2018届译林版选修8一轮复习：Unit2TheUniverselanguage单元学案设计（56页）

2018届译林版选修8一轮复习：Unit2TheUniverselanguage单元学案设计（56页）

2018 届译林版选修 8 一轮复习：Unit2The Universe language 单元学案设计 一重点单词 Ⅰ.写作必记单词 1.universal adj.共同的，普遍的，全体的，全世界的 2.stubborn adj.固执的，顽固的 3.dare vt.&vi.&aux.敢于，胆敢 4.disturbing adj.令人不安的；引起恐慌的 disturb vt.打扰，扰乱 disturbed adj.心烦意乱的，烦恼的 5.unwilling adj.不情愿，不愿意；勉强的，无奈的 6.demand vt.强烈要求；需要；n.要求；需求 demanding adj.要求高的，苛求的 7.evident adj.清楚的，显然的 evidently adv.明显地，显然地 evidence n.证据，根据 8.scold vt.训斥，责骂 9.merciful adj.仁慈的，慈悲的，宽大为怀的 mercifully adv.仁慈地；宽恕地；宽容地 mercy n.仁慈；宽恕；宽容 10.collection n.作品集；收藏品；一批(人或物品)；取走 collect vt.收集，收藏 11.tendency n.倾向，偏好；趋势，趋向 tend vi.往往，趋向；vt.照看 12.gradual adj.逐渐的，逐步的；平缓的，不陡的 gradually adv.渐渐地，逐渐地 13.decline n.衰落，衰败；减少；vi.&vt.衰落，下降；婉言谢绝 14.seek vt.&vi.试图，设法；寻找，寻求 15.prejudice n.偏见，成见；vt.使怀有(或形成)偏见 Ⅱ.阅读识记单词 16.cast vt.&vi.选派角色；投射(光、影)；向……投以(视线、笑容) 17.awesome adj.极好的；令人惊叹的，令人敬畏的 18.condemn vt.判刑，宣判；指责，谴责 19.seize vt.逮捕，捉拿；抓住，捉住；夺取，攻占 20.dawn n.黎明，拂晓；开端，萌芽 21.deadline n.最后期限，截止日期 22.unite vt.&vi.联合，团结；统一 23.grand adj. 宏大的，壮丽的，堂皇的，隆重的 24.broken adj.破损的，受伤的；中止了的；不连续的 25.unemployment n.失业 26.symphony n.交响乐，交响曲 27.bachelor n.单身汉，未婚男子；学士 28.folk adj.民间的，民俗的；n.人们；亲属(尤指父母) 29.chart n.图表；海图；vt.记录；制订；绘制(地图) 30.root n.起源，起因；根，根茎 31.slavery n.奴隶身份；奴隶制 slave n.奴隶 32.format n.形式；格式；版式 33.trend n.趋势，动向 34.discrimination n.歧视，区别对待；辨别力，鉴赏力 discriminate vi.& vt.歧视；区分 35.scream vi.尖叫，高声喊；呼啸；n.尖叫，尖锐刺耳的声音 语境活用 　[用所给词的正确形式填空] 1.There wasn’t enough evidence(evident) to prove him guilty. 2.Even though he was guilty，the merciful(mercy) judge did not send him to prison. 3.They finally freed themselves from slavery(slave). 4.I gradually(gradual) learned what we all need is to think more like customers.(2015·广东) 5.Music has been called the universal(universe) language. 6.His collection(collect) of paintings is the most impressive. 7.The increasing unemployment(employ) caused social unrest(社会动荡). 8.Get the technology that has proven to help the most demanding(demand) customers.(2015·北京) 1.be set in 以……为背景 2.be condemned to something 被处以某种刑罚 3.ask for somebody’s hand in marriage(向女方)求婚 4.fall in love 相爱，坠入爱河 5. at first sight 初次见面；乍一看 6.take on 呈现 7. be transformed into 被变成/改变成 8.leave out 省略；遗漏 9. participate in 参加；参与 10. split up 分手；分裂；破裂；离婚 11. take a brief look at 简要回顾 12.spring up 突然兴起，迅速出现 13.combine...with...与……相结合/融合 14.go crazy 变得疯狂 15. break up 破裂，解散；破碎 语境活用 　[运用上述短语完成片段] Once upon a time，there was a young man named Dick，who 1.fell in love with(爱上) the princess of the castle 2.at first sight(初次见面).He 3.asked for her hand in marriage(向她求婚) and promised whatever 4.sprung up(出现) in the future，he would love her.The King had to give in to love.Years later ， unluckily the princess got a serious illness.Dick became a general and he wanted to marry a beautiful maiden in secret.However，the princess got the secret and was very sad.Soon they 5.broke up(分手).The King got very angry，so Dick 6.was condemned to death(被 处以死刑).His body was 7.split up(分裂) by five horses. 1.find＋宾语＋宾补 The emperor finds the death disturbing. 皇帝为死人的事而感到不安。 仿写 　我觉得这本书十分乏味。 I find the book very boring. 2.to 后省略动词 However，although he would like to，he cannot break his promise and must allow Turandot to do as she wishes. 但是，虽然他很想收回这一承诺，但又不能食言，只能让图兰朵按照自己的意愿行事。 仿写 　我不想去那里，但不得不去。 I didn’t want to go there，but I had to. 3.before 引导的状语从句 Unfortunately，Puccini died of a heart attack before he completed this final scene，and it had to be completed by one of his former students，Franco Alfano. 不幸的是，普契尼还没完成最后一幕就因心脏病发作去世了，这一幕不得不由他以前的一名 学生法兰高·阿法奴来完成。 仿写 　不等我说一句话，她就冲出了房间。 Before I could say a word，she had rushed out of the room. promise v.承诺；有……的希望 n.允诺；诺言；希望；征兆 (1)I’m writing to express my regret at being unable to go to the bookstore with you next weekend，which I have promised. 我写信表达下周末我不能和一起去书店的遗憾。我答应了和你一起去的。(2016·全国Ⅲ) (2)If you make a promise，you should carry it out. 如果你许下了诺言，你就应该遵守。 (3)I might have to break my promise. 我可能不得不违背我的诺言。 (1)promise sb.sth.＝promise sth.to sb.答应给某人某物 promise (sb.) to do sth.答应(某人)做某事 promise (to be)＋n./adj.有希望……；可能…… carry out/keep a promise/live up to one’s promise 遵守/履行诺言 make a promise 许下诺言 break one’s promise 食言，违背诺言 (2)promising adj.有前途的，有发展前景的 [单句语法填空] (1)The new movie promises to be(be) one of the biggest moneymakers of all time. (2)Nowadays mobile Internet devices are pushing up demands for online education，which makes people see it as one of the most promising(promise) new markets. (3)I promise to return(return) your bicycle on good condition. (4)He promised the money to his son. demand vi.& vt.强烈要求，需要 n.要求，需求 (1)He demands that he should be told everything. 他要求将一切都告诉他。(牛津词典) (2)They demanded to know what I had been doing. 他们要求知道我一直在干什么。 (3)Science graduates are in greater demand than arts ones in China. 在中国理科毕业生的需求比文科毕业生大。 (1)demand (of sb.) to do...要求(某人)做…… demand that...(should) do...要求…… as demanded 正如所要求的 on demand 一经要求 in demand 需求大 (2)demanding adj.苛求的；要求高的；吃力的 名师点拨 demand 作动词时，后可接名词、不定式和从句作宾语，但不可跟 sb.to do 结构；后接 that 从句时，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”；作名词引导表语从句或同位 语从句时，从句中也用虚拟语气。 [单句语法填空] (1)As demanded in our company，these goods should sign the order in Shenzhen and be paid in RMB. (2)My demand is that the information referred to in my report (should) be emailed(email) to Mr.Brown without delay. (3)He found he could no longer cope with this demanding(demand) job. (4)Passengers must show their tickets on demand. decline n.衰落；衰败；减少；下降 v.衰落；减少；下降；婉言谢绝 (1)I offered to give them a lift but they declined. 我主动邀请他们搭车，但他们婉言谢绝了。 (2)Last year saw a decline in the effective demand for steel. 去年，钢铁的实际需求下降了。 a decline in 在……方面下降 in decline/on the decline 在衰退中，走下坡路 decline to do...拒绝做…… 名师点拨 (1)decline 后可接不定式作宾语，一般不接动名词。 (2)decline 表示“谢绝”时，已含有“拒绝接受”之意，所以其后一般不接 to accept，以免 语义重复。 [单句语法填空] (1)There has been a steady decline in public services over recent years. (2)Thankfully，this is a disease that is now on the decline. (3)He declined to answer(answer) my questions. [单句改错] (4)The population is in on或 the decline. seek vt.& vi.试图，设法；征询，寻求；探索，探寻 (1)We are always seeking to improve productivity. 我们一直在设法提高生产率。(朗文词典) (2)Mr.Li went to Taipei to seek his fortune by himself when he was eighteen years old. 李先生十八岁时，只身前往台北寻出路。 seek (after/for) sb./sth.寻找某人/某物 seek out 找出；挑出 seek to do sth.设法(试图)做某事 seek one’s fortune 寻找发财机会；谋求出路 seek one’s advice/help/assistance 征求某人的建议/寻求帮助 seek (for) a solution to the problem 寻求解决问题的方案 基础知识训练——[单句语法填空] (1)They are urgently seeking for/after the post where they are well paid. (2)The couple have sought help from their marriage go­betweens. (3)Corbett resolved to seek out the truth. (4)Having sought(seek) for a solution to the problem for several days，they finally found one. (5)Local schools are seeking to reduce(reduce) the dropout rate. 写作能力提升——[高考小作文] (6)作为一个聪明的学生，你应该努力寻求方法来提高那些在学习上使用的技能，主要是阅 读和写作。如果你学会了更好地阅读和写作，那么会有极大的好处来回报你学习的各个方面。 As a smart student，you should seek to improve those skills that you use in study，chiefly reading and writing.If you learn to read better and write better ，there are big benefits that pay off in all your studies. cast v. 选派角色；投射；向……投以(视线、笑容)；投掷；抛 [完成句子] (1)Casting a glance at(朝……看了一眼) me，he went on reading the letter. (2)He was much cast down(非常沮丧) at the moment. (3)He was cast as the role of the prince(被选派为王子的角色). (4)She cast a welcoming smile(投以欢迎的微笑) in his direction. (5)Having been cast in one movie(已出演过一部电影)，the actress proved herself to be talented in acting. 名师点拨 cast down 意为“使……沮丧”，后面必须带宾语，若没有宾语，则用被动语态。 decorate vt.装饰；修饰；布置 [单句语法填空] (1)He does jobs for me like painting and decorating(decorate). (2)Christmas is drawing near and the classrooms are decorated with balloons and flowers. [完成句子] (3)她在圣诞树上放了一些装饰品。 She put some decorations on the Christmas tree. (4)关于如何装饰房间，迈克尔犹豫不决。 Michael was indecisive about how to decorate the room. 名师点拨 (1)be decorated with 为……所装饰 (2)decoration 作“装饰”解时，是不可数名词；作“装饰品，装饰物”解时，是可数名词。 condemn v.谴责；指责；宣判；迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地 [单句语法填空] (1)They were condemned to a life of hardship. (2)We condemned him for his bad behavior. (3)Those who can not learn from the past are condemned(condemn) to repeat it. 名师点拨 condemn sb.for...因……而指责某人 be condemned to...判处…… be condemned to do...注定要做…… at first sight 初次见面；乍一看 [短语填空] catch sight of，be out of sight，lose sight of，lose one’s sight，at first sight (1)He lost his sight in a traffic accident. (2)At the railway station，the mother waved goodbye to her daughter till the train was out of sight. (3)At first sight，it seems a silly question. (4)I caught sight of my former teacher just now，but he turned at a corner and I lost sight of him. 名师点拨 lose sight of 意为“(因视线模糊或距离远等)看不见”；lose one’s sight 意为“失明”，两 者意义不同。 put up 竖起，建造，搭建；举起；留宿；提高；张贴；提出(意见等) [写出下列句子中 put up 的汉语意思] (1)She put up a notice about the school trip to Italy.张贴 (2)Several of the banks have decided to put up their interest rates.提高 (3)I was wet before I could put my umbrella up.举起 (4)Would you be able to put me up for the night when I come to London？留宿 (5)Clare first put up the idea of holding a concert to raise money for the school.提出 (6)They are putting up several new buildings in that block.建造，搭建 However，although he would like to，he cannot break his promise and must allow Turandot to do as she wishes. 但是，虽然他很想收回这一承诺，但又不能食言，只能让图兰朵按照自己的意愿行事。 句型：to 后省略动词 (1)—Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave. —I’d like to，but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my apologies. ——去向你妈妈道歉，戴夫。 ——我想去，但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。(2015·江苏) (2)—Is your father a reporter? —No，but he used to be. ——你父亲是记者吗？ ——不是，但他过去是。 为了避免重复， to 后的内容常承前省略(只保留 to 即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助 动词 have 或 be 的任何形式，后应该保留原形 have 或 be。 [完成句子] (1)—Will you go home tomorrow evening? —No，I’m going to a lecture，or at least I’ m planning to(正计划去). (2)—You came late last night.You ought to have finished your homework. —I know I ought to have(本应该完成). (3)—What’s the matter with Della? —Well，her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party，but she still hopes to(希望去). Unfortunately，Puccini died of a heart attack before he completed this final scene，and it had to be completed by one of his former students，Franco Alfano. 不幸的是，普契尼还没有完成最后一幕就因心脏病发作去世了，这一幕不得不由他以前的一 名学生法兰高·阿法奴来完成。 句型：before 引导的状语从句 (1)Before the training was introduced,66% of set­free birds died of electrocution. 在引入这个训练之前，66%的放飞的鸟死于触电。(2016·北京) (2)It was a long time before I got to sleep. 过了好长时间我才睡着。 (3)It wasn’t long before he told me about the affair. 没过多久他就把这件事告诉了我。 (1)句中 before 引导了一个时间状语从句，表示“在……之前”。除此之外，还可以表示 “……(之后)才……；不久就……；不等……就……；以免”。 (2)句型归纳： ①It won’t be...before...用不了多长时间就会……(before 从句用一般现在时) ②It will be...before...得过多久才……(before 从句用一般现在时) ③It wasn’t...before...没过多长时间就……(before 从句用一般过去时) ④It was...before...过了多长时间才……(before 从句用一般过去时) 基础知识训练——[写出下列句子中 before 的汉语意思] (1)Before he came here，he was in England.在……之前 (2)It will be some time before we know the full results.得过多久才…… (3)Before we had walked five miles，Anne complained of sore feet.不到……就 (4)Put that away before it gets broken.以免 写作能力提升——[句式升级] (5)Before long he realized what he did was wrong.(用 It wasn’t...before...改写) It was not long before he realized what he did was wrong. Ⅰ.教材与语法填空 The world­famous opera ， Turandot ， is the story of a stubborn and cruel Chinese princess,1.named(name) Turandot.In order to avoid 2.marriage(marry)，she says that any potential husband must answer all three riddles correctly 3.or die.A handsome prince，named Calaf，says that he will solve the riddles and marry her.Meanwhile，Liu，a young slave of Calaf’s father， expresses her love for Calaf.Then the story takes 4.on a classic love triangle 5.between Calaf， Turandot and Liu.Calaf goes to Turandot without introducing 6.himself(he).Although Calaf answers Turandot’s questions 7.correctly(correct)，she is greatly upset by this.8.Seeing(see) this， Calaf says that 9.if she can guess his name by sunrise，she will not have to marry him.In order to learn his name，Turandot seizes Liu，asking for the name.10.Unfortunately(fortunate)，Liu kills herself.But at the end of the story，the prince and Turandot unite in marriage，and the whole city celebrates their happiness. Ⅱ.教材与短文改错 During the late part of the 19th century，black musicians used folk song to create a kind of music called the blues.But the blues lacked variety and was very sad and slow that it was not suitable to dance to.However，there sprung up a faster kind of music called jazz.Louis Armstrong， one of the fathers of the jazz，made it more popular in his time. From the early 1930s to the early 1950s，traditional jazz went into a gradually decline，and was replaced by a new musical trend known as rhythm and blues，that was thought of as a form of African­American music.It combined the fast pace of many kinds of jazz to the older blues sound.During early 1950s，one particular style became popular—rock and roll.One of the first rock and roll musicians were Big Joe Turner.He was a black American singer started out performing jazz in the 1920s. 答案 During the late part of the 19th century，black musicians used folk song songs to create a kind of music called the blues.But the blues lacked variety and was very so sad and slow that it was not suitable to dance to.However Therefore，there sprung up a faster kind of music called jazz.Louis Armstrong， one of the fathers of the jazz，made it more popular in his time. From the early 1930s to the early 1950s，traditional jazz went into a gradually gradual decline，and was replaced by a new musical trend known as rhythm and blues， that which was thought of as a form of African­American music.It combined the fast pace of many kinds of jazz to with the older blues sound.During ∧ the early 1950s，one particular style became popular—rock and roll.One of the first rock and roll musicians were was Big Joe Turner.He was a black American singer started starting out performing jazz in the 1920s. Ⅲ.教材与微写作 写作素材 (关于态度改变) 1.汤姆对妇女的歧视受到很多人的责备和谴责。 2.后来，他逐渐认识到自己的错误。 3.开始寻求别人的原谅。 4.他强烈要求人和人之间应互相尊重。 提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达。 连句成篇 (将以上句子连成一篇 50 词左右的英语短文) Tom’s discrimination against women was scolded and condemned by many people.Later， he gradually realized his mistake and began to seek for others’ forgiveness.He strongly demanded that everyone should respect each other. Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．They actively seek to be(be) part of a “we”，a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.(2016·江苏) 2 ． Well before the arrival of freezers ， there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering.(2015·全国Ⅰ) 3．Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned(condemn)without considering other influences.(2015·广东) 4．A week before Earth Day，posters were put up around our school，calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.(2016·北京) 5．We found him waiting(wait) to receive us. 6．It is no fun working(work) inside when the weather is so nice. 7．He had pressed the button before we stopped him. 8．He serves as a clerk in a bank. 9．As he grows you also age，and your ambitions become more unachievable.(2016·天津) 10．I recognized him at first sight. Ⅱ.阅读理解 A (2017·湖南师范大学附中摸底考试) Music is magic! Music speaks louder than words and it is a “language” that the whole world can understand.A piece of music can produce a response in the heart and mind.Like feeling an electrical current or receiving a personal radio signal ， music has a spiritual effect on a person.Different kinds of music influence people in different ways. I have listened to music all my life.When I was twelve years old ， the Beatles came to America and my whole world opened up.Maybe young people today cannot understand the influence of the Beatles when they exploded across America.Their influence changed the way we dressed，looked，acted and spoke...even our culture.The Beatles arrived in America from the UK just under three months after the assassination(暗杀) of President John Kennedy，which had put America into a great depression.And the freshness and lively spirit of the Beatles was exactly what the country needed to refresh itself. Music links the heart of the hearer with that of the composer.This means that it mixes the spirit of the composer with your spirit when you listen to it.And the music can take your spirit out of your body and transport you into another world.Music has a great way of touching people.Music can make you laugh，cry or shout.It’s also a great source of inspiration. Try this one day and notice what happens: make yourself a cup of tea，sit on your sofa and play one of your favorite songs.Close your eyes，and soon you’ll find yourself creating vivid mental images—matching the music that you are listening to. 语篇解读　本文讲述了音乐的神奇作用，并举了“甲壳虫乐队”给美国带来的影响这个例子。 11．Music has magical power because it . A．is a kind of language B．can be played much louder than words C．receives a personal radio signal D．can influence a person’s spirit 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段倒数第二句中的“music has a spiritual effect on a person”可 知，选 D。 12．One can learn from the second paragraph that the Beatles . A．were the biggest band in American history B．are not accepted by modern American people C．appeared at a special time in American politics D．represented the roots of American culture 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句可知 the Beatles 出现在美国政治一个特殊的时期 ——美国总统肯尼迪被杀。故选 C。 13．One will do all of the following while listening to music EXCEPT . A．feeling very refreshed B．having emotional changes C．painting some vivid pictures D．feeling inspired by the composer 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句及第三段最后两句可排除 A、B、D 三项。故选 C。 14．It can be inferred from the passage that the author . A．has been influenced by the Beatles B．enjoys drinking tea in his spare time C．admires President John Kennedy very much D．likes to match his own feeling with that of the composer 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句可知作者深受 the Beatles 的影响。故选 A。 B (2017·甘肃通渭马营中学月考) The mysterious human ancestor called Homo naledi(纳莱迪人) was primed for success in a prehistoric triathlon ， new research shows—if the challenges were walking upright ， climbing trees，and handily wielding tools. Based on fossils retrieved from South Africa’s Rising Star cave，two teams reconstructed the locomotor habits(运动习惯) of Homo naledi，reported Tuesday in Nature Communications.With funding from National Geographic，one took a close look at 107 foot bones，the other at 26 bones from a nearly complete right hand. In most respects，the H．naledi foot looks surprisingly like a modern human’s.Its ankle joint，parallel big toe and wide heel bone belong to a striding biped(两足动物)，a creature fully adapted to efficiently walking upright on two legs.But its lower arch and curved toe bones are more ape­like. The hand，with its curved fingers，indicates that H．