【英语】2020届二轮复习概要写作技能训练（含答案）学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习概要写作技能训练（含答案）学案

‎ 2020届二轮复习 概要写作技能训练（含答案）学案 第一节 归纳主旨大意 将350词以内的文本浓缩成60词左右的概要, 需要一个过程。它大致是从文本整体的理解到各部分的概括再到整体的合成。首先, 我们需要整体阅读文本, 归纳主旨大意。 【有缘初识】‎ 请阅读下面的短文以及某同学所写的概要, 回答导学问题。 导学问题 1. 该短文的主题是________. A. shopping  B. advertising  C. undercover  D. marketing 2.在A同学的概要中, 与该主题不吻合的句子是_________________.‎ You are in a department store and you see a couple of attractive young women looking at the sweater. You listen to the conversation.‎ ‎“I can't believe it--a Lorenzo Bertolla! They are almost impossible to find. Isn’t it beautiful? And it’s a lot cheaper than the one Sara bought in Rome.”‎ They leave and you go over to see this incredible sweater. It's nice and the price is right. You’ve never heard of Lorenzo Bertolla, but those girls looked really stylish. They must know. So you buy it. You never realize that those young women are employees of an advertising agency. They are actually paid to go from store to store talking loudly about Lorenzo Bertolla clothes. ‎ Every day we notice what people are wearing, driving and eating. If the person looks cool, the product seems cool, too. This is the secret of undercover(暗中影响的) marketing. ‎ Undercover marketing is important because it reaches people that don’t pay attention to traditional advertising. This is particularly true of the MTV generation--consumers between the age of 18 and 34. It is a golden group. They have a lot of money to spend, but they don’t trust ads.‎ So advertising agencies hire young actors "perform" in bars and other places where young adults go. Some people might call this Practice deceptive, but marketing executive Jonathan Ressler calls it creative. "Look at the traditional advertising. Its effectiveness is decreasing.” However, one might ask what "real " is exactly about if young women pretend to be enthusiastic about a sweater? Advertising executives would say it's no less real than an ad. The difference is that you know an ad is trying to persuade you to buy something. While you don't know when a conversation you overhear is just a performance. ‎ 某同学写的概要:‎ ‎① Some attractive women say a Lorenzo Bertolla is beautiful but cheap, and you buy it. ②Actually these stylish people are employed by advertising agencies to do undercover marketing, which aims at people who don’t trust ads. ③ Although, in some advertising executives’ opinion, it is creative and effective, undercover marketing is blamed for the performance which you are unaware of.‎ 名师点拨 ‎1. 议论和说明性文体通常围绕某个主题( topic/ subject)展开。‎ ‎2. 概要写作的第一步便是阅读并抓取主题, 进而提取主旨大意, 即有关该主题的 主要内容或作者在该主题上的观点或主张。这一过程被称为归纳主旨大意。‎ ‎3. 归纳主旨大意, 是为了整体上把握语篇要义, 有利于区分主次、剔除细节信息。‎ ‎【名师导学】‎ 一. 阅读A、B、C三个段落,回答导学问题 导学问题 ‎1. 请用下划线在各段标出含有本段主旨大意的句子。‎ ‎2. 请分析这三个句子与所在段落中其他句子间的关系, 并举例说明 A Many things may make you angry. You may get angry when something doesn’t go your way. Maybe you get mad at yourself when you don’t understand your homework or when your team loses an important game. Maybe your teacher gave you too much homework. Or maybe a friend borrowed your favorite video game and then broke it. That made you angry！‎ B Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows "everything" may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.‎ C What is Standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as Standard English. Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is Standard English. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.‎ 名师点拔 1. 议论和说明性文体时常含有概括全段主要内容的句子, 即段落主旨句(top sentence)‎ 2. ‎ 段落主旨句作为段落的核心句子, 受到段落中其他句子的支撑, 即其他句子为段落主旨句提供支持性细节。‎ 3. 受英语开门见山、直切主题的表达特点的影响, 段落主旨句多在段首。少数主旨句可能出现在段中或段尾。‎ 二、请阅读下面这个段落以及三位同学给出的段落主旨句, 回答导学问题 导学问题 ‎3.哪位同学给出的段落主旨句比较合理? 为什么? So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first the English spoken in England between ‎ about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradual between about AD 800 and 1150 English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600s, Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century, some British people were taken to Australia, too. English began to be spoken in both countries. 三位同学给出的段落主旨句: 同学1: Why has English changed over time? 同学 2: All languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. 同学3: English changes as its culture meets and communicates with that of another.‎ 名师点拨 ‎1. 不是所有的段落都有现成的段落主旨句, 有的段落主旨句需要你根据段落内容予以归纳和概括。‎ ‎2. 归纳主旨大意时, 既要回答“这段落关于什么?( What is the paragraph about?)” 以抓住段落的主题( topic/. subject), 又要回答 “作者就该主题写了什么? ( What is said about the subject ?)” 以提炼出有关该主题的主要内容或作者就该主题。 提出的观点和主张。‎ 三、阅读以下短文，回答导学问题。‎ 导学问题 4. 第一段的主旨向是第一句还是最后一句? 请说明理由。 5. 以下哪句比较好地归纳了该短文的主旨大意? 请说明理由。 ‎ A. Although prevention is believed to be beneficial, more attention is given to heart surgeries ‎ than prevention programs.‎ ‎ B. Although heart surgery can help a large number of people who are suffering from heart disease, it has some disadvantages.‎ One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease. Medical experts know that people can reduce their chances of getting heart disease by exercising regularly, by not smoking, by changing their diets and by paying more attention to reducing stress in their work. ‎ However, Western health-care systems are still not paying enough attention to the prevention of the disease. There is a need for more programs to educate the public about the causes and prevention of heart disease. Instead of supporting such programs, however, the U.S. health care system is spending large sums of money on the surgical (外科的)) treatment of the disease after it develops. This emphasis on treatment clearly has something to do with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years. In this time, modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques. Many operations that were considered impossible or too risky a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result had been a huge increase in heart surgery.‎ Although there is no doubt that heart surgery can help a large number of people, some people point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages. First, it attracts interest and money away from the question of prevention. Second, it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, they must try to recover the money they have spent. To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery--even on patients for whom an operation is unnecessary--because the equipment and expert skills are there. A government office recently stated that major heart surgery was often performed even though its chances of success were low. In one type of heart surgery, for example, only 15 percent of patients improved their conditions after the surgery. However, more than 100, 000 of these operations are performed in the United States every year.‎ 名师点拨 ‎1. 确定段落主旨句时,还应该兼顾语篇大背景, 即在全文主旨大意的统领下归纳段落主旨, 将段落主旨纳入语篇主旨的架构中。‎ ‎2. 概括段落大意时, 要在理清句与句之间关系的基础上抓住贯穿全段的中心意思。‎ ‎3. 有时候, 段落第一句(和前几句)只是起到导入话题或过渡衔接的作用, 而不是作为段落主旨句起到统领的作用。‎ ‎4. 归纳全文主旨大意时, 需要理清段与段之间的关系, 尤其关注段落之间的连接词和过渡句, 以便更好地抓住贯穿全文的中心意思。‎ ‎5. 有时候, 第一段(或前几段)只是起到导入话题的作用, 和全文主旨没有直接关系。 ‎ ‎【先试为快】 请阅读下面短文, 并运用本节有关主旨大意归纳的微技能, 完成文后学习任务。 You are in a department store and you see a couple of attractive young women looking at the sweater. You listen to the conversation.‎ ‎“I can't believe it--a Lorenzo Bertolla! They are almost impossible to find. Isn’t it beautiful? And it’s a lot cheaper than the one Sara bought in Rome.”‎ They leave and you go over to see this incredible sweater. It's nice and the price is right. You’ve never heard of Lorenzo Bertolla, but those girls looked really stylish. They must know. So you buy it. You never realize that those young women are employees of an advertising agency. They are actually paid to go from store to store talking loudly about Lorenzo Bertolla clothes. ‎ Every day we notice what people are wearing, driving and eating. If the person looks cool, the product seems cool, too. This is the secret of undercover(暗中影响的) marketing. ‎ Undercover marketing is important because it reaches people that don’t pay attention to traditional advertising. This is particularly true of the MTV generation--consumers between the age of 18 and 34. It is a golden group. They have a lot of money to spend, but they don’t trust ads.