll have to take the engine down to get to the gearbox. 我们得先拆卸发动机，才能接触到变速箱。 7. take in接待 （某人） 留宿； 欺瞒，欺骗； 充分理解，掌握； 把 （衣服） 改窄 （let out加宽，放长，加大）； 包含，包括He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. 他没有地方可睡，我们于是就提出让他留宿。 Don‘t be taken in by his promises. 不要被他的许诺所蒙骗！ It took me a long time to take in what you were saying. 我费了好长时间才弄明白你所说的话。 My dress is a bit loose round the waist—could you take it in for me？ 我衣服的腰围有点宽松，你能给我改窄一些吗？ This is the total cost of the holiday， taking everything in. 这是度假的全部费用，一切都包括在内。 8. take off脱下，脱去 （尤指衣服）； 解 （拿） 掉（put on 穿上）； （飞机等） 升空，起飞； 休假；歇 （……天） 假； 请假； 开始有成就；开始受欢迎；开始成名； 打折扣； （尤指为了逗笑而） 模仿 （某人） 的谈吐、举止等I‘m taking Thursday off because I’m moving into a new house. 我星期四休假，因为我要搬家。 It was at this point that her acting career really took off. 正是从这个时候起，她的表演生涯真正开始走红了。 His shopkeeper took off 5 percent discount for each. 他的店员把每样东西都打折了5%. The actor made everyone laugh by taking off the members of the royal family. 这个演员模仿某些王室成员，结果逗引得人人发笑。 9. take on开始雇用； 开始具有 / 呈现 （某种品质、面貌等）； 露出； 接受 （工作等） ；承担 （责任等）； 开始和……争吵 （斗殴、作对、较量等） We‘ve decided to take on a new clerk in the accounts department.‎ ‎ 我们已决定在会计部雇用一名新职员。 His face took on a worried expression. 他的脸上露出了担忧的表情。 My doctor says I‘m too tired and has advised me not to take any more work on. 医生说我疲劳过度，劝我不要再干更多的工作。 The trade union made the mistake of trying to take on the government. 工会犯了试图和政府抗争的错误。 The bus took on more passengers. 公共汽车搭载更多乘客了。 10. take out带 （某人） 去 （某处参加社交活动等）；正式取得，领得，获得； 洗去 （污迹），使褪色I‘m taking the children out to the theatre tonight. 今晚我带孩子们去看戏。 Mary and John took out a marriage license. 玛丽和约翰正式领了结婚证。 He took out the pencil marks from his drawing. 他擦去了他的画上的铅笔迹。 11. take over接手，接任；接管 Who do you think will take over now that the governor has been dismissed？ 州长已被免职，你看会由谁来接任呢？ 12. take to （尤指立刻） 对……产生好感，喜欢上；染上……习惯 （嗜好等）；到 （某处） 休息；到……躲藏；逃往I took to Paul as soon as we met. 我一见到保罗就对他有好感。 All this gloomy news is enough to make you take to drink. 所有这些令人沮丧的消息都足以使人酗起酒来。 Father‘s ill， so he’s taken to his bed. 爸爸病了，因此卧床休息了。 13. take up开始花时间从事 （某项活动）；对……产生兴趣； 开始学习 （某课程） ，选修； （事物或事件） 占用了 （时间或空间）； 接受……的建议； 继续John took up acting while he was at college. 约翰在上大学时开始喜欢上演戏了。     The job took up most of Sunday. 这项工作占用了大半个星期天。 Why don‘t you take him up on his offer of a meal？ 你为什么不接受他的邀请去吃饭呢？ I‘ll take up the story where I finished yesterday. 这个故事我会从昨天讲完的地方继续讲下去。 14. take …… for / to be …… （错）当作，以为是 （mistake …… for ……） I took him for his brother. They are extremely alike. 我把他误作是他弟弟，他们很像。 15. take a chance 碰碰运气，冒……风险 16. take a deep / long breath 深吸一口气（以鼓起勇气或仔细考虑） 17. take a hand in 干预 18. take a load / weight off sb.‘s mind 使放心 / 安心 19. take a risk / risks 冒风险 20. take a seat 坐下 21. take a vote 投票表决 22. take an interest in 对……有兴趣 23. take steps / measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事 24. take action （on） （对……）采取行动 25. take advantage of 利用；占……的便宜；不正当地利用 26. take aim （at） 瞄准 27. take …… by surprise 奇袭；出其不意地做某事；使……惊奇 28. take care 当心 （= look out / be careful ） 29. take care of 照顾，料理；处理，对付；当心 30. take charge of 负责；接管 31. take cold ‎ 感冒，伤风 32. take control of 控制住，管住 33. take delight / pleasure in 以……为乐；喜欢 34. take effect 开始起作用；开始生效 35. take …… for granted 想当然地认为 （会是某种情况）；认为……是理所当然的；认为没有问题 36. take …… for instance / example 以……为例 37. take hold of 抓住；吸引住 38. take …… into account / consideration 考虑到，把……考虑进去 39. take it / things easy 慢慢来，不要过于紧张 / 劳累，沉住气 40. take it or leave it 要不要都行；要么要，要么不要；不要还价 41. take note （of） 把……记下来 42. take notice （of） 注意；理会 43. take notes 作记录；记笔记 44. take / come into office 就职，上任 45. take one‘s breath away 令人惊异，令人叹为观止 46. take one’s chance（s） 碰碰自己的运气 47. take one‘s time 慢慢来，从容不迫 48. take pains 费尽力气，煞费苦心，尽力设法I took pains to explain the facts clearly. 49. take （the） trouble 费事，下工夫You must have taken a lot of trouble to find out what was true. 50. take part （in） 参加，参与 51. take pity on / upon 可怜，怜悯 （show mercy to / have mercy on） 52. take place 发生，举行 53. take pride in （ be proud of） 为……感到自豪 / 骄傲 54. take one‘s place 代替某人 55. take the opportunity 利用这个机会I shall take the first opportunity of seeing you. He may take the opportunity to point out that …… 56. take turns 轮流 （做某事） They took turns to look after the baby. The two boys took turns at digging the hole. 57. take sides 支持；偏袒You always take sides with brother without even listening to me. 你总是偏袒弟弟，根本不听我的。 58. I take it （that） 我想；我认为I take it you‘ve heard that the mayor’s resigned. 我想你已听说市长已经辞职了。‎ 二、考点透视 ‎1.考查特定语境下的词义辨析、短语搭配。 （1） take与其它动词加上同一个介 / 副词的辨析，如06山东卷第34题；（2） take与其它动词加上不同介 / 副词的辨析，如08山东卷第29题、08宁夏卷第34题、08天津卷第7题等； （3） take短语搭配辨析，包括take + 介词 / 副词短语，take + 名词短语，take + 名词 + 介词短语等。 2.结合时态语态考查take短语，如06福建卷第24题。 3. 结合非谓语动词的用法考查take用法，如03上海卷第39题。‎ 三、备考建议 ‎1.含take的短语数量众多、词义繁杂，不可能在短时间内突击掌握，所以要注意在平时的学习多积累；在解题时不可生搬硬套，要分析上下文的语境，灵活使用，同时要注意相关知识点，如动词时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词等对题目的影响。 2.不仅要注意含take的短语的基本含义，还要注意一些“熟词偏义”，如在课本中没有出现，但在大纲词汇表中有或在阅读中经常遇到的意义和用法。 3.对take和其它常见动词，如give / bring / keep / put / break /get / turn等，构成的短语进行归纳辨析。‎ 四、高考链接 ‎1. （08宁夏） After studying in a medical college for five years， Jane__________her job as a doctor in the countryside. A. set outB. took over 　C. took upD. set up 2. （08江西） I__________it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products. A. makeB. look 　C. takeD. think 3. （07 辽宁） Don‘t be__________by products promising to make you lose weight quickly. A. taken offB. taken out C. taken awayD. taken in 4. （06 浙江） We’re trying to ring you back，Bryan， but we think we__________your number incorrectly. A. looked upB. took down 　C. worked outD. brought about 5. （06 福建） Ladies and gentlemen， please fasten your seat belts. The plane__________ . A. takes offB. is taking off 　C. has taken offD. took off 6. （06 山东） After he retired from office，Rogers__________painting for a while， but soon lost interest. A. took upB. saved up 　C. kept upD. drew up 7. （2004广东） Helen always helps her mother even though going to school__________most of her day. A. takes upB. makes up C. saves upD. puts up 8. （2005上海） More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays，__________ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. takingB. taken 　C. having takenD. having been take 9. （2008重庆） —I‘m afraid I can’t return the book to you before Friday.—__________. A. Don‘t be afraidB. Be careful 　C. Not at allD. Take your time Keys：1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. D 英语替代词it，one，ones，that，those使用技巧 一、替代表泛指的单数名词 　　 　　替代表泛指的单数名词，通常用 one。如： 　　Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人。 　　I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 我的旧相机丢了，这是一架新的。 　　Did you get a ticket?—Yes， I managed to get one. 你搞到票了吗?——是的，我设法搞到了一张。 　　注：若 one 前没有形容词的修饰，则其前不能有不定冠词。比较： 　　I’m looking for a flat. I’d like a small one with a garden. 我正在找一套公寓，想找一套小的带花园的。 　　I’m looking for a flat. I’d like one with a garden. ‎ 我正在找一套公寓，想找一套带花园的。（不能说：... a one with a garden.） 　　没有形容词修饰的 one 前不能用不定冠词，但可用 another。如： 　　This pen doesn’t work. I must buy another one. 这支钢笔坏了，我要另买一支了。 　　另外，注意它与表特指的 it 的区别。如： 　　Can you lend me a pen?—Sorry. I haven’t got one. 你能借给我一支钢笔吗?——对不起，我没有钢笔。 　　Can I borrow your pen?—Sorry， I’m using it. 我能借用你的钢笔吗?——对不起，我自己正在用。 　　 　　二、替代表特指的单数名词 　　 　　替代表特指的单数名词，可用 it， that， the one。三者的区别是： 　　1. 替代单数可数名词时，三者均可用；替代不可数名词时，不能用 the one，而要用 it 或 that。此时 it 与 that 的区别是：表示同一事物时，用it；表示同类事物时，用 that 或 the one。如： 　　The weather here is too cold. I don’t like it. 这儿的天气太冷了，我不喜欢这儿的天气。（it 在此指前面提到的 the weather） 　　The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou. 北京的天气比广州冷。（that 在此指代的天气与前面提到的天气为同类） 　　My uncle bought me a dictionary and I like it very much. 我叔叔给我买了一本词典，我非常喜欢它。（it 在此就是指前面提到的叔叔给我买的词典） 　　Your dictionary is more useful than the one my uncle gave me. 你这本词典比我叔叔给我的那本词典更有用。（the one 在此表示与前面提到的词典为同类） 　　2. 替代事物时，三者均可用；替代人时，只能用 the one。如： 　　Who is her husband?—The one by the window. 哪位是她的丈夫？——窗户边的那一位。 　　注：当要替代性别不明的婴儿时可用 it。 　　3. 当有前置定语修饰时，只能用 the one。如： 　　Which do you want?—The red one. 你想要哪个?——那个红的。 　　She would rather have the small one than the large one. 她宁愿要小的，不要大的。 　　4. 当有后置定语修饰时，通常用 the one。如： 　　My room is better than the one next door. 我的房间比隔壁房间好。 　　He said he would have the one near him. 他说要靠近他的那一个。 　　Is that the one that was published recently? 是最近出版的那一种吗? 　　Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. 这里有六枚戒指，选出你最喜欢的一枚。 　　但是，若后置定语为 of 引起的介词短语，则通常用 that。如： 　　The population of China is much larger than that of Japan. 中国人口比日本人口多得多。 　　A grandparent’s job is easier than that of a parent. 祖父母的任务比父母的任务要轻松一些。 ‎ ‎    三、替代表泛指的复数名词 　　 　　替代表泛指的复数名词，通常用 ones。如： 　　Hard beds are healthier than soft ones. 硬板床比软床有利于健康。 　　Green apples often taste better than red ones. 青苹果往往比红苹果好吃。 　　We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我们可以借给你塑料椅子或者金属椅子。 　　These chairs have the great advantage of being much cheaper than conventional ones.‎ ‎ 这些椅子具有比普通椅子便宜得多的优势。 　　 　　四、替代表特指的复数名词 　　 　　替代表特指的复数名词，通常用 the ones。如： 　　I’d like to try on those shoes. The ones at the front of the window. 我想试试那双鞋子。橱窗里前边的那一双。 　　Are they the ones who moved here recently? 是最近搬到这儿来的那些人吗? 　　Don’t buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones. 别买那价钱贵的苹果，买那便宜的。 　　注：在口语中，也可用 those 来替代表特指的复数名词，尤其是当其后有 of 引导的介词短语或 who 引导的定语从句修饰时。如： 　　Waves of red light are about twice as long as those of blue light. 红色光线的波长约为蓝色光线波长的两倍。 　　Those of you who wish to go on the trip may sign up here. 你们中间想参加这次游览的人可以在这里签名。 　　His ideas are little different from those of his friends. 他的想法和他朋友的想法没什么两样。 Students who do well in examinations are those ［the ones］ who ask questions in class. 考试成绩好的都是上课爱提问的学生。 　　 　　五、几点重要的补充说明 　　 　　1. 当替代词 one / ones 紧跟在形容词最高级、序数词以及 this， that， these， those， which， either， neither， another 等限定词之后时，通常可以省略。如： 　　I think my dog’s the fastest （one）. 我想我的狗是跑得最快的（一只）。 　　Either （one） will suit me. （这两个当中）哪一个对我都合适。 　　Let’s have another （one）. 咱们再来一个吧。 　　She looked at each（one） carefully before she chose. 她仔细地看了看每一个，然后才挑选。 　　Which （one） would you like?—That （one） looks the nicest. 您要哪一个?——看起来那个最好。 　　2. 复数形式的 ones 之前一般不直接用名词所有格、物主代词、数词以及 some， any， both， several， dozen， own 等词修饰。如： 　　Have you got any drawing-pins? Can I borrow some please? 你有图钉吗?我能借一些吗? （不能说：... some ones ...） 　　Do you have any new diaries?—We don’t have any at the moment. 你有没有新的日记本?——我们眼下一本也没有了。（不能说：... any ones ...） 　　Do question 1 or question 2， but not both. 第1题和第2题选做一道，但不要两道都做。（不能说：... both ones.） 　　He has three dictionaries and I have only two. 他有三本词典，但我只有两本。（不能说：... two ones.） 　　注：如果 ones 前有描绘性形容词修饰，则可以使用上述词语。如： 　　误：her ones / some ones / any ones / five ones / your own ones 　　正：her red ones / some new ones / any old ones / five bad ones / your own nice ones 　　在美国英语中，ones 不能紧跟在 these 和 those ‎ 之后。但是在英国英语中可以这样用（也不常见）。 　　3. 当一个名词受另一个名词修饰时，通常不宜用 one（s）来替代。如： 　　Do you need coffee cups or tea cups? 你们需要咖啡杯还是要茶杯? （不能说：... or tea ones? ） 　　但若一个名词受表材料的名词修饰，可用 one（s） 替代。如： 　　We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我们可以借给你塑料椅子或者金属椅子。‎ worth，worthy，worthwhile的用法区别 一、从句法功能上看 　　 　　worth 通常只用作表语，不用于名词前作定语； worthy 和 worthwhile 可用作表语和定语。如： 　　It isn’t worth the trouble. 不值得费那个事。 　　He is a worthy gentleman. 他是位值得尊敬的绅士。 　　His behavior is worthy of great praise. 他的行为值得高度赞扬。 　　They achieved a very worthwhile result. 他们取得了很有价值的成果。 　　We had a long wait， but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets. 我们等了很久，但还算值得，因为我们把票买到了。 　　 　　二、从所使用的修饰语来看 　　 　　worth 习惯上不用 very 修饰（要表示类似意思可用 well），而 worthy 和 worthwhile 则可以用副词 very 修饰。如： 　　That is very worthy of our attention. 那件事很值得我们注意。 　　Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理工作是很值得干的职业。 　　但习惯上不说：The work is very worth doing. （very 应改为 well） 　　 　　三、从搭配习惯来看 　　 　　1. 有关 be worth 的搭配习惯 　　（1） be worth 后可直接跟名词、代词或动名词。如： 　　The picture is worth $500. 这幅画值 500 美元。 　　The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这台钟简直不值得修理。 　　What is worth doing is worth doing well. 值得干的事就得干好。 　　注意：其后可接动名词，不能接不定式，且接动名词时，总是用主动形式表示被动意义。 　　（2）在现代英语中，在 be worth 前使用形式主语 it 被认为是合习惯的。如： 　　It isn’t worth repairing the car. 这辆汽车不值得修了。 　　Is it worth visiting the city? 这个城市值得去看吗? 　　但是，若不用形式主语 it 而直接用动名词作主语则是错误的，如： 　　误：Repairing the car is worth. 　　（3）在 be worth doing 结构中，除非句首用了形式主语 it，否则句子主语总应是其动名词的逻辑宾语；若其中的动词是不及物动词，应考虑加上适当的介词。如： 　　Nothing he said was worth listening to. 他说的话没有一句值得听。 　　She’s not worth getting angry with.‎ ‎ 犯不上跟她生气。 　　 　　2. 有关 be worthy 的搭配习惯 　　（1） be worthy 后不能直接跟名词、代词或动名词，若要接，应借助介词 of。如： 　　Their efforts are worthy of your support. 他们的努力应得到你的支持。 　　Her behavior is worthy of praise. 她的行为是值得赞扬的。 　　（2）与 be worth 后只接动名词不接不定式不同，be worthy 后不接动名词，而接不定式（若该不定式要表示被动意义，则应用被动形式）。如： 　　He is worthy to receive such honor. 他应该得到这种荣誉。 　　This suggestion is worthy to be considered. 这个建议值得考虑。 　　（3）若要在 be worthy 后接动名词，与后接名词时的情形一样，应借助介词 of，且该动名词若要表示被动意义，要用被动形式。