naledi were strong climbers—and yet the long ， strong thumb and shock­absorbing wrist could also have been capable of manipulating tools(though no tools have been found yet)． It’s a mix of features scientists hadn’t seen clearly yet in the genus Homo，to which modern humans belong，particularly when it comes to H．naledi’s pronounced arboreal proclivities. “H.naledi had a unique form of locomotion for a member of the genus Homo ， ” says study author William Harcourt­Smith of CUNY’s Lehman College. 语篇解读　本文属于说明文。文章介绍通过研究化石，研究人员发现纳莱迪人的 脚和手已经进化得和人类很相似了。 15．How do people learn about Homo naledi? A．By studying on fossils. B．By meditation. C．By locomotor habits. D．By data base. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Based on fossils retrieved from South Africa’s Rising Star cave，two teams reconstructed the locomotor habits(运动习惯) of Homo naledi，...”可知， 人们是通过化石了解纳莱迪人的。故选 A。 16．Which of the following statements is RIGHT according to the passage? A．Scientists have enough evidence to make sure that Homo naledi could make tools. B．Homo naledi had a unique form of locomotion so they don’t belong to genus Homo. C．Some features of Homo naledi can show that they are thoroughly modern human. D．There exist some differences between Homo naledi and modern human. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“It’s a mix of features scientists hadn’t seen clearly yet in the genus Homo ， to which modern humans belong ， particularly when it comes to H．naledi’s pronounced arboreal proclivities.”可知，纳莱迪人同现代人还是有区别的，故选 D。 17．What is the role of National Geographic? A．The sponsor. B．The scholar. C．The scientist. D．The detector. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“With funding from National Geographic”可以看 出它充当赞助者的角色。故选 A。 18．Which picture can TRULY show the foot of Homo naledi? A. B. C. D. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Its ankle joint，parallel big toe and wide heel bone belong to a striding biped(两足动物)，a creature fully adapted to efficiently walking upright on two legs.But its lower arch and curved toe bones are more ape­like.”可知，C 的图片更符合原文的 描述：平行大脚趾，宽根骨。故选 C。 Ⅲ.语法填空 (2017·江西师范大学附属中学月考) A castle is a type of fortified(加固的)structure 19 (build)in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages.This is different from a palace 20 is not fortified，though there are a large number of 21 (similarity)among these types of construction.Since then usage of the term 22 (apply)to diverse structures. The European castles 23 (origin)in the 9th and 10th centuries ， resulting in its land divided among nobles，who built castles to control the area 24 (surround)them.The castles were also 25 (defense)structures.Although army uses are often emphasized in castle studies， the structures also served 26 centers of administration and symbols of power.Urban castles were 27 (usual)used to control the local people and important travel routes， 28 rural castles were often built near farmland. 19．答案　built 解析　此处是过去分词短语作后置定语，故填 built。 20．答案　which/that 解析　此处 a palace 作先行词，指物，后面的定语从句缺少主语，故填 which/that。 21．答案　similarities 解析　a large number of 后面跟可数名词复数，故填 similarities。 22．答案　has been applied 解析　根据 Since then 可知用现在完成时态，再根据句意可知用现在完成时态的被动语态， 故填 has been applied。 23．答案　originated 解析　根据后面的 in the 9th and 10th centuries 可知用一般过去时，故填 originated。 24．答案　surrounding 解析　句意为：环绕它们的地区。此处是现在分词作后置定语，故填 surrounding。 25．答案　defensive 解析　形容词修饰名词，故填 defensive。 26．答案　as 解析　固定词组：serve as 充当，担任，故填 as。 27．答案　usually 解析　副词修饰动词，故填 usually。 28．答案　and/while 解析　此处介绍的是城市城堡和农村城堡，既可表示递进关系也可表示比较关系，故填 and/while。 Ⅳ.短文改错 (2017·河北石家庄二中联考) It is five years now since I graduate from High School. Last Saturday, the class that I was on held a get­together, which took us a long time prepare. It was indeed not easy to get in the touch with everybody and set a properly time for all of us. We all enjoyed this precious day greatly, talk about the people and things they were familiar with. It was a pity which some of us were not present as they had gone abroad for further education. Besides, they called back or sent greeting card from different places. 答案　 It is five years now since I graduate graduated from High School.Last Saturday，the class that I was on in held a get­together，which took us a long time ∧ to prepare.It was indeed not easy to get in the touch with everybody and set a properly proper time for all of us.We all enjoyed this precious day greatly， talk talking about the people and things they we were familiar with.It was a pity which that some of us were not present as they had gone abroad for further education. Besides However，they called back or sent greeting card cards from different places. 29．答案　graduate→graduated 解析　考查动词时态。句意为：自从我高中毕业，现在已经 5 年了。It is ＋时间段＋since 引导的时间状语从句结构中，从句要使用一般过去时。故 graduate 应改为 graduated。 30．答案　on→in 解析　考查介词搭配。句意为：上周六，我所在的班级组织了一次聚会。在哪个班级使用 in。故 on 改为 in。 31．答案　time 后加 to 解析　考查不定式。take sb.some time to do sth.花费某人多少时间做某事。故 time 后加 to。 32．答案　去掉 the 解析　考查固定词组。get in touch with sb.与某人取得联系，故定冠词 the 多余。 33．答案　properly→proper 解析　考查形容词。此处修饰名词 time，形容词修饰名词，故 properly 应改为 proper。 34．答案　talk→talking 解析　考查非谓语动词。句意为：我们都很喜欢这宝贵的一天，谈论着我们熟悉的人和事。 talk 与主语 we 之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，表主动，故应使用现在分词作伴随状语。 35．答案　they→we 解析　考查代词。根据上下文及句意可知，此处应指“我们熟悉的人和事”。故 they 改为 we。 36．答案　which→that 解析　考查连词。句意为：遗憾的是，我们中的一些人因为出国深造而没能出席我们的聚会。 由句意及句子结构分析可知，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句，从句句子成分齐全， 故应使用只起连接作用的连词 that，which 在引导从句时要充当一定的句子成分。故 which 应改为 that。 37．答案　Besides→However 解析　考查连词。根据前后句意可知，前后为转折关系，且连词与主句有逗号隔开，故应使 用转折连词 however。 38．答案　card→cards 解析　考查名词。句意为：然而，他们从不同的地方打来电话或发来贺卡。card 为可数名词， 故此处应使用复数形式 cards。 话题词汇 1.amusement n.娱乐 2.applaud v.鼓掌欢迎 3.appreciate v.欣赏 4.award n.奖品；奖金 5.concert n.音乐会 6.hit n.(演出等)成功；打击 7.performance n.演出；表演 8.compose a song 创作歌曲 9.make a hit 流行 10.cooperate with 与……合作 话题佳作 假如你是李华，你最喜欢的歌手 Justin Bieber(贾斯汀·比伯)下个月将到你们市演出。近 日你准备和几个朋友成立 Justin Bieber 的歌迷俱乐部。请你给你的加拿大笔友 Freddy 发一 封 e­mail，表明你们喜欢 Justin Bieber 的理由，并希望 Freddy 就如何办好歌迷俱乐部提供一 些建议。 佳作欣赏 Dear Freddy， I’m glad to tell you that Justin Bieber，my favorite singer，will come to our city to perform next month. I’m so pleased at the news that I decide to form a Justin Bieber fan club with some of my friends recently.All of us like him and enjoy his songs very much.He is very charming and fantastic! His songs make us feel the true love.We can sing most of his songs and would like to know more about him.But we don’t know what we should do，and where we can pick up some useful information about him and his performing plans.Could you give us some advice? Look forward to your reply. Yours， Li Hua 名师点睛 本文要点齐全，逻辑清晰。第一段交代写作内容：Justin Bieber 下个月将来演出；第二 段作者提出了计划以及对 Justin Bieber 及其歌曲的看法并提出了要求；第三段提出期望。 行文中作者正确熟练地运用了 be pleased at，pick up，look forward to 等一些高级词汇及 so...that...引导的结果状语从句、宾语从句和祈使句等句式，增强了文章的可读性。 单元综合知识运用 记叙文写作指导 记叙文是最常见、最基本的写作文体，它以真实的社会生活、自然景物为材料，以记人、叙 事、状物、写景为主要内容，以叙述、描写或对话为主要表达方式，通过形象表达思想的一 种文体。 一、写记叙文必须注意以下几点： 1．主题要鲜明。首先要认真审题，对题目所给信息，不论是短文还是表格，不论是文字还 是图画，都务必仔细分析、反复推敲，确定选择典型事例、反映主题。 2．内容要完整。一般说来，记叙文包含六大要素：when(时间)，where(地点)，who(人物)， what(事件)，why(原因)，how(结果)。文章要有始有终，确保内容的完整性。 3．情节要合理。按照事情发展的先后顺序，使用恰当的过渡词，使文章连贯、自然、详略 得当。 4．用词要恰当。描写事件时，切忌词不达意，影响理解。要牢记常用动词词组和经典句型。 5．记叙事例中的时态通常用一般过去时。 二、记叙文写作要点 1．活动的时间、地点、人物； 2．表明事情开端； 3．叙述事情的发展/活动内容一； 事情进一步发展/活动内容二； 事情发展的高潮/活动内容三； 4．事情的结束； 5．表明个人的看法或感受； 6．总结全文，再次抒发自己的感情。 经典语篇 (2016·浙江) “Planning is good，but doing is better”是一句英语名言。请以此为题用英语写一篇 100～120 词的短文。 要求如下： 1．简述你对这句名言的理解； 2．用一个具体事例加以说明； 3．给出恰当的结尾。 佳作欣赏 Planning Is Good，But Doing Is Better Planning is good as it decides in detail how we do.However，a plan can bear no fruit without being actually carried out. My experience in the English speech contest last October is a case in point.A month before the event，I spent hours working out a schedule outlining my goals and practical steps.After that， I set out to read widely for an inspiring topic ，wrote a speech ，and practiced its delivery in beautiful pronunciation with good public speech skills.I finally came out of the contest as the first prize winner. I know how I achieved my success.It came from good planning and better doing combined. 即时训练 星光中学(Xingguang High School)近期举行了一次登山活动。假定你是学校英语报记者，请 写一篇短文，报道此次活动。内容包括： 1．时间与地点：4 月 10 日，大青山(Daqing Mountain)； 2．活动的过程； 3．你对于这次活动的评论。 注意：1.词数 100 左右； 2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考范文 In order to encourage the students to take outdoor exercise ， our school organized a mountain­climbing on April 10.Hundreds of us took part in it. It was a nice day.At 8：00 am，we gathered at the foot of Daqing Mountain and set out for the top in high spirits.On the way we were chatting，singing and laughing，enjoying the fresh air and the beautiful scenery.When some fell behind，others would come and offer help.About 2 hours later，we all reached the top.Bathed in sunshine，we jumped and cheered with joy. The activity benefited us a lot.Not only did it get us close to nature and give us relaxation from heavy school work，it also promoted the friendship among us.What a wonderful time! 考点一　代词 Ⅰ.语法填空考点聚焦 考向 1　人称、物主与反身代词 1．On my recent visit，I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by (it) mother.(2016·全国Ⅰ) 答案　its 解析　根据空格后的名词及上文中的 a lively three­month­old twin 可知要用形容词性物主代 词。 2 ． A few hours before ， I’d been at home in Hong Kong ， with (it) choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.(2015·全国Ⅰ) 答案　its 解析　空格后面有名词 smog，故要使用形容词性物主代词。 3．Now it occurred to (he) that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(2015·广东) 答案　him 解析　句意为：现在看来好像他的农场是非常有潜能的，奶牛的死也似乎给他带来了好运气。 It occurred to sb.that...某人突然想到……，固定句型，此句型中 sb.为宾语，应用宾格形式， 故填 him。 4．