湖南英语高考阅读填空专题指导 例题有答案有解析

湖南英语高考阅读填空专题指导 例题有答案有解析

阅读填空专题指导 试题结构。阅读填空题是语言运用类试题，旨在考查学生搜集信息（包括直接信息和间接信息）、处理信息、运用语言传递信息的的能力。阅读填空分正文和表格两部分，正文为约300字的一篇短文；而表格为信息搜集与处理的标准约定和潜在帮助，同时又是信息搜集与处理结果的定位区域。表格中一般设10个空，要求考生依据正文内容和表格结构关系，用不超过3个单词的语段来填补空缺，使表格内容上下左右呼应通达。表格之外有外标题（Title），可视为正文的标题；表格结构基本与正文吻合，内含若干列标题和行标题，统领正文主干；表格细节内容为涵盖全篇正文的简约表述。‎ 试题特征。分析近年英语高考试题阅读填空，可以发现阅读填空题有以下几个特点。‎ 主观性：顺应全球语言测试的大方向:增加主观题，减少客观题，是英语试题优化的趋势。‎ 运用性：需对现有语言进行整理、重组和概括。‎ 一致性：一方面，表格结构和内容与正文一致；另一方面，表格内容的表述形式要一致。‎ 概括性：体现在使用3个单词以内的小语段，来表达一个句子、几个句子、甚至整篇。‎ 准确性：就是要用无语言错误的规范语言科学地概括正文的主要内容。‎ 应试方略。‎ 理解正文大意和结构。表格结构和内容的设置是以正文为依据的，只有读懂了正文，才能顺利地在表格中填出相应的信息。考生可以采用边读边记要点的方法，将记叙文的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因和结果等简要地记下来，将议论文的总论点、分论点、论据等加以概括，很有可能表格的不少答案已在其中了。‎ 分析表格结构和内容。一般情况下，表格的第一列或第一行为项目内容即小标题（列标题和行标题），通常就是段落和表格的主题句, 它标示着其下方或右边细节内容所涉及的方向与范围，这些细节内容的填充可借助于小标题，同样，小标题的概括由各个细节决定。表格内的所有项目之间存在着逻辑关系，彼此约束，相互支撑，互为联系。‎ 确定题目答案。在实际做题过程中，考生不妨采用“表格—正文—表格”的模式。先略读表格结构和内容，以把握正文的总体脉络，明了表格空缺所涉及的主要问题。然后带着问题阅读正文部分，边读边记正文要点，避免填一空回头读一遍文章造成的时间浪费。接下来，用所记的文章要点帮助表格填空，有些属基础题可直接引用原文词汇和语句；而某些活用题则需要运用常识和所学语言知识，对原来结构完整、语意复杂的主题句化繁为简，简约地用与相邻语句相同或相似的形式表述出来；难度较大的总结概括性题目如列标题和行标题，通常放在细节内容补全后完成，概括力求有针对性，准确，全面，得体。最后，总览所填表格内容，避免遗漏，保证上下左右语意贯通。‎ 第一节 引用原文词汇和语句 ‎※ 考点提示 ‎ 顺利解答阅读填空题技巧之一就是，采用边读边记要点的方法，用所记的文章要点帮助表格填空。表格中基础性题目很多可以直接引用原文中的词汇和语句即语段。‎ 引用原文时（当然亦适用于其它情况）应注意字母的大小写问题。无论在原文中语段首字母是大写还是小写，填空时一般要根据表格内现有同级语段的书写来确定，位于同一个表格内不同语段的大小写的规则，因所处的级别位置不同而不同。另外，不同的表格可能采用不同的大小写规则。‎ 规律小结 ①解题一般步骤: 分析表格结构，抓住主要问题；理解正文大意，列出文章概要；理清表格层次，先做细节题，再定小标题，最后的大标题。 ②注意大小写的规范性，表格外大标题多数为每个单词首字母大写，表格内的小标题和细解题应视具体情况而定，不可一概而论。③题目设计者一定会设置3－5道直接引用原文词汇和语句的题目，我们首先要保证这部分题拿满分。‎ ‎※ 同步训练 ‎ Every two years, cities around the world make bids to the International Olympic Commission (IOC) to host the Olympic Games. Today, cities are selected through a much more rigorous (严格的) process.‎ Any city that wants to host the Olympic Games puts in its name to the IOC and is considered an “Applicant‎ ‎City”. For the next ten months, the IOC investigates the city on several points: ‎ ‎1) The city must prove that it is big enough to handle the Olympics. It also needs to show that it can handle the high level of security (安全) needed at the games.‎ ‎2) The city needs to convince the local people that the expenses of covering the Olympics (which may be covered by raising taxes) are worth it in city improvement and new jobs.‎ ‎3) The city needs to maintain a highly positive media exposure to carry the games.‎ If the IOC decides that a city has fulfilled the three points above, it is considered a “Candidate City ” and goes into the second phase of the process. After an application and an application fee submitted (递交), the IOC makes a final judgment on which city is the best candidate for the coming Summer or Winter Olympic Games.‎ ‎ The cost for bidding for the games is incredibly high. Bid committees must pay an application fee to the IOC. (The fee for hosting the 2012 Olympics is US$150,000.) Following the fee, the cities generally need to begin large construction projects like building the “Olympic village”, new sports arenas (竞技场) and stadiums, and transportation systems. Since the Olympics are so expensive, why do cities want to host the games? Cities bid for the Olympics for a variety of reasons: the desire to show pride in their city and their country, the eagerness to be in the international spotlight for two weeks, the opportunity to bring new jobs into the community, and to build up tourism for that city.