如： 　　He is worthy of filling 〔=to fill〕 the post. 这个职位他当之无愧。 　　This suggestion is worthy of being considered 〔=to be considered〕. 这个建议值得考虑。 　　 　　3. 有关 be worthwhile 的搭配习惯 　　（1） be worthwhile 后接动名词或不定式均可。如： 　　It is worthwhile buying the dictionary. 这本词典值得买。（其中的 worthwhile 也可换成 worth） 　　It is worthwhile to discuss the plan again. 这个计划值得再讨论一次。（其中的 worthwhile 不能换成 worth，因为其后接用了不定式） 　　（2）有时可将 worthwhile 分开写，此时也可在其中加上 one’s。如： 　　I’d think it worth while to go. 我认为值得去。 　　Do you think it’s worth while quarrelling with her? 你认为与她吵值得吗? 　　Would you like to do some gardening for me? I’ll make it worth your while. 你愿意在我的花园里干些活吗?我不会亏待你的。 　　It is worth your while visiting 〔to visit〕 the museum. 这个博物馆值得你去看看。 　　（3） 按传统语法，It is worth （one’s） while to do sth 〔doing sth〕 结构必须用 it 作形式主语，其中的不定式或动名词做句子的真正主语。 　　 　　四、一句多译 　　 　　在很多情况下，同一个意思可用几种不同的形式表达。如： 　　那个地方值得一去。 　　正：The place is worth a visit. 　　正：The place is worthy of a visit. 　　正：The place is worth visiting. 　　正：It is worth visiting the place. 　　正：The place is worthy of being visited. 　　正：The place is worthy to be visited. 　　正：It is worthwhile visiting the place. 　　正：It is worthwhile to visit the place.‎ 疑问词+ever的用法归纳 ‎“疑问词 + ever”是近年来高考英语的一个考查热点，在各版本的中学英语教材中出现频率较 高，而且是学生理解和掌握的一个难点。从不同角度论述这方面内容的文章很多，本文试图别辟蹊径，简单明了地归纳讲解这一问题。 　　“疑问词 + ever ”可分为两类，“疑问代词 + ever ”： whatever / whichever / whoever (宾格 whomever )和“疑问副词 + ever ”： wherever / whenever / however.‎ ‎　　不论是“疑问代词 + ever ”还是“疑问副词 + ever ”，其意义都是“不管 / 无论 + 该疑问词的本义”。‎ ‎　　1. “疑问代词 + ever”可引导两种类型的从句，即让步状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句)。‎ ‎　　(1)引导让步状语从句。此时 whatever / whoever / whichever 分别等于“ no matter + what / who / which”。例如：‎ ‎　　Whatever happened， he wouldn't say a word. = No matter what happened， he wouldn't say a word. ‎ ‎　　Whoever says so， it is wrong. = No matter who says so， it is wrong.‎ ‎　　Whichever dictionary you (may) take， you will have to pay at least 20 dollars. = No matter which dictionary you (may) take， you will have to pay at least 20 dollars.‎ ‎　　注意：这类从句中应用一般现在时表将来，从句中也常用情态动词 may / might .‎ ‎　　(2)引导名词性从句。例如：‎ ‎　　Whoever smokes here will be punished. (主语从句)‎ ‎　　Beggars will eat whatever they are given. (宾语从句)‎ ‎　　Whichever he likes will be given to him. (主语从句)‎ ‎　　You may invite whoever / whomever you like. (常用 whoever 代替 whomever)‎ ‎　　此时它们都不能换成“ no matter + 疑问词”的形式，但 whoever 等于 anyone who， whatever 等于 anything that. ‎ ‎　　2. “疑问副词 +ever ”： wherever / whenever / however 一般只能引导一种类型的从句，即让步状语从句，此时它们分别等于“ no matter + where / when / how ”。例如：‎ ‎　　Wherever he goes (may go). I'll follow him. = No matter where he goes (may go)，I'll follow him.‎ ‎　　Whenever I wisited him， he was always busy working. = No matter when I visited him， he was always busy working.‎ ‎　　However late he is， his mother will wait for him to have dinner together. = No matter how late he is， his mother will wait for him to have dinner together.‎ ‎　　注意：当 however 用作连接副词时也可引导名词性从句，而 whenever/ wherever 则不能引导名词性从句。例如：‎ ‎　　I'll give you however much money you need. (宾语从句，此时 however 不能改成 no matter how )。‎ ‎　　3. 另外， whatever / whichever / whoever 与 whenever / wherever / however 分别可相当于 what / which / who 与 when / where / how 的强调式，引起的特殊疑问句往往是简单句，与原疑问词的意思、用法完全相同，只是表达的语气更为强烈，翻译时可加上“到底；究竟”等。例如：‎ ‎　　What(ever) are you doing ？ 你(到底)在干什么？‎ ‎　　Which(ever) do you want to buy ？ 你(究竟)要买哪一个？‎ ‎　　Who(ever) told you such a foolish story？ (究竟)是谁讲给你这么蠢的事？‎ ‎　　When(ever) can I enjoy a long vacation？ (究竟)什么时候才能给我放个长假呢？‎ ‎　　Where(ever) did you leave your dictionary？ 你(究竟)把词典放哪儿了？‎ ‎　　How(ever) did you collect so much money？ 你(到底)是怎样筹到这么多钱的？‎ insist用法面面观 I. 表示“坚持说；坚决认为(多与别人的观点不同)”，接that从句(从句的动作多为已发生之事)，从句使用陈述语气。如： 　　She insisted that he was wrong. ‎ ‎　　她坚持认为他错了。‎ ‎　　II. 表示“坚决主张；坚持要求”，接that从句(从句的动作为将要发生之事)，谓语多为 should型的虚拟语气，即：主语+ should(可省略)+动词原形。如：‎ ‎　　He insisted that we (should) accept these gifts. ‎ ‎　　他一定要我们收下这些礼物。‎ ‎　　Jane insisted that he be present. ‎ ‎　　简坚持要他出席。‎ ‎　　还可用于“insist on / upon + 名词或代词或 动词-ing形式”结构中。如：‎ ‎　　He insisted on / upon my going with him. ‎ ‎　　他坚持要我跟他一起去。(= He insisted that I [should] go with him.) ‎ ‎　　I insist on seeing it. 我一定要见到它。(= I insist that I see it.) ‎ ‎　　Ⅲ. if you insist 常用于口语中，表示勉强同意。如：‎ ‎　　All right, I’ll do it, if you insist. ‎ ‎　　好吧，如果你一定要我干这事，我就去干。 ‎ ‎　　【跟踪练习】‎ ‎　　从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。‎ ‎　　1. The man insisted ______ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. ‎ ‎　　A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding ‎ ‎　　2. — How do you ______ we go to Beijing for our holidays? ‎ ‎　　— I think we’d better fly there. It’s much more comfortable. ‎ ‎　　A. insist B. imagine C. suppose D. suggest ‎　　3. He insisted that he ______ right, and so he insisted that his plan ______ carried out at once. ‎ ‎　　A. was; be B. be; would be C. was; was D. be; should be ‎ ‎　　4. Driving a car is not as difficult as you imagine, if you ______ the rules. ‎ ‎　　A. depend on B. insist on C. turn to D. stick to ‎　　5. I wanted to pay by cheque but the landlord ______ that I pay him in cash.‎ ‎　　A. thought B. insisted C. ordered D. demanded ‎　　Key: 1-5 CDADB ‎ ‎　　解析：‎ ‎　　1. C。insisted on finding a taxi for me，表示“坚持要为我找辆出租车”。 ‎ ‎　　2. D。答语内容为一条建议，问句中的how表示征询对方意见，应用suggest (建议)，而不用insist(坚持)；imagine (想象)和suppose (猜测)。‎ ‎　　3. A。前一个insist表示“坚决认为”，从句用陈述语气；后一个insist表示“坚持要求”，从句谓语动词用should型的虚拟语气。‎ ‎　　4. D。表示“坚持(观点、理论等)，遵守(规则等)”，用stick to。 insist on 表示 “坚持要求”。‎ ‎　　5. B。句意为“房东坚持要求我付他现金”，故选B。‎ due to / because of / thanks to“由于”词汇辨析 ‎“由于”种种原因 due to 由于；因为。如：‎ His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic on the motorway. 他迟到是因高速公路上车辆过多所致。 Most of the problems were due to human error. 多数问题都是人为错误造成的。 He arrived late due to the snow.    由于下雪，他来晚了。‎ ‎[比较] due to / because of / thanks to 这三个短语意思相同，一般可以互换，但是要注意以下区别： due to 可引导状语、定语或表语，但多引导表语。 because of 一般引导状语，不引导表语；但当主语是代词时，because of短语在句中可用作表语。 thanks to 常引导状语；除了“由于”的意思外，还可意为“多亏”，多引出好的原因。‎ ‎[例句] He knew she was crying because of what he had said. 他知道她哭是因为他说的话。 Thanks to you, I was saved from drowning. 幸亏你，我才没有被淹死。‎ consider和judge的分词状语用法 动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以引导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，不管用现在分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致。如： 　　1）Not knowing his address or telephone number,we couldn’t get in touch with him. 　　2）Properly trained, Prince will make a good guide dog for the blind. ‎ ‎　　但是也有分词的逻辑主语与句子的实际主语不一致的情况，如： 　　3）Generally speaking, girl students are better than boy students in language learning. 　　4）Seeing he is still young, the salary is not a bad one. ‎ ‎　　例3与例4的分词短语用法已得到公认，它们表达了说话人的看法，语法上称之为评述性状语。然而动词consider和judge的分词短语既可以像例1和例2那样用作非评述性状语，也可以像例3和例4那样用作评述性状语。如： ‎ ‎　　5）Considering his age, he is not fit for the job. 　　6）Considered the best detective, he was sent to track down the assassin. 　　7）Judging from past performances, he is not likely to do very well in his exams. 　　8）Judged unpractical, the plan was a bandoned. ‎ ‎　　可以看出例5和例7是评述性状语，例6和例8则属于分词短语作状语的一般性用法，分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 ‎ ‎　　由于以上情况，许多同学不知何时用consider和judge的现在分词形式，何时用它们的过去分词形式。那么如何辨识这两种情况呢？ ‎ ‎　　这可以从两方面考虑。第一，评述性状语表示的是说话人的看法，非评述性状语是对句子主语的描述。如果句意是“考虑到……”或“从……来看”，那这是评述性状语；如果句意是“XX被看作……”，或“XX被判为……”，那这是非评述性状语。 ‎ ‎　　其次是要了解这两个单词的组句形式并记住它们。 ‎ ‎　　Consider的组句形式为： 　　A）consider sth./doing sth./that（其后为宾语，通常是名词，动名词或从句) 　　B）consider sb./sth. as to be adj.（其后为sb/sth加宾语补足语。宾语补足语通常是as＋n.,to be+adj.或直接跟形容词、分词。如果as被省略，也可以跟名词） ‎ ‎　　Judge的组句形式为： 　　A）judge sth./that from sth./by sth.（其后是名词或that从句作宾语，或by/from短语） 　　B)judge sb.to be adj.（其后为sb加宾语补足语。宾语补足语通常是形容词、分词或不定式）因此，选择题空格后出现的是A组里所列的情况，那就是评述性状语；如果选择题空格后出现的是B组里所列的情况，那就是非评述性状语。 ‎ ‎　　注意：如果句首那部分是非评述性状语，而逻辑主语与consider/judge的关系是主动的，应用现在分词形式。 ‎ ‎　　下面考考你，看你是否已经掌握了这一点。 　　1.____from his accent, he must be from Australia.A.Judging B.Judged 　　2.____innocent,he was set free.A.Judging B.Judged 　　3.____the state of mind she was in,she’d better stay at home. A.Considering B.Considered 　　4.____most useful, English is studied by millions of people in the world.A.Considering B.Considered 　　5._____its afer to go away than to stay, he left the room. A.Judging B.Judged 　　6._____to be the symbol of the nation, the Great Wall has been well preserved. A.Considering B.Considered ‎ ‎　　答案是ABABAB，你做对了吗？ 　　(注：1、3两题是评述性状语，其它4题是非评述性状语。第5题中的主语与judge的关系是主动的，因此也用现在分词。)‎ 名词辨析disease, illness, sickness ‎ ‎1. disease 表示“疾病”，通常指具体的“疾病”(可数)。如：    Most diseases could be wiped out. 多数疾病是可以消灭的。    I caught the disease from you. 我这病是从你那传染来的。    It was a horrible disease. 这是一种可怕的疾病。    Arthritis is a chronic disease. 关节炎是一种慢性病。    Measles, mumps and influenza are common diseases. 麻疹、腮腺炎和流感是常见病。    注：有时指疾病的总称(不可数)，即通称的“疾病”。如：    Rats spread disease. 老鼠传染疾病。    Cleanliness helps prevent disease. 清洁有助于预防疾病。    Disease is usually caused by germs. 疾病多由病菌引起。    Many antibiotic drugs ore used to combat disease. 许多抗生素药品用来和疾病作斗争。 2. illness 和 sickness 常可通用，它们主要用于表示生病的时间或因病(disease)导致的不健康状态等。如：    He can’t come because of illness. 他因病不能来。    He died after a long illness. 他死之前病了很久。    She is cheerful in spite of her illness. 她尽管有病，但还是快乐。    He was weak from a long illness. 由于长期生病他身体很虚弱。    Tell me a little about your illness. 给我谈谈你的病。    Chicken pox is a common childhood sickness. 水痘是儿童时期的常见病。    Do you know what his sickness is? 你知道他患什么病吗?    另外，sickness还可表示“呕吐”“恶心”。如：    He’s suffering from sickness and diarrhoea. ‎ 他上吐下泻。    He felt a wave　of sickness come over him. 他感到一阵恶心。 3. 用于医学上表示各种病称时，通常用 disease。如：    contagious diseases 传染病    English disease 气管炎    heart disease 心脏病       lung disease 肺病    a nervous disease 神经病     skin disease 皮肤病    注：有个别搭配也用 illness。如：    mental illness [sickness] 精神病 ‎ 名词辨析cloth, clothes, clothing ‎ ◆cloth n. 1. 表示“布”、“衣料”，是不可数名词。如：    She bought some cloth to make herself a dress. 她买了些布要给自己做一件连衣裙。    再如：a piece of cloth(一块布)，three yards of cloth(3码布)，a roll of cloth(一卷布)等 2. 表示用作某种特殊用途的布(如：桌布，台布，揩布等)，是可数名词。如：    Clean the windows with a soft cloth. 用块软布擦窗子。    再如：a tablecloth(桌布)，a dishcloth(洗碟布)，a face cloth(洗脸毛巾)等。‎ ‎◆clothes n. 1. 表示“衣服”，是一个没有单数形式的复数名词，其前不可加不定冠词，也不可加数词，但可用 some, these, those, many, few等词修饰。如：    正：those clothes / few clothes / many clothes    误：a clothes / two clothes / three clothes 2. 可受定语修饰，表示不同用途的衣服。如：school clothes (校服)，sports clothes(运动服)，work(ing) clothes(工作服)等。 3. 表示一套衣服，通常借助 suit。如：a suit of clothes(一套衣服)，two suits of clothes(二套衣服)等。‎ ‎◆clothing n. 1. 表示“衣服”的总称，是一个不可数的集合名词。如：    They wear very little clothing. 他们衣服穿得很少。    We need warm clothing for the winter. 我们需要暖和的衣服过冬。 2. 表示一件衣服，通常用 article。如：    A coat is an article of clothing. 上衣是一件衣服。    【注】有时也用 piece of, item of 等。如：    three pieces [items] of clothing 三件衣服 ‎ fairly,quite,rather,very,pretty程度副词辨析 ‎■含义上的区别 (1) fairly 语气最轻，尽管经常与褒义词连用，但由于语气较弱，往往不带明显的恭维或赞赏，通常译为“还算”、“相当”。比如要说某部电影 fairly ‎ good，指的可能是还勉强过得去，只是没有否定。 (2) quite 语气稍重，意为“颇”或“相当”。要是说某一部电影quite good，那是说这部电影相当不错，虽不是最好，但至少值得看。 (3) rather 或 pretty 在语气上又稍重一点,意为“十分”或“相当” (pretty 不如 rather 正式)。要是说某一部电影 rather / pretty good，指的是这电影相当不错，语气比较重，意指要高出一般水平或出乎意料地好。     两者均可与褒义或贬义形容词连用。与褒义词连用，表示一种愉快的心情；与贬义(包括中性)词连用，表示一种不赞成或不满意的心情。如：     a rather [pretty] good play 相当好的戏     rather [pretty] poor work 相当差的工作 (4) very 语气最强，意为“很”或“非常”。要是说某一部电影very good，这是说这部电影很不错，算得上是精品之作。 这些词语气的轻重可大致描述为： (not) → fairly → quite → rather / pretty → very ■用法上的差别 (1) 以上各词中，只有 rather 可以与比较级以及副词 too (太) 连用。如：     It’s rather warmer today. 今天暖和多了。     This one is rather too large. 这个稍大了一点。 注：quite 有时也与比较级连用, 但通常只限于 quite better (身体好)这一表达中。 (2) rather 和 quite 有时可直接修饰动词, 而其他几个副词一般不这样用。如：     I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你 (的意见)。     We rather like the book. 我们很喜欢这本书。 (3) rather, quite 与“冠词＋形容词＋名词”连用时, 通常置于冠词之前，有时也可放在冠词之后。但遇此类似情况，very 或 fairly 则只能放在冠词之后(形容词之前)。如：     It’s quite /rather a good idea. / It’s a quite/rather good idea. 那可真是个好主意。     注：若此结构中没有形容词，则 quite 和 rather 则只能放在冠词之前。如：     It was quite [rather] a success. 那事相当成功(from www.yywords.com)。 (4) 修饰不可分级的形容词(如：right, wrong, ready, full, empty, perfect, impossible, alone, unique 等，通常只用 quite，此时quite 并不表示“相当”或“很”，而表示“完全”。如：     You’re quite right (wrong). 你完全正确(错了)。     That’s quite impossible. 那完全不可能。‎ 动词辨析damage, destroy, ruin, spoil ‎1. damage 表示“损害”、“损坏”，通常是指部分性的损坏，往往暗示损坏后价值、效率、功能等会降低，有时用于比喻用法中。如：    The bridge was badly damaged by the flood. 桥被洪水损坏得很严重。    Smoking will damage your health. 抽烟会损害你的健康。‎ ‎2. destroy 表示“毁坏”, 通常指彻底的毁掉或毁灭, 往往暗示无法或很难修复，有时用于比喻用法中。如：    The fire destroyed the building. 大火毁了大楼。    All my hopes were destroyed by his letter of refusal. 他回信拒绝，使我的希望完全破灭。‎ ‎3. ruin 表示“毁坏”、“毁灭”，指彻底的毁坏，破坏的原因通常是自然现象、年龄、疏忽等，现多用于比喻用法中，在真正具体地摧毁或破坏某座建筑物时，通常不用 ‎ ruin。如：    The storm ruined the crops. 暴风雨毁坏了庄稼。    He ruined his prospects by carelessness. 他因粗心大意断送了前途。