‎ So advertising agencies hire young actors "perform" in bars and other places where young adults go. Some people might call this Practice deceptive, but marketing executive Jonathan Ressler calls it creative. "Look at the traditional advertising. Its effectiveness is decreasing.” However, one might ask what "real " is exactly about if young women pretend to be enthusiastic about a sweater? Advertising executives would say it's no less real than an ad. The difference is that you know an ad is trying to persuade you to buy something. While you don't know when a conversation you ‎ overhear is just a performance. 1. 最后一段的主旨句是第一句吗?为什么? 2. 如果不是, 请画出本段主旨句或归纳出本段的主旨大意。 _______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎3. 前三段和本文其他段落是什么关系?‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________ 4. 请归纳出本文的主旨大意。‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎【练能生巧】‎ 阅读下面短文, 运用已学的微技能完成短文后的学习任务。‎ In the past 30 years, Americans' consumption of restaurant and take-out food has doubled.‎ The result, according to many health watchdog groups, is an increase in overweight and obesity. Almost 60 million Americans are obese, costing $117 billion each year in health care and related costs. Members of Congress have decided they need to do something about the obesity problem. A bill was recently introduced in the House that would require restaurants with 20 or more locations to list the nutritional content of their food on their menus. ‎ Our legislators (立法者) point to the trend of restaurants’ marketing larger meals at attractive prices. People order these meals believing that they are getting a great value, but what they are also getting could be, in one meal, more than the daily recommended allowances of calories, fat and sodium. The question is, would people stop “supersizing” or make other healthier choices if they knew the nutritional content of the food they’re ordering? Lawmakers think they would, and the gravity of the obesity problem has caused them to act to change menus. ‎ ‎ The restaurant industry isn’t happy about the new bill. Arguments against it include the fact that diet alone is not the reason for America’s obesity. A lack of adequate exercise is also to blame. In addition, many fast food chains already post nutritional information on their websites, or on posters located in their restaurants. ‎ Those who favor the MEAL Act, and similar legislation, say in response that we must do all we can to help people maintain a healthy weight. While the importance of exercise is undeniable, the quantity and quality of what we eat must be changed. They believe that if we want consumers to make better choices when they eat out, nutritional information must be provided where they are selecting their food. Consumers are not likely to have memorized the calorie counts they may have looked up on the Internet, nor are they going to leave their tables, or a line, to check out a poster that might be on the opposite side of the restaurant.‎ ‎ (362 words) 归纳主旨大意(含段落大意) Paragraph 1: _____________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ Paragraph 2: _____________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ Paragraph 3: _____________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ Paragraph 4: _____________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎【小试牛刀】‎ 完成上面这篇文章的概要写作 ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎ 【反思总结】‎ 回顾以上学习本节微技能的过程, 并总结自己学到的有关该微技能的要点。‎ ‎1. 主旨大意是什么?对于概要写作而言, 它起到什么作用?‎ ‎ 2. 如何归纳主旨大意?‎ ‎ 3.学完该微技能, 我__________________________________________________________‎ 答案：‎ 第一节归纳主旨大意 【有缘初识】 1.该短文的主题是C 2.在A同学的概要中,与该主题不吻合的句子是第1句 【名师导学】 1. 含有段落主旨大意的句子分别是: A 段: Many things may make you angry. ‎ ‎ B 段: It is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance. C 段: There is no such thing as Standard English. ‎ ‎2. 这三个句子与段落中其他句子间的关系: 其他句子都围绕这几个句子展开, 都是支持它们 的细节。 比如:A段的第2、3、4、5句共用5个细节支持主题句中的 many things,它们分别是: something doesn't go your way; you don t understand your homework; your team loses an important game; your teacher gave you too much homework; a friend borrowed your favorite video game and then broke it. 3. 同学3所归纳的主旨句比较合理。 ‎ 同学1选择段落第1句 “ Why has English changed over time?” 作为主旨句。虽然段落首句 往往是段落主旨句, 而且该段a落确实围绕这个问题展开, 但它只提出了本段的主题 ( topic/ subject), 即“为什么英语随着时间的变化而变化”, 而没有就此主题给出观点或主张,也就是说它没有回答“为什么英语随着时间的变化而变化”。所以将它作为本段主旨句是不合理的。 同学2选择段落的第2句“ All languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.” 作为主旨句, 这句话就所有语言变化发展的原因给出了观点,虽然也包括英语变化发展的原因, 但本段的主题是“为什么英语随着时间的变化而变化”, 所以它的范围太大, 作为本段主旨句是不合理的。 同学3将这两句予以整合, 把主旨句概括为“ English changes as its culture meets and communicates with that of another.”, 既提出了本段的主题,又归纳了作者就该主题题提出的观点。 4. 第一段的主旨句应该是最后一句 理由如下： 虽然本段第2和和第3句都是支持第1句的细节, 但放眼整个文本可知, 本文的主题是 “prevention of heart disease”, 而不是“ heart disease”; 文本第2段的第1句正是用“ however”引 出了本文的主题; 第1段的第1至3句句只是指出了“ heart disease”的严重性,从而带读者进入本文的话题,即“ prevention of heart disease”。 ‎ ‎5. A句更好地归纳了短文的主旨大意 理由如下:‎ 本文三个段落的主旨大意分别是:‎ Medical experts believe the key to protecting people from heart disease is prevention.‎ Instead of supporting prevention programs, more emphasis is laid on treatment of the disease. The emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages. A句整合了这三段的主旨大意,且把重点放在本文的主题“ prevention of heart disease”上; 而B句把重点放在了“ heart surgery”的“ disadvantages'”上, 没有涵盖所有段落的主旨大意。 ‎ ‎【先试为快】‎ ‎1. 最后一段的主旨句不是第一句。第一句的作用是承接上文,小结“ undercover marketing”。从第二句开始, 梳理各句的主干“ Some people might call this practice…,but …Jonathan Ressler calls it…. However, one might ask... Advertising executives would say it’s …The difference is that….”可以发现,这段的主旨大意是不同人对“ undercover marketing”的不同看法。 ‎ ‎2.本段主旨大意可归纳为: This new way of advertising has now become a controversy.‎ ‎3.前三段是一个假想的典型事例,目的是导入本文话题。其他段落则是围绕本文话题展开 陈述。因此, 前三段和本文其他段落都服务于本文中心, 但是两者之间没有直接的关系。‎ ‎4. 本文的主旨大意: Many companies are employing undercover marketing to promote sales. in which actors are hired to pretend to be customers and to attract those around them to buy the products. This new way of advertising has now become a controversy. 【练能生巧】‎ 全文主旨大意: Opinions divide on the MEAL Act aimed at overweight problems. 各段主旨大意: Paragraph 1: A bill was recently introduced in the House that would require restaurants with 20 or more locations to list the nutritional content of their food on their menus. Paragraph 2: Lawmakers think people would stop eating the larger meals and make other healthier choices if they knew the nutritional content of the food. Paragraph 3: The restaurant industry isn't happy about the new bill. Paragraph 4: Those who favor the MEAL Act believe that nutritional information must be provided where they are selecting their food. 【小试牛刀】 One possible version To deal with the overweight problems, American legislators introduced a MEAL Act, (要点1) requesting restaurants to list the nutritional content of their food on their menus(要点 2)and stop offering the larger meals. ( 要点3) The restaurant industry is against the bill, arguing that menus are not the only cause of overweight. (要点 4) However, the supporters insist menus make nutritional information available for customers. (要点 5) (59 words) 第二节 筛选支持信息 通过归纳主旨大意,你提炼了语篇与段落的主旨。为了让读者在不读原文的前提下透彻且 全面地了解原文信息,有必要选择相关信息支持你所提炼的语篇与段落的主旨。 【有缘初识】 以下是某同学根据某文本的主旨大意找出的各段落主旨句。请阅读这些主旨句,回答导学问题 导学问题 1.哪个段落主旨句归纳了全文的主旨大意? 2、支持全文主旨大意的段落主旨句是 3.在没有相关信息支撑的情况下,你能否充分理解这些主旨向的含义? 如果不能,请在你不理解的主旨句序号上打问号,并圈出你不理解的词。 1. But do you know that there are several things you can look for to see if you are being lied to? 2. Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body 3. Liars tend not to use contractions.(缩写) 4. Often when a person is lying, they do not want to continue talking about their lie. 5. But, if you think someone is lying, you might want to try some of these techniques. 【名师点拨】 ‎ 段落主旨句浓缩了段落的关键信息 部分段落主旨句可能因浓缩而变得笼统或抽象,使读者不能充分理解原作者 要表达的意思,如句2中的“ what they do with their body"”和句3中的“use contractions”。 3.有必要在段落中挑选个别信息支持该主旨句, 以便读者充分理解。 名师导学 下面是上述文本的第二段。请阅读该段落,回答导学问题 导学问题 1.