【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题副词（20页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题副词（20页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题副词 一、概述 副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式、条件等含义。‎ 本章从概念入手，进而从概念出发，从形式、意义和功能三个方面给予了副词不同的分类，并附有大量副词实例予以说明，接着分别从构成、作用、位置三个方面予以阐述，最后介绍了相关副词及副词短语的比较，使本章内容更加充实、丰满。章末阐述了本章的核心与精华，给予了应对副词的良策及副词知识网。‎ 本章内容比较整，要注意以概念、分类、构成、作用、位置为纲，结合副词知识网全面学习。‎ 二、定义及分类 ‎1、副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等条件。‎ ‎2、副词根据不同的分类标准可分为不同的种类 ‎（1）按形式分类 ‎①简单副词，如：just、now、well、back、out、in、really、near等。‎ ‎②复合副词，如：somehow、anywhere、therefore、whereupon、hereby等。‎ ‎③派生副词（多数派生副词带有后缀-ly，这些副词都是在形容词和分词的基础上加后缀-ly而构成的），如：happily、interestingly、excitedly、hopefully等。‎ ‎（2）按意义分类 ‎①方式副词，如：quickly、easily、heatly、skillfully、awkwardly等。‎ ‎②地点副词，如：here、there、up、away、in、outside、left、west等。‎ ‎③时间副词（时间副词可表示确定时间、不定时间、表时间序列或表时间频率），如：today、tomorrow、yesterday、just、recently、already、nowadays、now、first、later、before、always、often、seldom、sometimes等。‎ ‎④程度副词，如：very、pretty、too、quite、rather、exceedingly、fairly等。‎ ‎⑤态度副词，如：maybe、frankly、probably等。‎ ‎（3）按功能分类 ‎①疑问副词，如：when、where、how、why等。‎ ‎②连接副词：这类副词用以连接两个句子，类似句子副词，?修饰的也是整个句子，它们所表示的主要关系有以下几种：‎ a、表结果，如：therefore、hence、according等。‎ b、表添补（即对信息的添加），如：moreover、besides、also等。‎ c、表对比，如：nevertheless、however等。‎ d、表条件，如：otherwise。‎ e、表时间，如：then。‎ ‎③关系副词，如：when、where、why等用以引导定语从句（在“从句法”一章的定语从句部分再详细阐述，全面展开）。‎ ‎④解释性副词（这类副词用于举例或列举），如：namely、such as、for example等。‎ ‎⑤缩合连接副词 英语中除了缩合连接代词外，还有一种缩合连接副词。这种连接副词与一般连接副词不同，具有缩合性（内含关系副词），并在其所引导的名词性从句与主句之间起连接作用的副词，现将一些缩合连接副词的缩合性及其用法举例说明如下：‎ when=the time when如：‎ You don’t know when you are lucky.（when引导宾语从句）‎ where=the place where，如：‎ That’s where Lu Xun once lived.（where引导表语从句）‎ why=the reason why，如：‎ That’s why he didn’t come to class.（表语引导宾语从句）‎ whenever=any time when，如：‎ Whenever it is convenient for you, you can visit me.（whenever引导时间状语从句）‎ wherever=any place where，如:‎ Sit wherever you can listen carefully.（wherever引导地点状语从句）‎ ‎⑥句子副词，也称评注性副词（这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系，而不是用以修饰某个具体的动词），如：fortunately、actually、indeed、evidently、obviously、presumably等。‎ 三、副词的构成 ‎1、大部分副词是派生而来的，即由形容词加上后缀-ly构成。‎ 构成法 举例 一般情况下直接加-ly quick—quickly、bad—badly 以y结尾的词变y为i加ly（但shy—shyly/shily、gay—gayly/gaily、dry—dryly/drily） happy—happily angry—angrily 以-le结尾的词省去-e再加y（但supple—supplely、sole—solely、whole—wholely） noble—nobly、able—ably、single—singly 以-ue结尾的词去掉-e再加-ly，以其他字母（即除l和u）加e结尾的直接加-ly true—truly、due—duly、wide—widely、wise—wisely 以ic结尾的词加-ally economic—economically、tragic—tragically 以ly结尾的词变y为i再加ly manly—manlily、chilly—chillily 以ll结尾的词只加y full—fully、dull—dully ‎2、有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward（s）构成的，表示“向…”，如：upward（s）、downward（s）、backward（s）、forward（s）、northward（s）、rightward（s）、homeward（s）、inward（s）、onward（s）等。‎ ‎3、有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成的表示位置、方向、状态等含义，如：clockwise、sidewise、saleswise、taxwise、lengthwise等。