‎ ‎4. ruin 有时还可指一般意义的弄坏或损坏，此时与 spoil 同义且常可换用，只是语气比 spoil 稍强。这两个词有时还可用于美好经历或有用东西的损坏(此时不能用 damage 或 destroy)。如：    My new dress is ruined [spoiled]. 我的新连衣裙全完了。(如泼上墨水等)    This unpleasant man with his endless complaints ruined [spoiled] my journey. 这个不讨人喜欢的家伙，牢骚满腹，使我这趟旅行很不愉快。‎ ‎5. 表示“毁坏”意义时，damage 和 ruin 还可用作名词，两者都是不可数名词。如：    Everything has gone to ruin. 一切都毁了。    The flood caused serious damage to the crops. 洪水对农作物造成了严重的危害。    注：damage 有时也用复数形式，但不表示“损害”，而表示“赔偿费”；而用于复数的 ruins 则表示“废墟”、“遗迹”。如：    He paid $5 000 in damages for the accident. 他付了5 000 美元的事故赔偿费。    The house has fallen into ruins. 房子倒坍成了废墟。‎ pleasant, pleasing, pleased的用法区别 ‎1. pleasant 主要有两方面用法：一是用来说明事物，表示“令人愉快的”或“舒适的”等；二是用来说明人，表示“友好的”、“讨人喜欢的”等。如：‎ The weather was cold, but the trip was pleasant. 虽然天气很冷，但旅途还是很愉快。‎ It was a pleasant surprise to see her again. 再次见到她真是又惊又喜。‎ Make an effort to be pleasant at the party. 在晚会上要尽力友善待人(或尽量使人高兴)。‎ ‎2. pleasing 的用法与 pleasant 比较接近，有时可换用。如：‎ It’s pleasant [pleasing] to the ear. 这很悦耳。(from www.yywords.com)‎ She is not very beautiful but very pleasant [pleasing]. 她不很漂亮，但很讨人喜欢。‎ 两者的细微区别是：在说明事物时，pleasant 多指令人愉快的内在的、本质的东西，而 pleasing 多指外在的、表面的东西；说明人时，两者都可表示“讨人喜欢的”，但 pleasant 多指某人因有使人愉快的外表或热情的气质等而具有自然吸引力，相比之下 pleasing 则暗示有意识地去讨好别人或取悦别人。‎ ‎3. pleased 主要用来说明人，表示“感到高兴或满意”。如：‎ The children were very pleased. 孩子们很高兴。‎ I’m very pleased at [about, with] your success. 我对你的成功感到满意。‎ We’re very pleased that you’ve decided to go with us. 你决定同我们一起去我们很高兴。‎ 比较(from www.yywords.com)：‎ a pleasant (pleasing) expression 令人愉快的表情 a pleased expression (感到)满意的表情 ‎ travel, trip, journey的用法区别 ‎1. travel 泛指一般意义的旅行，是不可数名词。如：‎ He is fond of travel (= travelling). 他喜欢旅行。‎ Travel is much cheaper than it used to be. 现在旅行比过去便宜多了。‎ 注：有时可用复数形式，主要指时间较长的各处旅行，此时通常有物主代词修饰，但是尽管用了复数形式，却不能与 many 或数词连用。如：‎ He’s gone off on his travels again. 他又外出旅行了。‎ 另外，travel 通常只是泛指旅行，而不特指某次具体的旅行，所以通常不说：How was your travel?‎ ‎2. journey 通常指远距离的陆地旅行，并且不一定要返回到出发地(即通常指单程)。如：‎ I wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你一路顺风。‎ He made a journey to Beijing. 他去北京旅行了。‎ 注：journey 有时并不指真正意义的“旅行”，而只是表示走过一段距离。如：‎ How long is your journey to work? 你上班要走多远? (from www.yywords.com)‎ ‎3. trip 通常指近距离的为了办事或消遣而进行旅行，并且往往要回到出发点(即指双程)，不过有时 trip 也可指远距离的长途旅行，可与 journey 换用，比 journey 更通俗。如：‎ A：Where is John? 约翰在哪里?‎ B：He’s on a trip to Shanghai. 他去上海旅行了。‎ He’ll make a round-the-world trip. 他将周游世界。‎ accident, incident, event, occurrence, happening词义辨析 ‎1. accident 强调偶然或意外发生的不幸事情。如：‎ He has had a bad accident. 他出了严重事故。‎ Car accidents are far too common. 汽车事故是太常见了。‎ Philip will give him details of the accident. 菲利普将给他谈这次事故的详细情况。‎ The accident took place only a block from, his house. 事故发生的地点离他家只有一个路段。‎ After the accident, the injured were taken to hospital. 事故发生之后受伤的人被送往医院急救。‎ ‎2. incident 既可指小事件或附带事件，又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。如：‎ Please accept my apologies for this unfortunate incident. 发生了这件不幸的事请接受我的道歉。‎ The incidents affected him for days. 这些事件使他好几天心情不能平静。‎ The witness gave a truthful account of the incident. 证人真实地描绘了这个事件。‎ ‎3. event 可指任何大小事件，但尤指历史上的重大事件。如：‎ The event was fatal to my hopes. 这次事件粉碎了我的希望。‎ At the beginning of June an event occurred. 六月初发生了一件事。‎ The event was fatal to my hopes. 这次事件粉碎了我的希望(from www.yywords.com)。‎ ‎4. occurrence和happening这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。如：‎ So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence. 因此被鲨鱼咬死是常有的事。‎ What schoolboy of fourteen is ignorant of this remarkable circumstance? 14岁的学生在这件值得注意的事件中会忽略掉什么呢(from www.yywords.com)? ‎ There were some unusual happenings at school last week. 上星期在学校里发生了一些不寻常的事。‎ accumulate, amass, collect, gather, heap, pile词义辨析 ‎1. accumulate 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。如：‎ He accumulated a good library. 积累了丰富的藏书。‎ However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate. 然而，随着迹象开始积聚，伦敦动物园的专家们感到有必要进行调查了。‎ ‎2. amass 强调大量的聚集，常用于财富、信息、所有物等的聚集，这种积累可能一下子完成，也可能在短期内完成，也可能在比较长的时间内完成，但是数量总是很大的。如：‎ People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so. 人们倾向于积攒东西，有的并未意识到这样做。‎ ‎3. collect ‎ 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。如：‎ He’s collecting money for the blind. 他在为盲人募款。‎ Collecting stamps is a hobby of mine. 集邮是我的一个爱好。‎ All I hope is we can collect more fund for it. 我只希望我们能为此筹集更多资金。‎ ‎4. gather 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。如：‎ We would all gather there on Friday evenings. 星期五晚上我们都在那里聚会。‎ The lords and ladies were all gathered at the palace. 贵族老爷和夫人都聚集在皇宫里。‎ She gathered up her things and left. 她收拾好她的东西就走了。‎ ‎5. heap 主要指把东西堆集，尤其指沙、石、煤、草、谷物等堆高，不强调整齐。如：‎ Mother heaped delicious food on the plate. 母亲在盘子里堆满了好吃的东西。‎ The barn of the used-to-be-poor farmer is now heaped with grain. 过去很贫穷的农民的谷仓里现在堆满了粮食。‎ ‎6. pile 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。如：‎ She piled the books on the table. 她把书堆在桌子上。‎ delay, postpone, put off的区别 ‎1. 三者均可表示将某事推迟到原订时间之后的某一时间进行，其后可接名词或动名词(但一般不接不定式)。为了表明推迟到何时，可用介词 to, till, until 等。‎ They delayed [postponed, put off] leaving. 他们推迟动身。‎ He decided to delay [postpone, put off] his holiday to [till, untill] next month. 他决定把假期推迟到下个月。‎ ‎2. 几点细微区别：‎ ‎(1) delay 除表示推迟日期外，还可表示暂时阻挠或阻挡，因此有“耽搁”、“拖延”等意。如：‎ The heavy rain delayed my journey. 大雨耽搁了我的行程。‎ ‎(2) postpone 和 put off 主要用于延期，两者常可换用，只是后者较通俗和口语化；但是 put off 有时以人作宾语，表示借辞推脱或搪塞某人、推迟或取消与某人的约会、使某人不高兴或反感、打扰某人、让某人下车等，此时不宜用 postpone。如：‎ He tried to put me off with more promises. 他想用更多的诺言来敷衍我。‎ We’ve invited friends to dinner and it’s too late to put them off now. 我们已邀请朋友来吃饭，现在取消来不及了(from www.yywords.com)。‎ Don’t be put off by the title－it’s a really good book. 别介意这书名不好，它真是本好书。‎ Don’t put me off when I’m trying to concentrate. 我正要集中注意力呢，别打扰我。‎ 注：delay 也可以人作宾语，但强调的是耽搁某人的时间。如：‎ I was delayed by the traffic. 因交通堵塞，我迟到了。‎ ‎ (3) delay 除用作动词外，还用作名词，其余两者不用作名词。如：‎ We must leave without delay. 我们必须马上离开。‎ That is the reason of my delay in answering your letter. 这就是我迟迟不给你复信的缘故。‎ 注：名词 delay 后可接 in doing sth，但不接 of doing sth 或不定式。‎ 表示否定的前缀ir, un, im, in, non, dis等的添加规律 表示否定的前缀 ‎ im-加在字母m,b,p之前 ‎ impossible（不顺能的），impolite（不礼貌的），impudence（厚颜无耻） ‎ in-加在形容词，名词之前 ‎ incorrect（不正确的），inability（无能，无力），inaccurate（不准确的） ‎ ir-加在以r开头的词前 ‎ irregular（不稳定的），irresistable（不可抵抗的），irresolvable（不能分解的，不能解决的） ‎ un-加在名词，形容词，副词之前 ‎ unfinished（未完成的）undoubted（无疑的）unemployment（失业） ‎ ‎------------------------------------------------------------------------ 还有一些前缀的规则：）   non-加在形容词，名词前 ‎ non-existence（不存在），non-essential（不主要的），non-electrical（非电的） ‎ ‎8．mis－加在动词、名词之前 ‎ misunderstand（误解），misjudge（误判），misleading（误导），misfortune（不幸） ‎ ‎9．dis-加地动词之前 ‎ disappear（消失），disarm（解除武装），disconnect（失去联系） ‎ ‎10.de-加在名词，形容词之前 ‎ demobilize(遣散；使…复员) decolor (脱色, 漂白) ‎ ‎11.anti-加在名词、形容词之前 ‎ anti-Japanese（抗日战争），anti-social（厌恶社会的，反社会的），antidite（解毒药） ‎ ‎12.counter-加在名词、动词前 ‎ counterattack（反攻，反击），counteract（抵抗，阻碍）counterrevolution（反革命） ‎ very 用法“七忌”‎ 一. 忌修饰形容词或副词的比较级。修饰形容词或副词的比较级，应借助于下列程度副词：much（……得多），still（还要，还），even（更），far（……得多，大大……）。例如： 1. 吉姆比凯特高得多。 误：Jim is very taller than Kate . 正：Jim is much taller than Kate .‎ ‎2. 昨天很热，但今天更热。 误：It was hot yesterday , but it is very hotter today . 正：It was hot yesterday , but it is still/even hotter today .‎ ‎3. 这部电影比那一部好得多。 误：This film is very better than that one . 正：This film is far better than that one .‎ 二. 忌修饰动词。修饰动词必须用a lot , a litte , very much等。例如： 4. 我非常喜欢英语。 误：I very like English . 正：I like English very much .‎ ‎5. 布朗太太非常喜欢吃肉。 误：Mrs Brown very likes meat . 正：Mrs Brown likes meat a lot .‎ 三.‎ ‎ 忌修饰作表语的形容词alive（有活力的，有生气的），asleep（睡着的），awake（醒着的，警觉的），alone（单独的）等。例如： 6. 我此刻非常清醒。 误：I am very awake at the moment . 正：I am wide awake at the moment .‎ ‎7. 学生们仍在熟睡。 误：The students are still very asleep . 正：The students are still fast asleep .‎ ‎8. 昨晚这座房子里就我一人。 误：I was very alone in the house last night . 正：I was all alone in the house last night .‎ 四. 忌用来加强副词或介词短语的语气，加强副词或介词短语的语气一般用right，有时用well。very只能用来加强形容词的语气。例如： 9. 我到处找我的钢笔，可它就在我的口袋里。 误：I looked for my pen here and there , but it was very in my pocket . 正：I looked for my pen here and there , but it was right in my pocket .‎ ‎10. 这本书非常值得一读。 误：This book is very worth reading . 正：This book is well worth reading .‎ 五. 忌修饰“too＋形容词/副词”结构，该结构前常用much , all等来加强语气。例如： 11. 这件衬衫我穿起来太大了。 误：This shirt is very too large for me . 正：This shirt is much too large for me .‎ ‎12. 我们的英语老师讲话太快了。 误：Our English teacher speaks very too fast . 正：Our English teacher speaks all too fast .‎ 六. 忌替代“so…that…”，“too…to…”结构中的so和too。例如： 13. 他年龄非常小，不能去工作。 误：He is very young to go to work . 正：He is too young to go to work .‎ ‎14. 我非常累，一点也走不动了。 误：I’m very tired that I can’t walk a bit . 正：I’m so tired that I can’t walk a bit .‎ 七. 忌出现在感叹句中，以免与感叹词重复。例如： 15. 多么糟糕的天气啊！ 误：What very bad weather ! 正：What bad weather !‎ ‎16. 同学们干得多么带劲啊 ！ 误：How very hard the students are working ! 正：How hard the students are working !‎ ‎26种英语形容词后缀讲解 ‎１．－able 以“－able”结尾的形容词一般有两种情况： 　  （１）v.＋able→adj. 以这种方式构成的形容词其意义为“能……的”、“可以（被）……的”、“适 合于……的”、“值得……的”等，即有被动含义。例如：reliable（可以依靠的），drinkable（可以饮用的 ），eatable（可食用的）。‎ ‎ 　  （２）n.＋able→adj. 这种形容词意为“具有……特点的”，如valuable（有价值的），reasonable（ 有道理的），comfortable（舒适的）。 　  ２．－ible 该词缀在意义上与“－able”相同，但主要用于拉丁语后。例如：terrible,horrible,invi sible,possible。 　  ３．－al 该词缀大多是加在名词后形成形容词的。不过，有些“－al”后缀则仅体现了该词的形容词性 ，并非以这种方式构成形容词。“－al”意为“属于……的”、“有……特性的”。这类词在中学英语中颇多 ，如actual,general,international,medical,mental,moral,natural,official,several,special,usual。（ 这类形容词大部分没有比较级和最高级） 　  ４．－an “－an”加在国名、地名之后，表明是相应的形容词，如American,African。 　  ５．－ian “－ian”与“－an”相同。例如：Asian,Australian,Canadian,Indian,Italian。 　  ６．－ant “－ant”表示“……性的”。带“－ant”后缀的形容词其相应名词往往是－ance或－ancy后 缀。例如：instant(instance),distant(distance),important(importance),brilliant(brilliancy),consta nt(constancy),pleasant。 　  ７．－ent “－ent”与“－ant”非常相似。例如：absent(absence),different(difference),excelle nt(excellence),patient(patience),present(presence). 　  ８．－ar “－ar”意为“……的”、“……性的”，如popular,particular,regular。 　  ９．－ary “－ary”意为“……的”、“与……有关的”。例如：contrary,necessary,ordinary,prim ary,revolutionary。 　  １０．－ed “－ed”加在动词之后形成形容词。实际上该形容词是由原动词的过去分词演变而来的，因 此它有被动含义。这种形容词在中学英语中出现很多，有connected,discouraged,disappointed,engaged,exc ited,interested,limited,married,pleased,tired,united,used（习惯的），worried,wounded。 　  “－ed”也可加在动词之后形成复合形容词，如man-made,water-covered。 　  “－ed”还可加在名词之后形成复合形容词，如warm-hearted,warm-blooded,three-legged。 　  １１．－en “－en”有两种情况： 　  （１）“－en”跟在一些物质名词之后构成形容词，表示“材料”或“质地”，如wooden,golden,earthe n。 　  （２）“－en”也可加在一些不规则动词之后形成形容词。这些形容词实际上是由过去分词转换而来的。 例如：spoken,written,stricken,mistaken。 　  １２．－ern “－ern”加在表示方位的名词之后，表示“……（方位）的”。这样的词有eastern,sout hern,western,northern等。 　  １３．－ese “－ese”加在国名、地名之后构成相应形容词。例如：Chinese,Japanese. 　  １４．－ful 这一后缀有两种情况： 　  （１）加在名词之后构成形容词，表示“充满……的”、“有……性质的”，如beautiful,colourful,he lpful,powerful,successful,useful,wonderful。 　  （２）加在动词之后，所构成的形容词意为“易于……的”，如forgetful。 　  １５．－ic “－ic”常常加在名词或依附于词干后，构成形容词，意为“……的”、“……似的”、“ 与……有关的”等。例如：Atlantic,electric,arctic,historic,pacific,plastic,public,scientific。 　  １６．－ical “－ical”同“ic”一样附加在名词或词干后构成形容词，意为“……的”、“……似的 ”、“与……有关的”，如physical,political,practical,technical等。 　  注：（１）有些形容词的词尾可能是“－ic”和“－ical”并存，且可以互相替代，但这不是说两者就没 ‎ 有任何区别。一般来说，词尾“ic”与词根的关系比较密切，而词尾“ical”与词根的关系比较含糊，一般作 “与……有关的”解。请比较：an electric light（电灯），electrical engineering（电气工程）；histo ric意为“历史上有名气的”，historical则意为“关于历史的”。（２）以“ic”结尾的形容词，其相应副词 则往往是pacifically,scientifically。 　  １７．－ing 词尾“－ing”也可构成形容词，但这种形容词实际上是现在分词形容词化了，因此，此类 形容词表示主动。例如：dying,exciting,inspiring,interesting,freezing,living。 　  另外，“－ing”词尾还可构成合成形容词，如good-looking,ordinary-l 　  １８．－ish “－ish”意义较多，在中学英语中，其主要意义是“……民族的”、“……语的”、“… …似的”、“患……的”，如English,British,foolish,feverish。 　  １９．－ist “－ist”表示“……主义的”、“信仰……的”。该后缀加在名词之后，如communist,im perialist,Marxist,socialist。 　  ２０．－ive “－ive”意为“……的”、“与……有关的”、“具有……性质的”等。例如：native,a ctive,passive,attentive,expensive。 　  ２１．－less “－less”加在名词、动词后，表示“无”、“缺”，如fearless,harmless,useless,he lpless,careless。 　  ２２．－ly “－ly”加在名词之后构成形容词。这一词缀的意义有二： 　  （１）“像……的”、“有……性质的”，如friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,orderly。 　  （２）“以……为周期的”、“每……的”，如hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,yearly。 　  注：如是形容词之后加“－ly”，则构成副词。上述（２）中的形容词亦可用作副词。 　  ２３．－（i）ous 该形容词后缀意为“充满……的”、“具有……特征的”，加在名词、动词和形容词 之后。例如：curious,famous,dangerous,obvious,poisonous,serious,various。 　  ２４．－some “－some”加在名词、动词之后，表示“使人……的”、“易于……的”，如handsome,t roublesome,tiresome。 　  ２５．－ward 它加在名词之后，表示方向，作“向……（方向）的”、“来自……（方向）的”解。例 如：eastward,southward, westward,northward, forward, backward,inward, outward, upward,downward。 　  注：这些词也可以是副词。如果词尾是“－wards”时，派生词必然是副词。 　  ２６．－y “－y”加在名词之后，表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”。例如：funny,lucky,shab by,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,cloudy,dirty,dusty。 　  以上是中学英语中出现的主要形容词词缀。还需说明的一点是，大部分形容词是从完整的单词上加后缀派 生来的，而有些则是在拉丁词或希腊词的词根上派生来的。