请给主旨句以外的句子标上序号。 用分隔号“「”把这些句子分成若干部分,并在边上写上你的划分依据 为了更好地让读者理解本段主旨句,你选择哪个部分作为相关信息支持本段主旨句?为什么? Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body. Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eye. Other times the person who is lying will try to ‎ look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling the truth. If ‎ someone does either of these two things they might be lying. Liars may also touch their face, ears ‎ or the back of their neck. Another thing a liar might do is turn their head away from you when ‎ talking. They also might put objects, such as glasses, books, or papers in front of themselves。 【名师点拨】‎ ‎1.为了让读者更好地明白段落主旨句的含义,作者会提供相关信息支持主旨句, 我们把含 有支持信息的句子称为支持句。段落主旨句之外的句子基本上都是支持句。 2.从含义的角度看,这些支持句并非表达同一个意思。我们可以根据含义将支持句予以区分,‎ 多个表达同一个意思的支持句组成一个支持句群。支持句中的衔接过渡词可以帮助我们判断它们所表达意思的异同 3.在作者看来,不同的支持句或支持句群所表达的支持信息并非同等重要。这可以从支持句或 支持句群的先后顺序、内容详略等来判断。 二、请阅读下面这位同学所选择的支持信息及其理由,回答导学问题。 导学问题 4.这位同学所选择的支持信息及其理由是否正确? 为什么? 同学观点 我选择该段落的第5句“ Liars may also touch their face, ears or the back of their neck.”作为支持 信息,因为这个句子比较简短,符合概要写作的要求。 【名师点拨】 筛选支持信息时,先不要考虑原支持句(群)的长度,因为不管原支持句(群)长短,接下来都得 对原句进行压缩与改写 ‎ ‎【先试为快】 阅读以下段落,找出该段主旨句,运用上述微技能为该主旨句选择合适的支持信息,并说明理由。 Wearing different colors can affect how you feel and how others react to you, so it is important to consider this when deciding what to wear in the morning. If you want people to take you seriously, then wearing navy blue or black is good. Blue would also be helpful for an interview or oral examination because it relaxes you and makes you feel calm. Red gets you noticed by everyone and makes you feel energetic, but be careful, as it can raise your pulse rate and not everyone wants this effect. 1.该段的主旨句是 理由是 2.合适的支持信息是 理由是 【拓展提升】 下面是两篇不同文章的段落主旨句和其中一个段落的支持句(括号中)。请阅读并回答导学 问题 导学问题 1.根据各篇的主旨句及它们之间的关系,你认为这两篇短文的结构有何不同? 2.你选择哪个/些支持句(群)作为B篇第3个主旨句的支持信息? 为什么? A But do you know that there are several things you can look for to see if you are being lied to? 2. Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body (Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eye. Other times the person who is lying will try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling the truth. If someone does either of these two things they might be lying. Liars may also touch their face ears or the back of their neck. Another thing a liar might do is turn their head away from you when talking. They also might put objects, such as glasses, books, or papers in front of themselves.) 3. Liars tend not to use contractions 4. Often when a person is lying. they do not want to continue talking about their lie 5. But, if you think someone is lying, you might want to try some of these techniques B 1. At Present, traffic jam has become a major problem which most city dwellers have to face. 2. Therefore, traffic jam is the result of the increasing private cars. 3. Undoubtedly, traffic jam must be, and can be dealt with properly by correct means (In my view, spending more money on public transportation systems may be an effective means. Needless to say, policies which encourage people to put these systems to full use, for example, giving certain subsidies(补贴), are necessary. In the meantime, measures to restrict the use of private cars, such as improving the taxes on cars or petrol, should be taken.) 【名师点拔】 1.说明和议论性文章最常见的结构是总分式和递进/并列式 2.总分式结构有三种:“总分”“总分总”和“分总”。在这种结构的文章中,全文主旨大意是第一层 次信息,各段落主旨大意是第二层次信息,支撑各段落主旨大意的信息是第三层次信息。 其中,‎ 第一、二层次信息必须作为主要信息( major facts)写入概要,而第三层次信息作为次要信息( minor facts),可视需要筛选后写入概要,以帮助读者更好地理解主旨。 3.递进或并列式文章中的各段落主旨大意并列为第一层次信息,各段落大意的支持句提供第二 层次信息,它们都属于主要信息( major facts),必须将它们写入概要,而无须筛选。 4.如果各次要信息( minor facts)之间没有太大主次之分,可以选择你认为你最容易压缩与概括的信息写入概要。 【练能生巧】 请阅读下面短文,并运用已学的微技能完成短文后的学习任务。 The final bell rings. it's the last day of school, and summer has finally come! Students don't have to think about school for another 2 months. That is the way it should always be. Schools ‎ should continue using the traditional calendar and not a yearround schedule, which has the ‎ following disadvantages. Contrary to the well-accepted belief, year-round schooling has no constructive effects on education. Most year-round schedules use the 45-15 method: 45 days of school followed by 15 days off. Because of this, there are many first and last days of school And the breaks interrupt the learning process. Also, there is no evidence of higher test scores Like any other facility, keeping a school open requires a great deal of money. Keeping school open in the middle of summer requires air conditioning, and that adds significantly te the school's expenses Besides, teachers must be paid for all the weeks they are working. For example, a high school in Arizona had a cost increase of S157,000 when they switched to year-round schooling. S ome schools may not be able to handle such increases, and other school that  can handle these expenses could be doing better things with the money. An important part of a child's life is summertime. with year-round schedules, students would hardly have any time to relax. During the 15-day breaks, they would be always thinking about their quick return to school. They would not be able to go to most summer camps. One expert, Dr. Peter Scales, says, "The biggest plus of camp is that camps help young people discover and explore their talents, interests, and values. Most schools dont satisfy all these needs. Kids who have these kinds of experiences end up being healthier and have fewer problems. "‎ Obviously, the summer is very important to a child's learning and development. It is evident that year-round schooling is not the best choice for the school calendar. There is absolutely nothing wrong with the traditional school year. Why change something that works so well? The final bell rings. Let’ s make sure this bell means that the"real " summer vacation (371 words) 1.归纳主旨大意(含段落大意)： ‎ ‎2.筛选支持信息： ‎ ‎【反思总结】 请回顾以上学习过程,总结有关本节微技能的要点并做简要反思。 1.什么是支持信息?为什么要提供支持信息? 2.如何筛选支持信息?如何区分“ major facts”和“ minor facts” 3.学完该微技能,我________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________. 小试牛刀 答案： 第二节筛选支持信息 【有缘初识 1.全文的主旨大意是:第1句,即第一个段落的主旨句。 2.支持全文主旨大意的段落主旨句是:第2至4句。 3.略 【名师导学】 1.主旨句以外的句子序号见下文。 2.句子划分见下文。划分依据如下 1)句子的含义或关键词,如第一部分都是讲“眼神”,关键词是“ not look you in the eye”或“ look at you in a strong way”; 2)句子中的衔接过渡词,如“also”“ another”等 3.我选择第一个部分作为相关信息支持本段主旨句。因为作者把该部分作为第一个支持信息;并且,和其他部分相比,该部分的内容相对详细。这个在作者看来相对突出的信息足以支持主旨句。 Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body. (1)Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eye. (2)Other times the person who is lying will try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling he truth. (3)If someone does either of these two things they might be lying. (4)Liars may also touch their face, ears or the back of their neck. (5)another thing a liar might do is turn their head away from you when talking. (6)they also might put objects, such as glasses, books, or papers in front of themselves 4.这位同学所选择的支持信息及其理由是不正确的的。因为该支持句虽然比较短,但和支打 句群1比较,它提供的支持信息相对次要。 【先试为快】 1.该段的主旨句是:第一句,即“ Wearing different colors can affect how you feel and how others react to you, so it is important to consider this when deciding what to wear in the morning.”。理由是:本段主要介绍不同颜色的服装影响着装人心情和别人的反应,后面用具体 例子说明颜色如何影响着装人的心情和别人的反应,这些都是支持第1句的信息。 2.合适适的支持信息是:蓝色对着装人和别人的影响。理理由是:该段的支持句可以分为两个 支持句(群)。第一个支持句(群)由“ If you want people to take you seriously, then wearing navy blue or black is good. Blue would also be helpful for an interview or oral examination because it ‎ relaxes you and makes you feel calm.”这两个句子组成,主要说明蓝色的影响;本段最后一个句子 Red gets you noticed by everyone and makes you feel energetic, but be careful, as it can raise your pulse rate and not everyone wants this effect.”为第二个支持持句(群),主要说明红色的影响 因为作者把蓝色的影响写在前面,并且用了两个句子写它的影响,因此把蓝色对着装人和别人的影响作为支持信息 【拓展提升】 1.根据各篇的主旨句及它们之间的关系,我认为这两篇短文在结构方面的区别如下 A篇是总分式结构。第2至第4这这三个段落的主旨句本身就是支撑全文主旨句(主旨句1) 的主要支持信息( major facts),而第2个主旨句后的信息是供选择的次要支持信息( minor facts)。 B篇是递进式结构(是什么一为什么一怎么做)。