‎ Bid for the Olympics Bidding phases Necessary construction projects Reasons for bidding first phase ‎79. ____‎ ‎81. ____‎ ‎83. ____‎ put in name to 76. ______‎ Submit the application and pay 80. ____‎ new sports arenas being eager to become the international spotlight the IOC investigates the city on three points ‎77. _____‎ ‎ make final judgment stadiums ‎84. ____‎ ‎78. _____‎ highly positive media exposure ‎82. ____‎ ‎85. ____‎ 第二节 归纳总结 ‎※ 考点警示 ‎ ‎①‎ 既然归纳总结是抓住众多信息的主要共有特征，那么，做题时就应首先将众多信息搜集齐全，再做分析，以避免归纳片面性的发生。然后将次要信息特征果断丢弃，最后利用所学知识调整用词，简洁表达。‎ ‎②潜心搜集掌握撰写文章和分析文章结构时常用的不同种类的词汇。‎ ‎⑴item, topic, subject, title, fact, data, source, character, time, place ‎⑵sex, age, birth, nationality, career, experience, education, ‎ ‎⑶problem, cause, reason, way, method, solution, access, sign, feature, phenomena, usage, function, procedure, stage, phase, action, measure, effect, result, consequence, conclusion, comment, assessment, improvement ‎⑷aim, purpose, plan, activity, demand, requirement, advice, opinion, suggestion ‎⑸content, amount, number, difference, similarity, advantage, virtue, disadvantage ‎※ 同步训练 ‎ While it is impossible to live completely free of stress, it is possible to prevent stress as well as reduce its effect when it can’t be avoided. The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to deal with stress.‎ Try physical activity When you are nervous, angry or upset, try releasing the pressure through exercise or physical activity. Running, walking, playing tennis, or working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try.‎ Take care of yourself You should make every effort to eat well and get enough rest. If you easily get angry and cannot sleep well enough, or if you’re not eating properly, it will be more likely that you will fall into stressful situations. If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping, you should consult a doctor. ‎ Make time for yourself Schedule time for both work and entertainment . Don’t forget, play can be just as important to you over-all well-being as work. You need a break from your daily routine to just relax and have fun. Go window-shopping or work on a hobby. Allow yourself at least a half hour each day to do something you enjoy.‎ Make a list of the things you need to do Stress can result from disorganization and a feeling that “ there’s so much to do, and not enough time”. Trying to take care of everything at once can be too much for you and as a result, you may not achieve anything. Instead, make a list of everything you have to do, then do one thing at a time, checking off each task as it is completed. Set out to do the most important tasks first.‎ How to deal with stress Phenomena or reasons ‎76_________‎ Action(s)‎ Being nervous, angry or upset Try physical activity ‎·running ‎·walking ‎·playing tennis ‎·77___________________‎ ‎·78______________‎ ‎·Not sleeping well enough ‎·Eating79____________‎ Take care of yourself ‎·eating well ‎·80___________________‎ ‎·consulting a doctor Scheduling time for both work and entertainment not properly ‎81_________for yourself ‎·82_______________‎ ‎·working on a hobby ‎·doing something you enjoy ‎83._____________and feeling that time is not enough Make a list of the things ‎·84._____________at a time ‎·85______________each task as it is completed ‎·setting out to do the most important 第三节 运用常识解题 规律小结 阅读填空正文及表格部分，都有可能涉及到各方面的常识，如英美基本文化知识，生活小知识，自然科学及社会科学知识等。平时应注意知识积累的横向平衡，博览群书，善于总结，勤于记忆。 ‎ ‎※ 同步训练 ‎ It is December thirty-first, 2004, the time when the old year dies and the New Year is born.‎ Many Americans have parties at home and invite all their friends .Many of these events are noisy。People shout and sing. They often blow on small noisemakers when the New Year arrives at midnight. They kiss their husband or wife or the person they are with. They dance to music. Other Americans spend a quiet evening at home .They drink Champagne at midnight to welcome the New Year. Some people drink too much alcohol at New Year’s Eve celebrations .This can lead to tragic results if a person drinks too much and then drives a car. The National Safety Council says hundreds of people die in road accidents during the holiday.‎ In recent years ,the danger of accidents has resulted in a new tradition called the “designated driver” One person among a group of friends drinks little or no alcohol during New Year’s Eve celebrations. Then this designated driver can safely drive the other people home. Many American cities also offer free taxi service on New Year’s Eve to take people home safely.‎ Other Americans observe the coming of the New Year at events without alcohol .More than 220 American cities hold these First Night celebrations. Artists in Boston‎ ‎Massachusetts started the tradition of First Night celebrations in 1976.They wanted to observe the coming of a New Year. But they did not want to hold noisy drinking parties. So they organized, music, art and other events to observe the holiday.‎ How Americans Observe New Year’s Day Ways to Celebrations with alcohol Celebrations without alcohol ‎ celebrate ‎76_________‎ At home At theatres or 83_______‎ Activities Drinking parties with 78_______‎ Attending music 84______ or art 85____________‎ Making very 79_________‎ Kissing each other Dancing to music Main problems Many deaths on the road 80___________ drink-and-drive None Ways 77__________ the problem Making arrangements for some people not 81_____ so as to drive others home safely None ‎82____ free taxi service to take people home safely 第四节 运用所学知识解题 ‎※ 考点提示 ‎ 阅读填空所有题目都具有简约表述的特征，将句、段、文浓缩简化为三个单词以内的小语段，技巧之一就是运用所学知识主要是语法知识，如非谓语的各种形式、名词所有格、词性转换、修饰语和中心词间的换位等等。‎ 规律小结 ① 用名词所有格形式“S”代替介词of ‎⑴the old-growing of the "baby boomers"→Baby boomers’ old growing ‎⑵The power of government→The government’s power ‎⑶a friend of her mother→Her mother’s friend ‎②词性转换 ‎⑴They also have fewer absences and are less likely to blame→less blame（副词less转化为形容词， 动词blame转化为名词）‎ ‎⑵They are trying to making living conditions better→Bettering living condition（形容词better转化为动词，并使用非谓语-ing形式）‎ ‎⑶Vitamin C is necessary for strong bones and teeth ,and for healthy blood vessels→ Being a_necessity/must_ for strong bones and teeth and healthy blood.（形容词转名词）‎ ‎③使用非谓语动词 ‎⑴the fact that people in the U. S. are living longer→Citizens’ living longer ‎⑵designed to improve academic performance→improving academic performance ‎⑶They are trying to making living conditions better→Bettering living condition ‎④句子转为词组 ‎⑴One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unit→Family unit change ‎⑵The other likely development will be a change in the proportion (比例) of the nation's workforce→Workforce proportion change ‎⑶Next, after-school programs make a bigger difference for those students who need help most and have the fewest choices→student difference ‎⑷ In sub-Saharan Africa the crops are drying out in the fields and people are dying of starvation → People dying of starvation ‎⑸London may never see a ”white Christmas”→No snow/No white Christmas ‎⑹Parking is usually free, and the weather inside is always fine.