高考阅读理解难句

高考阅读理解难句

第一部分：高中英语长难句解析 ‎　纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。 一、 复合从句 　　其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。 　　这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。‎ 二、 分隔结构 　　为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。　　‎ 三、 成分省略 　　在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。 　　例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。　　‎ 四、 改变语序 　　改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。 　　当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现，限于篇幅本文未将其归入。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。　 　　【突破策略】 　　(1) 结构分析法 　　所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。 　　方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分 　　较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。 　　① However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years. 　　此句的主语为many ‎ scientists，主语里面包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say，say后面又包含了一个宾语从句。 ② Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising. 　　此句的主语为some companies,有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。 ③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.‎ ‎　　此句的主语为a microcomputer，也有两个谓语，即locks 和sets。 　　方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词 　　① The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing. 　　② Miss Germaine’s mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted. 　　第一句话中第一个and和第2句中的and是连接两个并列成分的，两句话的and 都是连接两个并列单句。 　　方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词 ① Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 　　whereas引导了一个从句，即 a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave afailing marriage, 而it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriagewas in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。 　　方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句 　　If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror. 首先弄清并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前有一个条件状语从句，but后为一个单句，单句里又有一个who引导的定语从句。 　　(2)意群阅读法 　　意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。例如： 　　When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other①, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield② with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters③. 　　分析：①是状语从句，②是主句，③是with引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为4个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。‎ 典型例题 　　例1 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation(移植). 　　解析： 此句的主语为What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his ‎ life整个从句，其中主语里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；主语的谓语为is，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。 　　点评： 分析长难句时找出主句的谓语是至关重要的一步。 　　例2 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer. 　　解析：此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语即discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。 　　点评： that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that在不同从句中的用法非常重要。‎ 跳出陷阱 　　1. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure—a 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan—“a woman who knew everybody of her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”. 　　分析： 第一句的主语为James Green, the librarian，谓语为told，第一个宾语为the magazine “American Libraries”，第二个宾语为宾语从句，此宾语从句的主语为This chance discovery，谓语即ended，后面宾语的中心词为a 12-day search。 　　2. The alarm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious(怀疑) of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Year’s Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face ... 　　分析： The alarm had been raised为主句，because 引导一个原因状语从句，原因状语从句里又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。 　　3. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past. 　　分析： 主语为Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark，主语中心词为Donald Louria，谓语为said，said后面都是省略了that的宾语从句，宾语从句的主语为advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology，主语中心词为advances，谓语为make，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为that引导的宾语从句 第二部分 长难句的分类与解析 一、长难句的分类 ‎1、带有较多成分的简单句。如：‎ Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used. ‎ 例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。‎ 在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是women’s magazine，而且还修饰television programs and ‎ stations. exact television同时修饰programs和stations两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。‎ ‎2、含有多个简单句的并列句。如：‎ In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.‎ 在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。‎ 在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he.‎ Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help. ‎ 担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。‎ 三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。‎ ‎3、含有多个从句的复合句。如：‎ I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.‎ 我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。‎ 在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句：as…resources.‎ However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them. ‎ 然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。‎ 本句的主谓语是：those of us know。know有两个由that引导的宾语从句，其中第二个省略了know。在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰those of us，在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从句修饰belief。‎ ‎4、含有多个插入成分的句子。如：‎ His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.‎ 他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。‎ as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位语，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位语，他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。‎ ‎5、并列复合句。如：‎ I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.‎ 我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。‎ 在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句，其中还含有一个让步状语从句。‎ They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.‎ 他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。当售票员到双层公交车的上层收费时，破坏行为就不常发生。‎ 在前一个并列分句中有一个宾语从句，在后一个并列的分句中有一个修饰times的定语从句，这个定语从句前省略了关系词that或when.‎ 二、长难句分析步骤 ‎1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。‎ ‎2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。‎ ‎3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。‎ ‎4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。‎ 三、长难句分析的注意事项 在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：‎ ‎1、是否有同位语和插入语。 2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。‎ ‎3、替代词的所指对象。4、判断并列成分的层次。‎ ‎5、句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。‎ ‎6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。‎ ‎7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。