第4个主旨句后面的信息支撑该主旨句,是 解释“怎么做”的主要支持信息 2.B篇第3个主旨句的支持信息和选择理 该段有两个支持句(群),支持句(群)1“ In my view, spending more money on public transportation systems may be an effective means. Needless to say, polices which encourage people to put these systems to full use, for example, giving certain subsidies(补贴), are necessary.”,支持句(群)2“In the meantime, measures to restrict the use of private cars: such as proving the taxes on cars or petrol, should be taken.”。这两个支持句(群)都是支撑该段主旨 句(Undoubtedly, traffic jam must be, and can be dealt with properly by correct means. )的 major facts”。因此,这两个支持句(群)所提供的信息都为主要支持信息,不用筛选,而是直接于 以压缩和改写 【练能生巧】 1.全文主旨大意 第1段最后一句“ Schools should continue using the tradit1 onal calendar and not a yea round schedule, which has the following disadvantages 各段主旨大意 Paragraph 1: Schools should continue using the traditional calendar and not a year-round schedule, which has the following disadvantages Paragraph 2: Contrary to the well-accepted belief, year-round schooling has noconstructive effects ‎ on education Paragraph 3: Like any other facility, keeping a school open requires a great deal of money Paragraph 4: With year-round schedules, students would hardly have any time to relax Paragraph 5: It is evident that year-round schooling is not the best choice for the school calendar. 2.本文为总分结构,第2至4段的主旨句是支持全文主旨大意(第1段主旨句)的支持句,是 major facts,这几段的段落支持句是 minor facts 第2段的主旨句“ Contrary to the well- accepted belief,year- round schooling has no constructive ffects on education.”比较笼统,让读者费解,有必要从本段支持该主旨句的 minor facts中选出相关 信息进一步说明该主旨句。后面几个句子可分为两个支持句(群)。“ Most year- round schedules use ‎ the 45--15 method: 45 days of school followed by 15 days off. Because of ‎ this, there are many first and last days of school. And the breaks interrupt the learning process”为 一个支持句(群),说明学习过程被打断;最后一句“Also, there is no evidence of higher test scores.”为一个支持句(群),表示这种学制也没有提高成绩的迹象。作者将“学习过程被打断”作为第一个理由,并且用了相对多的笔墨，因此用第一个支持句(群)作为支持本本段主旨句的 minor facts 【小试牛刀】 One possible version It's unwise for schools to switch from the traditional calendar to a year-round schedule (要点1) ‎ First, year-round schooling, interrupted by breaks, doesn't yield positive educational results ‎ ‎(要点2)Second, much more money is needed to keep the school open all year round. ( 要点3) ‎ Besides, year-round schedules make it impossible for children to get relaxed and go to camps ‎ which help develop their talents and interests. (要点 4) Thus, why bother changing the traditional calendar to a year-round schedule? (要点5) (76 words)‎ 第三节提炼关健词 ‎60词左右的概要不允许照搬含有主旨和支持性信息的原句。为了使独立表达成为可能，‎ 你必须学会提炼关键词 ‎【有缘初识】‎ 下面是某同学为某文本的一个段落提取的主旨句和支持句。请阅读并回答导学问题。‎ 导学问题 ‎1.能否将这些主旨句和支持句全部写入概要？为什么？‎ ‎2．你会将哪些内容写入概要？为什么？‎ Undoubtedly,traffic jam must be,and can be dealt with properly by correct means.In my view,spending more money on public transportation systems may be an effective means.‎ Needless to say,policies which encourage people to put these systems to full use are necessary.‎ In the meantime,measures to restrict the use of private cars should be taken 名师点拨 由于概要的词数限制与独立表达的要求，我们不能将所有含有主旨和支持性信息的句子转抄至概要，而要抓住这些句子中的关键词，我们称这一技能为“提炼关键词”。【名师导学】一.以下画线部分是两位同学为该段落提炼的关键词.请对比它们的不同，回答导学问题。导学问题1.这两位同学提炼的关键词有什么不同？‎ 你认为哪位同学提炼得更好？为什么同学A提炼的关健词 Undoubtedly,traffic jam must be,and can be dealt with properly by correct means.In my view,spending more money ‎ on public transportation systems may be an effective means.Needless to say,policies which encourage people to put these systems to full use are necessary.In the meantime,measures to restrict the use of private cars should be taken 同学B提炼的关键词Undoubtedly,traffic jam must be,and can be dealt with properly by correct means. In my view,spending more money on public transportation systems may be an effective means.Needless to say,policies which encourage people to put these systems to full use are necessary .In the meantime,measures to restrict the use of private cars should be taken.‎ 名师点拨 1. ‎“提炼”是个弃芜存精的过程，因此要做到精炼，也就是说提炼的结果是获取最精要的文字。‎ 2. 首先要结合主旨大意，选取与文本主旨密切相关的词语。它们通常是名词（短语），动词（短语）和形容词（短语）。因为它们含有实质的词汇意义，通常被称为实词。‎ 3. 这些实词有可能以原词，代词，同义词，近义词或反义词的形式重复出现。但提炼时不能重复关键词，即使是与主旨密切相关的词语。‎ 4. 剔除所有功能性用词，即名词（短语），动词（短语）和形容词（短语）以外的为了实现句法功能的词，也称虚词。‎ 二. 下面是某同学为另一文本中的某段落提前的主旨句和支持句。请阅读并回答一下导学问题。‎ 导学问题 ‎3.画出该段的主旨句。4.根据主旨句，画出关键词，并说明理由。‎ ‎ Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body. Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eye. Other times the person who is lying will try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling the truth. If someone does either of these two things they might be lying.‎ 名师点拨 ‎1．提取关健词时，必须注意句子间的关系。不要在表达相同或相近含义的句子 里重复提取关键词。如议论文的段落中常有主旨句和结论句，结论句通常用不同的 表达方式重申主旨句的含义，因此没必要在结论句中再次提取关键词。‎ ‎2．就主从复合句而言，关键词通常在主句部分，而非从句句部分，但含有宾语从句 的主从复合句例外，关键词应在宾语从句部分 三.请阅读下面的句子，并回答导学问题。‎ 导学问题 ‎5.根据以上导学部分名师点找给你的启发，画出以下句子的关键词 ‎6.结合你画定的关键词，总结出更多的关键词提炼技巧 ‎1) Instead of always focusing on what truly matters, this joy can lead to a better life.‎ ‎2)In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent lifestyle changes may be affecting French eating habits.‎ ‎3)Strange as it may seem, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires-- not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don't have enough tastes ‎4)I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Union ‎5) Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country,‎ ‎6)They had respect for his ability as a player. However, they tried to annoy him with 名师点拨 ‎1．就简单句而言，关键词通常在主谓宾部分，而非在定语、状语和其他补充说明 部分，如如破折号后面的词通常不是关键词 ‎2．就并列句而言，连接两个简单句的并列连接词是判断关词的关键所在，并 列连接词but、 however和so等连接的并列句的关键词通常在它们之后，而and和or 连接的并列句的关键词则前后都有，因为这两句同等重要 ‎3．因此，你得在分析句子间关系的基础上，判断句子的重要性，然后在相对重要 的句子中提炼关健词。‎ ‎【练能生巧】‎ 请阅读下面短文，并运用已学的微技能完成短文后的学习任务 Safe drinking water has always been rare and valuable. Throughout the world, drinking water has to be stored for periods of low rainfall. Tanks or other containers for water storage must be ready long before a dry season begins For hundreds of years different kinds of materials have been used to build water storage containers. In many areas of the world, small lakes or reservoirs formed by dirt walls provide drinking water for villagers during the long dry season. In western Sudan. the thick part of the bamboo tree is removed to store water collected during the short rainy season in that country.‎ Bricks and concrete（混凝土） are among the modern materials used today to build storage containers for water. A solid rock can be used as the bottom of a water tank. To prevent water from leaking out, concrete is laid onto the surface of the solid rock. After the concrete sets. the water tank is ready for use.‎ Wood also can be used for water storage structures.Wooden tanks do not require special care, although their average lifetime is shorter than tanks made with concrete or steel. Any chemicals used to keep the wood from being ruined must not be poisonous substances.‎ Water in uncovered storage tanks or reservoirs can become unsafe. Small green plants called algae(藻类) can grow in large amounts near the surface. The algae may help bacteria(细菌）‎ continue to grow, even if chemicals such as chlorine(氯) are added to the water to kill the bacteria. Uncovered water also can be polluted by birds, animals or humans.(288 words)‎ 1． 归纳主旨大意（含段落大意）；‎ 1． 筛选支持信息 2． 提炼关键词（以主旨句关键词提炼为例）‎ 反思总结 请回顾以上学习过程，总结有关本节微技能的要点并做简要反思 1．为什么要提炼关键词？关键词有什么特点？‎ ‎ 2．如何提炼关键词？‎ ‎ 3．学完该微技能，我 ‎ ‎【小试牛刀】 学完第六节，再回到这里哦！相信你可以完成上面这篇概要写作啦！‎ 第四节 合并相关信息 由于所提炼的关键词相对零散且孤立，有必要依据它们的逻辑关系进行整合，使信息合理联结，使概要条理清晰，层次分明。‎ ‎【有缘初识】‎ 某同学在提取文章主旨句、各段落主旨句及其主要支持信息后，用下划线标出了所提炼的关键词，然后对关键词进行了合并。请仔细阅读以下内容，回答导学问题。‎ 导学问题 ‎1．该同学对哪些信息进行了合开？‎ 该同学将全文主旨句和第1段主旨句及其支持信息合并为一句话，其他各段主旨句与支 持信息各自独立。采用的合并方式只是加上 such as和and两个连接词。‎ ‎2．你认为这样合并是否合理？为什么？‎ 该同学的合并方式不合理。首先，全文主旨句引领三个层面的信息，添加such as与其中一个层面的信息合并，导致文章逻辑关系混乱;2、3段的主旨句和支撑信息为上下层级关系，仅通过and连接会导致不合理的文章结构。‎ 全文主旨： There are several ways to improve shopping experience.‎ 第一段主旨句: Sellers know that looking can lead people to buy things.‎ 支持信息： Sellers organize products in a way that shoppers can easily see and access those goods.‎ 第二段主旨句: Traditional shoppers at shopping malls can do two things to make their shopping ‎ experience easier for themselves.‎ 支持信息： First, they can make a list of things they need and they can draw up a strict shopping budget.‎ Second, they can ask the shop assistant for help to find any particular thing.