→Free parking and Fine weather ‎⑤运用反义词前后缀、合成词连字符等构词法知识 ‎ ⑴利用反义词前缀un-，dis-，in-，im-，ir-，il-，de-等使表达简约化如:uncomfortable, unload, uncover, dislike, informal, inaccurate, irregular, irresponsible, illegal, illogical, devalued等。‎ ‎⑵利用反义词后缀-less，如：careless, hopeless, selfishness, motionless等。‎ ‎⑶利用构成名词、形容词、副词、动词的后缀，以实现原文词汇向表格所需词汇形式的转化，如：confidence, assistance, dependence, acceptance, repetition, division, reality, settlement, greatness, warmth, safety, failure, pressure; available, powerful, childish, significance, continuous; strengthen, modernize等。‎ ‎⑷利用连字符简化表达用词数量，如：‎ Some were well built and attractive→well–built and attractive physical development, mental development, and social development→all-round development ‎※ 同步训练 ‎ Much of our good health depends on the cooperation between substances .When they work together, chemical reactions take place smoothly. Body systems are kept in balance .Some of the most important helpers in the job of good health are the substances we call vitamins.‎ Vitamin A is needed to produce a light-sensitive substance in the eyes. People who do not get enough vitamin A cannot see well in the dark. The best source of vitamin A is fish liver oil. It also is found in the yellow part of eggs .In addition, squash, sweet potatoes, carrots and other darkly colored fruits and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A.‎ Vitamin B-1 is also called thiamine. It changes starchy foods into energy. It also helps the heart and nervous system work smoothly. Without it, we would be weak and would not grow .Thiamine is found not just in whole grains like brown rice, but also in other foods. These include beans and peas, nuts and meat and fish.‎ Vitamin B-12 is needed so folic acid can do its work. Together, they help produce red blood cells. Without them ,a person suffers from anemia (贫血).Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in foods such as eggs, meat, fish and milk products.‎ Vitamin C is necessary for strong bones and teeth, and for healthy blood vessels. It also helps wounds heal quickly. The body stores very little vitamin C .So we must get it every day in foods such as citrus fruits, tomatoes and uncooked cabbage.‎ Vitamins Kinds of vitamins Functions ‎76 ‎ Problems caused for lack of it vitamin A ‎ helping prevent poor 77 at night fish liver oil ,yellow part of eggs, darkly colored fruits and vegetables ‎78 ______ to see well in the dark vitamin B-1‎ helping the 79 system whole grains, beans, nuts, meat and fish ‎ ‎81 and slow growth good for the 80 work of the heart and nervous system vitamin B-12 ‎ helping prevent a 82 called anemia ‎83 like eggs ,meat, fish and milk products anemia vitamin C ‎ a 84 for strong bones and teeth and healthy blood vessels Citrus fruits tomatoes and uncooked vegetables disease with 85_______‎ ‎※ 参考答案 阅读填空模拟训练一【答案】‎ ‎76. the IOC 77. size and security 78. citizens’ support 79. second phase 80. an application fee 81. Olympic village 82. transportation systems ‎83. showing pride 84. more job opportunities 85. building up tourism ‎ 本文介绍申办奥运会的程序及举办奥运会的前期准备工作，表格的难度设置不大，旨在培养完成阅读填空题的信心。76、80、81、82题属直接应用原文词汇题，77、83、84、85题取自原文的灵活表达题，79题为借助于表格中的first phase可填出的判断推理题，78题为本表格的难点和亮点，重点考查考生的概括能力和准确表述能力。