Then the driver stood up and asked，“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear! It’s (I)．”(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ) 答案　me/mine 解析　此题答案不唯一，要根据语境仔细揣摩。此处的 it 如果指前面的 suitcase 的话，那么 此空需要使用名词性物主代词 mine，表示“那个箱子是我的”；如果指前面的 anyone 的话， 那么此空需要用 I 的宾格形式 me，表示“是我在上一站丢失了手提箱”。 5．“Do you need those glasses for medical reasons？”the teacher asked.The new boy shook his head...Then he took off，gave a big smile and said，“That’s cool.”(2012·广东) 答案　them 解析　根据语境可知，此处表示他(the new boy)摘下眼镜，故空格处指 those glasses，作 take off 的宾语，且为复数形式，故填 them。 考向 2　it 及替代词 1 ． Jonny ： Keep holding your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.Raise your leg and let stay in the air for seconds.(2014·辽宁) 答案　it 解析　根据句意可知此处应该填入指代 leg 的代词。句意为：抬起腿，让它(it)在空中停一会 儿。 2．Last year，my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation.Some of my friends who had been there before said was a wonderful holiday destination.(2014·广东) 答案　it 解析　从空后的 a wonderful holiday destination 可知，这个地方就是 Miami，用 it 指代前面 提到的地点。 考向 3　不定代词 1．After the student left，the teacher let student taste the water.(2010·广东) 答案　another 解析　句意为：在那个学生离开后，这位老师让另一位学生品尝泉水。another 又一个，另 一个。 2．After a while I rose from my seat and walked to the front of the bus.I sat next to the man and introduced myself.We had an amazing conversation.He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home. I’m glad I made the choice.It made of us feel good.(2011·广东) 答案　both 解析　根据上文可知，空后的 us 指上文提到的“the man”和“I”，故此处指这使我们“两 个人”都感到很好。 Ⅱ.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题 1 处错误) 考向 1　指代不一致 1．If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden your our view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.(2016·全国Ⅱ) 解析　考查形容词性物主代词的用法。根据前面的主语 we 可知，此处要用 our，表示“我 们能够开阔我们的视野”。 2．At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself myself .(2016·全国Ⅲ) 解析　考查反身代词。根据句意，此处指“我自己”。 3．When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her his hand.(2016·四川) 解析　由前面的 When he came back 可知，这束花是在“他的(his)”手里。 4．We must find ways to protect your our/the environment.If we fail to do so，we’ll live to regret it.(2015·全国Ⅰ) 解析　依据前后句的语境及逻辑关系可知，your 与上下文相悖，结合句意应当改为 our/the 才能使句意通顺。 5．As I told you last time，I made three new friends here...，but I’m afraid I’ll lose their friendship.What do you think I should do? If you were me，would you talk to him them？Please help me and give me some advice.(2015·四川) 解析　根据上文可知，此处指作者交的三个新朋友，故用 them。句意为：你会和他们谈吗？ 6．Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them it .(2015·浙江) 解析　由句意可知，此处代替前面的单数 a beautiful park，故用 it。 考向 2　代词的缺失与误用 1．Five minutes later，Tony saw ∧ his parents.(2015·全国Ⅱ) 解析　根据句意及英语表达习惯，应当在 parents 前加上与主语 Tom 相一致的物主代词 his。 2．I wanted to do anything something special for him at his retirement party.(2015·陕西) 解析　something 一般用在肯定句中，表示“一些事”；anything 一般用在疑问句和否定句中， 表示“任何事”。 3．It’s been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many much.(2015·四川) 解析　根据句意可知，此处指的是花费很多钱，代指不可数名词，故用 much 而非 many。 4.Neither None of the arrows hit the target.Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky—they were like rain！(2014·陕西) 解析　从后面的“they were like rain”可知，射出去的箭不止两支，因此应把 Neither 改为 None。 5．He had a deep voice，which set himself him apart from others in our small town，and he was strong and powerful.(2013·新课标全国Ⅰ) 解析　set 的主语 which 指代 a deep voice，而非 he，故应用宾格 him。 6．After thinking for some time，I let her copy my answers. But after the test， all both of us were called to the teacher’s office.(2013·四川) 解析　由句意可知，us 指的是前面提到的“我”和“她”两个人，故应用 both。 考点二　冠词 Ⅰ.语法填空考点聚焦 考向 1　表特指的定冠词和表泛指的不定冠词 1．He owned farm，which looked almost abandoned.(2015·广东) 答案　a 解析　句意为：他拥有一个农场，这个农场看起来都快废弃了。a 是不定冠词，表示泛指“一 个……”，修饰可数名词单数。 2．She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on top floor.(2014·广 东) 答案　the 解析　on the top floor 在顶层。 考向 2　固定结构中的冠词 1．On my recent visit，I held a lively three­month­old twin...The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed， other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016·全国Ⅰ) 答案　the 解析　由上文中的关键词 twin，one 可知这里考查 one...the other...(一个……另一个……)的 用法。故答案为 the。 2．Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.(2016·全国Ⅱ) 答案　a 解析　让你的身体和思想休息一会儿。固定表达 for a while 一会儿。 3 ． The adobe dwellings( 土 坯 房 ) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even most modern of architects and engineers.(2015·全国Ⅱ) 答案　the 解析　空格之后为形容词的最高级形式，故填定冠词。 4．In the beginning，there was only very small amount of unfairness in the world，but everyone added a little，always thinking that it was only small and not very important，and look where we have ended up today.(2013·广东) 答案　a 解析　a small amount of 少量的，为固定搭配。 Ⅱ.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题 1 处错误) 考向 1　冠词的遗漏 1．But in that case，we will learn little about ∧ the world.(2016·全国Ⅱ) 解析　此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。 2．Every time he arrived home at ∧ the end of the day，we’d greet him at the door.(2016·浙江) 解析　at the end of 在……结束时，为固定搭配。 3．I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in ∧ the kitchen.(2016·四川) 解析　此处特指我们家的厨房。 4．Now I am living in a city，but I miss my home in ∧ the countryside.There the air is clean and the mountains are green.(2015·全国Ⅰ) 解析　in the countryside 在乡村，为固定短语。 5．On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in ∧ a hurry in the morning.(2015·浙江) 解析　in a hurry 匆匆忙忙，为固定短语。 6．As ∧ a result，the plants are growing everywhere.(2014·新课标全国Ⅰ) 解析　as a result 结果，为固定搭配。故 as 后应加 a。 考向 2　冠词的多用 1．At the first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.(2016·全国Ⅲ) 解析　at first 固定短语。 2．There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.(2014·新课标全国 Ⅱ) 解析　此处为泛指，不表特指，故删除 the。 考向 3　冠词的误用 1．He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop...he turned around and found his parents were missing.Tony was scared and began to cry.A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a the shop.(2015·全国Ⅱ) 解析　表示谈话双方共知的名词前要用定冠词。 2．Besides，Cleo tends to bark a an average of six hours a day.(2014·辽宁) 解析　an average of...平均有……，为固定搭配。 3．Soon the firefighters will come and put out a the fire.(2014·四川) 解析　结合语境和常识可知，有火灾发生消防员才会来救火，故此处特指上文提到的 a fire， 应用定冠词 the。 4．That day I didn’t learn much about animals，insects or trees，but I learnt a an impressive lesson about gravity！(2014·陕西) 解析　“学到了印象深刻的一课”，故用不定冠词表“泛指”；impressive 以元音音素开头， 故 a 应改为 an。 考点三　介词 Ⅰ.语法填空考点聚焦 考向 1　常见介词的考查 1．Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat their hands.(2016·全国Ⅲ) 答案　with 解析　with one’s hands 用某人的手。介词 with 意为“用”。 2．The mother continued to care for the young panda more than two years.(2016·四川) 答案　for 解析　“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。 3．For those who fly to Guilin，it’s only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better­known city.(2015·全国Ⅰ) 答案　by 解析　根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by＋交通工具名词”表示乘 坐交通工具，为固定短语。 4．One day，the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away，she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons tried to make a living the cow.(2015·广东) 答案　without 解析　根据文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此 Johnson 先生一家就不 得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填 without。 5．Nick replied，“The only reason a man would sell salt(1) a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect (2) the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”(2013·广东) 答案　(1)at　(2)for 解析　(1)at a lower price 以较低的价格，故此处用介词 at。 (2)a lack of respect for the sweat and struggle 缺乏对汗水和努力的尊重。 考向 2　介词短语中的介词 1．When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day： the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015·全国 Ⅱ) 答案　at 解析　at the same time 意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。 2．When the bus finally came，we all hurried on board.I got a place next the window， so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ) 答案　to 解析　此处是一个固定短语 next to，意为“挨着”。 考向 3　动词短语中的介词 1 ． But my connection with pandas goes back my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s...(2016·全国Ⅰ) 答案　to 解析　go back to 为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。 2．Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.(2016·全国Ⅱ) 答案　on 解析　我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些时候的注意力更集中。be focused on 专 心于，集中于，为固定短语。 3．He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015·广东) 答案　for 解析　句意为：他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。本句话中 exchange 的意 思 是 交 换 ， 根 据 句 意 可 知 ， Johnson 先 生 用 牛 奶 换 其 他 的 食 物 。 这 里 是 用 短 语 exchange...for...，故填介词 for。 4．Peter：OK.Don’t laugh me.I may look funny.(2014·辽宁) 答案　at 解析　laugh at 是固定搭配，意为“嘲笑，取笑”。 5．I didn’t understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged the reservation.(2014·广东) 答案　for 解析　联系空后的 the reservation 可以知道，“我”的信用卡已经为这次预订支付钱了。be charged for 是固定搭配。 Ⅱ.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题 1 处错误) 考向 1　介词的遗漏 1．My uncle says that he never dreams ∧ of becoming rich in a short period of time.(2016·全国 Ⅰ) 解析　固定短语 dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。 2．We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sit by the lake listening ∧ to music.(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ) 解析　listen 为不及物动词，后跟名词时应该加上介词 to。 3．We appreciate your apologies and goodwill，but we hope that you can figure ∧ out a good way of settling the matter.(2014·辽宁) 解析　figure out 制定出，为固定短语。 4 ． If you hear the alarm ， stand in line at the door and wait ∧ for your teacher to lead you outside.(2014·四川) 解析　wait 为不及物动词，后面跟宾语时应加介词 for。 5．Then everyone in the carriage began searching ∧ for the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from its owner.