‎ 第三段主旨句: The crowds at the shopping malls are another aspect to consider.‎ 支持信息：It might be wiser to do off-peak shopping.‎ 合并以上信息:‎ There are several ways to improve shopping experience such as looking leads people to buy things, and sellers organize products in a way that shoppers can easily see and access those goods. Traditional shoppers make a list of things they need and draw up a strict shopping budget, and they ask the shop assistant for help. The crowds are another aspect to consider and it might be wiser to do off-peak shopping.‎ 名师点拨 ‎1．合并信息的日的不是为了写长句子，而是为了使表达更加紧凑、有效。合并后的句子应该做到各信息之间的逻辑关系紧密。‎ ‎2．将孤立零散的关键词整合成逻辑性强、层次清晰、结构合理、句式紧凑的文章，这一技能称为合并信息。‎ ‎【名师导学】‎ 一、请阅读下面的短文，回答导学间题 导学问题 ‎1.筛选要点并用下划线提炼要点中的关键词。‎ Paragraph 1: The way you design your home may have an effect on your figure. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.‎ Paragraph 2: Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating.‎ Paragraph 3: Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites while cold colors make us less hungry.‎ Paragraph 4: Don't forget the clock--- or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about70 fewer calories（卡路里） per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time,and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.‎ Paragraph 5: Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.‎ Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.‎ Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious（难为情）when they’re in poorly lit place--‎ and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn't have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.‎ Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing while cold colors make us less hungry. So when it's time to repaint, go blue.‎ Don't forget the clock —or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories( 卡路里)per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.‎ Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.‎ 二.请阅读下面某同学对上述信息进行合并后的短文，回答导学问题。‎ 导学问题 ‎2.该同学是如何进行合并的？‎ 该同学将第1段的关键信息独立成句，没有做任何改变。然后把3至5段的主题句合并为一个句子。将3至5段的主要支持信息独立逐个罗列在最后，其中把第4段的第二个支撑信息与第5段的支撑信息进行了合并。‎ ‎3.该同学的合并是否合理？为什么？‎ 该同学的做法不合理。因为各段落主旨句的信息具有相对独立性，不宜合并。支撑信息 的功能是解释主旨句，将它们与主旨句分离的做法也是不合理的。‎ 某同学合并信息后的短文：‎ The way you design your home may have an effect on your figure. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights, mind the colors, don’t forget the clock— or the radio and downsize the dishes. Dark environments encourage overeating. Warm colors fuel our appetites. People who eat slowly consume fewer calories per meal than those who rush through their meals. Keep track of the time and choose a small spoon. 名师点拨 1．合并信息首先需对信息进行分类、整合，找到信息之间的联系，再将联系紧密的信息合并在一起。同一层级的主旨句不宣合并在一起，但如果联系紧，且没有支持的细节信息，可以考虑合并。其余情况均不合并，否则会割裂主旨句与支持信息的联系，使文章不连贯。 2．各段的支持信息对本段的主旨句进行进一步解释说明，两者之间关系紧密，可使用恰当的连接词进行合并。 三、请尝试对上述信息进行合并。 名师点拨 有效的合并手段主要有： 1.运用主从复合句：主从复合句即我们常用的名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句。可根提信息的不同作用选择不同的从句。 2.送用同位语：对人物、事物、地点做出解释的信息可采用在名词后面插入同位语的方式合并。 3.运用短语：使用介词短语、形容词短语，非谓语动词短语等将支撑信息合并到该段主题信息中。 4.运用并列连词:使用并列连词将关系紧密的信息合并，常用的并列连词有and、but、or、nor、so、yet、while、as well as、both…and、not only…but also、either…or、neither…nor、（and）then等。 【先试为快】 请阅读下面的短文以及提炼后的关键词，结合以上名师点拨，合并信息。 Many of us invest valuable time, energy and money planning our vacations. We do this because we know for sure that going on vacations must be good for us. Research proves this feeling without a doubt. Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression. Yet,despite these benefits, many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was OK ‎—but not great. In order to change this, some mistakes should be avoided. A typical one for vacation planners is attempting to maximize value for money by planning trips that have too many things. Perhaps you re planning a trip to ‎ Europe, seven cities in 10 days, and you realize it will cost only a little more to add two more destinations to the list. Sounds fine in theory, but hopping from one place to the next hardly gives an opportunity to experience what psychologists call mindfulness-time to take in our new surroundings, time to be present and absorb our travel experiences. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues such as how to find a good flight deal, how to get from A to B, or which destinations to add or subtract from our journey. These issues may seem important, but our psychological state of mind is far more important.‎ Actually, vacation happiness is based on the following top rules. First, choose your travel companions wisely, because nothing contributes more significantly to a trip than the right companions. Second, don't spend your vacation time in a place where everything is too expensive so as to maintain a positive mood. Third, shop wisely, for meaningful experiences provide more long-term happiness than physical possessions.‎ 提炼关键词:‎ Paragraph 1: We do this because we know for sure that going on vacations must be good for us.‎ Paragraph 2:Many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was OK--- but not great. In order to change this, some mistakes should be avoided. A typical one for vacation planners is attempting to maximize value for money. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues.‎ Paragraph 3: Vacation happiness is based on the following top rules. First, choose your travel companions wisely. Second, don’t spend your vacation time in a place where everything is too expensive so as to maintain a positive mood, Third, shop wisely.‎ 合并信息：‎ 请关注划线部分所使用的合并方式。‎ Vacations are good for us,but many of us return home with a feeling that the last vacation was not great. To make our vacations happy, we should avoid two mistakes--- attempting to maximize value for money and worrying too much about strategic issues. Besides, we should follow some rules such as choosing the right companions and places and shop wisely.‎ ‎【练能生巧】 阅读下面短文，运用已学的微技能完成文后学习任务。‎ Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet. When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it. We keep trying all four methods, but the amount of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.‎ Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet. The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution. Industrialized farming methods produce cheap meat ‎ products: beef, pork and chicken. The price we pay for cheap food may be already too high: Mad Cow Disease, salmonella(沙门氏菌)in chicken and eggs, and so on.‎ There is a kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise, Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle .Car alarms constantly scream at us in the street and are a source of profound irritation. A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed that dogs barking endlessly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7. The survey revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike: late-night parties in apartment blocks., noisy neighbors, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet village, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume.‎ New technology has also made its own contribution to noise. A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like restaurants or on pubic transport. Loud conversations on mobile phones invade our thoughts or interrupt the pleasure of meeting friends for a quiet chat. Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain: silence, it seems, has become a golden memory. (341 words)‎ ‎1.归纳主旨大意（含段落大意）; ‎ 全文主旨大意： Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet.‎ 各段主旨大意:‎ Paragraph 1: The amount of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.‎ Paragraph 2: The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.‎ Paragraph 3: There is a kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.‎ Paragraph 4: New technology has also made its own contribution to noise.‎ ‎2.筛选支持信息; ‎ 本文为总分结构，第1段第1句是全文的主旨句，第1段最后一句和第2至3段的主旨句都对全文主旨起支持作用，是 major facts，第4段的主旨句是对第3段主旨句的补充，但由于它单独成段，并做出了详细的介绍，是ma jor facts。支持各段落主旨句的是 minor facts，主要是介绍污染源，如第2段的“industrialized farming methods”和第4段的“ mobile phones＂。