‎ ‎4、某些副词是由名词构成的，如：daily、weekly、monthly、yearly、nightly、quarterly、fortnightly、leisurely、jolly等，此类词既可作副词，也可作形容词，如：‎ In our daily life, we should be careful all the time.（形容词）‎ He is paid daily in the small shop.（副词）‎ Every week, we will have several weekly reports in our class.（形容词）‎ I went to the library weekly.（副词）‎ He enjoys a jolly life.（形容词）‎ Her heart is jolly good now.（副词）‎ 注意：a、manly、costly等名词+ly构成的词只用作形容词。b、monthly（月刊）、daily（时报）、weekly（周报）、quarterly（季刊）、bimonthly（双月刊）等还可用作名词。‎ ‎5、有少数副词加后缀-ways、-long、-ling（s）等构成，如：sideways、lengthways、headlong、sidelings等。‎ ‎6、有些副词是加前缀a-、here-、there-、where-构成的，如：away、ashore、aside、herein、thereby、thereafter、wherein、whereon等。‎ 但有些带有前缀a-的副词同时也可作形容词，如：alike、alone、afoot、aboard、ahead等。‎ ‎7、可用作副词的名词（有些名词在一些固定词组中，可用作副词作状语），如：‎ ice cold冰冷的 day dream做白日梦 pitch black漆黑的 stone deaf全聋的 dog tired累极的 dirt cheap便宜极了 ‎8、可用作形容词 有些形容词有时可用作副词，如：pretty、right、bright、precious、dead、dark、white、devilish、real、icy、bitter、mighty、amazing、burning。如：‎ bright yellow鲜黄的 dark red深红的 icy cold冰冷的 devilish cold极冷的 real good真好的 dead asleep熟睡 burning hot火热的 mighty nice非常好看 此类用法还经常出现在习惯表达法中 stop cold突然停止 play it cool保持冷静 talk big说大话，吹牛等 ‎9、与介词同形的副词 英语中，大多数介词同时可充当副词，不过，作介词时接宾语，作副词时不可接宾语，如：in、off、beyond、up、about等，这类副词可用作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。如：‎ He is in the classroom.（介词）‎ Please, come in one by one.（副词）‎ He isn’t at home. He is out.（表语）‎ The bird above flies very quickly.（定语）‎ Shall we eat out this night? （状语）‎ The good news keeps him up until two o’clock.‎ ‎10、两种形式的同根副词 有些副词具有两种形式：一种与形容词同形，一种是形容词加后缀-ly构成的。这两种形式的副词有时含义相同或略有不同（前者一般指具体的东西，后者一般指较抽象的意义），有时意义完全不同。如：‎ ‎（1）deep与deeply ‎①表示静止的具体深度一般用deep，修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用deeply。如：‎ He dives deep into the water.‎ I think you should think about it deeply.‎ ‎②在drink deep（痛饮）、work deep into the night（工作到深夜）、go deep into the matter（深入探讨）等词组中不用deeply。‎ ‎（2）full和fully，如：‎ Stand full on top of the table.（直接地）‎ hit sb. full on the face（正好）‎ He is fully sure that the price will go down soon.‎ ‎（3）bright和brightly，如：‎ The sun shines very bright at noon.（只能同shine连用，并放在shine后面）‎ The flat is decorated brightly.（鲜艳地）‎ ‎（4）clean和cleanly，如：‎ I clean forget to tell you the party.（完全地，十足地）‎ The man is clean out of poverty.（完全地，彻底地）‎ He completed the difficult project cleanly.（顺利地）‎ ‎（5）late和lately，如：‎ I’m sorry but I come late.（迟、晚）‎ He met a lot of old friends lately.（最近）‎ ‎（6）close和closely When I got close to the engine, I felt warmer.‎ The doctor examined my throat closely.（细心地）‎ He can keep a secret closely.（严密地）‎ ‎（7）slow和slowly，如：‎ Slow常和go、drive、walk等动词连用，置于动词之后，其他动词多用slowly。如：‎ The driver drives very slow at rush hour.‎ Sometimes, we should speak slowly to be understood by others.‎ ‎（8）right和rightly，如：‎ Everything went right in his work.（好）‎ We should start out right away.（立即）‎ Walk right to the end of the street.（直接）‎ The story told by him was right the one I read yesterday in the newspaper.