(2014·浙江) 解析　search for 搜查；查找，为固定搭配。 考向 2　介词的误用 1 ． While they chatted ， my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in on the top of the fridge.(2016·浙江) 解析　on the top of...为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。故 in 改成 on。 2 ． Unfortunately ， on with the development of industrialization ， the environment has been polluted.(2015·全国Ⅰ) 解析　with the development of...为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。 3．One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on in a shop window.(2015·全国Ⅱ) 解析　玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词 in。 4 ． My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from of glass.(2015·浙江) 解析　be make from 和 be made of 都意为“由……制成”，但 be made of 是指从制成品中能 直接看出原材料；be made from 则不能直接看出原料。此处表示教室的三面都是玻璃制成的， 能够看出原材料，故用 be made of。 考向 3　介词的多用 1．Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.(2016·四川) 解析　go shopping 去购物，go on shopping 继续购物。 2．My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015·陕西) 解析　last week 上个星期，前面无需加介词。 3．Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015·四川) 解析　动词 help 为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故删除 with。句意为：请帮帮我， 给我一些建议。 一、代词、冠词和介词在语法填空中的考查 1．代词在语法填空中考查指示代词、不定代词以及 it 的用法时，无提示词；而考查人称代 词、物主代词与反身代词的词形变换时，则常给出提示词。 应对策略 (1)当句子缺主语或宾语时，填代词。要根据语境，看该空格是指人还是指物，是指男性还 是女性，是单数还是复数。为了避免重复，it，one(s)，that，those 都可以用来替代上文出现 的名词，要注意它们的不同用法。it 可以用来代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式 宾语。还要注意不定代词 one，both，neither，nor，all，none，either，another 等的用法。 (2)如果是物主代词(表示某人的)，作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词；在名词前作定语 只能用形容词性物主代词；反身代词反指谁，它通常作主语和宾语的同位语，这时人称上应 与主语或宾语保持一致；也可作某些动词或介词的宾语，这时人称上需与主语保持一致。 2．冠词是位于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独 存在。语法填空中，重点考查冠词的基本用法。另外冠词活用及习惯搭配是考查难点。 应对策略 在名词或“形容词＋名词”前缺少限定词时，要考虑冠词。不定冠词 a/an 表示泛指，可译 作“一个/件/本/座/……”等；定冠词 the 表示特指，相当于“这，这些，那，那些”。另外要 注意：特指上文出现的或谈话双方都知道的人或事物用 the；在序数词前、最高级前、独一 无二的事物名词之前，用 the。 3．在语法填空中，常考表示方位、时间、地点、方式、原因、计量、材料等的介词，以及 习惯用语中的介词。 应对策略 如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是填介词。其 次，还要注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。 二、代词、冠词和介词在短文改错中的考查 1．高考短文改错中，对于代词的考查常会涉及人称不一致、代词混用或漏掉代词等方面的 错误。 应对策略 对于代词的考查，要注意以下几点： (1)顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文，还要注意人称一致、单复数 一致以及性别的一致等； (2)注意人称代词格的误用，以及物主代词、反身代词或疑问代词等的错用； (3)系统掌握 it 的各种用法； (4)准确把握不定代词在文中的正确使用。 2．短文改错中对于冠词的考查常涉及漏掉冠词、冠词错用与冠词多余这三种情况。 应对策略 判定冠词的方法： (1)根据泛指和特指。若泛指“一个”，再根据单词的第一个音素来判定用 a 还是 an；若特指， 用 the。 (2)根据固定搭配。注意固定搭配中不能多用或少用冠词。 3．短文改错中对于介词的考查常会涉及介词误用、漏掉介词或介词多余的情况。 应对策略 (1)如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是缺少介 词。 (2)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。 (3)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如 next year 常写成 in next year。 (4)某些及物动词短语中介词缺失，如 look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等。 (5)有些及物动词多加了介词，如 enter the room 常写成 enter into the room，return my book 常 写成 return back/to my book 等。 (6)注意分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。 专题 1　代词 ◆代词的分类 代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代 词、关系代词和不定代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。 ◆代词的核心考点 1．人称代词 (1)人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下五种情况： ①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式 连用，常用宾格。 —Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard. —Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing. ②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保 持前后一致。 This is our new car.I bought it yesterday.(用 it 代替 our new car) ③作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。 I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital. ④在比较级的句子中 than，as 后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me (I)．但在下 列句子中有区别： I like Jack as much as her.＝I like both Jack and her. I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him，too. ⑤用来表示感叹时，用代词的宾格代替主格形式。 Dear me! (2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则： 在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)。宾格 me 也一样。 You，she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him. 2．物主代词 (1)注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。 (2)one’s own...＝...of one’s own 的转换。 (3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。 take sb.by the arm，be wounded in the leg 3．反身代词 (1)反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语及主语或宾语的同位语。 (2)反身代词和某些动词连用，构成固定短语。 devote oneself to 致力于 dress oneself 自己穿衣 enjoy oneself 过得快乐 feel oneself 觉得身体正常 (3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。 for oneself 为自己；独立地 of oneself 自然地；自动地 by oneself 独自地 in oneself 本身 4．相互代词(each other，one another) 相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为 each other’s，one another’s，用作定语。 一般来说，each other 指两者之间，one another 指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明 显。 5．指示代词(this，that，these，those，such，same) 指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。 (1)指示代词 this (these)和 that (those)的区别。 ①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that (those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。 This is my desk and that is yours. In those days women could not go to school. ②this 常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that 则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。 I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday.That’s why he didn’t come. ③为了避免重复，常用 that 或 those 代替前面已提过的名词。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox. ④this 在电话用语中用于作自我介绍；that 用于询问对方；this 和 that 还可以当副词用，意 思相当于副词 so。 Hello.This is Lily speaking.Who’s that? Can hard work change a person that much? (2)such 和 same 的用法。 ①such 指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。 Such was the story. We have never seen such a tall building. ②same 指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same 的前面要用定冠词 the。 The same can be said of the other article. Whether he can do it or not，it is all the same to me. 6．疑问代词(who，whom，which，what，whose) 疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 (1)who/what ①询问姓名或关系。 —Who is he? —He is my brother./He is Henry. 询问职业或地位。 —What is he? —He is a lawyer/teacher. ②what/who 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。 What is/are on the table? Who is/are in the library? (2)which 与 who，what which 表示在一定范围内，而 who，what 则无此限制。 I found two books on the desk.Which is yours? 7．连接代词和关系代词 连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有 who，whom，whose，what，which 以及它们与­ever 合成的代词 whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever 等。它们用来引导主语从句、宾语从 句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，由连接代 词引起的名词性从句前不能再加 that。 关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括 who，whom，whose，which，that 等。这 两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。 8．不定代词 不定代词主要有：all，each，every，both，either，neither，one，none，little，few，many， much，other，another，some，any，no 等。还有由 some，any，no 和 every 构成的合成代词。 不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾 语、同位语、定语、状语等(every，no 只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与 区别： (1)some 与 any 一般用法：some，any 可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连用。some 一般用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问、否定或条件句。 特殊用法： ①any 用于肯定句表示“任何”。 Any child can do that.(定语) You may take any of them.(宾语) ②some 用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。 Smith went to some place in England.(定语) ③在期待对方回答 yes 时，some 用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Mum，could you give me some money？(请求) Would you like some bananas？(邀请) ④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。 I don’t know some of the students.(宾语) ⑤some 和 any 还有副词的词性，在句中可作状语。some 意为“大约”，相当于 about；而 any 则表示程度，意为“稍微，丝毫”。 There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today? (2)one，both，all ①one 作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”，其复数为 ones；指人时， 其所有格是 one’s，反身代词是 oneself。 One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语) This is not the one I want.(表语) ②one，ones 可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复。one，ones 前面分别可以用：this， that；these，those 或 the，which 等词修饰。 Here are three pens.Which one is yours，this one or that one or the one in the pencil case? These books are more interesting than those ones. ③both 用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”。 注意：both 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用 neither。 Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。 Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是教师。 both 不能放在 the，these，those，my 等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：Both my parents like this film. Both the boys are tall. ④all 用作主语、表语、宾语、定语或同位语，指“全部的；整个的”，可与可数或不可数名 词连用；除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用；与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的， 全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。 注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定用 none。 Not all the ants go out for food.(or：All the ants don’t go out for food.) 并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去觅食。 None of the money is mine. 这钱一分也不是我的。 (3)many 和 much many 和 much 都表示“许多”，但 many 修饰或代替复数可数名词，much 修饰或代替不可数 名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。much 有时用作状语。 (4)few，little，a few，a little few 和 little 表示“没有多少”，含否定意义；而 a few 和 a little 表示“有一些，有几个”，含 肯定意义。另外，few，a few 修饰可数名词；little，a little 修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常 用作定语、主语和宾语。 (5)no 和 none no＝not any，表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语。none 代替不可 数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用 复数形式。