‎ 阅读填空模拟训练四【答案】‎ ‎76. Solutions/ways            77. gardening                    78. Easily getting angry ‎ ‎79. improperly         80. getting enough rest           81. Make time ‎ ‎82. going window-shopping    83. Disorganizing time     84. doing one thing ‎85. checking off 本文介绍减轻压力的几种有效方法。76题述列标题，自其下面的四个段标题概括而出，又得助于第一段末句The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to deal with stress的帮助。77题将原句Running, walking, playing tennis, or working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try中的garden转化成了动词，并使用了与其属同一级别语段的-ing形式。78题将第三段If you easily get angry and cannot sleep well enough中的关键词汇的动词变为-ing。79题利用反义词前缀im-压缩了原句or if you’re not eating properly中的用词数量。80题把原文You should make every effort to eat well and get enough rest中的关键词汇形式转化为-ing。81题所用词汇直接来源于段标题Make time for yourself。82题转化原句Go window-shopping or work on a hobby紧要词汇的形式为Going window-shopping 。83题利用构词法知识，将Stress can result from disorganization and a feeling that “ there’s so much to do, and not enough time”中的名词disorganization转化为动词，并增补必要用词time，变式表达为Disorganizing time。84题和85题均取自原句then do one thing at a time, checking off each task as it is completed词汇do one thing和checking off，然后动词都用了-ing。‎ ‎※ 参考答案 阅读填空模拟训练五【答案】‎ ‎76 Places 77 to solve /of solving 78 friends 79 loud noises 80 caused by/resulted from ‎ ‎81 to drink(wine/alcohol) 82 offering 83 museums 84 concerts 85 shows/exhibitions 原元文介绍美国人过新年。76题右边两格提示为过新年的地点Places。77题依靠语言知识用to solve /of solving将Ways和the problem连在一起。78题friends直接源于Many Americans have parties at home and invite all their friends。79题 loud noises由Many of these events are noisy和 People shout and sing中重点词汇归纳所得。80题caused by/resulted from是This can lead to tragic results if a person drinks too much and then drives a car中lead to的转换表达。81题同样为One person among a group of friends drinks little or no alcohol during New Year’s Eve celebrations的变换说法。82题 offering由Many ‎ American cities also offer free taxi service中offer变为-ing。83、84、85题均在So they organized, music, art and other events to observe the holiday中的关键词汇和常识的帮助之下推断所得。‎ ‎※ 参考答案 阅读填空模拟训练七【答案】‎ ‎76 Sources 77 eyesight/sight 78 inability 79 digestive 80 smooth 81poor health 82 blood disease 83 natural foods 84 must /necessity 85 bones and teeth 这篇短文为说明文，介绍了几种维生素的作用、来源以及缺乏维生素的某些后果。76题列标题，归纳了多种维生素的不同来源sources，同时可从第二段The best source of vitamin A is fish liver oil中取得source的隐性帮助，首字母大写取决于同行同级别列标题大写呼应一致性的暗示。77题，文章第二段指出维生素A系制造眼睛所需要的感光性很强的一种物质，有助于视力的改善，再借助于生活常识：缺乏维生素A易患夜盲症，便可以推断出维生素A可以预防夜盲症poor eyesight/sight的发生。78题后的see well in the dark，暗示出前面应该为“不能”。下面表格中的slow growth和anemia，又约定了同级别表格中最好用同种词性—名词，可由 “ability能力”联想到“inability没有能力”。做对此空要充分发挥仔细的观察推理能力及构词法知识的作用。第三段It changes starchy foods into energy中，starchy foods指含淀粉丰富的食物，不知确切含义已无大碍。维生素B-1帮助把（含淀粉丰富的）食物转化成能量，完成该项任务的是消化系统，所以79空填digestive。80题将原文It also helps the heart and nervous system work smoothly中的副词smoothly转形为形容词smooth。81题and后为名词，故将相关的原句Without it, we would be weak and would not grow中的动词短语be weak，转化为名词短语poor health。82题，从Vitamin B-12 is needed so folic acid can do its work. Together, they help produce red blood cells和Without them ,a person suffers from anemia (贫血)中可知维生素B-12和叶酸是制造红血球所必需的，缺失两只之一均匀易导致贫血病—一种血液病blood disease。此题考查概括和模糊表达能力。83题，把原句Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in foods such as eggs, meat, fish and milk products中的副词改为表格所需的形容词natural，并与foods连用。84题前用了冠词a，限定了词性为名词，但原句Vitamin C is necessary for strong bones and teeth用的是形容词，将它转化为名词necessity或用must的名词用法。跟据Vitamin C is necessary for strong bones and teeth推断，缺乏Vitamin C易患与骨骼、牙齿有关的疾病。‎