（恰好）‎ The student rightly answers the question.（正确地）‎ ‎（9）fair和fairly，如：‎ The two teams play fair.（公正地）‎ He hit me fair on the eye.（恰好地）‎ All the countries must deal with each other fair and square.（公平地）‎ His performance is fairly good.（相当，非常）‎ ‎（10）wide和widely，如：‎ He lies on the grass with his arms wide apart.（宽阔地）‎ Her mouth is wide open.（完全地）‎ The twin boys differ widely in many ways.（很大地）‎ He is a man widely famous.（到处）‎ ‎（11）large和largely，如：‎ All the words are written large in order to be seen clearly.（很大地）‎ Talking large is a bad habit.（夸大地，自夸地）‎ His today’s success is largely due to his great efforts in the past.（主要地）‎ ‎（12）clear和clearly，如：‎ Please keep clear away from the danger.（避开）‎ What he said was clearly a lie.（显然）‎ His bitter experiences often appear clearly in his mind.（清楚地）‎ clear也可表示“清楚地”，但前面有程度副词修饰时，只能用clearly。如：‎ He gave a lecture clear and loud.（正）‎ He gave a lecture very clear and loud.（误）‎ He gave a lecture very clearly and loud.（正）‎ ‎（13）cheap和cheaply，如：‎ He bought the second-hand truck cheap.（便宜地）‎ The coat was cheaply bought.（便宜地）‎ He won the prize cheaply.（easily容易地）‎ 两者之间的区别：cheap和cheaply都可表示“便宜地，廉价地”，但cheap只能用于动词之后，不可用于动词前，并常同sell、buy连用，而cheaply则可用于动词前面或后面。如：‎ You can take a taxi to the post office cheaply.（正）‎ You can take a taxi to the post office cheap.（误）‎ His car was cheaply sold.（正）‎ His car was cheap sold.（误）‎ ‎（14）express和expressly，如：‎ Sending a letter express is very fast.（用快件寄送）‎ I come here express to tell you the good news.（特意地）‎ I told him expressly that he shouldn’t do that.（清楚地）‎ ‎（15）dear和dearly，如：‎ He bought the flat dear.（昂贵地）‎ His mother loves her little son dearly.（深情地）‎ Victory was dearly bought.（昂贵地）‎ I want dearly to meet my old friend.（非常，相当）‎ 注意：a、dear作“昂贵地”解时，是表面意义，常同sell、buy、pay、cost等连用，只能放在动词后面，dearly作“昂贵地”解时，用其比喻意义，大多表抽象含义。b、hold sth dear（cheap）珍视（轻视）某物，这里dear和cheap为形容词。‎ ‎（16）direct和directly，如：‎ I walk direct to the post office.（径直地）‎ He was refused directly.（直接地）‎ The train will arrive directly.（马上，立刻）‎ 对于这种有两种形式事物副词应注意以下几点：‎ a、要谨记：直接用形容词作副词时，一般表示表面上事物句义含义，而形容词+ly构成的副词一般表示的是深层的抽象含义，这有利于根据句意，准确判断应用哪种形式。‎ b、在句首或动词前面时，应用带-ly的副词。如：‎ Quickly, he ran to the bus.‎ c、与形容词同形的单个副词不可在强调句中作被强调部分。如：‎ It was clear that the foreigner spoke Chinese.（误）‎ It was clearly that the foreigner spoke Chinese.（正）‎ It was loud and cleat that the foreigner spoke Chinese.（正）‎ d、greatly通常被用来修饰动词，除有时修饰形容词比较级或类似的词，如：superior、inferior、senior等，一般不修饰形容词。如：‎ The plan is greatly good.（误）‎ The plan is very good.（正）‎ My father is greatly senior to me.‎ I greatly agreed with what you said.‎ 四、副词在句中的作用 ‎1、作状语：副词在句中主要作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和全句。‎ ‎①修饰动词 He finishes his homework quickly and well.‎ ‎②修饰形容词 The flower is very beautiful.‎ ‎③修饰副词 He passed the ball very quickly to his partner.‎ ‎④修饰介词 He is much for the plan.‎ ‎⑤修饰连词 Just as he came in, the telephone rang.