‎ 英语构词法知识讲解 英语单词的来源大致上分为五种：1）基本词(base)、2）合成词(combining words)、3）缩略词(shortening words)、4）拼缀词(blending words)、5）转类词(shifting words)。其中的基本词是那些在今天看来已经不可再分的词。这些词虽然在英语词汇中占少数，但是出现频率较高，是非专门记忆不可的。但是对于另外四类词来说，我们则可以借助构词法的一般知识，在阅读中撇掉字典，猜测它们的含义。首先我们说一下缩略词。缩略词可以分为两种：一种是对原来完整的词进行加工，缩略其中一部分字母，构成新词，这种词叫缩短词（clipped word）。例如phone = telephone, chute = parachute , copter = helicopter , auto = automobile , ad = advertisement , demo = demonstration ,flu = influenza , fridge = refrigerator；另外一种缩略词是首字母缩略词(acronyms)，也就是将词组中的起首字母联成一个词，例如：NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization , radar = radio detecting and ranging；拼缀词就是对原来的两个词进行剪裁，取其中的一部分，连成一个新词，例如：smog = smoke and fog , medicare = medical + care , psywar = psychological + warfare；转类词就是词汇不改变词形而转换了词类而构成的新词，这样的例子很多，比如名词转化为动词：hand in one’s papers , leg it along , to ‎ telephone；动词也可以转类为名词：take a look , a find , a cheat等等；另外形容词和名词之间也可以转类，这里就不在举例了。以上的构词法在英语的构词中或者所占比例不大，或者需要有关背景的知识，所以在阅读中或者不足以引起障碍，或者就是产生非借助字典等客观手段不能解决的问题，主观的能动余地并不大。在这几种构词法中最活跃也是最能够引发人的主动性的要数合成词了。 ‎ ‎ 合成词包括派生词（derivation）和复合词(compounding words)。所谓的复合词是将两个或者两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列构成的新词。我们只要认识作为成分的基本词，再结合上下文的语境，就不难推测出新词的意义。例如：To orient ourselves to the problem and sketch it in its broad lines we began with a series of a hundred “ depth interviews” of television families.（为了认清这个问题，摸清其大概情况，我们着手对看电视的家庭连续作了一百次“深入访谈”。）词缀法是英语构词法中最活跃的一种，在英语构词的历史上发挥极其重要的作用。另外，这种构词法也是我们可以发挥能动性借以扩大词汇量的一种构词法。下面我们就首先介绍构成原生词的一些词根，然后着重介绍研究词缀以及它们对于主动阅读的作用。 ‎ ‎ 1·词根(root) 我们刚才讲过，英语中的基本词是那些我们今天看来不可再分的词，实际上这是一个相对的概念，因为这些所谓的不可再分的词往往是过去的人们利用某些词根借用其它构词方法构成的新词。从英语发展的历史中我们知道，现代英语的祖先是日耳曼语言持有者盎格鲁-撒克逊人的语言，他们于公元449年从北方欧洲大陆登陆不列颠，占据了本属于凯尔特人的土地，吸收了少量的凯尔特人的语言。以后随着希腊罗马文化在罗马帝国统治期间以及文艺复兴时期的两次大规模传播，英语吸收了大量的希腊语、拉丁语的一些词汇，其中很多以词根的形式保留下来了。下面我们选择了在现代英语中出现频率较高的一些词根，供大家学习记忆。在学习的过程中需要提醒注意的是，这些词根在构成新词的时候，受前后语音的自然影响，往往不止有一种形式，这个一般在括号内标出来了。 ‎ aer(o) = air空气 aerial空气的 / aeroplane飞机 alt = high高 altitude高度 anim = life生命 animal动物/ animate使…生机勃勃 / unanimous一致的 annu(enni) = year年anniversary周年纪念 / annual年度的 arch(y) = rule统治anarchy无政府状态 / monarchy君主政体 astro(aster) = star星astrology占星术 / astronomy天文学 audi(audit) = hear听 audience听众 / audit旁听、审计 aut-(auto-) = self自我autocrat专制者 / autograph亲笔/ automobile汽车 bio(bi) = life生命 biology生物学 / biotic生命的、生物的 cardi = heart心cardiac心脏的 / cardinal衷心的 ced(ceed,cess) = go行走 precede领先 / exceed超过 / process过程 cert = certain确定的certify证实 / certificate证明书 chrom = colour颜色 monochrome单色的 /photochrome彩色照片 circ = ring环形 circus马戏场 / circle圆圈 / circulate流通、流传 cosm(o) = world 世界cosmos宇宙 / microcosm微观世界 / macrocosm宏观世界 cred = believe相信credible可信的 / credulous轻信的 / credit信任 cycl(o) = circle圆 cycle圆 / bicycle自行车 / cyclone旋风 dent = tooth牙齿 dentist牙医 / trident三叉戟 dict = say说 dictation口述、听写 / dictator独裁者 / predict预言 duct = lead领导 educate教育 / introduce介绍 / conductor（公交）售票员 ‎ ‎ ego = I我egoist自我主义 /egocentric自我中心的 equ = equal相等的equality平等 / equivalent相等的 / equator赤道 flu = flow流动 fluent流利的、流畅的 / influence影响 / fluid液体（的） fus = pour灌注 refuse回绝、拒绝 / confuse使…糊涂、使混乱 / profuse充沛的 gam = marriage婚姻monogamy一夫一妻制 / polygamy多配偶制 geo = earth地 geography地理 / geometry几何 / geology地质学 gram = write, sth written写、画；文字、图形 grammar语法 / diagram图表 / telegram电报 graph = write;sth written; instrument for making records写，画；文字图形；用于文字图形的仪器photograph照片 / telegraph电报机 / graphics制图法 habit = dwell居住 habitant居住者 / inhabit 居住于 hal = breathe呼吸inhale吸 / exhale 呼 hydro = water水hydroelectric水电的 / hydrology水文学 ject = throw投掷project投掷；计划 / inject注射 / reject拒绝 junct = connect连接 junction结合（点）/ conjunction连接词 /adjunct附属的 later = side边 unilateral单方面的 / bilateral双边的 /lateral侧面的 leg, legis = law法legal法律的 /legislate立法 lingu = language语言 linguistic语言学 / bilingual两种语言的 / multilingual多语言的 liter = letter文字 literate识字的 / literature文学 / literal字面的 loc = place地方 local地方的 / locate放置 / dislocate脱位 log = speak说 dialogue 对话 / apology 道歉 / logic逻辑 lun = moon月亮 lunar月亮的 / superlunary 天上的 / translunar / 月球以外的 mar = sea海 marine 海上的 / submarine潜水艇 / mariculture海水养殖 metr = measuring测量geometry 地理 /barometer气压计 / diameter直径 mini = small小minify使缩小 / minimum最小量 / miniature微型物 nov = new新的 novel新奇的；小说 / innovate创新 / renovate革新 nutri = nourish营养nutrition营养 /malnutrition营养不良 pel = push推propel推动 / expel驱逐 / repel反击 port = carry运 portable可携带的 / import进口 / porter搬运工 pos = put放 expose使暴露 / compose编，创作 / oppose反抗 pur = pure纯净的 purify净化 / purity纯净 / impurity不净 rect = right正、直 correct正确 / rectify纠正 / erect竖立 rupt = break破 interrupt打断 / disrupt瓦解 / erupt喷发 scend(s) = climb攀爬ascend上升/descend下降 / transcend超越 scrib(pt) = write写describe描写 /scripture手稿 / subscribe订阅 sect = cut切割 insect昆虫 / bisect二等分 / dissect解剖 sent (sens)= feel感觉 sentiment 感情 / consent同意 / sensation感觉 sol = alone单独 solo独唱 /solitary单独的 /desolate荒凉的 son = sound声音 sonic声音的 / resonant回声的 / stereosonic立体声的 spir = breathe呼吸 conspire同谋 /inspire鼓舞/ expire终止 struct = build建造 structure结构 /construct建造 /destruction破坏 tele = far远 telescope望远镜/ telegram电报/television电视 thermo = heat热thermos热水瓶 /thermochemistry热化学 tract = draw拉tractor拖拉机 /attract吸引/contract合同 vert = turn转subvert颠覆 / divert转向/ reverse翻转 ‎ ‎ vis, vid = see看 visible可见的 / visit参观 / advise建议 / evident明显的 viv = live 活survive比…活得长 / revive复活 / vivid生动的 ‎ ‎ 2·前缀 词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。在大多数情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。笔者结合阅读实践过程中的实际用途，根据前缀的不同作用，把前缀分为：加强意义；否定和肯定意义；数量意义等几类。 ‎ 具有加强的常用前缀有(包括改变词性的使成性前缀)：这一类前缀中有的仅仅加强词根的意义，如attract；有的使成性前缀则改变词根的词性，如assure则由原来的形容词sure加强转化而来。 ‎ ‎(变体有：ac- , ad- ,af- , ag- , an- , ap , ar- , at- ，都是在原来的词根前面添加字母a或者再加上词根原来的首字母)，例如 aloud大声地 account叙述 affirm申明 aggrieve使苦恼 announce宣布 appraise赞扬 arrange安排 assure使安心 attract吸引 be- 例如：befall降临 bethink思考 co- (变体有com- con- cor- )，例如：commemorate纪念 condense压缩 de- 例如：delimit界定 design设计 e- (变体有ef - em- en- ex- )evaluate评价 embody 体现 enchain用锁链锁住 (变体有il- im- in- )，例如：illuminate照亮 illustrate阐明 impulse冲动 inflame着火 ‎ 具有否定意义（表示对词根反向的概念，另外包括外向概念、下概念、过度或不足概念等）的前缀有： （变体有ab- an- ）例如：asocial不好社交的 asexual无性别的 abuse滥用 abnormal 不正常的 anarchism无政府主义 anti- antiwar反战的 antitank反坦克的 contra- contra-missile反导弹的 contradict矛盾的 counter- counterrevolution反革命 counterattack反击 de- demobilize复员 deforest砍伐森林 derail火车出轨 devalue 贬值 dif- diffuse散布 dis- dislike厌恶 dishonest不诚实的 disability无能 disorganize解散 discolor使褪色 distract 分散（注意力等） hyper- hypersensitive过度敏感的 hypersonic特超音速的 il- (im- in- ir- ) illegal非法的 immoral不道德的 irregular非经常的 mal- maltreat虐待 malnutrition营养不良 malfunction功能失调 mis- mistake错误 mistrust不信任 non- nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonproductive非生产性的 nonmetal非金属 non out- outnumber在数量上超过 outflow流出 outlaw夺去法律上的权利 over- overuse使用过度 overlook俯视；忽视 overthrow推翻 re- reclaim收回 reverse反转的 retro- retrogress倒退 sub- subway地铁 subsonic亚音速的 subhead副标题 super- (supra-) superpower超级大国 supersensitive过度敏感 supranational超国家的 sur- surface表面 surplus多余的 un- unreal虚假的 unconditional无条件的 unjust不公正的 unchanged未改变的 unlock开锁 unearth出土 vice- vice-president副总统 / vice- chairman副主席 ‎ 具有时间意义的前缀有： ‎ ‎ ante- = before : antecedent前事 pre - post- 具有地点、方向意义（包括上下、前后、来回、内外）的前缀有： ab- = away from abnormal circum- = around circumstance circumscribe com- = with, together committee de- = down from deceit dis- = away discharge e- (ef- ex- exo- ）= out evade流逸 export出口 exclude排除 ex-soldier退伍军人 ex-husband前夫 exobiology外太空生物学 extra- = outside extracurricular课外的 extraordinary格外的 fore- = before forehead前额 foreground前景 in-(im- em- en- ) = in embed嵌入 embody体现 enroll入籍 import进口 immigrate移民 indoor室内 intake吸纳 inter- = between interfere干涉 interlude插曲 intra- = inside intramural在城市或者建筑内的 intranet内部网络 （区别Internet互联网） out- = out outdoor户外 outflow流出 para (pari-)- = around, near parasite寄生虫 pericardial心脏周围的 per- = through perceive post- = after postwar战后 posterity后代 pre- = before prewar战前 prehistory史前 pro- = forward protrude伸出 progress前进 re- = back recall回忆 retell复述 retro- = back retrogress退步 retrograde倒退 sub- = under subway地铁 submarine海面以下的 super- = above superstructure上层建筑 superficial表面的 sur- = over surface表面 surmount攀登上山 trans- = across transatlantic横越大西洋的 transport运输 under- = under underground地下的 underwear内衣 ultra- = beyond ultraviolet紫外线具有数量意义的有： ‎ 一 全部 holo- holography全息照片 mono- monoxide一氧化物 monotone单调 pan- Pan- American泛美的 omni- omnipresent无所不在的 omnipotent全能的 uni- unicycle ‎ 二 amphi- amphibian两栖动物 bi- bilingual双语的 di- dialogue dioxide twi- two twilight黎明；黄昏 ‎ 一半 demi- demigod ‎ ‎ hemi- hemisphere quasi- half quasi-official半官方的 para- half paramilitary准军事性的 semi- half semicircle半圆 ‎ 三 tri- three triangle三角形 ‎ 四 tetra- four quadri- four quadrangle四角形 ‎ 五 penta- five pentagon五角形 ‎ 六 hexa- six hexagon六角形 sex- six ‎ 七 hepta- = seven heptagon七角形 sept- = seven September(古罗马七月) 九月 ‎ 八 octa- = eight octagon八角形 ‎ 九 ‎ 十 deca- = ten decagon十角形 ‎ 十分之一 deci- = one tenth decimeter ‎ 百 hecto- = hundred ‎ 千 kilo- = thousand kilogram kilowatt ‎ 千分之一 milli- = milligram ‎ 宏macro- = macrocosm 微micro- = microcosm 小mini- = little minibus miniskirt 多multi- = multiparty多党的 poly- = many polysyllable多音节词 共同co-（变体有col- com- con- cor- ）cooperation collaboration compassion contemporary correspond 再re- = again rewrite rebuild ‎ ‎3·后缀 最常见的形容词后缀有： ‎ ‎1. -ble:包括：-able : readable lovable knowable inflammable -ible : sensible resistible conductible 名词一般是-ability -ibility：inflammability sensibility ‎ ‎2.- al包括：-al : personal national 名词一般是-ality：personality nationality -ial : presidential dictatorial -ical : typical symbolical biological ‎ ‎(一般由结尾为-y的名词派生而来) ‎ ‎3. -an包括：-an republican American -ean : European -ian : Egyptian Canadian (名词和形容词同形) ‎ ‎4. - ar包括：-ar : similar solar -ular : globular ‎ ‎5. - ed : colored gifted retired ‎ ‎6. -ern : eastern western ‎ ‎7. -ese : Chinese Japanese（名词和形容词同形） ‎ ‎8. -fold :表示倍数twofold manyfold ‎ ‎9. -ful : useful skillful ‎ ‎10. -ic包括：-ic : atomic historic -istic : artistic realistic -tic : dramatic romantic ‎ ‎11. - ile : infantile fertile ‎ ‎12. - ing : changing developing ‎ ‎13. - ior :exterior interior ‎ ‎14. -ish :childish reddish English ‎ ‎15. - ist : socialist nationalist ‎ ‎16. -ive包括：-itive : sensitive primitive -ive : protective productive ‎ ‎17. - less : homeless useless ‎ ‎18. - like : childlike manlike ‎ ‎19. -ly: friendly costly daily ‎ ‎20. - nt包括：-ant : assistant expectant -ent : insistent different - ‎ ‎21. -ous :包括 -aceous : curvaceous有曲线的 herbaceous草本的 -acious :vivacious活泼 的、rapacious掠夺的 -aneous : simultaneous同时发生的 spontaneous自发的 -eous : ‎ righteous正直的 gaseous 气体的 -ious : anxious焦急的 curious好奇的 -ous : dangerous 危险的 glorious光荣的 ‎ ‎22. -proof: fireproof bombproof ‎ ‎23. - ry包括：-ary : secondary elementary -ory : informatory explanatory ‎ ‎24. -some: troublesome lonesome ‎ ‎25. -ward :downward seaward ‎ ‎26. - y : rainy rosy sleepy ‎ 最常见的名词后缀有： 表示具体的人、物的后缀：-an (- ian , - ean ,-ane ) -ant -ar -ary -er -ician -ist -ite -or -ory -ics -ilogy等。 表示抽象的动作情况的后缀： -acity : capacity -acy: fallacy - al (-ial , -eal ) : denial refusal -ence ( - ance , -ency , -ancy ): influence acceptance - ion: union creation -ism : heroism -ment (- men) : excitement monument - mony : matrimony -ness : coldness goodness - or :error -sis: analysis -tude : longitude multitude -ty : novelty -ure: pressure -y : victory 最常见的动词后缀有： -ate：differentiate maturate -en：sharpen darken -fy：simplify beautify classify -ise(-ize)：criticize fertilize modernize ‎ ‎ since, for, because, as, now that 表原因的用法区别 ‎1.since（既然）语气较弱，强调已知的事实。 ‎ ‎ 例：Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else. 既然你回答不出这个问题，我就问别人了。 ‎ ‎2. for（因为）的用法： for是并列连词，表示推断的原因，或对前一分句补充说明理由。 例：It must be morning for the birds are singing.一定是清晨了，因为鸟儿在叫。 ‎ ‎3. because （因为）的用法： because通常表示直接的原因。because引导的从句表示直接而明确的原因和理由，表示按因果关系的推断，语气很强，用来回答why的问题, 一般位于主句之后。 例：We couldn't go out because it was too cold. 因为天气太冷，我们不能外出。 ‎ ‎4. now that（既然）的用法： now that同since相似，语气较弱，强调人们已知的事实。例： Now that you are busy, let me do it for you. 既然你忙，就让我给你做吧。 ‎ ‎5. as意为“因为、由于”，语气比because弱，所引导的从句表示的是不言而喻、显而易见的原因和理由，其从句一般放在主句前，如：As  it  was  late  ，  we  came  back  soon.（由于时间很晚了，我们很快就回来。）‎ 区别：since和now that，表示事物发展的自然结果，特别是当对方大概已经了解其原因的情况下使用，表示既成事实的原因一般位于主句之前。注意：for是并列连词，引出的原因较间接，似乎是事后所想到的补充解释的理由，只陈述一般推断的理由，不一定表示产生结果的必然原因，主要放在两个并列句之间。because通常表示直接的原因。‎ journey、voyage、trip、tour、travel的用法区别 ‎1. journey指从一地到另一地，通常指陆地上的远距离“旅行”，有时也可以表示经常走的或长或短的“路程”。只作名词。例如： I took a journey from Beijing to Shanghai last year. -- How long is your journey to school?      --Only about 10 minutes.‎ ‎2. voyage主要指远距离的水上旅行，也可以指空中旅行意思为“航海、航空、航行”等。只作名词。例如： She usually gets seasick during the voyage. They made a voyage across the Pacific by air.‎ ‎3. trip 一般指时间短、距离近的“旅行、远足”，也可以指长途旅行。在非正式用语中可代替journey。只作名词。例如： We made a boat trip to the island last week and had a good time. I will be on a trip to / journey to the south next summer holiday.‎ ‎4. tour 着重指旅行线路比较曲折，常表示“（周游各地的）参观、访问、（巡回）旅游、视察、购物、演出”等意思。可作动词和名词。