第3段是本文最长的一个段落，也是“minor facts＂最多的一段，用大篇幅介绍了很多噪声污染的的来源，如“burglar alarms、car alarms、dogs barking、late－night parties、 noisy neighbors、 vehicles、 large radios＂等，其中噪声最大的（ the highest form of noise pollution）是“dogs barking”，可以作为支持第3段主旨句的最主要 minor facts予以保留，其他污染源可以一笔带过。‎ ‎3．提炼关键词（以主旨句关键句提练为例）; ‎ Paragraph 1: The amount of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.‎ Paragraph 2: The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.‎ Paragraph 3: There is a kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.‎ Paragraph 4: New technology has also made its own contribution to noise. ‎ ‎4．合并相关信息（举例说明）。‎ 由于第1段第一句为全文主旨句，面最后一句与第2段的开头句联系紧密，故可以将这两个段的主旨句合并。第3段的支持信息较多，可以合并，合并如下：‎ Rubbish and industrialized farming methods constantly affect our daily lives. According to a recent survey, the worst noise is dogs barking at night, while the noise of alarms, late-night parties, noisy neighbors, vehicles, and large radios all add to the noise sources.‎ ‎【反思总结】‎ 回顾以上学习过程，总结有关本节微技能的要点并做简要反思。‎ ‎1．为什么要合并信息？什么样的信息可以合并？‎ ‎2．如何合并相关信息？‎ ‎3．学完该技能，我……‎ ‎【小试牛刀】‎ 学完第六节，再回到这里哦！相信你可以完成上面这篇概要写作啦！‎ One possible version：‎ We have paid too high a price for pollution.(要点1) Rubbish，industrialized farming methods constantly affect our daily lives. (要点2)Noise particularly does much harm.（要点3）According to a recent survey, the worst noise is dogs barking at night, while the noise of alarms, late-night parties, noisy neighbors, vehicles, and radios all add to the noise sources. (要点4) New technology is also a source of noise．（要点5） (58 words)‎ 第五节变换表达方式 概要写作的评分标之一是“对各要点表达的独立性”，即要求用自已的语言归纳和表述要点，因此，你必须在正确理解原文要点的基上，用不同于原文的方式表要点 ‎【有缘初识】‎ 请阅读以下段落和某同学为该段落写的概要，回答导学同题 导学问题 该同学所写概要的主要问题是什么？请举例说明 ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 所给段落：‎ The PAI study gives several solutions to the water problem. One way. it says, is to find ways to use water for more than one purpose. Another way is to teach people to be careful not to waste water. A third way is to use less water for agriculture.‎ 某同学所写概要:‎ The PAL gives several solutions to the problem: use water for more purposes, teach people not to waste water, and use less water for agriculture.‎ 名师点评 概要写作的评分标准之一是“对各要点表达的独立性”，即要用自己的语言表达原文要点，不能照抄原文的语句。‎ ‎【名师导学】‎ 一、请阅读以下几位同学改写的句子，并回答导学问题 导学问题 1. 这三个改写后的句子和改写前的句子含义完全一致吗？‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ 2. 如果不一致，请在改写后的句子上标出不一致之处 ‎1）改写前: Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than any other time of the day.‎ 改写后：It helps us in our studies because in the morning we can remember things more quickly and correctly.‎ ‎2）改写前: There has been nothing slightly like the average summer temperature in 2015，which is nearly three degrees higher.‎ 改写后: The average temperature in 2015 is almost three degrees higher than the average temperature of the past ‎3)改写前: In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when its last individual dies.‎ 改写后: Biologically, a species becomes extinct when the last person dies.‎ 名师点拨 变换表达方式的第一个要求是客观精确地表述原文要点。即在正确理解原文的前提下，用自己的语言表达与所所给材料一致的信息，不能因变换表达方式而增添了自己的评价等不属于原材料的信息，或删减了原材料的关键信息，甚至改变了原材料所表达的意思。简言之，要做到“不增不减不曲”。‎ 二、 请观察以下几组改写前后的句子，并回答导学问题 ‎ 导学问题 ‎3.请在每组对应的句子里，用符号（如横线、波浪线等）标注表达相同意思语句。 4.观察这些表达相同意思的语句，你认为通常可以在哪些方面变换表达方式？‎ ‎__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1) 改写前: The pie chart demonstrates(展示)the number of marriages in the UK from 1980 to 2000.‎ 改写后：The table displays the different marriage figures in the UK in the late 1900s.‎ 2) 改写前:There is no room for doubt that classical music is becoming popular with young people.‎ 改写后 :It is believed that classical music is gaining popularity among the youth. 名师点拨 1.要做到“不增不减不曲”，首先要认真阅读并充分理解所给材料，并养成忠于原 文的改写意识和习惯。 2.要做到“不增不减不曲”，还要在平时的语言学习过程中注重词句的积累，尤其 是名词、动词、形容词及其短语的积累，同一词根多种词性与词形的积累，同一含义多种词句表达的积累。 三、请观察以下几组改写前后的句子，并回答导学问题 导学问题 5.请在改写后的句子上，用下划线标出与改写前句子中的标注部分含义相同但相对简要的语句。 6.对比改写前后的表达，归纳出常见的简化表达方式。‎ ‎__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 1) 改写前: Although a lot of people were strongly against it, three more nuclear power stations were built.‎ 改写后: Another three nuclear power stations were built despite the strong opposition. 2）改写前: Besides, one has to consider who he is spending the holiday with. 改写后： Another her consideration is the companion 3)改写前: A private American organization called Population Action International(PAL) has just conducted a study and says more that 35 million people, who mostly live in poor areas, do not have enough water for daily life and work.‎ 改写后： According to a study, more than 335 million people, mostly living in poor areas, are suffering from water shortage. 名师点拨 1．变换表达方式的第二个要求是简要表达原材料的意思。即在正确理解原文的 前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。简言之，要做到“不繁”。 2．要做到“不繁”，首要的是在平时的语言学习过程中训练自己的归纳概括能力， 抓住要点，化繁为简。 3．要做到“不繁”，通常可以从以下方面简化表达： 长变短：复合句／并列句简化为简单句、句子简化为短语／单词、短语简化为单词； 多变少：把详细具体的表达简化为概括笼笼统的表达。 ‎ ‎【先试为快】 请阅读以下短文以及某同学的概要，运用本节所学的变换表达方式的微技能完成文后学习任务。‎ However, the forest and its plants are disappearing. In the rain forest of the Amazon, for example, 50 to 150 plant species are being destroyed every day. Native people are disappearing too, because they live in and need the forest for survival. In Brazil alone, for Instance, more than 90 tribes have disappeared since 1900. Moreover, thousands of years of knowledge has disappeared with these people.‎ 某同学的概要： But the forest and its plants are dying out and native people who live in the forest ‎ are disappearing together with their valuable knowledge. 1.根据变换表达方式的原则，找出概要中的相关问题并予以说明 ‎__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎2.请对该概要进行加工。‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎【练能生巧】‎ 请阅读下面短文，运用已学的微技能完成文后学习任务。‎ For many years, the school system in Finland has been very successful. In the PISA survey, which compares reading, math and science knowledge of 15-year-olds around the world. Finland is not only the top European country but also competes with Asian countries like Singapore and the Republic of Korea. But what makes the educational system in this small country so different from other Western countries?‎ Until the 1960s, most Finnish students left school after six years. In the middle of the 1960s. the Finnish government saw the need to change and modernize their educational system if they want to be internationally competitive. Lawmakers made a simple decision: a basic school for all the 7-to-16-year-olds Compulsory(义务的) education begins at 7. The government makes It possible for all children to attend preschool as well.‎ Most of Finland's schools get their money from the government. The people who are in charge of he educational system, from teachers to officials, are trained teachers, not politicians like in other countries.‎ Teachers work with their pupils in school as much as possible. When teachers are not with the pupils, they spend a lot of time in schools working on the curriculum(课程) and new projects. Schools in Finland are small, at least for international standards. So teachers know every pupil in their school and try everything to succeed with the pupils. In contrast to other nations, Finland selects its teachers very carefully: only talented teachers go on to a university and receive a master's degree in education. Finland only takes the best to educate its youth.‎ All Finnish children, whether they come from the city or the country, whether from a rich or poor family, have the same chances in education. There are not so many differences between the wealthy and the poor, as in America and other Western European countries. Education experts say that there is very little difference between very good and the worst students. Two thirds of Finnish pupils move on to higher education, the highest rate in the European Union.‎ ‎ (350 words)‎ 1． 归纳主旨大意（含段落大意）；‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 2． 筛选支持信息；‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 3． 提炼关键词（以主旨句关键词提炼为例）；‎ ‎_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 4． 合并相关信息（举例说明）；‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 1． 变换表达方式（举例说明）；‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎【反思总结】‎ 请回顾以上学习本节微技能的过程，并总结自己学到的有关该微技能的要点。