‎ ‎⑥修饰全句 Unfortunately, he lost his favorite watch.‎ ‎2、作表语 Time is up.‎ The train is near.‎ The electricity is off.‎ What’s up?‎ The light is still on without anyone in the room.‎ ‎3、作定语：副词作定语修饰名词，常放在名词后，如：‎ Her experience abroad is good for her English.‎ Only he knew the truth.‎ People here are very kind.‎ The cloud above is so white and beautiful.‎ ‎4、作介词宾语：某些时间副词可以在by、from、until、since、expect、before、after等后作介词宾语，如：‎ She looked everywhere except here.‎ I didn’t get in touch with her until quite recently.‎ ‎5、作宾语补足语：作及物动词的宾语补足语或介词with或without的宾语补足语。如：‎ She didn’t allow me in.‎ She was very sad at the bad news, with her head down.‎ 五、位置 ‎1、程度副词的位置 程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词的前面，但如实义动词前有情态动词或助动词，程度副词应位于情态动词或助动词之后，实义动词之前。如果是be动词，程度副词要放在be动词之后，如：very、rather、too、fairly、so、much、little、awfully、utterly、slightly、extremely、exactly、absolutely、perfectly、quite、deeply、completely、greatly、partly、dreadfully、hardly、scarcely、almost等。‎ He is very happy to be the winner.（修饰形容词）‎ The cat climbed to the top of the tree so quickly.（修饰副词）‎ I nearly come close to the dangerous animal.（行为动词前）‎ I don’t quite understand your meaning.（助动词和行为动词之间）‎ Until now, I can exactly remember the scene of the serious accident.（情态动词和行为动词之间）‎ The problem is dreadfully difficult for us to understand.（修饰形容词）‎ 注意：a、quite同否定词连用时，位于not前后意义不同，not quite是部分否定表示“不十分…有点不…”，而quite not是全部否定，表示“完全不，非常不”，如：‎ I don’t quite agree with you.（不十分同意，有点不同意）‎ I quite don’t agree with you.（十分不，一点也不）‎ b、副词及被修饰的副词不能同时都以-ly结尾，以避免语音上的不和谐。如：‎ He runs greatly quickly.（误）‎ He runs greatly quick.（正）‎ ‎2、频率副词的位置 频率副词通常放在行为动词前，当句中有情态动词、助动词或be动词时，则放在这三类词后面，如：often、never、seldom、ever、rarely、sometimes、always、usually、frequently。如：‎ I often go to school by bike.（行为动词前）‎ He has ever been to Beijing.（助动词后）‎ She can never have the courage to face the fact.（情态动词后）‎ The good student is seldom late for school.（be动词之后）‎ 注意：a、由上述可知程度副词和频率副词，如：still、almost、never、already、just等经常放在情态动词、助动词、be动词之后，但有时，这些词也可放在be动词之后，情态动词与助动词之前，表示强调，应重读，被强调的不是这类副词，而是be动词、助动词和情态动词，但在以be动词、助动词和情态动词结尾的句子中这些副词应前置。如：‎ He never can do it.‎ I already have done what I could do.‎ He really is good at math.‎ ‎—He is seldom late.‎ ‎—Yes, he seldom is.‎ b、当程度副词和频率副词在句中同时出现时，通常程度副词放在频率副词前，用以修饰频率副词。如：‎ I quite often go to see my grandpa.‎ ‎3、方式副词的位置（方式状语一般放在动词后）‎ ‎（1）在“动词+介词+宾语”结构中，方式副词既可放在介词前也可放在宾语后；在“动词+宾语”结构中，方式副词放在宾语后。如：‎ The girl sings well.‎ He can speak a few languages fluently.‎ The man pointed angrily at the woman.或The man pointed at the woman angrily.‎ ‎（2）在“动词+宾语”结构中，如果宾语较长，常把副词置于动词之前，以免造成歧义。如：‎ The terrorists secretly plan to attack the high building.（“计划”是秘密地）‎ The terrorists plan to attack the high building secretly.（“袭击”是秘密地）‎ 方式副词可表示多种含义 ‎（1）方式副词表示状况、状貌，如：beautifully、politely、bravely、gently、loudly、fast、quietly、skillfully、carefully、humbly、graciously、courteously等。如：‎ The man behaves politely.‎ The doctor made an operation on the patient carefully.