例如： I will tour the world in the future. My father has gone down-town on a shopping tour.‎ ‎5. travel作“旅行、游历”解，一般表示从一地到另一地旅行这一总的概念。常指长时间、远距离的“旅行”。尤指出国旅行。可作动词和名词。其复数形式意思为“旅游笔记”、“游记”。例如： At present, many people are fond of travel in their spare time. I am reading a book about the travel to North Pole. They came home after years of foreign ‎ travel. Light travels faster than sound.‎ 练习：用journey、voyage、trip、tour、travel填空 1．The ________ from America to France used to take two months. 2．How did you enjoy your ________ in Europe? 3．I go to work by train, and the ______ takes half an hour. 4．He made a five-month _______ of India and the Far East. 5．He took us on a _____ of his new house. 6．The ______ across the sea was smooth. 7．She had been away on a long _______ . 8．I don’t believe we’ll be able to afford any _____ . 9．Will you please bring back some sugar on your next _____ to the kitchen? 10. _______ were arranged for the foreign visitors to see the Great Wall.‎ Key: 1.voyage 2.travels 3.trip/journey 4.tour 5.tour 6.voyage 7.trip/journey 8.travel 9.journey 10.Tour ‎ 附： Journey(n.)---“旅行”,“旅程”。普通用语，指陆地上的远程旅行。  Tour(n.)---“周游”。指途中在许多地方作短暂停留的观光游览。  Trip(n.)---“旅行”。指来往有定的短距离旅行,强调在路上所花的时间和所走的路程。  Travel(n.)---“旅行”。惯用复数形式。泛指旅行各地,表示旅行的路途远,时间长。  例句:  ‎ At first I was afraid the long journey would be too much for her. At first I was afraid the long journey would be too much for her. 起初我担心她不能行这样远的路。  I wish you a good journey. I wish you a good journey. 祝你)一路平安。  We went on a guided tour of Italy that included stops at Milan, Venice, Florence and Rome. Florence and Rome. 我们在导游的带领下游览了意大利, 包括米兰,威尼斯,佛罗伦萨和罗马。  They are now making a bridal tour. They are now making a bridal tour. 他们正在新婚旅行。  I go to work by train, and the trip takes 40 minutes. y train, and the trip takes 40 minutes. 我坐火车上班, 路上花40分钟。  I can”t afford a trip to Europe. t afford a trip to Europe. 我负担不起去欧洲旅游的费用。  This trip was cancelled because of the snowstorm. This trip was cancelled because of the snowstorm. 因为暴风雪, 旅行取消了。  The travels of Marco Polo is one of the most interesting books that I have ever read. ve ever read. 马可波罗的游记是我生平读过的最有意思的一本书。  Is he back from his travels yet? Is he back from his travels yet? 他游历回来了吗? ‎ 同义词辨析：other,another,others,the others,the other other及其变化形式在初中教材中多次出现，而且它的变化形式很多，有以下几种：the other, others, the others, another 等。它们的用法现归纳如下； ‎ ‎1.other可作形容词或代词，做形容词时，意思是“别的，其他”，泛指“其他的（人或物）”。如： ‎ Do you have any other question(s)? ‎ 你还有其他问题吗？ ‎ Ask some other people. ‎ 问问别人吧！ ‎ Put it in your other hand. ‎ 把它放在你另一只手里。 ‎ ‎2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时，只能用the other，不能用another，此时的other作代词。如： ‎ He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker. ‎ 他有两个女儿，一个是护士，另一个是工人。 ‎ the other后可加单数名词，也可加复数名词，此时的other作形容词。如： ‎ On the other side of the street，there is a tall tree. ‎ 在街道的另一边，有一棵大树。 ‎ Mary is much taller than the other girls. ‎ 玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。 ‎ He lives on the other side of the river. ‎ 他住在河的对岸。 ‎ ‎3.others是other的复数形式，泛指“另外几个”，“其余的”。在句中可作主语、宾语。如： ‎ Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. ‎ 我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞，其余的从事体育活动。 ‎ Give me some others, please. ‎ 请给我别的东西吧！ ‎ There are no others. ‎ 没有别的了。 ‎ ‎4.the others意思是“其他东西，其余的人”。特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”。是the other的复数形式。如： ‎ Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. ‎ 两个男孩将去动物园，其余的留在家里。 ‎ the others=the other +复数名词，这在第2条中已经有所介绍。 ‎ ‎5.another=an+ other，既可作形容词，也可作代词，只能用于三个或更多的人或物，泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如： ‎ I don’t like this one. Please show me another. ‎ 我不喜欢这一个，请给我看看另一个。 ‎ I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker. ‎ 我有三个女儿。一个是护士，另一个是教师，还有一个是工人。 ‎ else表示“另外的”表示“除此之外 ，还有”，相当于besides,如： ‎ What else can I say? ‎ 我还能说什么呢？‎ 同义词辨析agree with, agree to和agree on ‎（1）agree with的意思是“同意”，“赞成”。后面常接表示人或意见（看法）的名词或代词作宾语。如：‎ Does she agree with us?她同意我们的意见吗？‎ None of us agree with what you said.我们没有一个人同意你讲的话。‎ ‎（2）agree with还有“与……一致”，“（气候、食物等）适合”的意思。如：‎ His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。‎ Too much meat doesn’t agree with her.吃太多食物对她身体不合适。‎ 注意：agree with不能用于被动语态。‎ ‎（3）agree to意为“同意”，“赞成”，后面跟表示“提议”，“办法”，“计划”，“安排”等的名词或代词。如：‎ Please agree to this arrangement.请同意这个安排。‎ This plan has now been agreed to.这个计划已经被认可了。‎ ‎（4）agree on表示“对……取得一致意见”，指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一致的意见或是达成了某种协议。如：‎ After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire.经过讨论，双方就停火问题达成了协议。‎ They all agree on the matter.他们在这个问题上意见一致。‎ 英语同义词辨析：choose，select，pick，elect的区别 ‎（1）choose用法最广，表示“选择，挑选”，侧重于通过意志或判断，是最普通的用语。‎ 例如：①You can choose a book from these.你可以从这些书中选一本。‎ ‎②Finally he chose the job that we offered.最后他选择了我们提供的工作。 ‎ ‎（2）select“精选，挑选”，是指从同类的许多东西中仔细辨别后选择，挑选最合适的，从而淘汰一部分。‎ 例如：①We selected some for seeds.我们选了一些做种子。‎ ‎②The boy selected the best things from the shop.男孩从店里精选了最好的东西。‎ ‎（3）pick“挑选，挑捡”，是仔细挑剔和苛刻地选择，多指挑选有形的东西。‎ 例如：Will you help me pick strawberries?你帮我挑捡一下草莓好吗？‎ 常见搭配：pick one’s may留心走路     pick one’s words注意措辞 ‎          pick and choose挑三拣四 ‎（4）elect表示“选举，推选”接班人或职位。‎ 例如：All the people agreed to elect him our chairman.‎ ‎       所有的人都同意推举他为我们的主席。‎ ‎ ‎ 英语同义词辨析：none, nothing和no one ‎1）none＝not any; not one，可以指人，意为“没有什么人”；也可以指物，意为“没有任何东西“。它表示人们所谈到的人或物的多寡，即数量概念。如：‎ He wants me to lend him some money, but I have none at hand.他想要我借些钱给他，但我现在手头上一个子儿也没有。‎ None has left there.没有一个人离开那儿。‎ none后常接of短语，of后可接复数可数名词或代词，作主语时谓语动词用单、复数形式皆可；of后也可接不可数名词，这时谓语动词必须用单数形式。如：‎ None of my friends know/knows about it.我的朋友没有一个人知道这件事。‎ None of this bread looks fresh.这面包一点儿也不新鲜。‎ 注意：none指的是三者或三者以上的人或物中“没有一个”，如果指两者中“没有一个”应用neither。请比较：‎ There are many apples in the basket, but none of them are of fresh.篮子里有许多苹果，但没有一个是新鲜的。‎ Neither of his parents is at home.他的父母都不在家。‎ ‎（2）nothing＝not anything，意为“没有任何东西；没有什么”。它表示的是事物的种类。如：‎ Nothing is found on the table.桌子上什么也没有。‎ ‎（3）no ‎ one＝nobody，只能指人，不能指物，语气比none强，后面不能接of构成的短语。no one作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式。如：‎ No one/Nobody likes a person with bad manners.没有人喜欢不讲礼貌的人。‎ ‎（4）用于简略回答时，none用来回答由How many…和How much…引起的问句以及含“any(of)＋名词”构成的一般疑问句；no one/nobody用来回答Who…问句及含anybody构成的一般疑问句；而nothing则用来回答What…问句及含anything构成的一般疑问句。如：‎ ‎—How much water is there in the bottle?瓶子里有多少水？‎ ‎—None.一点也没有。‎ ‎—What’s on the table?桌上有什么？‎ ‎—Nothing.什么也没有。‎ ‎—Who will go to the party?谁将去参加晚会？‎ ‎—No one/Nobody.没人去。‎ 英语同义词辨析：die from, die of, die for, die off和die out ‎（1）die from和die of作“因……而死”解，其宾语表示死亡的原因，当表示因病而死时，两者都可以。如：die of/from illness（因病而死），die of/from heart disease/cancer死于心脏病、癌症。具体使用时die of一般用于害病，疲劳，寒冷，饥渴，年老，失望，悲伤等感情原因等造成死亡；die from常用于由于外部创伤或间接的原因致死，如由于衰弱，饮食过度，劳累或不明原因致死。如：‎ He died of joy/fear/disappointment/grief/disease/old age/hunger/cold.‎ 他死于高兴/恐惧/失望/悲伤/疾病/年老/饥饿/寒冷。‎ He died from an accident/a wound/disease/overwork/polluted air/carelessness/some unknown cause.他死于事故/受伤/疾病/过度劳累/污染的空气/粗心/不明原因。‎ ‎（2）die for意为“为……而死，为……而献身”，表示因为事业或目的而死。‎ The soldier died for his country/the revolutionary cause/the people/liberty/the national dignity.‎ 战士为国家/革命事业/人民/自由/国家的尊严而献身。‎ ‎（3）die off表示相继死去，直到绝种的意思。其后不能接宾语。‎ The poor children died off because of lack of food.由于缺乏食品孩子们一个个死去。‎ ‎（4）die out意为“死光，绝种，（火等）熄灭”，后不接宾语。‎ The fired died out.火灭了。‎ Dinosaurs died out.恐龙灭绝了。‎ The old traditions are dying out.旧的传统正在消失。‎ ‎（5）die的名词为death，形容词为dead ,现在分词为dying。‎ as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than用法区别 这三个短语都有“一……就”、“刚刚……就”的意思，它们的意思非常相近，因此有时可以互换。例如： “我刚到公共汽车站，汽车就开了。”一句，就可以有如下几句译法： As soon as I got to the bus stop, the bus started. Hardly had I got to the bus stop when the bus started. No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.   但他们之间也有一些差异，例如，如果从两件事情的间隔时间来说，as soon as 较长，no sooner...than 居中，hardly...when ‎ 间隔时间最短。其它的一些区别见下面，请大家在运用的时候要留意。   1、as soon as   它的意思相当于“A事情发生以后，就做B这件事”。 这个短语用的比较常用，口语和书面语都可以。它的特点是，在句子中的位置比较灵活，而且可以用于各种时态。例如： I’ll write you as soon as I get there. 我一到那儿就给你来信。（一般现在时） As soon as I went in, Katherine cried out with pleasure. 我一进门，Katherine 就高兴的叫起来。（一般过去时） I’ll return the book as soon as I have read it. 我一读完就把书还回去。（现在完成时） Andrew left as soon as he had drunk his coffee. Andrew一喝完咖啡就走了。（过去完成时）   2、no sooner…than   它的意思相当于“刚做完A这件事，就做B这件事”。例如： He had no sooner returned than he bought a house. 他一回来就买了一套房子。 如果no sooner 位于句首，主句要用倒装结构。例如： No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 No sooner had the game started  than it began to rain heavily. 运动会刚开始，天就下起了大雨。 有一点要注意，no sooner…than 一般用来描述做过的事情，它不能用于表示将来的事。   3、hardly…when...   它的意思是“几乎未来得及做完A这件事，紧接着就开始B这件事。” 使用这个短语时，一般用于过去完成时；并且when有时可改用before。例如： He had hardly finished the article when the light went out. 他刚写完文，灯就熄了。 He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house. 他还未安顿下来，就卖掉了那所房子。 另外，如果把hardly放于句首，主句要用倒装结构即谓语动词要提前。如： Hardly had I finished eating when he came in. 我刚吃完他就进来了。 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她还没走出家门，就有一个学生来看望她。‎ everyone, someone, anyone, no one, none用法区别 一、everyone   n. 每个人 pron. 每人,人人   例句与用法: 1. In a small village, everyone knows everyone else. 在一个小村庄里，人人皆相识。   2. Not everyone likes this book. 并不是每个人都喜欢这本书。   3. Everyone should do his part. 每人都应尽他的本分。   4. After these dry days, everyone hopes for rain. 干燥的天气之后，人人都希望下雨。   5. His coarse manners shocked everyone. 他的粗鲁的举止使每个人震惊。   6. Everyone has the right to live in his own way. 每人都有权按自己的方式生活。   7. We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly. 我们必须坚持人人都应该被平等对待这一原则。   8. Everyone should obey the government ordinance. 每个人都必须遵守这条政府法令   二、someone   pron. 某人,有人   例句与用法: 1. Someone has to lock up the house. 总要有人把房子锁起来。   2. I remember feeling that God, or someone, had brought us together. 我记得感到上帝或某人把我们凑合在一起。   3. I felt someone twitch at my coat. 我感到有人猛地拉我的上衣。   4. A proposal to drink to someone or something or a speech given before the taking of such a drink. 祝酒为某人或某物而干杯的建议或喝这种酒以前的一个讲话 ‎   5. Someone believes that a baby's urine is a kind of medicine. 有人相信婴儿的尿是一种药。   6. Someone in the audience began to laugh. 观众中有人开始笑起来。   7. Since you can't answer the question, perhaps we'd better ask someone else. 既然你无法回答这个问题，我们最好再问问别人。   8. Someone tried to poison our dog. 有人想毒杀我们的狗。   三、anyone   pron. 任何人   例句与用法: 1. You shouldn't trust anyone strange. 你不应相信任何陌生人。   2. It can happen to anyone. 这事可能发生在任何人身上。   3. Anyone swimming in this lake does so at his own risk. 任何人在此湖中冒险游泳，其后果自负。   4. Anyone with an annual income of under 5000 may be eligible to apply. 凡年收入在5000英镑以下者均可申请.   5. Anyone touching that wire could get badly shocked. 任何人碰到那根电线都会遭到严重的电击。   6. I forbid you to tell anyone. 我不许你告诉任何人。   7. John is more diligent than anyone else in his class. 约翰比班上其他的同学用功。   8. He was too shy to talk to anyone at the party. 在晚会上他很腼腆，没有和任何人讲话。   四、no ‎ one:   pron. 没有人(谁也不)   例句与用法: 1. No one knows outside two or three persons. 除两三个人外谁也不知道.   2. He walked along in the shadows hoping no one would recognize him. 他走在暗处，希望没有人认出他来。   3. No one can remain youthful forever. 没有人能永保青春。   4. No one doubts her competence as a teacher. 谁也不怀疑她能胜任教师工作。   5. There was a traffic accident in this street, but no one was harmed. 这街上发生了交通事故，但没有人受伤。   6. No one knows what will happen next. 谁也不知道下一步有什麽事.   7. No one could understand the little baby's babble. 没人能听懂这个小婴孩的话。   8. Nowadays no one will challenge the fact that the earth is round. 现在没有人会对地球是圆的这一事实提出异   五、none   ad. 一点也不 prep. 没人,毫无 pron. 没有人,没有任何东西   例句与用法: 1. None of the money is mine. 这些钱中没有一文是我的。   2. My car is none the worse for the accident. 我的汽车遇到事故，但毫无损坏。   3. The salary they pay me is none too high. 他们付给我的薪水不太高。   4. None but the best is good enough for my child. 只有最好的才配得上我的孩子。‎ ‎   5. After hearing her talk on computers I'm afraid I'm none the wiser. 我听了她关於计算机的讲话之后似乎毫无收获。   6. The choir sang sweetly, and none more so than the Welsh boy. 唱诗班唱得很悦耳，尤其是没人比得上那个威尔士男孩儿。   7. He is aware, none better than he, that... 谁也没有他更清楚地知道...   8. I wanted some string but there was none in the house. 我需要一些绳子，但家里一根也没有。‎ think of, think about, think over 的用法与区别 ‎1、think about 和 think of 这两个短语表示“考虑”、“对……有某种看法”时，可以互换。例如：   Don't think of（about）me any more．不要再考虑我。 They're thinking about（of）buying a new car．他们正在考虑买一辆新车。 What do you think of（about）the film？你认为那部影片怎么样？   2、 think of表示打算、想出、关心等意义，一般不与think about 互换。   Helen，are you thinking of marrying Tom？海伦，你打算和汤姆结婚吗？ Who thought of the idea？谁想出的这个主意？ Lei Feng was always thinking of others．雷锋总是为别人着想。 I can't think of his name．我想不起他的名字。   3、think about表示经常思考、研究的意思，一般不和think of换用。   I often thought about what you said．我常常想到你说过的话。 I'll think about your suggestion，and give you an answer tomorrow．我要考虑一下你的建议，明天给你答复。   4、think over 意为“仔细考虑”。   Think over，and you'll find a way．仔细考虑一下，你就会有办法的。 We need several days to think this matter over．