‎ 1. 为什么要变换表达方式？‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 2. 变换表达方式时，要注意哪些原则？‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 3. 学完该微技能，我_____________________________________________________________‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎【小试牛刀】‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案 第五节变换表达方式 ‎【有缘初识】‎ 该同学所写概要的主要问题是：表表达缺乏独立性，除了省去几个单词外，基本上照抄原文要点。如：照抄段落主旨句“ The PAI study gives several solutions to the water problem．”，只是省去原句中的“ study”和“ water”两个单词。‎ ‎【名师导学】‎ ‎1．这三个改写后的句子和与之相对应的原句含义都不完全一致。‎ ‎2．改写后的句1增加了“ It helps us1 n our studies＂；‎ 改写后的句2遗漏了“summer”；‎ 改写后的句3中的“the last person”和和原句中的“its last individual”含义不同，原句中的“its last individual”是指物种中的“最后一个个体”，而不是“最后一个人”‎ ‎3．表达相同意思的语句见以下句子下的标标线 ‎1）改写前：The pie chart demonstrates the number of marriages in the UK from 1980 to 2000.‎ 改写后: The table displays the different marriage figures in the UK in the late 1900s.‎ ‎2)改写前: There is no room for doubt that classical music is becoming popular with young people 改写后: It is believed that classical music is gaining popularity among the youth.‎ ‎4．通常可以在以下几方面变换表达方式：‎ 名词、动词、形容词、副词等的同义词替换；同义短语、句式转换；词性转换；等等。‎ ‎5．相对简要的语句见以下句子画线处。‎ ‎1)Another three nuclear power stations were built despite the strong opposition.‎ ‎2) Another consideration is the companion.‎ ‎3)According to a study, more than 335 million people, mostly living in poor areas, are suffering from water shortage.‎ ‎6．常见简化表达方式如下 句子简化为短语，如“although a lot of people were strongly against it”简化为介词短语“despite the strong ‎ opposition”; “who mostly live in poor areas” 简化为非谓语结构“mostly living in poor areas”;‎ 句子简化为单词，如“one has to consider”简化为名词“consideration”；“who he is spending the holiday with”简化为“companion”；‎ 短语简化为单词，如“were against It”简化为单词“opposition”；‎ 详细具体的表达简化为概括笼统的表达，如“A private American organization called Population Action International（PAI） has just conducted a study”简化为“a study”；“not have enough water for daily life and work”简化为“water shortage”。‎ ‎【先试为快】‎ 1. 相关问题及说明：‎ 表达的独立性不够：除了把“however”“disappearing”改为“but”“dying out”，其他单词短语基本上是照抄原句；‎ 表达的客观性不够，在“knowledge”前前面增加了自己的评价“valuable”；‎ 表达的简洁性不够，并列句“and native people...”和定语从句“who live in the forest”都使改写的句子不够简要。‎ ‎2．修改后的概要：‎ But the forest is dying out as well as its natives and their knowledge.‎ ‎【练能生巧】‎ ‎1．全文主旨大意： The reasons for the success of Finnish educational system 各段主旨大意：本文部分段落的主旨大意以主旨句的形式直接呈现，部分段落的主旨大意需要归纳。‎ Paragraph 1: What makes the educational system in Finland successful.‎ Paragraph 2: In the middle of the 1960s, the Finnish government changed and modernized their educational system.‎ Paragraph 3: Most of Finland's schools get their money from the government and the people in charge are trained teachers.‎ Paragraph 4: Finnish teachers, selected carefully, devote themselves to education and know every child they teach very well.‎ Paragraph 5: All Finnish children have the same chances in education ‎2.筛选支持信息 本文为总分结构，支持每段主旨句的信息为 minor facts。但第二段的主旨句是“In the middle of the 1960s, the Finnish government changed and modernized their educational system．”，没有说明具体的change和modernize的做法，需要提供支持信息予以解释。下文lawmakers made a simple decision: a basic school for all the 7-to-6-year-olds. Compulsory education begins at 7. The government makes it possible for all children to attend preschool as well”就是对 change和 modernize做法的具体说明。这两句用“as well连接，因此它们是并列关系，必须将这两点简化后作为并列信息支持该段主旨句.‎ 第五段“ have the same chances in education”也不够明确，应增加支持信息，即“ There are not so many differences between the wealthy and the poor. " 和"there is very little difference between very good and the worst students”。因前句侧重家庭，后句侧重学业，必须将这两点简化后作为并列信息支持该段主旨句。 3．提炼关键词（以主旨句关键词提炼为例）： Paragraph 1: the educational system in Finland; successful Paragraph 2: change; modernize Paragraph 3: get money from government; trained teachers Paragraph 4: teacher: select; devote: know every child well Paragraph 5: same chances in education 4. 合并相关信息（举例说明）：‎ 第五段从两个侧面提供的支持信息可以合并为“ family backgrounds and academic performances”。 5．变换表达方式（举例说明）： 第二段的支持信息“ Lawmakers made a simple decision：a basic school for all the7-to-16-year- olds. Compulsory education begins at 7. ”和“The government makes it possible for all children to attend preschool as well”经合并后，可以把两个并列的动宾搭配结构改成两个并列的名词短语“compulsory education for 7-to-16-year-olds and preschool for children”，并用there be句型改变句式为“ There is compulsory education for7-to-16-year- olds and preschool for children.”。 【小试牛刀】 One possible version： Why has the Finnish educational system been more successful than those of other Western countries? ( 要点1)The success is mainly due to its compulsory education for both school and preschool children. (要点 2) Additionally, the government finances the schools, and professionals manage the system. (要点3) Teachers, carefully chosen and well educated, also devote themselves to education. (要点 4) Another reason is that children share equal opportunities and similar results for education. (要点 5)‎ 第六节 运用衔接手段 概要写作的评分标准之一是“上下文的连贯性”,要求你有效地运用一定的衔接手段,使所写 的句子连贯、流畅 有缘初识：阅读某同学写的段落概要,并回答导学问题 ‎1.你觉得这个概要上下文连贯吗?‎ ‎2.如果不连贯,问题在哪里?‎ We shouldn't drive after getting drunk. If you are caught driving drunk, you will be fined.You will face a lot of bad consequences like losing your licence. You will lose your job. You will go to jail.‎ 名师点拨：‎ ‎1.句子间如果缺乏有效的衔接,上下文就会不连贯,就会让读者难以理解。‎ ‎2.有效的衔接手段是指借助段落的内在逻辑、衔接词等方法使语句流畅。‎ ‎3.运用有效的衔接手段,可使句子之间衔接合理,上下文连贯流畅。‎ 名师导学 一、请认真阅读所给文本,并回答导学问题 ‎1.你认为这个文本上下文连贯吗?‎ ‎2.用下划线标出使上下文连贯的衔接词。‎ These changes only became possible as my memory improved. First it was stored in tubes,then on transistors and later on very small chips. As a result I totally changed my shape. As I have grown older I have also grown smaller. Over time my memory has developed so much that ,like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! And my memory became so large that even I couldn’t believe it!‎ 名师点拔 在概要写作时,我们可以借用三种衔接手段使上下文连贯,即词汇衔接、逻辑衔接和语法衔接 二、请认真阅读所给文本,并回答导学问题:‎ ‎3,.请用_________划出词汇衔接词 ‎4.请用___________划出逻辑衔接词 European universities and universities in the United States are different in many ways.‎ First, European students seldom live at a university. Instead, they live at home and travel to classes. Second, most European courses are given by professors who lecture to classes. In contrast,United States professors often ask their students questions or allow their students to form discussion groups. Finally,a European university is mainly a place to study, but at most U.S.universities ,social activities take up a large part of the students' time 名师点拨：‎ ‎1.词汇衔接法是指运用原词、近义词或反义词、上下义词等的复现和同一语义场词汇的共现等方法。如:job和 doctor、 teacher、 translator为上义词与下义词的关系；learn、 education和 knowledge等为同一语义场词汇 ‎2.逻辑衔接法指利用表逻辑关系的过渡词来衔接上下句的方法，如besides、however等。‎ 三、请认真读下面的句子及衔接词,并回答导学问题 ‎5.选用所给的衔接词,扩展下面的主题句,使句子前后连贯 ‎(firstly, in addition, therefore, in conclusion, however)‎ Reading can be fun.__________________________________________________________________‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎6.读一读自己写的段落,你感觉句子连贯吗?‎ 名师点拨：‎ 在选用逻辑连接词衔接时,要考虑前后句子之间的内在逻辑关系,如Reading can be fun.Firstly,reading helps to open up new horizon.其中第2句从一个角度支持作者“ Reading can be fun.”的观点,因此可以用 firstly来衡接这两个句子。‎ 四、请阅读下面文本,并回答导学问题 ‎7.读一读,哪个文本更流畅?‎ ‎8.更流畅的那个文本还使用了语法衔接的方法,请划出具有语法衔接功能的词。‎ A ‎ Nobody loves a cat more than my brother loves a cat. My brother collects pictures of cats whenever it is possible. But my brother can't keep any real cats at home now because my mother hates cats. The thing is so sad for my brother! But my brother doesn’ t give up and my brother believes he will get a real cat when my brother lives on his own.‎ B Nobody loves a cat more than my brother does. He collects pictures of cats whenever possible. But he can't keep any real cats himself now because my mother hates them. This is so sad for him! But my brother doesn't give up and he believes he will get one when he lives on his own.‎ 名师点拨：‎ ‎1.常见的语法衔接有替代、省略 ‎2.替代是指用代词替代前面相应的名词或名词性短语和句子,用助动词替代前面的动词和动词短语 ‎3.省略是指为了表达筒洁,在语境清楚的条件下,省去某个词句。