‎ ‎（2）方式副词表示情感、意愿等，如：happily、sadly、angrily、willingly、proudly、merrily、fervently、deliberately、warmly、heartedly、nervously、coldly、excitedly、bitterly、determinedly等。如：‎ The girl received her birthday present happily.‎ The waiter serves the customers heartedly.‎ ‎（3）方式副词表示方式、手段，如：medically、legally、telegraphically、surgically，如：‎ We should do anything legally.‎ Sometimes the doctors heal the disease medically.‎ ‎4、连接副词和评注性副词的位置 这两类副词通常位于句首，有时也位于句中或句尾 ‎①连接副词，如：‎ However, it is a fact.‎ Besides, we should take everything into consideration.‎ Finally, he failed to win the game, however.‎ ‎②评注性副词表示推断，常见的有rightly、wisely、cleverly、reasonably、justly、sensibly。如：‎ Wisely, he changed his mind.‎ The lady reasonably refused the man’s offer.‎ ‎③评注性副词表示怀疑或不怀疑，真实或非真实，常见的有obviously、clearly、possibly、likely、maybe、undoubtedly、seemingly、plainly、certainly、definitely、decidedly、actually、formally、essentially、supposedly、naturally等。如：‎ Maybe, what the boy said was true.‎ He is seemingly a foreigner.‎ Such a little boy can’t certainly do this difficult job.‎ ‎④评注性副词表示情感或方式，常见的有fortunately、unexpectedly、curiously、amusingly、broadly、bluntly、frankly、honestly、seriously、briefly、confidentially、unfortunately、inevitability、incredibly等。如：‎ Frankly, I like English more than math.‎ Inevitably, it will rain in such bad weather.‎ ‎⑤评注性状语表示方面，常见的有personally、generally、financially、literally、technically、generally speaking、strictly speaking、broadly speaking等，如：‎ Personally, you aren’t fit for the job.‎ Strictly speaking, there are many mistakes in your composition.‎ 应注意，并不只是单个副词才可以作评注性状语，形容词短语、分词短语、介词短语、不定式短语和句子也可作评注性状语，评注性状语通常用逗号同句子隔开。‎ ‎5、时间副词的位置 时间副词尤其是表示具体时间的副词，一般位于句首或句尾，常见的有：today、tomorrow、finally、early、late、then、recently、lately、soon、now、presently等。如：‎ I’ll attend a meeting tomorrow.‎ He is cleaning the floor now.‎ ‎6、地点副词的位置 ‎①地点副词通常位于句尾或句首，常见的有：here、there、abroad、downstairs、upstairs、around、below、near、up、down等。如：‎ He is studying abroad.‎ His mother cooks downstairs.‎ ‎②以下地点状语连用时，大地方放在最后，一般按照小地点到大地点的排列顺序。如：‎ He lived in a small hotel in Hongqiang district in Shanghai.‎ ‎7、多个副词的排列顺序 ‎①地点副词——时间副词 ‎ 方式副词——时间副词 ‎ 方式副词——地点副词——时间副词（有时时间副词亦可放在句首）。如：‎ He has studied English well abroad in the past few years.‎ ‎ 方式 地点 时间 Yesterday, she danced happily in the party.‎ ‎ 时间 方式 地点 I met my aunt in the street on Sunday.‎ ‎ 地点 时间 The boy is watching TV excitedly now.‎ ‎ 方式 时间 ‎②具体的——笼统的，小的——大的 The driver came back at twelve o’clock yesterday night.‎ ‎ 确切具体时间 笼统时间 The hotel is located in Xingfu street in the centre of the city.‎ ‎ 小地点 大地点 ‎③go、run、drive+地点副词——方式副词——时间副词，如：‎ He went to school quickly after breakfast.‎ ‎ 地点 方式 时间 六、相关副词或副词短语用法比较 ‎1、fairly和rather fairly和rather都有“相当，颇”的意思，fairly多用于修饰褒义的形容词或副词，但不能修饰比较级，修饰单个可数名词时，冠词放在fairly前。rather主语用于修饰贬义的形容词或副词，可以修饰原级也可以修饰比较级，修饰单个可数名词时，冠词放在rather后，但当名词前有形容词修饰时，冠词a/an放在rather前后皆可，此外rather还可和too连用，而fairly不可。‎ John is fairly wise, but Tom is rather stupid.‎ He is a fairly student. (=He is rather a student.)