我们需要几天的时间把这件事情仔细考虑一下。‎ thanks to, due to,owing to, on account of 的用法实例 一、thanks to 由于，幸亏，多亏 Thanks to his effort, it is more successful than we have expected. 由于他的努力，获得了比我们预期的更大的成功 Thanks to your extraordinary clumsiness, I shall have to buy a whole set tea service. 因为你笨手笨脚，我不得不去买一整套茶具。   Thanks to the increase of pollution, many ducks have died.‎ ‎ 由于污染的增加，许多鸭子都死了。   Thanks to the English language，we can learn a lot from other countries． 由于英语这门语言，我们能从其它国家学到很多东西。   Thanks to your timely intervention.  多亏你及时调停。   Thanks to the car, I was able to get back home in time. 幸亏有汽车代步，我才得以及时赶回家。   It was thanks to your timely help that we accomplished the task on time. 幸亏你及时帮忙,我们才按时完成了任务。   Thanks to those sluts， I'm woman proof now. 多谢那些荡妇，我现在对女性没有任何兴趣了。   Thanks to the teacher, I have made great progress in my physics. 多亏老师的帮助，我在物理课上取得了较大的进步。   Thanks to the angle at which he stood, he could just see the sunset. 幸亏他站的角度合适，他才能看到日落。   二、due to  因…引起   This accident was due to his carelessness. 这次事故是由于他的疏忽引起。   His illness was due to overwork. 他的病是由于工作过度。   The wages due to him will be paid tomorrow. 他的工资明天支付。   He arrived late due (owing) to the storm. 由于暴风雨他来晚了。   The team’s success was largely due to her efforts. 该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。   Her failure in the speech contest was due to her nervousness. 她在演讲比赛中失利，原因是她太紧张了。   三、owing to  由于；因为 ‎   Owing to the rain, the meeting has to be put off. 会议因雨而推迟了。   I couldn’t attend the meeting owing to illness. 我因病不能出席会议。   Owing to staff shortages, there was no restaurant car on the train. 由于职员短缺，这列车上没有餐车。   Owing to a typographical error, the town of Longridge was spelt as Longbridge. 因为打字的错误，Longridge 镇被拼成了 Longbridge.   His death was owing to an accident． 他死于一场事故。   四、on account of 因为,由于   He was granted special admission on account of his effort. 由于他自己的努力, 他被破格录取。   On account of his more elevated position, the general had the enemy at vantage. 因为处于较高的位置，那位将军占敌人的上风。   The price drop greatly on account of large offerings from other source. 由于来自其他方面的大量报盘，价格已严重下跌。   On account of difference in taste, your design do not suit this market. 由于趣味不同。您的款式不合此间市场。   The wall declined slightly on account of the earthquake. 墙壁因地震而倾斜。   We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather. 由于天气不好, 我们将启程的时间推迟了   That was on account of lack of exercise． 那是由于缺乏锻炼。‎ another，other，more修饰数词的用法 If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay ____ ＄15.‎ A.another B.other C.more D.each 该句的意思是“如果要换一个双人间，你还需再付15美元”。从题干“change ‎ for”可知已订过房间，现在要换只需再加15美元就行了。备选项D的意思是“每个”，不符合题意，A、B、C都可修饰数词，表“额外的、另外的”意思，它们之间的差别在于修饰数词的位置不同，这也正是本题的考查重点，现对another，other，more的这种用法归纳如下：‎ 一、another another表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数，而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”之意时，可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词，此时可把“数词＋复数名词”看作是一个整体。如：‎ ‎1.—Have you finished your report yet？‎ ‎—你的报告完了吗？‎ ‎—No，I will finish it in 10 minutes.‎ ‎—没有，还需10分钟。‎ A.another B.other C.more D.less ‎（NMET’95第27题key：A）‎ ‎2.The strike may last another three days.罢工可能还要持续三天。‎ ‎3.There is room for another few people in the back of the bus.公共汽车后面还能坐下几个人。‎ ‎4.I’ll be here for another few weeks.我在这儿还要呆几个礼拜。‎ 二、other 表“另外的”接复数名词，如与具体数词连用，则置于数词之后，但与定冠词the连用时，other要放在数词前。如：‎ ‎1.Tony is going camping with ____boys next Sunday.托尼将于下周日与另外两个男孩一起去野营。‎ A.little two other B.two little other C.two other little D.little other two ‎（NMET’93.第11题key：C）‎ ‎2.Mr Smith asked me to fetch three other recorders.史密斯先生让我再拿三台录音机来。‎ ‎3.Do you know where he found the other two photos？你知道他是在哪儿找到另外两张照片的呢？‎ 三、more ‎1.more一般位于数词之后名词前，有时也可置于名词之后。如：‎ ‎（1）She has got five more electric fans.她还有五台电扇。‎ ‎（2）One more step（One step more），and I’ll shoot you.再走一步，我就开枪打死你。‎ ‎（3）Where shall we be in ten more years？再过十年，我们会在什么地方呢？‎ ‎2.more除跟数词外，还可与a little，a few，a lot，several等词连用，而且名词也可是不可数名词。如：‎ ‎（1）I’d like to buy a few more copies of English Weekly.我想再买几份《英语周报》。‎ ‎（2）There are many more dictionaries on the desk.课桌上有许多词典。‎ ‎（3）Would you like some more tea？再喝点茶好吗？‎ 四、名词省略 如果前后意思清楚，another或more后面的名词可以省去。如：‎ ‎1.I climbed the stairs slowly，carrying a big suitcase，my father following with two more.我拎着一个大手提箱，所以爬楼梯很慢。父亲跟在后面，拎着另外两个手提箱。（NMET2000完形填空正文首句）‎ ‎2.I have had one cup of coffee，but I’d like another.我喝了一杯咖啡，还想再来一杯。‎ ‎3.I should like to have many more（books）。我想多要几本书。‎ 从以上分析，我们不难看出NMET2000第16题应该选A.‎ 介词to与动词不定式符号to用法辨析 一、 介词to 介词to表示“向”、“往”、“直到……为止”、“给”、“对于”、“按”、“比”，既可以指时间、方向、距离、对象或结果，又可以指程度、直接或间接关系，后面必须接名词、代词或数词，构成介词短语，通常作表语、宾语补足语、状语或后置定语。例如：‎ ‎1. As far as I know, Mr Wang has been to London. 据我所知，王先生到过伦敦。（作表语）‎ ‎2. Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国的东面。（作表语）‎ ‎3. It's no good leaving things to the last moment. 把事情留到最后时刻来做是没有好处的。（作宾语补足语）‎ ‎4. Let's drink to his health. 让我们为他的健康干杯。（作目的状语）‎ ‎5. He tied the monkey to the tree.他把猴子拴在树上。（作地点状语）‎ ‎6. Land to the east of the Urals is called Asia.乌拉尔山以东的陆地称为亚洲。（作后置定语）‎ 二、 动词不定式符号to 动词不定式符号to无词义，后面必须接动词原形，构成不定式短语，通常作主语、表语、状语、宾语、宾语补足语或后置定语。例如：‎ ‎1. To play computer games is wrong. 玩电脑游戏是错误的。（作主语）‎ ‎2. My job is to teach English.我的工作是教英语。 （作表语）‎ ‎3. The coffee is too hot to drink. 这咖啡太烫不能喝。（作结果状语）‎ ‎4. She stopped to have a look. 她停下来看了看。 （作目的状语）‎ ‎5. I wish to go there. 我希望去那儿。（作宾语）‎ ‎6. I asked him to talk with you. 我叫他和你谈谈。 （作宾语补足语）‎ ‎7. She has no paper to write with. 她没有纸写字。（作后置定语）‎ become，get，go，grow，run，turn等系动词辨析及搭配用法 ‎1. 形容词作表语。‎ go和come是一对相反的词。''go+adj.''表示令人不快的事情，而''come+adj.''表示好的事情。如：‎ In hot weather, meat goes bad. ‎ Things will come righ in the end.‎ go与come前面的主语一般是物。如：‎ 误：She goes famous.‎ 正：She becomes(gets) famous.‎ 表语为mad，crazy（古怪的）,blind, lame或表示颜色的词，go前面的主语可以是人。如：‎ He went mad.‎ Hearing this, she went red.‎ run后面接short,dry, low, deep等词，主语多为能流动，能消耗掉的东西。如：‎ Their money was running short.‎ Still waters run deep.‎ 但wild作表语，主语可以是人，如：.‎ Don't let the children run wild.‎ grow与run相对，接表示人或物特征的静态形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，侧重于“逐渐变成”。如：The girl grew thinner and thinner.‎ Soon the sky grew light.‎ turn多接表示颜色的形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，它侧重变得与以前完全不同。如：‎ The man turned blue with fear.‎ The weather suddenly turned much colder.‎ fall接asleep, silent等静态形容词和表示疾病的形容词，但不能接形容词比较级。如：‎ She fell ill froom cold.‎ ‎（误）She fell from cold.‎ ‎（正）She got worse.‎ fall short（没中）,fall apart（散开）,fall flat（没效果），可作成语记住。‎ ‎''get+adj.''是口语，用得广泛，get能替代become, become较正式，get与become前面的主语既可以是人又可以是物。如：‎ He became(got) angry.‎ His coat has become(got) badly torn.‎ get较多地与形容词比较级连用。如：‎ The days are getting longer and longer.‎ 注意：become一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。如：‎ ‎（误）I hope you will become well.‎ ‎（正）I hope you will get well.‎ ‎2. become, turn, get, go, fall能用名词作表语，其它的则不能。如：‎ His dream has become(got) a reality.‎ He has turned scientist.‎ He has gone socialist.‎ He fell(a) victim to cancer.‎ 注意：go, turn后面的名词通常不带冠词。‎ ‎３. become, get, grow能接过去分词，并且come和go多接有否定前缀的过去分词。“get＋过去分词”表示一次行为；“become＋过去分词”表示事情发生的最后结果。如：‎ The string comes untied.‎ His report went unnoticed.‎ The fence gets white---washed every year.‎ She became engaged as a typist.‎ ‎４. get, go, come能接现在分词，不过它们已失去“成为”的意思。如：‎ They went in and got chatting together.（开始）‎ We often go swimming.（去）‎ He came running in（来）‎ ‎５. come, grow, get能接不定式，这种结构表示变化过程，come表示“最终变得”get表示“由不……变得”，grow表示“渐渐变得”如：‎ I've really come to love this place.‎ Mary's growing to be more and more like her mother.‎ You'll soon get to like it.‎ 这种结构不能用于带有一段时间的完成时态。如：‎ ‎（误）They have got to know each other for years.‎ ‎（正）They have known each other for years.‎ ‎６. 它们都可以接介词短语，固定搭配需要一个一个地记。如：‎ They ran out of money.‎ The problem will come under discussion.‎ They fell behind the others.‎ What has become of the girl.‎ It's getting near tea-time.‎ 我们今后在阅读时，要留心这些系动词的搭配，见得多，善于运用，自然也就记得牢了。‎ become，get，go，grow，run，turn都可以表示状态的变化，但要注意下面的几点： 1.指人的情绪或身体状态的变化，多用become与get，两者可以互换。‎ ‎1)Hearing what he said，the teacher got/became angry.‎ 听到他所说的话，老师生气了。‎ ‎2)I hope you will get well soon.‎ 我希望你不久能痊愈。‎ ‎2.become，get也用于天气、社会的发展变化，两者可以互换。‎ ‎1)Our country is getting/becoming stronger and stronger.‎ 我们的国家日益强大。‎ ‎2)It's becoming/getting colder and colder.‎ 天变得越来越冷。‎ ‎3.指人的身体、精神或事物向不好的方面变化时，多用go，所以它后面的形容词常常是表示消极意义的。‎ ‎1)Something has gone wrong with the machine.‎ 机器出了毛病。‎ ‎2)The meat has gone bad in such hot weather.‎ 在如此热的天气，肉坏了。‎ on hearing the news of the accident in the local mine, she ____pale.‎ A. got   B. changed   C. went   D. appeared go mad   go bad   go crazy ‎ chang clolour   chang from red to green    change into ‎4.指颜色的变化时，多用turn.‎ ‎1)The leaves turn yellow in autumn.‎ 秋天树叶变黄了。‎ ‎2)When she saw this，she turned red.‎ 看到这个，她的脸红了。‎ ‎5.become与turn都可以接名词，become后的名词前有冠词，turn后的名词无冠词且常用单数。‎ ‎1)She became a lawyer.‎ 她成了一名律师。‎ ‎2)He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.‎ 成为作家之前他是一名教师。‎ 注意：He became chairman of the party.他成了这一党派的主席。在此句话中，chairman前无冠词，因为它是一个表示职位的名词。如果一个职位在一定时期内由一个人担任时，这个表示职位的名词做表语、宾补和同位语时，常不用冠词。‎ 例如：‎ ‎1)He was president of the Republic at that time.‎ ‎2)We elected him monitor of our class.‎ ‎3)Mr.Hunter，captain of the team，loves playing football.   -------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ 这几个词用作连系动词时，都可以表示“变成”的意思，但具体用法有所不同。 become通常不用来表示未来的事，而表示变化过程已经完成，用法比较正式。如：I became ‎ ill．我病倒了。 ‎ get也表示变化的过程已经完成，比become口语化，通常与形容词连用。‎ 如：He has got rich．他变富了。‎ go与get用法差不多，特别用于某些成语中。如：‎ go bad变坏，go blind变瞎，go hungry挨饿。‎ be表示“成为”的意思时，多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。如：‎ He will be a scientist．他将成为一名科学家。‎ I would like to be a bus-driver．我想成为一名公共汽车司机。‎ grow表示“逐渐变成新的状态”的含义。如：‎ My younger brother is growing tall．我的弟弟渐渐长高了。‎ turn有“成为与以前完全不同的东西”的含义。如：‎ the milk turned sour．牛奶变酸了。‎ doubt 与 suspect 的用法比较 一 . 如果后面接名词、代词或名词性词组时，两者基本上可通用。例如：‎ I doubt/suspect the truth of her statement. 我对她那番话的真实性表示怀疑。‎ He says he can cure me， but I still doubt/suspect him. 他说他能治好我的病，但我仍对他不放心。‎ 二 . 如果后面接 that 从句，意思就截然不同。 doubt 意为“无把握；不相信（ question the truth of； don't believe/think ）”，怀疑其无。 suspect 意为“有存在或属实的想法；相信（ have an idea of the existence； believe； guess ）”，怀疑其有。例如：‎ I doubt that he has stolen my watch. 我不相信他偷了我的手表。‎ I suspect that he has stolen my watch. 我怀疑 / 猜想他偷了我的手表。‎ The doctor suspected that he was ill with flu. 医生怀疑 / 认为他得了流感。‎ 这时 doubt 更多用于否定句或疑问句中。如：‎ I don't doubt that he is right. 我确信他是对的。‎ I didn't doubt that he would come. 我当时相信他会来的。‎ Why did she doubt that they were cheats？ 她为什么怀疑他们是骗子？‎ 三 . doubt 用于肯定句中时，多接 whether/if 引导的从句，意义与 that 从句不同，这时意为“不敢肯定（ feel uncertain about ）”。而 suspect 不可接这种从句。例如：‎ I doubt whether/if he'll come. 我不敢肯定他来不来。‎ It's raining hard. I doubt whether it will be fine tomorrow. 雨下得很大，我不敢说明天会晴。‎ 四 . 其他搭配。‎ doubt 可作不及物动词，用于 doubt of sth； suspect 用于 suspect sth to be， suspect sb of（doing） sth .例如：‎ She never doubted of his success. 她从不怀疑他的成功。‎ I suspected him to be the spy. 我认为他就是那个间谋。‎ What made you suspect her of having taken the money？ 你凭什么怀疑钱是她偷的？‎ 一语击破易混词 already/yet “已经”不同 ‎［高手出招］‎ ‎1 . The train was __________moving when I got to the station.‎ ‎2 . Have you started writing your composition ________？‎ ‎3 . He has _______done his exercises.‎ ‎4 . They've been there twice ________.‎ ‎［一语击破］‎ already 主要用在肯定的陈述句中，通常与动词的完成时连用。如：‎ Our visitors have come already.‎ already 也可用在疑问句中，常暗示说话人的“惊奇”、“意外”。如：‎ Have you already had breakfast？‎ yet 通常与一般现在时或现在完成时连用，多用于疑问句或否定句中。如：‎ Has she decided yet？‎ ‎（ Keys： 1. already 2. yet 3. already 4. already ）‎ leave/forget “忘记”不同 ‎［高手出招］‎ ‎1 . I've _________his address.‎ ‎2 . I_________ my umbrella at home yesterday.‎ ‎［一语击破］‎ leave 指将某物遗忘在某个地方，其后要接表示地点的词语。如：‎ The little girl left her English book at home this morning.‎ forget 表示“忘记某物”时，不接表示地点的词语。如：‎ He forgot his English book this morning.‎ ‎（ Keys ： 1. forgotten 2. left ）‎ find/find out/look for “找到”不同 ‎［高手了招］‎ ‎1 . I ________ my pen everywhere， but I haven't ______it.‎ ‎2 . I _________the baby crying in the next room.‎ ‎3 . Will you please _______where he lives？‎ ‎4 . You should _________the broom before the teacher came in.‎ ‎［一语击破］‎ find 意思是“找到”，“发现”，“发觉”，通常指找到有形的东西，也可能指偶然发现某物或某种情况，强调结果。如：‎ Where did you find the pen？‎ find out 意为“找到”、“查明”、“发现”，多指通过探索、观察而发现，通常带有“经过困难曲折”的含义，后接无形或隐藏的东西。常跟宾语从句。如：‎ How can you find out who took the book？‎ look for 意思是“寻找”，强调动作。‎ ‎（ Keys ： 1. looked for， found 2. found 3. find out 4. find ）‎ every/each “每个”不同 ‎［高手出招］‎ ‎1 . _______of the boys is going to speak at the meeting this afternoon.‎ ‎2 . ______child knows it.‎ ‎3 . Two boys came in. ___________boy was carrying a box.‎ ‎4 . ______ one of the workers is working hard.‎ ‎［一语击破］‎ each 着重于个别的含义。 every 着重于全体的含义。‎ each 可以用来指两个以上的人或东西，但是 every 总是指三个以上的人或东西，不能指两个。‎ every 只能用作定语， each 不仅可以作定语，可以作主语、宾语和同位语。如：‎ Each has his own name.