none 还可以在句中作宾语。 注意：none 既可以指人又可以指物，no one 只能指人。 (6)each 和 every each(各个)，指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语； every(每个)，指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。 Each of them has been there.(主语) The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语) We each got a ticket.(同位语) Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调各个个体) Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”) (7)either 和 neither either 是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词；neither 是“两者中没有 一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句中作主语、宾语或定语。 Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(宾语) Neither boy knows French.(定语) 注意：①either 用作副词，意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesn’t like tea，and I don’t either.(状语)②either 与 or 连用构成连词，意为“不是……就是……”或“要么…… 要 么 ……”。 He is either Japanese or Chinese.③neither 用 作 副 词 ， 意 为 “ 也 不 ”，即 “not...either”。He can’t do it，neither can I．④neither 可与 nor 连用构成连词，意为“既 不……也不……”。Neither he nor you are a student. (8)the other 和 another，the others 和 others ①the other 表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other＋复数可数名词”及 the others 表示“其他 的全部人或物”。others 及“other＋复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句 中可作主语、宾语和定语。 He got two books；one is a textbook，and the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red；the others (the other pens) are yellow. Some are singing；others are dancing. ②another 修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“(三者或三者以上的)另一个”，不能指两者中的 另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。 This coat is too dark.Please show me another.(宾语) Please give me another book.(定语) 注意：another 修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。 Please give me another ten minutes. ＝Please give me ten more minutes. 题组训练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．“It’s a tiring job.I have to work whenever there are dogs at home，and no time to enjoy myself(I)． 2．Jack and Tom are good friends and they are in the same class. 3．When living overseas in a place where people speak a different language，it can be difficult to make yourself understood. 4．I sam Ann in the market；at least，I thought it was her. 5．The cost of renting a house in central Xi’an is higher than that in any other area of the city. 6．To stay awake，he finished a cup of coffee and ordered another. 7．Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but neither of them wants to，because they have work to do. 8．I got this bicycle for nothing：My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one. Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题 1 处错误) 1．Yesterday afternoon，I paid a visit to Mr.Johnson.I was eager to see him，but outside her his room I stopped. 2．Dad lost his job，and as Mom explained，“He was lucky to find other another one.” 3．Mother’s Day is coming.I’m sorry that I am abroad and can’t send your you flowers，so I’m writing to you. 4．It is such a great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of me mine who is going to Beijing. 5．I knew that they would be worried about myself me because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. Ⅲ.语法填空(代词专练) I can’t believe I made 1.it into San Francisco at last! This morning，I went to the airport by 2.myself (I) to catch my 10：00 a．m.flight.I got there early to go through security.Since I had an electronic ticket，3.which was more convenient，I then went straight to the boarding gate.When I got there ， I couldn’t believe 4.my ears—it was announced that the flight was put off for two hours! I made a decision to look at the flight monitors to see 5.if/whether there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.I saw that there was 6.another flight that will leave in 40 minutes，so I ran to the boarding gate of 7.that flight.When I got there，I asked the gate agent if I could get on that flight instead.She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait for my name to be called if 8.they had a seat available.So，I waited，and waited，and waited.9.All the passengers were waiting impatiently. The gate agent began calling out names.Guess what？I found 10.nobody was behind me.The last name called was 11.mine.The last seat left on the plane was a middle seat and I usually prefer 12.one near a window，but I was just happy to get on board.I didn’t want my vacation to get delayed because of a late flight. ◆书面表达中代词易错点聚焦 1．主格、宾格混乱 (误)You and us should join hands to do it. (正)You and we should join hands to do it. 2．语序错误 (误)I and my family all like playing golf. (正)My family and I all like playing golf. 3．称谓指代混乱 (误)Everyone should take an umbrella with yourself. (正)Everyone should take an umbrella with himself or herself. 专题 2　冠词 ◆冠词的类别 a 一个．..；一类．..(单数名词前) 不定冠词 an 一个．..；一类．..(单数名词前)　 可数名词泛指时用 a 或 an 泛指 零冠词 一类(复数名词或不可数名词前) 复数可数名词、不可数名 词泛指时不用冠词 特指 定冠词 the 单数名词、复数名词、不可数名 词前均可 无论可数名词、不可数名 词特指时都用 the ◆不定冠词的核心考点 1．表示数量“一”，相当于“one”。 I’ll return in a day or two. 2．表示“同一”，相当于“the same”。 The children are of an age. 3．表示泛指或类指，指人或事物的某一个或某一类。 He wants to be a doctor. A dog is a faithful animal. 4．用于首次提到的单数可数名词前。 Yesterday I bought a novel.It cost me 30 yuan. 5．用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等的单位前，表示“每一”。 We have meals three times a day. 6．用于专有名词前表示类似的一个或某一个，相当于“a certain”。 A Mr.Li is asking to see you. 7．与某些物质名词或抽象名词连用，表示“一种/一类/一份/一场/一阵/……”。 There is a heavy rain yesterday. He gave us a big surprise. 8．用于序数词前表示“又一，再一”。 He wanted to try a second time. 9．表示季节、月份、日期、三餐的名词前有修饰语时，前面可用不定冠词。 We have a warm winter this year. This evening I had a big supper. 10．用在某些固定词组中。 have a swim　　　　 all of a sudden once in a while as a result (of) in a hurry as a whole at a time ◆定冠词的核心考点 1．用于上文提到过的人或事物前。 I have bought a book.The book is very useful. 2．用于说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物前。 Close the window，please. 3．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前，如：the sun。 4．用于表示方位的名词之前，如：in the east。 5．用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前，如：the first，the most interesting。 6．用于“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”中，表示“越……越……”。 The more，the better. 7．用于表示两者相比“较……的那个人或物”的比较级形式前。 Of the two students，Mary is the cleverer. 8．用于形容词之前，使其名词化，表示一类人，如：the old，the poor，the dead。 9．用于由普通名词构成的专有名词(如国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸、会议、条约等的名 称)之前，如：the Great Wall，the United States 等。 10．用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛等名词之前，如：the West Lake。 11．用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”，如：the Whites。 12．用于作为课程或演奏等的西洋乐器名词前，如：play the piano，play the violin。 13．用于表示单位的名词前，如：by the day。 14．用于年代、朝代、时代名词前，如：in the 1970s。 15．用于某些固定词组中，如：all the time，at the age of，in the end，by the way，in the form of 等。 ◆不用冠词的情况 1．不含普通名词的专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词， 如：China，America。 2．可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。 Einstein’s theory proved to be correct. 3．季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词，如：March，on Sunday，have supper。 4．称呼语前不加冠词。 What shall I do next，Mother? 5．表示独一无二的头衔、职务名词作表语、同位语或补足语时，一般不加冠词。 6．学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。 7．复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时，其前不加冠词。 8．在与 by 连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。 9．连系动词 turn 后的表语单数可数名词前不加冠词。 The young worker has turned writer. 10．as，though 引导的倒装让步状语从句中的表语(单数可数名词)置于句首时不加冠词。 Child as he is，he knows a lot. 11．某些固定词组中不加冠词，如：husband and wife，arm in arm。 注意下列词组的区别： Error! Error! Error! Error! Error! Error! Error! Error! Error! Error! Error! Error! 题组训练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．There is a constant beat in rap songs.The beat accounts for the popularity of rap music in clubs. 2．Last weekend，I was travelling home from Bangalore.There was a distinct lack of buses，so I thought I would escape the crowd and go for refreshment.I decided to go to a hotel near the bus stand. 3．The International Red Cross/Red Crescent exists to help the victims of conflicts and disasters regardless of their nationality.The symbol of the organization was originally just the red cross. 4 ．There are lots of experiences in our lives.The most unforgettable one for me is the speech competition which was held last year. 5．We have opened up a clothing shop called “Gifts of Grace” and advertised free clothing for anyone who has the need. 6．Guinness World Records editor Graig Glenday says，“This is an extraordinary world­record attempt that shows both spiritual dedication and true passion.” 7．One day in particular，a finely dressed gentleman stood outside the rich man’s door and said， “You’ve given me a second chance at life.With your generous gift，I was able to invest the money and pull myself out of poverty.” 8．You should also be prepared to make changes in the diet and get accustomed to the local foods and the limited selection of familiar foods in the stores and restaurants. Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题 1 处错误) 1．Finally，there was a sudden pull at the pole and ∧ a fish was caught. 2．The teacher was angry because we had ∧ the same answers in the test. 3．I’ll take this chance to wish you ∧ a wonderful time on your birthday. 4．My mother is very kind and is friendly to everybody.So when I have the a problem I will turn to her for help. 5．I still remember when I was ∧ a child，you always held me in your arms and told me stories till I fell asleep. 6．In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as ∧ a car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry. 7．