‎ The girl is a fairly good singer. (=The girl is a rather good singer.或The girl is rather a good singer.)‎ The patient felt rather better today than yesterday.‎ It is rather too hot.‎ ‎2、just和just now ‎①just表示“恰好，只是，刚才”，不过just与现在完成时连用时才作“刚才”解，与其他时态连用一般不表示“刚才”。如：‎ That’s just the book I want.‎ He is just a common teacher.‎ I have just finished my homework.‎ ‎②just now用于过去时，意为“刚才”。如：‎ I went to have dinner just now.‎ ‎③just now与现在时连用时，表示对now而定强调，意为“现在，此刻”。如：‎ I don’t have much money just now.‎ ‎3、still、yet和already ‎①yet和still在句中位置不同，yet位于句尾，常用于否定句或疑问句。still位于be动词后或其他动词、形容词和副词前。如：‎ He hasn’t graduated yet.‎ He is still strict with his son.‎ I still remember the days in the childhood.‎ ‎②already多用在肯定句中，有时可用于疑问句（表惊讶语气）或if条件状语从句中，期望给予肯定回答。‎ He has already left.‎ Have you made the final decision already? （真没想到）‎ If she hasn’t already understood this point, she will go to ask her teacher.‎ ‎③从意义上，yet表示“尚，还”，含有期望的含义；still表示“仍然”，带有持续性；already表示“已经”，强调结果。如：‎ Has he arrived yet?‎ He may be successful yet.‎ There’s still chance for us to study hard.‎ ‎④still和yet还可同be to do连用，强调将来意义，带有否定意义。‎ The chance to succeed is yet to come.成功的机遇还没到。‎ The summer is still to come.夏天还没来。‎ ‎4、hardly、barely、rarely和scarcely 这四个词看似意义相近都表示否定概念，但有些细微处的区别。‎ ‎①hardly表示“几乎不，简直不，很难”，往往指能力上有困难。如：‎ He can hardly ride two in his bike.‎ ‎②rarely表示“难得，不常”，相当于not often。如：‎ She rarely got up before 6 o’clock.‎ ‎③scarcely往往强调不足，常同enough、sufficient、any等词连用，表示“不太，简直没有”。如：‎ We have scarcely time left, so we must hurry.‎ ‎④barely与hardly和scarcely意思相近，表示“几乎勉强”。如：‎ He barely has the ability to support his family.‎ I hardly (barely/scarcely) know how to get to the post office.‎ 但如果跟有ever、any、at、all等词，只能用hardly或scarcely，不能用barely。如：‎ There’s hardly any milk left in the icebox.‎ He’s scarcely at all interested in the boring film.‎ ‎5、such和so ‎①such后紧跟名词短语，常用以下结构：such + a/an+单数名词，such+复数可数名词，such+不可数名词。当然，三种结构中名词前都可加上适当的形容词加以修饰。so是副词要先接形容词，然后再接a或an，常用以下结构：so+形容词+a/an+单数名词（这种结构中只能用单数名词）。如：‎ How can you make such a (stupid) mistake?‎ We should take an umbrella in such bad weather.‎ There are such nice coats in the shop.‎ He is so good a worker in his factory.‎ ‎②如果被修饰的是复数名词或不可数名词，就要such，而不能用so。如：‎ They are such beautiful flowers.（正）‎ They are so beautiful flowers.（误）‎ Such pure water must be purified for several times.（正）‎ So pure water must be purified for several times.（误）‎ ‎③如果名词前有many、much、few、little（表示“少”，若表示“小”时，应和such连用）等表示数量多少的词，要用so不用such，但such可用于many、much、a few、a little等的后面。如：‎ The boss has so much money.‎ So little milk is left in the bottle.‎ Such a little boy should play the game very well.‎ He has a few such pictures.‎ ‎6、dead和deadly dead既可作形容词，也可以作副词。作副词表示“完全地、绝对地”，而deadly可以用作副词，表示“非常，极度地”，也可用作形容词表示“致命的，有毒的，有害的”。如：‎ I’m dead sure of it.‎ He is deadly concerned about that.‎ The patient developed a deadly disease.‎ We should try our best to get rid of those deadly habits.