2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之七选五解题指导

2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之七选五解题指导

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之七选五解题指导 命题方式的特点 ‎(1)题型特点 从题型和选项内容我们可以归纳出选项可分为三种类型：‎ ‎①主旨概括(文章整体内容)；‎ ‎②过渡性句子(文章结构)；‎ ‎③注释性句子(上下文逻辑意义)。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。‎ ‎(2)语篇结构 分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是七选五解题的关键。分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。语段与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落是在某些语体(如记叙文、议论文)中比语段更大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说，一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句与句意义的结合，二是靠句与句的关联词、逻辑性插入语来连接，在分析语段层次时，可以借助句与句的连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句与句的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次。好文章的层次非常清晰，只有层层入手，才能真正理解文章。‎ 答题微点 第一步：通读文章，确定题材，把握主旨。‎ 第二步：快读选项，根据类型解题。‎ 第三步：代入文章，核对答案是否合理。‎ 命题考法 考法一 首段设空类 考法二 段中设空类 考法三 段尾设空类 选项的特点 ‎(1)正确项特点：主旨概括准确、上下文无缝衔接、注释与说明正确。‎ ‎(2)干扰项特点：①主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题；②过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构；③注释或说明性文字的意思与上文脱节等。‎ 七选五解题的三个切入点 ‎(1)从语境入手 在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，再利用线索特征词等进一步确认答案。‎ ‎(2)从词汇入手 做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索特征词是空白前后的名词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。‎ ‎(3)从逻辑关系入手 由于英语的句、段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。‎ 在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如，在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词时，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性；而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或褒贬对立或肯否对立；而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子，往往会有复数名词出现。常见的关联词主要有：‎ 并列与递进关系：and, or, also, neither, nor, either, or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, the same as, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to, what is more等。‎ 因果关系：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason, of course等。‎ 转折关系：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of, it is true that, of course, although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of等。‎ 时间关系：afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with, in the meantime, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with等。‎ 七选五的解题步骤 七选五阅读理解的题目常常出现以下几种情况：一是描述性结构，主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，因此时间、地点常是出题重点(记叙文)；二是释意性结果，解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用比喻、类比阐述(说明文)；三是比较性结构，把两个人或事物的功能、特点、优缺点进行对比(议论文)；四是原因性结构，主要分析事物的成因，有客观的、主观的，也有直接的、间接的(说明文)；五是驳斥性结构，主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，再分析其优缺点、危害性，最后阐明自己的观点(议论文)。具体答题步骤如下：‎ 步骤一：快速浏览一遍七个备选答案，先确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置。通常有四个位置：标题，段首，段中，段尾。不同位置的句子有不同的特征。有时有的答案表述上就是错误的，可以直接从备选项中清除，以降低难度。‎ 步骤二：快速浏览文章，确定文章体裁，抓住文章结构。‎ 不同的文章有不同的结构形式，确定文章体裁有利于我们确定各段之间的关系。一般说来，记叙文的语言是按时间发展顺序或因果关系排列的，常用的连接词有：then, later, after that, soon, after a while, in the end, so, as a result, because of that等。说明文常采用总—分—总的结构形式，第一段说明要说明的主题，下面几段多是从不同的角度来说明问题，最后总结，所以各段之间多是平行关系，经常出现举例说明的现象。议论文先抛出议题，然后从正、反两个方面进行讨论，最后得出结论。新闻体裁的应用文首句为主题句，下面展开细节性的报道。确定文章体裁有利于预测文章各段主要内容和结构形式，形成重要的选择依据。‎ 步骤三：分析篇章结构，找出各段的主题句或主旨大意。‎ 分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，说明文和议论文这样体裁的文章，每段的第一句多是主题句。找到主题句有助于帮助确定选择的范围，即所选句子必须和该段主题一致。另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。要真正体会句与句的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次。‎ 步骤四：注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段，寻找句中衔接标志词。‎ 文章的行文需要通过一定的衔接手段来实现。文章的衔接手段有：重复使用某一词语或范畴的词语，使用同义词表达，用总称指代具体事物或用具体事物指代整体，使用代词避免重复等。上述方法有助于段落的思路在句子之间平稳过渡，使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语融为一体。段落一致与句子衔接是文章连贯的两个必要因素。