It is such ∧ a wonderful film that we all enjoy it. 8．Therefore，I told them interesting stories and how I was enjoying Brazil.As a result，nobody knew ∧ the truth.I still think that it was the right thing to do. 9．Many countries in the world find they don’t have enough water.To deal with a the/this/that problem，I think，we should first go all out to plant trees because trees will help save water. 10．When，however，on Monday，January 16，a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was shown on television，there was the an immediate increase in reports of sightings from all parts of the States. Ⅲ.语法填空(冠词专练) I came to study in the United States 1.a year ago.Yet I did not know 2.the real American society until I was injured in a car accident because after 3.the accident I had to see a doctor and go to court. After the accident，my roommate called 4.a doctor for me.I was very thankful and decided to repay him one day.But 5.the next day，he asked me to pay him 200 for what he had done.I was astonished.He had good reasons to charge me，he said.And if I wanted to collect money from 6.the person who was responsible for my injury，I’d have to have 7.a good lawyer.Now that he had helped me to find a good doctor，it was only fair that I should pay him. But every time I went to see 8.the doctor，I had to wait about 50 minutes.He would see three or four patients at 9.the same time，and often stop treating one so as to see another.Yet he charged me 115 each time.10.The final examination report only contained ten lines，but it cost me 215. ◆书面表达中冠词易错点聚焦 由于受到汉语的干扰，冠词错用或遗漏是我们中国学生在写作中的常见错误类型之一。存在 的误区有以下几种： 1．对抽象名词具体化的应用判断失误 (误)The Christmas evening party was success. (正)The Christmas evening party was a success. 2．冠词在一些固定结构中的误用 Error! Error! 3．冠词表示类别和不用冠词时的易错点 (误)In many places of China，a bicycle is still the popular means of transportation. (正)In many places of China，the bicycle is still a popular means of transportation. 单元综合知识测试 Ⅰ.单项填空 1．Some of you may have finished Unit One.________，you can go on to Unit Two. A．If you may B．If you do C．If not D．If so 答案　D　[句意：你们中有些人可能已经完成了第一单元。如果是的话，可以继续第 二单元。if so如果这样的话，so代替前面表示肯定意义的句子you have finished Unit One。 正确答案为 D。] 2．After the glasses fell to the ground and broke，the little boy____________his grandma about that. A．dare not tell B．dare not telling C．dare not to tell D．didn’t dare tell 答案　D　[考查dare的用法。dare用作情态动词时，无人称的变化，但有过去式，即dared， 后跟动词原形，因此排除 A、B、C；在选项 D 中，dare 用作实义动词，这时其后的动 词不定式可不带 to。] 3．My little son ________out alone at night. A．dares not go B．dares not to go C．dare not to go D．doesn't da re to go 答案　D　[在 A、B 答案中的 dare 应该是实义动词，其否定式应为 doesn't dare；C 项 中的 dare 为情态动词，后接动词原形，故选 D 项。] 4．You have nothing to ________by refusing to listen to our advice. A．gain B．grasp C．seize D．earn 答案　A　[句意：不听我们的意见对你没有好处。gain 获得好处、利益等，符合题 意。] 5．He ________the person referred to be put into prison. A． said B．demanded C．agreed D．thought 答案　B　[尤其注意题干中的 referred to 是过去分词短语作定语修饰 the person，谓语 动词为(should)be，只有 B 项动词后面的从句用虚拟语气。] 6．Last year，the crime rate in Chicago has sharply ________. A．declined B．lessened C．slipped D．supplied 答案　A　[句意：芝加哥去年的犯罪率大幅度下降。decline 表示“下降”时，可用于数 目、标准、影响、力量等对象。lessen 意为“减少”，主要指规格、价值、重要性等变 小。] 7．Many graduates in China do their best to go abroad to seek their ________. A．luck B．chance C．fortune D．fate 答案　C　[句意：在中国，许多毕业生尽其所能到国外去寻找财富。seek one's fortune 寻找致富或成功之路。] 8．The boy was________in the middle of his call because he had no more coins to put in the box. A．cut off B．broken in C．hung up D．put down 答案　A　[句意：因为没有更多硬币投入电话盒，那个男孩打电话过程中就被中断了。 cut off“切断”，符合句意。break in 闯入；hang up 挂断电话；put down 放下。] 9．We should consider the students' request________the school library provide more books on popular science. A．that B．when C．which D．where 答案　A　[考查同位语从句。句意：我们应该考虑学生们的要求——校图书馆应提供 更多的科普读物。that 引导同位语从句，既没有意义，也不作成分。] 10．In communication，a smile is usually ________strong sign of a friendly and ________open attitude. A．the；/ B．a；an C．a；/ D．the；an 答案　C　[句意：在交流中，微笑通常是友好、坦诚态度的一种明显标志。a strong sign 一种明显标志，open 与 friendly 并列修饰 attitude。] 11．There was nobody ________when the man came round the corner. A．out of sight B．at sight C．lose sight D．in sight 答案　D　[句意：当这个人拐过墙角的时候，没有看到任何人。in sight 看得见，视野 之内。] 12．I was telling them about my exciting travels，when he ________with a story of his own. A．broke down B．broke off C．broke in D．broke up 答案　C　[句意：我正在给大家讲我的惊险旅行时他突然插入讲述他自己的经历。break in 插入，相当于 cut in，符合题意。break down 坏了；break off 折断；break up 分离， 分开。] 13．—Do you like your present job? —________Actually I am considering looking for a new one. A．Not exactly. B．How come? C．Not really. D．What if? 答案　C　[考查交际用语。答话人准备换工作，说明他不太喜欢自己现在的工作，故用 Not really，表示否定，意为“不怎么喜欢”。A 项表示“不完全如此”，B 项表示“怎么回 事”，D 项表示“如果……将会怎么样”。] 14．—He seems ________tired to do it. —But I am only ________glad to do it. A．very；too B．extremely；too C．too；too D．very；very 答案　C　[句意：——他好像太累了而不能做它。——但我非常乐意做它。too...to... 太……而不能……，当 too 后的形容词为 glad 等时，表示肯定意义。] 15．—Linda didn't invite us to the party. —________？I don't care. A．For what B．So what C．What's on D．What's up 答案　B　[句意：——琳达没有邀请我们参加聚会。——那又怎么样？我不在乎。For what？为了什么？So what？那又怎么样？What's on？在上映什么？What's up？出什么 事了？怎么了？有什么事吗？由具体语境 I don't care，可知应填 So what。] Ⅱ.阅读理解 A A mother was devastated，crying，yelling all she can in that dark corner.There was nobody to hear her yell and not a soul to calm her，because outside her house is a long winding lonely road.The wind was at rest and the leaves didn't rustle，silence filling the air.Loneliness was already killing her，but no one knows what made her cry! Losing something you love with all your heart isn't really the pain you can ever overcome.Radha lost her baby，her only means to live.She saw her child getting killed and the accident was terrible.One lonely night， she was walking down the street to get a breath of fresh air with her child hugged tight in her arms. The whole time she walked with her child in her arms，the only thing that worried her was Aryan's future.She was imagining and feeling every day of the child's growth，and figuring what she would have in store for him.But who knows what's in store for us tomorrow，life can change in a second. On that deserted road，were a few streetlights barely enough？It was this light that could be seen from a disktance，but as it came closer it got brighter and brighter.That light changed Radha's life into darkness forever.A speeding car came down that road.The driver came at a speed of 110 kmph throwing beer bottles out of his half open window.He was definitely drunk，and the speed took everything in its path.Just then，there was a loud cry，and silence set in again. But the mother wasn't hurt.She opened her eyes，unable to focus her eyes，and didn't see Aryan.After a few minutes when her sight cleared up she looked all over in a panic for her baby， but alas...The child hadn't even seen life. Simply，don't drink and drive.You_could_take_a_life，but_kill_a_number_of_people. 【语篇导读】　一位司机酒后驾车发生事故，夺去了一个充满活力的孩子的生命和一位 母亲的全部希望…… 16．The underlined word“devastated”in Paragraph 1 would probably mean“_____”． A．worried B．scared C．heart­broken D．weather­beaten 答案　C　[词义猜测题。从该词所在句的“crying，yelling all she can...”可知，这位母亲 伤心欲绝，所以 devastated 语义同 heart­broken，选 C 项。] 17．Which of the following statements is TRUE of Radha? A．She had expected much of Aryan. B．She got her eyes injured in the accident. C．She was hit by one bottle on the arm. D．She had everything ready for Aryan's future. 答案　A　[推理判断题。从第三段的前两句可知，这位母亲对孩子的期望很高，故答 案选 A 项。] 18．The underlined sentence implies that________. A．drunk driving is absolutely forbidden B．drunk driving is certain to kill a lot of people C．the driver killed Aryan and his mother D．there is more than one victim in a car accident 答案　D　[推理判断题。从文章中这位母亲撕心裂肺的哭喊及常识可推知，酒后驾车 的受害者不止一个，答案选 D 项。] 19．What would be the best title for the passage? A．The Death of a Miserable Child. B．A Sad Mother on a Windy Night. C．The Price for Another Man's Mistake. D．Speeding from Drunk Driving. 答案　C　[主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了一位司机酒后驾车发生事故导致一个孩子死亡， 孩子的母亲伤心绝望的故事，所以 C 项“另一个人的错误的代价”能较好地概括全文， 答案选 C 项。] B A survey sponsored by an international temporary service agency found that U．S.executives believe that people with a sense of humour do better at their jobs，compared with those who have little or no sense of humour.In fact，a whopping 96 percent of those surveyed said people with a sense of humour do better. The survey went on to point out that the results suggest that a sense of humour may help light­hearted employees keep their jobs during tough times.And，what's more，it may propel them up the corporate ladder past their humourless colleagues. Why ？ It seems that those with a sense of humour are better communicators and better team players. Studies have shown that happy workers are more productive.In fact ， a researcher at California State University found that humour could help the employees to release tension. Consequently，they can concentrate on their work more efficiently.What's more，employees who enjoy interacting with their co­workers aren't as likely to be distracted，or absent from work. Research conducted by psychologist Dr Ashton Trice at Mary Baldwin College in Virginia showed that humour helps us think.When people feel stuck on important projects，they tend to feel angry or depressed.This negative mood can interfere with subsequent performance.According to Dr Trice's research，taking time out to laugh can help us to get rid of negative feelings and allow us to return to a task or move on to another project unaffected by past defeat. If humour is really this important，then why don't we use it more often on the job? Most likely，the main reason is that many people are unaware of the positive effects of humour in the workplace.They tend to think humour and laughter are unproductive or unprofessional ， perhaps both.However ， it is important to realize that some humour is inappropriate for the workplace，and that it is often used at wrong times. 