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2020届二轮复习概要写作写作指导
2020届二轮复习 概要写作写作指导 一概要写作概述 浙江省2018年11月高考中首次出现了概要写作新题型。全国卷在2021年的高考当中也将采用新高考的形式。相比传统的写作来说,该题型对考生是一个巨大的挑战,是难度较高的写作形式。 1.任务要求 提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。所选材料体裁没有限制,以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。 2.考查要点 概要写作以语篇为载体,要求考生对所提供的文本进行简要的概括。考生需要在理解文章、把握文章中心思想的基础上进行信息整合。故该题型考查学生的综合语言运用能力,即阅读能力、分析查找能力、逻辑思维能力、理解判断能力及概括能力等。因此,概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的,是二者的有机结合体,是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。 3.评分原则1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分; 2.评分时,先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然 后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分; 3.词数少于40的和多于80的,从总分中减去2分; 4.评分时,应主要从以下四个方面考虑: (1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况; (2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性; (3)上下文的连贯性; (4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。 5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。 6.如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。 二样题及分析 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people,is a good thing. However,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538,the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV,King of France,was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long-lived,dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking,cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet,it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea:clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer,surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt,which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary,Mary Ruebush,an American immunologist(免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter(后者)position is gaining some ground. One possible version Attitudes towards dirt have been changing over time. (要点1) In the 16th century, people believed that dirt on the skin helped protect against disease. (要点2) Since the 18th century, however, people havedeveloped the belief that cleaning away dirt can prevent disease. (要点3)Today, although attitudes to dirt still differ sharply, more and more people choose to believe that playing in the dirt can help build up a strong immune. (要点4) (60 words) 【参考答案分析】 1.精确地表达了文本所有4个要点,并且对文本的内容进行了归纳、提炼和整合; 2.准确地使用了相应的语法结构和词汇,例如在表达“持有某种观点”这一意思的时候,选用了三个不同的表达方法“believe”,“develop the belief”,“choose to believe”,避免了重复; 3.上下文之间用了恰当的连接词“however”,“although”等,使行文紧凑浑然一体; 4.对文中的要点运用语义转换,完全使用自己的语言来表达;例如:要点1用Attitudes towards dirt have been changing代替原文第一段的第二句话there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt;要点2用protect against disease 代替 block out against;要点3中用prevent disease代替 is good for health;要点4用 today代替nowadays,用sharply代替hugely,用more and more people choose to believe 代替 gaining some ground; 5.全文60词,非常符合词数要求。 三备考对策 首先,要明确写作步骤。建议写作步骤如下: 1.把握原文文体特征,理清文章结构 不同的文体有不同的篇章结构和行文逻辑,了解各类文体的写作特点和框架有助于概要写作。 1.说明文:锁定描述对象、说明顺序(时间、空间、方位等)、说明方法(举例子、列数据、打比方、下定义、列图标等)。 1)描写事物的性质功能,即对象+性质功能+便利、实用或好处 2)说明某现象及其原因、影响和解决方案,即现象+原因+影响+解决方案 说明文:phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 2.议论文:论点、论据和结论,即主题句、支撑句和结论。 议论文:opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons) 3.记叙文:锁定6要素,即what / who / when / where/ why / how 4.新闻: a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs 2. 利用原文信号词,寻找段落中心句,提取要点 信号词指的是具有概括功能的词句,常见信号词包括:表示先后顺序或者列举;表示增补;表示总结;表示结果;表示解释;表示原因;表示对照;表示让步等。中心句常常在段落的开头、结尾,有时在中间,如果不够明确时,可根据复现率高的信息来确定。 3.改写要点 不要照搬原文的句子,哪怕是主题句。可使用一些写作的微技巧,如同义替换法、词性转换法、语态互换法、句式转换法、词组替换句子法、正话反说法等改写要点。 4.整合要点,连句成文,注意衔接 理清要点间的内在逻辑关系,用恰当的连接词衔接要点,使行文通顺。忌各要点孤立表达,缺乏联系,也要避免每个要点间都加连接词,使文章显得生硬。 其次,还要注意以下一些要点: 1. 概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节,即要区分主要信息和次要信息,不能出现细节与实例。避免对原文进行抄袭照搬。 2. 概要写作不能对原文进行解释或评论,不可随意添加自己的观点(不能出现 “I believe”, “I think”等字句),一般用第三人称来写。 3. 概要写作并非简单罗列要点,各个要点之间要有恰当衔接,使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。 4. 积累常见的同义短语和句型转换,掌握并运用单词、短语和句型,学会词汇、短语、句型的升级。 5. 注意词数是否符合要求。注意拼写、标点符号和书写的规范性。 综合以上分析可知,新高考更加重视考查考生高中阶段英语基本技能的掌握情况,也注意考查考生进入高等学校继续学习的潜能,目标是利用高考命题的导向功能推动新课程的课堂教学改革,概要写作题型的设置就是基于这个出发点。 应该说学生对概要写作并不完全陌生,因为在日常的英语教学中,教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文,这在一定程度上都为概要写作打下了基础。 学生如果理解准确,涵盖全部要求,完全使用自己的语言,准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇,得分相应就会比较高。相反,如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象,得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关将不能得分。查看更多