‎ 步骤五：区分相似项 ‎ 七选五备选答案中有两个多余的选项，会对文章中两个空的选择构成干扰，这时要特别细致地比对相似选项，方法和解答阅读理解时区分相似项一样。‎ ‎ 步骤六：用代入法，检查答案是否合理。‎ ‎ 将所有选择答案放回空白处，通读全文，检查文章内容是否语义连贯合理、紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。‎ ‎[考法综述]　七选五阅读填空不仅要求我们对所读短文的主旨要义、具体信息有所了解，更要能够把握全篇文脉和作者的谋篇思路。故此，所选材料通常是我们所熟悉的大众化话题，一般多为说明文，偶现议论文和记叙文。短文不会少于三个自然段，不会在同一个自然段设两个以上的空白。文章的第一句不会设空(有小标题的题除外)。所留空白处一般是段落主题句、段落总结句、承上启下句、关键论点支撑句或全篇概括归纳句等。‎ 命题法1　段首挖空类 典例1　________ This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.‎ A．Try new things.‎ B．Ability is easily improved.‎ C．Make three or four instead.‎ D．Understand your food better. ‎ E．Cooking is a burden for many people.‎ F．Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.‎ G．A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.‎ ‎【解题法】　段首挖空类的解题思路 该题型通常可以分为三种情况：(1)通常是段落主题句。阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。‎ ‎(2)与后文是并列、转折、因果等关系。阅读后文第一、二句，锁定线索信号词，在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句之间是紧密衔接的，要注意它们之间的衔接手段，如时间年代的前后对应等。‎ ‎(3)段落间的过渡句。要瞻前顾后找关系，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。‎ 命题法2　段中挖空类 典例2　Creativity True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it.________ There are a dozen different things you can do with them.Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity.‎ A．Encourage kids to cook with you.‎ B．And we can't forget science education.‎ C．We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.‎ D．So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don't yet exist?‎ E．Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.‎ F．We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.‎ G．Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.‎ ‎【解析】从试题类型看，该题属于段中挖空。解题时需要根据题型特点，从上下文寻找解题的信息。原文中的开头介绍了创造性的概念和含义，所以要给孩子们机会用新的思维方式去思考。故选C。‎ ‎【解题法】　段中挖空类的解题思路 ‎(1)该题型是指在文章或段落的中间挖空，所挖掉的句子通常在语境和逻辑两方面和上下文有密切的关系，所以确定正确选项的方法是所选择的选项应该在语境方面和原文中的相关空白能够无缝衔接。‎ ‎(2)在逻辑关系方面，要特别注意体现时间、原因、方式、转折、让步等逻辑关系的关联词，这些都是解决这类题型的重要信息。‎ 命题法3　段尾挖空类的解题思路 典例3　When you're in high school, it can be difficult to find a job. You may not have much or any formal work experience and there aren't many jobs available for teenagers. However, if you're looking for a job, there are things you can do to help get your application noticed and help yourself get hired. ________‎ A．Start close to home.‎ B．Be always optimistic.‎ C．You can count on the following chances.‎ D．Don't limit yourself to certain types of jobs.‎ E．But it can help you stand out from the competition.‎ F．These job search tips will help you get your job search started.‎ G．Check the Child Labor Law regulations to see how they apply to you.‎ ‎【解题法】　段尾挖空类的解题思路 该题型通常有五种情况：(1)通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论等的信号词，或前文的同义词句。 ‎ ‎(2)与前文是转折或对比关系。注意在选项中查找表示此类关系的关联词，并对比前文，在内容和主题上是否存在这类关系。‎ ‎(3)与前文是并列或排比关系。正确答案中会出现表示并列或递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等。‎ ‎(4)所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果选项中找不出与前文的关联，可考虑与下一段开头是否有紧密连接。‎ ‎(5)如果第一段的段尾是空白，要确认是否是主题句。通常文章第一段会点明文章的主题句，如果是在段尾，会用一些信号词(如：转折词)引出来。‎ 专项训练 A Every year，thousands of students choose to study overseas. 1 The following steps may prove useful in their preparations to study overseas.‎ ‎● Get to know your new home before you land in it.‎ There is no substitute for good preparation. 2 Learning about the history，culture，tradition，language and even details such as food，music，transport，weather and social activities of your new host country are all important.Thanks to the Internet，most of this can be found at the click of a button.‎ ‎●Pack using your head and your heart.‎ ‎ 3 Whatever you bring，make sure that it will be something that you think might help your chances of succeeding.This includes practical items such as study materials，old class notes，favorite textbooks or pens and even the contact details of previous teachers.