常见的省略有蒙上省略,即省去上文已提到的词句;探下省略,即省去下文将提到的词句 先试为快：请运用所学的衔接手段,加工某同学写的概要,使上下文更连贯 Foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the United States than American-made cars. Foreign cars cost more to buy. There are reasons for the higher cost. The quality of workmanship that goes into making foreign cars is very high. High tariffs (关税) on many foreign models have raised prices. Foreign cars often cost more to register. Parts and repair costs are much greater than parts and repair costs are for American cars. There are some financial advantages to owning a foreign car. Many of foreign cars get better gas mileage(英里数）and foreign cars need new tires less often than American cars need new tires.‎ 知识拓展：‎ 根据逻辑衔接的功能,常见有10类语篇标记词 ‎1.列举( enumerative)‎ first(ly), second (ly), third (ly ) next, then, finally, for one thing, for another thing. eventually,‎ in the end, to conclude ‎2.增补( additive)‎ and,again,then again,also,moreover,furthermore,in addition,above all,what is more,equally,similarly,likewise,in the same way.‎ 3. 总结(summative)‎ so,so far, altogether, overall, then, thus, therefore, in short, to sum up, to conclude,to summarize ‎4.结果( resultative)‎ so, as a result, consequently,hence, therefore, thus,in consequence ‎5.解释( explicative)‎ namely, in other words, that is to say, better, rather, by(this) we mean ‎6.举例( illustrative)‎ For example,for instance ‎7.替代(replacive)‎ alternatively, or again, or rather, but then, on the other hand ‎8.对照( antithetic)‎ instead, then, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand ‎9让步(concessive)‎ anyway, anyhow, however, nevertheless, still, though, in spite of, all the same ‎10.原因(causal)‎ because,so,for,for this reason,that’s why 练能生巧 阅读下面短文,并运用已学的微技能写一篇60词左右的概要。‎ Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely. The"standard"retirement age varies from country to country, but it is generally between 50and 70,according the latest statistics, 2011. However, for a long time, people have got into an argument about Whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their countries.‎ There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able. Many people think that older employees have a large amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organization if they are made to retire. Besides,older employees are often extremely faithful employees and are more willing to implement company policies than the young. A more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to older people. To force someone to resign or retire at 60 or 65 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over Allowing older people to work indefinitely(无限地), however, is not always a good policy.Some people took the strong view that age alone is no guarantee of ability. Many young employees have more experience or skills than older staff, who may have been stuck in one area for most of their working lives. Having compulsory retirement allows new ideas in an organization. On the other hand, older people should be rewarded by society for their life's labor by being given generous pensions and the freedom to enjoy leisure. They can have time to do whatever they like, that is, they can have their own plans or roles and achieve their retirement goals With many young people unemployed or frustrated in low-level positions, there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers. However, this can affect the older individual's freedom and right to work. In my opinion, giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual.‎ ‎1.归纳主旨大意(含段落大意);‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎2.筛选支持信息 ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎3.提炼关键词(以主旨句关键词提炼为例);‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎4.合并相关信息(举例说明)‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎5.变化表达方式(举例说明)‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎6.运用衔接手段(举例说明)‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ 反思总结 请回顾以上学习过程,总结有关本节微技能的要点并做简要反思 ‎1.为什么要运用衔接手段?在概要写作时,我们可以使用哪些衔接方法?‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎2.如何使用不同的衔接手段 ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎3.学完该微技能,我 ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ 小试牛刀：‎ 恭喜你，学完全部六节啦！快来完成上面这篇概要写作吧！‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________‎ Keys:第六节 运用衔接手段 有缘初识：‎ 1. 上下文不连贯；‎ 2. 具体如下：‎ 人称代词we与you 的混用，影响了内在逻辑的衔接。‎ 缺少衔接词，如在第3和第4句之间可以加上衔接词besides;在第4和第5句之间可以加上what’s worse 名师导学：‎ 1. 连贯。‎ 2. 作者用了以下使上下文连贯的衔接词 语法衔接词：these、it、I、my 逻辑衔接词: first、then、 and later、 as a result、as、and、so...that;‎ 词汇衔接词: memory、 forget、 changed、 grown、 developed ‎3.&4‎ European universities and universities in the United States are different In many ways.‎ First, European students seldom live at a university. Instead, they live at home and travel to classes. Second, most European courses are given by professors who lecture to classes.‎ In contrast,United States professors often ask their students questions or allow their students to form discussion groups. Finally, a European university is mainly a place to study, but at most U.S. universities, social activities take up a large part of the students' time ‎5.略 6.略 ‎7.文本B更流畅 ‎8. Nobody loves a cat more than my brother does. He collects pictures of cats whenever possible. But he can’ t keep any real cats himself now because my mother hates them .This is so sad for him! Anyway, he believes he will get one when he lives on his own.‎ 以上画线词有语法衔接的功能。具体如下:‎ 人称代词he、 himself、them、him和物主代词his代替前面提到的 brother;代词one替 指示代词this替代前面提到的不能养猫的那件事;助动词does替代前面的 loves a cat 先试为快】‎ Foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the United States than American-made cars. For one thing, foreign cars cost more to buy. Of course, there are reasons for this .The quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. Then, high tariffs on many foreign models have raised prices. Furthermore, foreign cars often cost more to register.‎ 1. Besides, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for American cars. However,there are some some financial advantages to owning a foreign car. For example, many of them get better gas mileage and they need new tires less often than American cars do. y of them 熟能生巧：‎ ‎1.全文主旨大意:( however, for a long time, people have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries.)‎ 段落大意 Paragraph 1: People have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries.‎ Paragraph 2: There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able.‎ Paragraph 3: Allowing older people to work indefinitely, however, is not always a good policy.‎ Paragraph 4: In my opinion, giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual ‎2.筛选支持信息 本文为总分结构,第2至3段主旨句提供对第1段主旨句(即全文大意)的支持,属于 major facts。这两段后面的段落支持句属于 minor facts 第2段的 minor facts共分3个句群,各句群的笔墨差不多,而且在最后一个句群前,作者用了“ a more important point”。因此,你可以任选一个你认为最容易概括的句群作为支持该段主旨句的信息写入概要.‎ ‎3.主旨句关键词提炼如下 Paragraph 1: People have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries.‎ Paragraph 2: There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able Paragraph 3: Allowing older people to work indefinitely, however, is not always a good policy.‎ Paragraph 4: In my opinion, giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual.‎ ‎4.合并相关信息(举例说明)‎ 第2段的第2和第3句都是支持老人推迟退休的信息,可以在提取句中的关键词“knowledge and experience”和“ faithful”后,合并这两个特点为“ Many people think that older employees are usually more knowledgeable, experienced and faithful”‎ ‎5.变化表达方式(举例说明)‎ 上面这个复合句可改写为简单句: Older employees are usually considered to be more knowledgeable, experienced and faithful”‎ ‎6.运用衔接手段(举例说明):‎ 本文从两个不同的角度讨论人们对退休年龄的看法,最后以自己的观点结尾。因此可以考虑用 “however”引出相反的观点,并用“ as for me”引出自己的观点。另外,由于全文都在讨论老人的退休年龄,可以用同义词 the elderly, the old、 older people等达成衔接连贯的目的。‎ 小试牛刀 One possible version There has been a debate about the right retirement age. (要点1) Some argue that the issue Should be left to the elderly's own decision because of their advantages in workplaces like richer experience,(要点2) Otherwise, both their contributions and value will be denied.(要点3)‎ However,opponents believe in more strengths possessed by young employees and earlier retirement as a reward for the elderly.(要点4）As for me,providing different choices for employees outweighs the other.（要点5）‎ 1.