‎ ‎（ Keys ： 1. Each 2. Each/Every 3. Each 4. Every/Each ）‎ so / such “如此”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ] 1. I don't like .‎ ‎2. Don't be in a hurry.‎ ‎3. We had pleasant a time .‎ ‎4. I don't know it was far away.‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ] so 是 副词 ，用来修饰 形容词 或 副词 .如：‎ I am so glad to hear from my friend .‎ such 是 形容词 ，用来修饰 名词 （名词的前面可以带形容词，也可以不带）。如果修饰单数名词，其后需加不定冠词 a 或 an .如：‎ He told us such a funny story .‎ 注意：（ 1 ）当单数可数名词前面有形容词时，也可以用 so ，但要注意冠词的位置。如：‎ He told us such a funny story . = He told us so funny a story .‎ ‎（2） such 与 all ， any ， few ， many ， no ， one 等连用时，要置于这些词之后，同时其后的名词不加冠词。如：‎ no such thing ， one such woman ， many such books Keys ： 1. such 2. such 3. so 4. so none / no one “没有人”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ]1. has tried it yet .‎ ‎2. of those buses go there .‎ ‎3. — Are there any pictures in this book ？‎ ‎ [ 一语击破 ]none 表示“一个也没有”，指 全部否定 .它后面常跟 of 短语 ，指 人 、指 物 均可，用以回答 how many / how much 开头的特殊疑问句。 谓语动词 用单复数均可。‎ no one 表示“一个也没有”，语气较强，用来指人， 不接 of 短语 .谓语动词用第三人称 单数 形式，用以回答以 who 开头的疑问句。如：‎ No one knows what has happened .‎ None of us is / are afraid of difficulties .‎ Keys ： 1. No one 2. None 3. None a number of / the number of “数量”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ]1. A number of foreign scientists come to visit China since 1998.‎ A. has B. are C. have D. will ‎2. The number of the students in our class 45.‎ A. is B. are C. has D. have ‎[ 一语击破 ] a number of 意思为“ 许多 ……”，后接 复数名词 ，句中真正的主语是这个复数名词，故 谓语动词 要用 复数 形式。‎ the number of 意思为“…… 的总数 ”， number 指“数目”或“人数”，是句中真正的主语，由介词 of 引出的短语是修饰主语的定语，故 动词 须用 单数 形式。‎ Keys ： 1. C 2.A between / among “在……之间”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ]1. He is sitting Tom and John.‎ ‎2. He is sitting the comrades .‎ ‎3. She takes some medicine three meals every day .‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ] 这两个都是介词。 between 常用于 两者 之间。 among 一般指在 三者 或 三者以上 之间。‎ 如果指三个以上人或物中的 每两个 之间时，仍然要用 between .如：‎ Switzerland lies between France ， Italy ， Australia and Germany .‎ Keys ： 1. between 2. among 3. between join / join in / take part in / attend “参加”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ] 1. My father is going to the parents meeting .‎ ‎2. They danced and danced until a lot of us .‎ ‎3. You go first . I'll you soon .‎ ‎4. I like the first high school I .‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ] join 意为“加入某一种组织，成为其中一员”， join 后面还可接表示人的名词或代词，表示加入到 某人或某些人 的行列中去。如： We are going for a swim . Will you come and join us ？‎ join in 表示“参与某种活动”， in 之后可接名词或动词 -ing 形式，表示“参加某人的活动”，可以说 join sb . in （doing ） sth .如：‎ Will you join us in playing basketball ？‎ take part in 指参加会议或群众性活动，重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中 发挥作用 .如：‎ The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday .‎ 注意： join in 后面可以不跟宾语， take part in 后面必须跟宾语。‎ 试比较：‎ 误： Let us take part in . 正： Let us join in .‎ attend 意为“出席”，“参加”，指参加会议或议式、婚礼、葬礼、典礼、上课、上学、听报告等，强调的是这一 动作的本身 ，而 不强调 参加者在活动中 起作用 .如：‎ All the children of school-age in our village have attended school .‎ Keys ： 1. take part in 2. joined in 3. join 4. attended make sure / be sure “确信”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ] 1. I have that he is honest .‎ ‎2. I that he will come .‎ ‎3. Will you of his return？‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ] 两者后面均可接 of 或 about 引出的短语。如：‎ Are you sure of / about your facts ？‎ make sure 指“务必、务请、确保”将某事弄清楚； be sure 指某人对某事或对某种情况 有把握 ，常译为“确信”。‎ make sure 后面的 that 从句一般 不用 或 很少用将来时 ； be sure 后面的 that 从句则 可用将来时 .如：‎ Make sure that you come here before five .‎ I am sure that he will succeed .‎ 两者后面接动词 不定式 ，均表示“一定要做某事”，但 make sure 通常只用于 祈使句 ，而 be sure 则 不受限制 .如： It's sure to rain .‎ Make sure / Be sure to come to the party on time .‎ Keys ： 1 . made sure 2. am sure 3. make sure except / except for /besides “除了”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ]1. John and me ，there is no one here .‎ ‎2.Everyone Mary answered the question correctly.‎ ‎3.We need fifteen more people our team to do the job .‎ ‎4.We have gathered all the crops the wheat .‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ]except 是“除去”的意思，它往住和 all ， every ，no nobody ，nothing 等词连用，指整体内排除 except 后的内容。如：‎ All are present except Xiao Wang .‎ except for 有时可以和 except 互换，表示“除……以外”，但位于句首时，不用 except ，而用 except for .如：‎ Except for George ， we can all go .‎ besides 是“除……以外，另外还有”的意思，指整体内包含 besides 后的内容。如 Two other boys were on duty besides Xiao Li .‎ ‎（Keys ： 1. Expect for 2.except 3.besides 4.except）‎ because / because of / since / as / for “因为”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ] 1. he is ill ， he can't go to school.‎ ‎2. The girl didn't go to the meeting yesterday her sickness.‎ ‎3. you don't want to go to see the film ，I won't go ， either .‎ ‎4. it's raining ， we shall have to stay at home .‎ ‎5. It must have rained ， the ground is all wet .‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ] because 作连词，用于引导原因状语从句或回答 why 的问句，常用于表示直接的原因。而 because of 是复合介词，后接名词或代词。请比较：‎ He didn't come because he was ill .‎ He didn't come because of his illness .‎ since 的语气比 because 稍弱，表示关系上的自然结果，常译成“既然、鉴于”，如：‎ Since light travels faster than sound ， we see lightening before we hear the thunder.‎ as 语气最弱，只说明一般的因果关系，译为“由于”； for 表明附加或推断的理由，引导的分句前常有逗号， for 分句不放在句首。如：‎ He must be ill ， for he is absent today .‎ ‎（Keys ： 1. Because 2. because of 3. Since 4. As 5. for ）‎ Think about / think of / think over “想”法不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ] 1. Don't it any more .‎ ‎2. I can't his address.‎ ‎3. We'll your suggestion （建议） and give you our answer tomorrow.‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ] think about 和 think of 表示“考虑”、“对……有某种看法”时，可以互换。‎ 如：‎ They are thinking about / of buying a new computer .‎ 注意：当 think of 表示以下意义的时候，一般不可和 think about 互换：‎ ‎（ 1 ）想要；打算。如：‎ Mary ， are you thinking of marrying Jack ？‎ ‎（ 2 ）想出；想到。如：‎ I can't think of his name at the moment .‎ ‎（ 3 ）关心，想着。如：‎ Lei Feng was always thinking of others but never thinking of himself .‎ think about 表示“回想过去的事件”、“考虑某计划是否切实可行”时，一般不和 think of 换用。如：‎ I often thought about what the teacher said last time I saw her .‎ think over 意为“仔细考虑”。如：‎ I'd like to think it over .‎ ‎（Keys ： 1.think of / about 2 . think of 3 . think over ）‎ in / on / to “方位”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ] 1. Japan is east of Asia .‎ ‎2 . Tai Wan is the east of Fujian Province .‎ ‎3 . China faces the Pacific the east .‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ] 这三个介词都可以表示方位， in 表示“在其中”，即“在境界内”；而 to 表示彼此境界不相接，即“在境界外”； on 则表示“与境界相接”。‎ ‎（Keys ： 1. in 2. to 3. on ）‎ arrive / get go / reach “到达”不同 ‎[ 高手出招 ] 1. The plane five minutes ago .‎ ‎2. A group of American children Shanghai yesterday morning .‎ ‎3. We home late last night .‎ ‎[ 一语击破 ] arrive 为不及物动词，后接介词 in 或 at 后才可接宾语， in 后接洲、国家、城地区等大地方，而 at 后接车站、影剧院、村庄、农场等小场所。 reach 为及物动词，直接跟宾语。 get to 常用在口语中，后接地点。另外， arrive ，reach ，get 都可直接跟 home， here， there 这三个副词连用。‎ ‎（ Keys ： 1. arrived 2. arrived in /got to /reached 3. arrived / reached / get ）‎ die/dead/dying/death ‎“死”法不同 ‎［高手出招］‎ ‎（ 1 ） The old woman __________ten years ago.‎ ‎（ 2 ） She was working on the day of her_______________.‎ ‎（ 3 ） I think the sick man is____________.‎ ‎（ 4 ） He has been ____________for three years.‎ ‎［一语击破］‎ die 是表示短暂性动作的动词，意为“死亡”、“断气”，指生命的结束，强调动作。如：‎ The girl's grandpa died five years ago.‎ 注意： die 不可和一段时间的状语连用。‎ ‎（误） He has died for two years.‎ ‎（正） he has been dead for two years.‎ dead 是形容词，意为“死的”，通常和 be 动词连用，表示死的状态。如：‎ Her father has been dead for one year.‎ dying 是 die 的现在分词，常用作形容词，意思是“要死的”、“濒临死亡的”。如：‎ The old man is dying.‎ death 是 die 的名词形式，意为“死、死亡”。如：‎ It makes me very sad when I think of my grandpa's death.‎ Keys： （ 1 ） died （ 2 ） death （ 3 ） dying （ 4 ） dead As/when/while ‎“当……时”不同 ‎［高手出招］‎ ‎（ 1 ） I was doing my homework ____________suddenly a stranger came in.‎ ‎（ 2 ） The students sang ___________they went out of the classroom.‎ ‎（ 3 ） ___________I was doing my lessons last night， she was watching TV.‎ ‎［一语击破］‎ as 意思是“当……时候”，往往强调主句和从句中的动作或事件同时发生，有时译成“一边……一边……”。如：‎ We talked as we walked.‎ when 是普通用语，在表示“当……时候”时，从句的谓语动词既可用延续性动词，也可用短暂性动词，有时可以替代 as 或 while .如：‎ When we got to the cinema， the film had already begun.‎ while 引导的从句的动作常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程，常用进行时态，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。如：‎ Someone was knocking at the door while we were having supper.‎ 注意： while 从句中的动词一般是延续性动作的动词。‎ ‎（误） While he came back， we started to work.‎ ‎（正） When he came back， we started to work……‎ Keys： （ 1 ） when （ 2 ） as （ 3 ） While sometime/some time/some times/sometimes ‎“有时”不同 ‎［高手出招］‎ ‎（ 1 ） Will you come again____________ next week？‎ ‎（ 2 ） I'll stay here for_____________.‎ ‎（ 3 ） My house is _______________bigger than hers.‎ ‎（ 4 ） I ______________have letters from him.‎ ‎［一语击破］‎ sometime 是副词，意为“在某人不确定的时间”，“在某个时候”，“有朝一日”，可以与将来时连用，也可以和过去时连用。如：‎ She was there sometime last year.‎ some time 是名词词组，意为“一段时间”，做时间状语用，谓语动词用延续性动词。如：‎ They'll stay here for some time.‎ some times 意为“几次，几倍”，表示次数或倍数。如：‎ We have been there some times.‎ sometimes 意为“有时”，表示频度，可以指过去、现在或将来的时间概念。如：‎ I go to the cinema sometimes.‎ Keys： （ 1 ） sometime （ 2 ） some time （ 3 ） some times （ 4 ） sometimes 独家解密:英语阅读理解 命题特点 ‎    高考英语阅读理解题型的分值要占高考英语总分的40/150，是所有题型中占分比例最大的一道题。阅读理解能否得高分，是成绩好坏的关键。阅读理解题的考查主要是从两个方面测试考生的理解能力。     1.‎ ‎ 客观理解：即对所给材料中具体事实和细节的理解。     2. 主观理解：即通过阅读短文，对文中主旨、主题、中心思想和作者意图、态度及语篇逻辑关系等深层意义上的理解，并据此进行推理和判断。‎ ‎    错题攻略 ‎    易错题型一  归纳概括主题     典例1  （2007年广东卷）Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?     A. How to Live Truthfully     B. Importance of Peacefulness     C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect     D. Happiness through Honorable Actions     【命题意图】  归纳概括中心主旨的题目是高考必考题目，考查考生通过理解、总结、归纳，找出文章中心意思的能力。     【解题思路】  正确答案为D。做这类试题要求考生不仅要区分主要信息和次要信息，跳出一词一句，俯瞰全文，找出主题句（一般来说在文章的句首与句尾），而且要善于概括文章的中心思想（通常是一个完整的句子，能全面准确地概括文章的中心主旨）。通常最佳题目可以是一个短语词组，它不仅能概括文章的中心主旨，还有吸引读者、引发阅读兴趣的任务。     【失分警示】  解答此类阅读理解题时，考生一定要注意运用找主题句的阅读方法，留意文章句首和句尾的主题句。如文章中没有主题句，则要把所有的细节综合起来，进行逻辑推理，概括归纳出文章的中心大意。‎ ‎    易错题型二  逻辑推理判断     典例2  （2007年浙江卷）What do we learn from this text?     A. What ones says reflects how one feels.     B. Aphasics have richer feelings than others.     C. Normal people often tell lies in their speeches.     D. People poor at one thing can be good at another.     【命题意图】  考试说明中关于高考阅读理解能力测试的第四点要求是：“能理解某句某段的意义，并能把握全篇文脉，即句与句、段与段的关系，并能据此进行推理和判断。”     【解题思路】  正确答案为D。这类考题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，即根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释。考生要仔细阅读短文，了解完整的信息，才能准确把握作者观点。     在进行推理、判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点看法取代作者的原意。     【失分警示】  解答此类阅读理解题时，考生不仅要了解文章的大意，吃透文章的精神，摸清文中的细节，更要对文章进行必要的归纳，领会作者的意图，并进行合理的常识性推断及逻辑推理。‎ ‎    易错题型三  领悟文章的隐含意义     典例3  （2007年浙江卷）From the dialogue between the boy and his mother, we learn that the mother was _______.     A. excited          B. interested     C. ashamed         D. disappointed     【命题意图】  考试说明中关于高考阅读理解能力测试的第三点要求是：“既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。”‎ ‎ 即作者没有鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。     【解题思路】  正确答案为D。这类考题要求考生对于作者没有明确说明的写作目的、立场态度、思想倾向等作出合理的推断。这种“言外之意，弦外之音”要求考生有“锣鼓听音”的敏锐感觉，合理推断的思维品质。     【失分警示】  解答此类阅读理解题时，考生要透过文章字面意思领悟其隐含意义和深层意义，这就需要仔细地阅读和认真地思考，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意。‎ ‎ 实战演习     （定时：30mins，每小题2分，共40分，得分：_____分）     阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A     Lifeguard, sportscaster, movie star, governor, president——there wasn’t much Ronald Reagan didn’t do in life.     “The world was a vast opportunity for him,” Lou Cannon wrote in his biography（传记） of the former US president, who died on June 5, aged 93.     Reagan’s final years saw him fight a losing battle against Alzheimer’s disease（老年痴呆症）. But his positive attitude toward life has given hope to many people.     Born in 1911 to a poor family in a small town in Illinois, his father was a failed salesman who drank too much. It was in these difficult times, though, that Reagan developed the powerful optimism（乐观） that would serve him so well. He always believed better times laying ahead, and this was reflected in his high school yearbook entry. “Life is one grand, sweet song, so start the music,” he wrote.     As a teenager, Reagan spent summers working as a lifeguard at a local beach, saving 77 lives in seven years. He graduated from college in 1932 with a degree in economics and sociology. But America was still in the middle of the Great Depression, and jobs were hard to find. Reagan finally found work as a radio sports announcer and this road led him to Hollywood in 1937.     