‎ ‎● 4 ‎ It is important to realize that while new and exciting things may be happening to you in your new environment，things and people back at home will also be changing.When you return home for a visit after a long period of time away，it is possible to feel isolated and experience “reverse(颠倒的) culture shock”．Therefore，with the ease and convenience of communicating via the Internet nowadays，there is no excuse not to keep in touch!‎ ‎●Learn from all experiences.‎ Value both your achievements and disappointments as learning experiences that can be applied to future situations in life.Don't ignore negative experiences. 5 ‎ A. Talk to your close friends and family about your thoughts，dreams and fears.‎ B．Instead，learn from mistakes and turn them into opportunities for future improvement.‎ C．It's not easy being practical when deciding what to pack.‎ D．If you are fortunate enough to meet a foreigner，be sure to ask them as much information as possible.‎ E．Keep in touch with your roots.‎ F．At first thought，the task of preparing to begin life away from home can seem frightening.‎ G．Arm yourself with background knowledge by researching information about the country you are going to.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ 本文是一篇说明文。文章针对出国留学前应做哪些准备提出了一些建议。‎ ‎1．F　[根据下文可知，本文是对出国留学前应做的准备提出了四条建议。由文章结构可知，空格处应 ‎5．B　[根据本段标题及上文“Don't ignore negative experiences.”可知，空格处应该讲从负面经验中也能学到东西。B项“反而要从错误中学习，把它们转变成未来可以得到提高的机会”与上文紧密联系。故选B。]‎ B Everybody knows the importance of drinking enough water.As we all know，drinking water benefits your skin，muscles and organs. 6 ‎ The major reason for that is related to human biological needs.When you're a baby，you're 75 percent water.Then，as the years get higher，you get drier. 7 It helps you lose weight，according to a study from the University of Birmingham.‎ The researchers found that drinking 500 ml of water thirty minutes before a meal helped participants lose 10 more pounds than those who did not. 8 All participants were advised to improve their diet and physical activity levels.84 overweight adults were involved.Among them 41 were told to “preload” with water，while 43 were told to control their water intake before eating.After 12 weeks，the participants instructed to “preload” with water lost 2.87 pounds more than those in the control group on average.In addition，the participants preloading with water before each of their three main meals every day lost 9.48 pounds over the 12 weeks. 9 ‎ Dr.Helen Parretti，a lecturer at the University of Birmingham，had this to say of the study: 10 Just drinking 500 ml of water，three times a day，before your main meals may help reduce your weight...and this could be an easy way for weight loss.Furthermore，it can be significant for an individual to lose extra weight，making a potential contribution to public health.‎ A. Another reason to drink water is right here.‎ B．The study began with a weight management consultation.‎ C．The beauty of these findings is that losing weight is simple.‎ D．But not everyone can get access to tap water in some areas.‎ E．It also helps prevent certain diseases and improve your mood.‎ F．In contrast，those preloading once a day or never，lost just 1.76 pounds.‎ G．So kids should drink more water instead of coke to keep healthy.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ 本文是一篇说明文。文章向我们说明了喝水的重要性。‎ ‎6．E　[根据上文“Everybody knows the importance of drinking enough water.As we all know，drinking water ‎ ‎9．