【语篇解读】 本文是一篇时文报道。管理者们认为，和那些没有幽默感的人相比，具 有幽默感的人能把工作做得更好。比如，幽默的人富有合作意识，具有较高的工作效率等。 20．Most people think a sense of humour can ________. A．help you to do your work better B．make you have a rich life C．make you pleased with your work D．help you to make more friends 答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第一段可知，和没有或很少有幽默感的人相比，有幽默 感的人能把工作做得更好。B、C 和 D 在意义上和幽默感没有联系，也和本文意思不 符。] 21．Which one of the following can describe a person with a sense of homour? A．Serious. B．Funny. C．Changeable. D．Friendly. 答案　D　[推理判断题。由全文内容可以看出：有幽默感的人更容易与人交流，与人 合作；有幽默感的人更平易近人，更“友好”；而不是“易变、严肃、有趣”等。] 22．Many people don't use humour more often in the workplace because ________. A．they like keeping silent when working B．they don't know the positive effects of humour C．they think they should obey the rules D．they don't like joking or laughing 答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第五段可知，在工作场所人们大都表现得不幽默，其原因 是不知道幽默的积极效果。其他选项与文章的意思不符。] 23．Which is probably the best title for the passage? A．People with a sense of humour. B．Humour is important in the workplace. C．Humour and humourless. D．Everyone likes humour. 答案　B　[主旨大意题。全文主要谈的是工作中的幽默的积极作用。比如，幽默可以使 人减轻压力，可以使人有较高的工作效率等。本文不是纯粹地讲幽默，也不是纯粹地说 有幽默感的人。] (2017·湖北孝感高级中学调研) Instagram is containing so many photos of food—now a pop­up diner in London is taking advantage of this new trend by letting people settle the bill for their meals simply by uploading photos of their dishes to social networks. I always thought people’s taking pictures of their food was kind of silly ，but at this new pop­up restaurant in the UK，I’d probably do it too.“The Picture House” is the world’s first pay­by­photo restaurant—you order，click a photo of the food，share on Instagram and eat for free! The restaurant belongs to frozen food giant(巨人) Birds Eye，who came up with the idea to cash in on people’s addiction to photographing food and sharing the pictures online.They conducted a survey and found that more than half of the British population regularly took pictures of their meals.So they realized it was a better way to advertise their new dining range. The pop­up diner was open in Soho，London for three days in May，and is now moving to other major UK cities.They serve two­course meals that customers don’t have to pay for，if they photo and Instagram it. The restaurant is a part of Birds Eye’s “Food for Life” campaign，a new marketing project that aims at changing the way people look at frozen food.“Taking photos of food enables people to show off and to share their mealtime moments—from the everyday to the special ， ” said marketing director Margaret Jobling. The reaction to The Picture House has been great so far.And the pay­by­picture concept has proven to be an effective way.Alternative payment methods are actually gaining popularity among a lot of businesses.Last year，in a cafe in Germany customers paid by how much time they spend there，not by what they eat. 语篇解读　本文介绍了英国一家餐厅运用了时下最流行的照片分享软件来招揽客户，只要上传他 们食物的相片到照片分享软件上，就可以免单，这家餐厅所属的公司通过对人们日常生活的观察， 结合自身产业策划的营销策略深受大家的喜爱。 1.Instagram probably is . A.a restaurant free of charge B.a project used to share photos C.a new marketing project D.a campaign of “Food for Life” 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。本文讲的是英国一家餐厅将餐厅经营与时下流行的照片分享软件相结合 的事例，从第一段可推断出答案是 B。 2.“The Picture House” encourages sharing photos of its food to . A.create a new social media trend B.raise the price of frozen food C.attract more customers D.reward the regular customers 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。从第三段最后一句“So they realized it was a better way to advertise their new dining range.”可以看出，他想拓宽餐厅的业务范围，吸引更多的顾客。故选择 C。 3.Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage? A.No Need to Pay B.The Pop­up Diner C.Food for Life D.Pay by Picture 答案　D 解析　标题归纳题。本文介绍了英国一家餐厅将餐厅经营与时下流行的照片分享软件相结合 的事例，人们只要上传食物照片就可以获得免单。因此选择 D。 Ⅱ.七选五 (2017·四川龙泉中学、温江中学、新津中学等五校联考) Things You Should Stop Doing to Be Successful Are you a happy person？How often do you think about reasons why everyone around you is successful though they are not better than you in general ？What do you do wrong ？Here are some things you should stop doing to be successful. 1. 4 Different people may interpret “success” in different ways：some of them measure it in money ， other ones—in positive changes to people around them and the world in general. 5 And do not worry about what other people think，and go after what makes you happy. 2.Do not believe anything without questioning it. 6 They are critical thinkers，and they understand that we are all ruled by our prejudices， so they will always question new information. 3.Do not worry about unpredictable things that may happen to you. If you want to be successful，stop thinking about everything that may happen to you. 7 Be ready to change your deeds and decisions when things suddenly don’t go according to your plan. 4.Do not care about what other people think of you. 8 Your attempts to become “good” for everyone will turn into nothing but new worries，stresses，and problems.Successful people do not concentrate on the quantity of people to please，but worry about their quality and focus on developing friendships with people they really care about. A.Do not wait for the “right time” to do anything. B.Try to feel comfortable with the reality and accept the fact that your future can’t be predicted. C.Do not let others decide what “success” is for you. D.As far as we all know，it’s impossible to please all the people that surround us. E.Successful people do not just accept any new information to be true. F.If you want to be successful，do not let others force their interpretation of success on you. G.Successful people never ignore or avoid problems，no matter how big and awful they seem. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了想要成功我们应该避免做的一些事情。 4.答案　C 解析　根据本段中的“Different people may interpret ‘success’ in different ways...”可知， 不同的人对成功有不同的定义，不要让别人决定你的成功是什么，故 C 项符合语境。 5.答案　F 解析　根据本空后的“And do not worry about what other people think，and go after what makes you happy.”可知，此处说的还是想要成功就不能让别人的想法左右你，故 F 项符合语境。 6.答案　E 解析　根据本空后的“They are critical thinkers，and they understand that we are all ruled by our prejudices，so they will always question new information.”可知，此处是说成功的人应该具备 的素质，They 指代的就是 E 项中的 successful people，故 E 项符合语境。 7.答案　B 解析　根据本空前的“If you want to be successful，stop thinking about everything that may happen to you.”可知，此处是说要接受现实并认识到未来是不可预知的，B 项中的 future 与 everything that may happen 相对应，故 B 项符合语境。 8.答案　D 解析　根据本段标题“Do not care about what other people think of you.”及下文内容可知，此 处是说我们不可能让每个人都满意，故 D 项符合语境。 Ⅲ.短文改错 Our life today has many problems.One of biggest is pollution.Water pollution has made our rivers and lakes dirty.It kills our fish and pollute our drinking water.Noise pollution makes us to talk louder and makes us become angrily more easily.Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution.It’s bad to alive things in the world.We need to do a lot of things to fight pollution.Factories must clean their waste water before it is throwing away，and it mustn’t blow dirty smoke into the air.We can’t throw waste things on the ground.We can go to work by buses or with our friends in the same car.If there are fewer people drive on the roads，there will be little pollution. 答案　 Our life today has many problems.One of ∧ the biggest is pollution.Water pollution has made our rivers and lakes dirty.It kills our fish and pollute pollutes our drinking water.Noise pollution makes us to talk louder and makes us become angrily angry more easily.Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution.It’s bad to alive living things in the world.We need to do a lot of things to fight pollution.Factories must clean their waste water before it is throwing thrown away，and it they mustn’t blow dirty smoke into the air.We can’t throw waste things on the ground.We can go to work by buses bus or with our friends in the same car.If there are fewer people drive driving on the roads，there will be little less pollution Ⅳ.书面表达 某外籍大学来我校招生，请你就“畅想未来，规划人生”为题写一篇 100 词左右的英语 短文，作为招考测试内容。 内容要点： 1.规划内容； 2.规划理由； 3.实现途径； …… 注意：1.短文须包含以上内容，可适当拓展； 2.题目和开头已给出，不计入总词数； 3.文中不能出现考生的真实姓名和学校名称。 My Plan for the Future Senior year is coming to an end.It is high time for me to think about my future plan. 参考范文 My Plan for the Future Senior year is coming to an end.It is high time for me to think about my future plan. Since childhood，I have been dreaming of becoming a scientist to predict earthquakes.I can never forget miserable scenes whenever the earthquake strikes.The question “Can we do nothing but die？” often comes to my mind.I choose not to believe that! Three months later ， I will be a college student.I am planning to take a major to gain professional knowledge.After graduation，I will choose a world­famous university，where I can exchange knowledge and skills with top experts.“Theory without experience is blind.” I will catch any chance to gain first­hand experience. I am determined to devote my lifetime to the great cause and firmly believe that，through joint efforts，predicting earthquakes will be a piece of cake in front of us mankind.