During the 20 year film career, he never became a leading star. As in his lifeguard days, Reagan loved to play the hero and only took the role of a bad guy once in more than 50 films.     A talented speaker who was always able to connect with his audience, Reagan became involved in politics in the 1950s. This popular touch led to him being elected the governor of California in 1967.     All the while Reagan was in California, he had his eye on the White House. In 1980, aged 69, he became the oldest man ever elected president.     He held office from 1981 to 1989, the first president to serve two complete terms after World War Ⅱ. When he left, aged 77, he held the highest popularity rate of any retiring president in US history.     He remained positive even when he discovered he had an illness that would destroy him. “I will leave with the greatest love for this country of ours and eternal（永恒的） optimism for its future,” he wrote.‎ ‎1. Reagan can be best described as a man with ______. A. firmness  B. humour   C. optimism  D. talent 2. What didn’t Reagan do in his life time? A. Playing the role of a bad guy. B. Being a leading star of the film. C. Saving people’s ‎ lives. D. Working as a radio sports announcer. 3. Which is the correct order of events described in the passage? a. Reagan fought a losing battle against Alzheimer’s disease. b. Reagan became an actor. c. Reagan worked as a lifeguard. d. Reagan graduated from college. e. Reagan was elected the governor of California. A. a, c, d, e ,b    B. e, c, d, b, a C. b, a, c, d, e     D. c, d, b, e, a 4. When the author of Reagan’s biography says “The world was a vast opportunity for him,” he really means that _______. A. Reagan achieved much in his whole life B. Reagan could have done much better C. Reagan did much for America and the world D. Reagan was a very lucky man B     His feet had touched the ground again, but South African Mike Melvill’s head was still high above the clouds.     Seeing the earth from the edge of space was “an amazing experience”, said the 63-year-old pilot It was more than a personal experience. Melvill and his rocket plane Space Ship One made history last Monday when it became the first private manned flight to reach space.     The spacecraft was carried by a jet until it reached a height of 14kilometers. Then it separated from the jet and continued its journey beyond the earth’s atmosphere. The craft reached space by traveling at three times the speed of sound.     On board, Mevill was able to see the earth. He also became weightless for about 3 minutes when the craft reached its highest altitude of 100 kilometers. He even opened a bag of colorful chocolate sweets to see if they would float around in the cockpit（驾驶员座舱） —— they did.     The successful flight brought the design team, led by famous American designer Burt Rutan, closer to winning the US10 million Ansari X Prize. The award will be given to the first privately funded（投资） spacecraft to send three people 100 kilometers above the earth. The spacecraft also has to land safely and repeat the achievement within two weeks.     This is to prove that the craft is reliable and has the ability to carry paying customers. “The flight opens a new chapter in history, putting space within the reach of ordinary citizens,” said Patti Smith, head of commercial space transportation at the US Federal Aviation Administration.     It’s hoped that this flight is the first step toward space tourism. Members of the public could pay US$20,000-100,000 for the chance to fly high above the earth’s atmosphere, float in zero gravity and take in the sights of space.     Rutan thinks that affordable space flights will be possible within the next 10 to 15 years. And that’s just the beginning. “We are heading into orbit sooner than you think,” he said.     “We do not intend to stay in low-earth orbit for ages. The next 25 years will be a wild ride… one that history will note was done for the benefit of everyone.”‎ ‎5. The story is about___________. A. a successful flight into pace B. the beginning of affordable space ‎ flights C. competition for commercial space transportation D. the first private rocket plane 6. According to Burt Rutan, what is likely to happen? A. He’ll win the Ansari X Prize. B. A space flight will cost much less than 100,000. C. In a few decades, private space craft will travel high in space. D. The Space Ship One will make another flight within two weeks. 7. The fact that chocolate sweets could float proves ____. A. the spacecraft was flying faster than sound B. Mevill was in space C. Mevill was high above the earth D. there was a strong wind 8. The title of this passage is _________. A. Walk in space B. The first private manned spaceship reached space successfully C. The first spaceship D. A manned spaceship reached space successfully ‎ C     An American researcher has developed a simple device to help people stop snoring. The device limits the movements of the tissues（组织） that cause the unpopular sound. Snoring is a common problem. It may prevent a person from getting enough sleep. It may also prevent enough oxygen from reaching heart and lungs during sleep. But for most people, snoring affects relations with another person who must sleep in the back room.     Snoring happens when the sleeping person breathes with the mouth open. In the back of the mouth the tissues surrounding the entrance of the throat are soft. As the person breathes, the movement of the air around the soft tissues causes them to move or vibrate. This tissue movement causes the sound we call snoring. A number of possible solutions have been proposed. Some devices keep the mouth shut. They force the patient to breathe only through the nose. A medical operation is also possible. Other devices catch the sound of snoring and then wake the patient. The new anti-snoring device was developed by a dentist, George Wagner of the Indian University School of Dentistry. He developed a piece of plastic that fits up against the inside of the mouth. The device keeps the soft tissues from vibrating and making the snoring noise. It is worn only at night. Doctor Wagner said that the simple device has ended several patients’ snoring problem in a simple way. 9. The underlined word“snoring”（in paragraph 1） probably means ____. A. speaking while one sleeps B. dreaming while on sleeps C. noises made while on sleeps D. sighs given while one sleeps 10. Snoring happens ____. A. when dreaming at night ,even during the day B. when breathing with one’s mouth closed C. when sleeping with one’s mouth open D. when being poor in ‎ health 11. From the passage we know that the simplest and more efficient way to prevent a person from snoring is ____. A. to keep the soft tissues from vibrating B. to give the patient a medical operation C. to wake him/her up as soon as he/she snores D. to make him/her listen to the sound of snoring ‎ D     Vienna——In spite of Iraq’s decision to stop oil deliveries, the 11- nation Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries（OPEC）will not increase production to make up the shortfall, ministers decided Tuesday in Vienna.     The 11 oil ministers decided to meet again on July 3 to discuss the effects of the Iraq temporary stop. The organization’s president, Charkid Kheria of Algeria, said after the meeting that stocks were high and prices were stable, so quota increases were not necessary.     The E.U. Commission has expressed concern about Iraq’s output stop. A speaker said OPEC had to take all possible measures to keep or lower the oil price.     Saudi Arabia’s Oil Minister Ali Al-Nuaimi had earlier said there would not be any shortfall of oil in the market. The organization had already taken steps to fill the gap, he said. OPEC Secretary General Ali Rodriguez added that the period of Iraq’s output stop was not known, so other exporters were not going to lift quotas yet. If the market was destabilized（使……动摇）, a suitable response could be made.     Iraq on Monday stopped shipments of crude oil to protest against the U.N. Security Council’s decision to extend the oil-for-food programme by only a month, instead of the normal six-month renewal. Just before the Vienna meeting, oil prices had gone up, with a barrel of OPEC crude oil selling for 27.05 dollars, up from 26.81 dollars last Friday. North sea oil was at 29.26 dollars Monday evening.     OPEC wants the oil price to stay within a margin of 22 to 28 dollars and achieved that with cuts in January and March that reduced 2.5 million barrels per day off quotas（配额）.‎ ‎12. Iraq made the decision to stop oil deliveries because ___________. A. oil price is too low in international market. B. The U.N. Secretary Council has decided to shorten the time of extension of the oil-for-food programme C. Many oil wells were destroyed during the war in the late 1980s D. It couldn’t get enough money to develop its economy 13. The attitude the E.U. Commission took towards Iraq’s output stop is ________. A. active           B. concerned C. cold             D. surprised 14. The underlined words“The organization”here refers to ________. A. OPEC        B. the E.U. Commission C. Vienna        D. WTO 15. The main idea of the passage is ________. A. the oil prices in the world were stable though Iraq has stopped oil deliveries B. OPEC has controlled the oil price to stay within a margin of 22 to 28 dollars C. OPEC will not increase oil production to make up the shortfall that caused by Iraq D. Oil is connected with people’s daily ‎ life 16. The 11 oil ministers decided to meet on July 3 so that _________. A. they can persuade Iraq to continue oil production B. they can have a talk with the U.N. Security Council C. they can have a discussion about the effects of Iraq’s temporary output stop D. they can make up their minds to increase oil production E     The best advice young men and women can hear these days is not “Get Rich”. It’s “Go West”.     Those who hope to make their fortunes or, at the very least, find good jobs or life long careers have a better chance of doing so in China’s western provinces than in the increasingly crowded eastern cities.  Along the eastern coast, cities are filled with newcomers looking for work. They seek anything from the lowest-level unskilled jobs to the instant-millionaire Internet chance of lifetime. Few have found the latter, and few ever will.     Some 160 years ago, young men and women streamed into New York, Philadelphia, Boston——the United States’ equivalent of China’s Shanghai, Guangzhou and Beijing. All of these young people were searching for work, for riches; for fame. Few found any of that. The rest joined the masses working hard at low-level jobs trying to support themselves and their families.     Horace Greeley, a well-known American newspaper editor of the period had sound advice for those seeking work. “Do not,” Greeley said, “lounge （to stand or sit in a lazy manner） in the cities! There is room and health in the country, away from the crowds of idles （people who waste time doing nothing） and imbeciles （a person of weak mind）. Go West …”     In the mid-19th century, when Greeley issued his call to go west, America was about to develop its western regions——much as China is today. Out west, the unemployed could find jobs.     What was needed then in the America West is what is needed now in China’s western regions; men and women with determination to make something of themselves, men and women with skills in any developing nation must have to survive and prosper.     It has nothing to do with the Internet. It has nothing to do with becoming a movie star, pop music idol, or a Bill Gates clone. It has everything to do with reality.‎ ‎17. Why does the author think“Go West” is the best advice for young people in China? A. If they go west, they are sure to get rich. B. China’s west is richer than its east. C. Eastern cities are too crowded to live in. D. There are more chances of success there than in the east. 18. The author mentions young America of the 19th century because A. he wants young Chinese to learn from them B. he tries to show how they succeeded in the eastern cities C. they were poor examples for today’s young Chinese to follow D. most of them preferred to work in the west 19. The underlined word “sound” in the 4th paragraph means A. what may be heard B. seem when heard C. produce a sound D. based on truth or good judgment 20. What is needed in China’s west now according to the writer? A. The Internet.         B. Movie ‎ stars. C. People with skills.        D. Pop music idols.‎ Keys： 1-4  CBDA    5-8 ACBB   9-11  CCA    12-16  BBACC   17-20  DADC