‎ ‎8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。‎ 四、长难句分析练习 Part A ‎1、Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.‎ ‎2、Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $‎5,000 in loans(贷款) after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.‎ ‎3、What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.‎ ‎4、Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned. ‎ Part B ‎1. Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present. 　　The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes. 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______. 　　A. cannot be as effective as codeine　　 B. can be harmful to people’s health 　　C. cannot be separated from chocolate D. can be a more effective cure for coughs ‎2. Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface. The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.　　‎ ‎ 60.Only a small part of the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface because most of it is______. 　　A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere　　‎ ‎ B. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere 　 C. lost in the upper and lower atmosphere　　 ‎ D. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes ‎3. The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization. 72.Kids F.A.C.E is______. 　　A. a program to help students with writing　　 B. a project of litter recycling 　　C. a campaign launched by President Bush D. a club of environmental protection ‎73.What can we learn about Poe? 　　A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.‎ B. She donated billboard across the country. 　　C. She got positive responses for her efforts D. She joined the National Park Service.‎ ‎4. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group. ‎ ‎　 64.Why did Tom give up studying? 　　A. He disliked his teachers.　　 B. His parents no longer supported him.      C. It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies. ‎ D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.‎ ‎5. The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted. 73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety? 　　A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product. 　　B. People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion. 　　C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items. 　　D. Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.　‎ ‎6. As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her. Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books. Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate. 36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood? 　　A. She had seven brothers. 　　B. She felt herself a nobody. 　　C. She was too shy to go to school. D. She did not have any good teachers.‎ ‎7. They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness. Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat. However，the real reason lies inside their bodies. At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down. This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. 　　(NMET 2008 四川卷C篇) 44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text? 　A. They eat too much for lunch. 　　 B. They sleep too little at night. 　C. Their body temperature becomes lower. D. The weather becomes a lot warmer.‎ ‎8. These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills. It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.‎ ‎59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph? 　　A. Young boys may be stronger than young girls.　　‎ B. More women take up jobs requiring speech skills 　　C. Women may have stronger feelings than men.　 ‎ D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills. 9. In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it. However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.　　 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage? 　　A. It makes IP rights harder to protect.　　B. It sells songs and films. 　　C. It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.　　‎ ‎ D. It prevents the production of artwork.‎ ‎70.According to paragraph 2，what has “taken the world by storm”? 　　A. Intellectual property rights. 　　 B. The Internet. 　　C. Free downloading.　　 D. The large number of songs，films and books.‎ ‎10. The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life. ‎ ‎74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to ____ . 　　A. be able to work without stress　　 B. be more talented than other people 　　C. be more important than anyone else　D. be busy working without time to rest ‎11. The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen. As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.‎ ‎73.People with fair skin and freckles______. 　　A. seldom use sunscreen　　 B. are more in danger of skin cancer 　　C. can be free from the harm of the sun　D. often expose themselves to the sun ‎12. Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work. It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less. 63.It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell______. 　A. benefited a lot from pulling down the roof　 ‎ B. turned more old buildings into art galleries 　C. got inspiration from decorating their old building ‎ D. paid more attention to the outside of the gallery ‎ 答案 Part A1.这些任务的结果通常都很重要，这为做好工作增加了压力，然而这些任务的复杂性使人很难知道该从何处开始和怎样开始。‎ 这是一个并列复合句。在第一个并列分句中，有一个非限制性定语从句，但它不修饰outcome，而是修饰前面的整个分句。后一并列分句中有一个复合宾语结构，用it作形式宾语，实际宾语为带有连接副词的不定式短语。‎ ‎2.一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作，在暑假期间做全职工作，四年下来他仍会欠下5，000美元学费贷款，而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。这样的事现在已经是很平常了。‎ 分析本句应抓住其关键结构：it is not unusual for a student to have $‎5,000 in loans after four years。it是形式主语，实际主语为由for引出逻辑主语的不定式结构for a student to have $‎5,000 in loans after four years。这里应注意not unusual是双重否定，实际表示肯定含义。让步状语从句even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式结构中。破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。由于for到句末是一个完整的内容，因此翻译中将他们连在一起，而把it is not unusual分译。‎ ‎3.这就勾画出了这样一种工作环境，在这种环境中，只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用，而不考虑提高客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。‎ 本句的主谓结构是What emerges is a picture，主语What emerges本身即为一个从句。在说明picture的介词短语中还有一个定语从句修饰environment，在这个定语从句中又有一个as引导的状语从句修饰managing，介词on后有三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语，分别为：managing，promoting和providing。‎ ‎4. 正义确定要求严惩凶手。常识也要求社会受到保护不被（恶人）侵犯。但是无论正义还是自我保护都没有要求我们处死已被监禁的囚犯。‎ 第二、三两句中的第一个词均为并列连词，他们起承上启下的作用。三个句子中各有一个that引导的宾语从句，最后一句中还有一个由whom引导的、修饰men的定语从句。‎ Part B 1—2 DC 3.D C 4. C 5.C 6.B 7.C 8 B. ‎9AC 10.D 11.B 12.C