‎ ‎7、especially和specially especially表示“特别，尤其”，specially表示“专门地”。如：‎ The mother especially loves the little son.‎ I come here specially to see you.‎ ‎8、almost和nearly ‎①在表示程度或可以衡量的事物时，两者差别不大，只是almost比nearly程度更深。如：‎ He nearly got run over.（几乎）‎ He almost got run over.（差一点）‎ 但若不是表示程度或可衡量的事就只能用almost，不可用nearly。如：‎ The robot is almost human.‎ The man seems almost a beast.‎ ‎②almost可以同否定的不定代词，如no one、nothing、no、none、nobody等搭配，而nearly则不可，但nearly可被not、pretty修饰，而almost不可。如：‎ Almost none of us are absent from the meeting.‎ The man pretty nearly enters the room without permission.‎ ‎9、altogether和all together altogether是副词，意为“总之，完全，总共”，all together是个副词性短语，表示“每个…都，全都，无一例外”，在表示“总共”用altogether和all together均可。如：‎ That’s altogether impossible.‎ The flat costs the man two hundred thousand altogether/all together.‎ I finish the papers all together within two hours.‎ ‎10、too much和much too ‎①too much可用作形容词修饰不可数名词，作副词修饰动词，作名词短语在句中充当主语或宾语、表语等。‎ Drinking too much beer is bad for our health.‎ The professor was too much bothered by the noise upstairs.‎ Don’t think too much about your failure.‎ You’ve put in too much of oil.‎ Too much has been done to solve the problem.‎ She talks too much.（too much还可放在句尾修饰动词）‎ ‎②much too的主体是too，much只起到对too的强调作用，too是副词，所以此结构常用以修饰形容词或副词。如：‎ The lake is much too deep.‎ The thief escaped much too quickly.‎ ‎11、all but和for all ‎①all but表示“简直是，几乎”。如：‎ That’s all but a lie.‎ He all but lost his way.‎ ‎②for all相当于in spite of或with all，引导让步状语短语或从句。如：‎ He will continue to try for all several failures.‎ For all others disagree, I will stick to the point.‎ ‎12、little用作副词，表示否定含义 ‎①little可以修饰动词表示“不，没有，很少”等含义。如：‎ It matters little.‎ He little minds it.‎ ‎②同dream、think、realize、hope、expect等词连用，表示“毫不，完全不”，相当于not at all。如：‎ I little dreamed that he could survive from the deadly disease.‎ He little thought that he would become such a successful boss.‎ ‎③little还可修饰形容词或副词。如：‎ He is little interested in literature.‎ The boy did little well in the exams.‎ ‎13、aside和a side ‎①aside作副词表示“在一边，在旁边”。如：‎ Please put the dirty clothes aside.‎ ‎②a side是副词短语作状语，表示“方，每一边”。如：‎ There are eight desks a side in our class.‎ ‎14、over night和overnight ‎①over night是介词短语，表示“一夜，整夜，在前一夜”，作时间状语。如：‎ I stayed over night in the small hotel.‎ ‎②overnight不仅可作副词，还可作副词或形容词。副词表示“在夜间，在整个夜里，在一夜之间突然”，动词表示“过夜”，为不及物动词，形容词表示“在夜间的”。如：‎ She packed up all the luggage overnight in order to start out early.‎ As a child, he usually overnighted in his grand man’s family.‎ He became an overnight millionaire.‎ ‎15、for long和for a long time ‎①用于肯定句或疑问句中时，只同延续性动词连用，两者表达的含义相同。如：‎ The old man has been dead for a long time (或for long).‎ Will our manager be away for long? (for a long time)‎ ‎②在否定句中，for long只能同延续性动词连用，for a long time则可以同延续性或非延续性动词连用且表的含义不同。如：‎ He hasn’t lived there for long.他住在那儿的时间不长。‎ He hasn’t lived there for a long time.他不住那里已经很久了。‎ I haven’t gone to the theatre for a long time.（go为非延续性动词，不可用long）‎ 注意：要在具体的语言环境中去体会for long和for a long time在意义上的差别。