F　[根据上文“In addition，the participants preloading with water before each of their three main meals ‎ C Our most common dreams Dreams have long confused us and their meanings can seem nearly impossible to understand.So we are always wondering： 11 ‎ Dreams can have complex meanings.But before we start explaining these dreams，there are a few things we should know： zxx￥k ‎●Understanding our dreams requires focusing on ourselves—no matter who else is showing up in them.‎ ‎12 They're a visual picture of the dreamer's inner state.So after we see ourselves late to class in our dream，consider what being late means for us and go from there.‎ ‎●We should take dream meaning literally(照字面地)．‎ Just as being nude in public means our body is exposed，a dream about it means we likely feel emotionally exposed.Maybe we're about to try something new or daring.If so，the fear is natural that we'll do nothing.A dream about falling might mean we feel like we're losing our balance emotionally. 13 Dreams won't mean the same thing for any two people，but they can be ‎ taken as starting points to think about our emotions.‎ ‎●Our dream may represent a wish not an anxiety.‎ ‎14 So if we can't locate an anxiety associated with our dream symbol，then think about our desires.If we're being chased in our dream，consider this: do you long to be pursued romantically，and feel unfulfilled in that way? 15 ‎ A. Is it important to explain dreams?‎ B．What do our most common dreams really mean?‎ C．Anxiety is often explained as a key to a bad dream.‎ D．Early theory held that dreams are our deepest wishes.‎ E．Dreams describe what's going on in our life，nobody else's.‎ F．That is the same with a failing or the beginning of depression.‎ G．Similarly，a dream about taking a test could mean we'd like to show off our competency，at work or otherwise.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ 本文是一篇说明文。长时间以来梦一直困扰着人们，人们不能理解梦境的含义。如果想了解梦的含义，首先要明白几个问题：把注意力集中在自己身上；照字面理解；梦或许代表一种希望而非焦虑。‎ ‎11．B　[根据前一句中的“their meanings can seem nearly impossible to understand”及第二段第一句 D How to become a better reader Language and literacy(读写能力) are among mankind's greatest inventions.Evolving and even dying over the course of human history，languages are a reflection of our cultural and societal attitudes.Most humans acquire language in early childhood and speak fluently when they ‎ are about three years old，but our continued relationship with language gives shape and meaning to our lives. 16 ‎ ‎1．Take it slow.‎ Many readers feel that they read too slowly，especially compared with others，but the truth is that the faster you read，the less likely you are to comprehend fully what you're reading. 17 Reading is a lifelong process; learning to read closely and slowly will help you become faster over time without missing anything.‎ ‎2． 18 ‎ When humans first began reading written words，it was unusual to read in silence.Though generally inappropriate for commuters or for latenight adventurers，reading out loud is one of the best ways to improve your reading ability. 19 If so，you will begin to read more accurately and with better vocal expression.Try listening to the author reading their own work—you'll be surprised to find how clearly it comes through on the page.‎ ‎3．Write.‎ ‎20 How and what you read affects how and what you write，and the best readers often make the best writers.But while much can be learned from close，repeated readings，there are many secretive pleasures to language that can only be experienced through the practice of writing.‎ A．Read aloud.‎ B．Get into the rhythm of the author's voice.‎ C．Here are 3 ways to become a better reader.‎ D．Writing and reading go handinhand.‎ E．Try writing every day for a month; you will never read the same again.‎ F．The ability to read is important to form an identity and express one's feelings.‎ G．In that case，do not hesitate to reread the passage.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