‎ ‎16、no more和no longer ‎①no more（not…any more）与no longer（not…any longer）在很多场合下都是可通用的，但no more多用于表示数量及程度，而no longer多表示时间，no more表示时间时，通常指将来或过去将来，表示“将来不再，永远不在”，谓语动词常用将来时态，no longer通常表示现在或过去，一般不用于指将来。如：‎ The lost time will come back no more.‎ I won’t tell a lie any more.‎ He promised that he would waste time no more.‎ The plan is no longer practicable.‎ He was not a student any longer.‎ ‎②在下面句子中not any more不可改为not any longer。如：‎ He is not any more than a farmer.（not any more than相当于no more than，表示“仅仅”）‎ Jack is not any more satisfied with the result than Tom.（not any more+多音节形容词+than=no+比较级+than，表示“和…一样不…”）‎ ‎③no more还可表示“也不（相当于neither或nor），再也没有，不更多，死去”等含义。如：‎ If you don’t go to the park, no more will I.‎ I want no more rice.‎ The winter has been no more.‎ ‎17、for all I know、for all I care和for all that ‎①for all I know表示“就我所知，就我而言”，相当于as far as know，to my knowledge等，但for all I know结构多用于肯定句，在否定句中要用as far as I know。如：‎ For all I know, he is the eldest writer alive.‎ As far as know, he hasn’t lived here.（不用for all I know）‎ ‎②for all I care表示否定意义，意为“与我无关，我不在乎”。如：‎ You can disagree with what I said, for all I care.‎ ‎③for all that表示“尽管如此”。如：‎ He had said sorry to me; for all that I couldn’t forgive him.‎ ‎18、what with…and what with和what by…and what by 前者表示“一半由于…一半由于”，后者表示“一方面由于…一方面由于”。如：‎ What with hard work and what with her bad health condition, she broke down finally.‎ What by his ability to work and what by a good chance, he was appointed boss of the company.‎ 这种结构中的第二个what with常可省略，with也可换为for或between。‎ ‎19、let alone、to say the least、not to speak of、to say nothing of和not to mention（say）‎ ‎①以上几个短语均表示“更不用说”，let alone后可接名词、动名词、谓语动词、过去分词或介词短语等，但to say nothing of和not to mention（say）后只能接名词或动名词。如：‎ He couldn’t speak English, let alone other languages.‎ The baby couldn’t walk, let alone run.‎ He had never met his grandpa, let alone talked with him.‎ The traffic accident had hurt several people, not to mention damaging the car.‎ ‎②not to say有所不同，表示“虽然不说，姑且不说，虽达不到那种程度”。如：‎ Today is warm, not to say hot.‎ ‎20、anything like与like anything anything like表示“有点像”与not连用，意为“完全不像”；like anything表示“非常，拼命地”。如：‎ Is he anything like his father?‎ This pen isn’t anything like that one I lost.‎ The thief escaped like anything after stealing something.‎ ‎21、if ever、if any、if at all和if anything ‎①if ever常同seldom、few、little、rarely等否定词连用，表示“几乎，即使也”，具有否定意味。如：‎ The man seldom, if ever, did any housework.‎ ‎②if any为if（there is）any的省略形式，表示“如果有的话，即使有…也”。如：‎ Few men, if any, could be as successful as the manager.‎ ‎③if at all表示“即使…也”。如：‎ The bad student put little energy into his study, if at all.‎ ‎④if anything表示“如果说，几乎不，与其说…还不如，至少，正相反等”，if anything通常表示委婉客气或把握不大，在否定结构之后表示“相反”。如：‎ If anything, you should correct your bad temper.（你倒应该…）‎ It is, if anything, a common college.（如果说）‎ He is not rich, if anything, he is so poor.（正相反）‎ He has made, if anything, a little progress.‎