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高考英语书面表达分析与教学建议
高考英语书面表达分析与教学建议（上） (4月14日，应威海一中邀请，来自全省十几位不同学科的齐鲁名师参加了威海一中 “齐鲁名师学术报告团”活动。邵淑红进行了听评课并做了专题报告《高考英语书面表达分析与教学建议》) 高考：稳中求新，无偏题怪题，呈现基础性、交际性，梯度把握好，利于高校选拔人才，利于指导高中教学。 高考英语书面表达的能力要求：学生应具有在真实语境下，为了真实的语用目的，运用所学的基本英语词汇和语句结构，根据所给材料，进行英文书面表达的能力。 第一部分 高考英语书面表达分析 一、书面表达考查学生进行真实表达的能力 1．2004年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国学生李华在报上看到北京电视台今年七月将举办外国人“学中文，唱中文歌”才艺大赛，给自己的正在北京一所大学学习中文的美国朋友Peter写信，建议他去参加比赛，并表示可以为Peter提供帮助。 比赛时间为7 月18日；报名时间截止到6月30日；报名地点为北京电视台。 语用对象：美国朋友Peter 2. 2005年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国学生李华正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了李华的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。李华给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。 语用对象：英国旅行社 3. 2006年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国学生李华应英国朋友Bob的要求，写一封短信介绍所在学校图书馆的基本情况。内容须包括下面两幅图中的相关信息。 语用对象：英国朋友Bob。 4. 2007年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国学生李华希望通过外籍教师Peter找一个英语笔友，因此要写一封短信，描述自己理想中笔友的条件（年龄、性别、爱好），并说明为什么选这样的笔友。 语用对象：外国教师Peter。5.2008年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：喜爱熊猫的中国学生李华三年前开始关注在美国圣迭哥动物园出生的大熊猫“苏琳”和她的母亲“白云”，“苏琳”三岁生日快到了，李华给美国动物园工作人员写信祝贺“苏琳”三岁生日，并索取“苏琳”的照片。这是一个非常真实的国际交流活动。 语用对象：美国动物园的工作人员。 6.2009年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国学生李华正在英国接受英语培训，住在一户英国人家。今天房东Mrs Milson不在家，李华要外出，给Mrs Wilson写一张留言条，内容包括：1.外出购物 2. 替房东还书 3.Tracy来电留言：1）咖啡屋（Bohon Coffee)见面取消 2）此事已告知Susan 3）尽快回电 语用对象：英国房东Mrs Milson。 7.2010年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国育才中学学生会主席李华的学校将举办一次英语演讲比赛（speech contest）,想要邀请附近某大学外籍教授Smith女士来做评委，参考以下通知，给她写一封信：主题《人与自然》。时间：6月15号下午2点至五点。地点：501教室。参赛选手：10名学生。联系人李华电话：44876655。欢迎大家光临。 语用对象：某大学外籍教授Smith女士。 7.2011年全国I卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国学生李华正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程，遇到一些困难，希望得到学校辅导中心（Learning Center）的帮助。根据学校规定，李华须书面预约，请按下列要点写一封信： 本人简介； 2.求助内容； 3.约定时间；4.你的联系方式（Email:lihua@126.com;Phone:12345678） 语用对象：英国学校辅导中心（Learning Center）。 8.09山东卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国学生李华曾在美国学习半年，现已回国。他想联系他的美国老师Mr.Smith,但没有其联系方式。请根据以下要点给他的美国同学Tom 写一封信：感谢Tom对他英语学习的帮助；询问Mr.Smith 的近况并索要其联系方式；邀请Tom在春节期间来中国感受中国文化。 语用对象：美国老师Mr.Smith。 9. 2010年山东卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国新华中学的学生李华和在上海上学的英国朋友Tom约好下周末去北京旅游，但他因故不能赴约。请根据以下要点用英语给他写一封电子邮件：1.表示歉意；2.解释原因：3.另约时间。 语用对象：英国朋友Tom。 10. 2011年山东卷书面表达试题语用特征： 语用目的：中国学生李华的美国朋友Tom上个月来到北京学习。七月份李华将去北京参加暑期中学生英语演讲比赛(speech contest)，在资料搜集、语言运用等方面遇到了困难。请根据以下要点给Tom写一封电子邮件：1．询问Tom的生活和学习情况；2．谈谈困难并请Tom帮忙；3．告诉Tom打算赛后去看他。 语用对象：美国朋友Tom。 显然，这些作文的语用目的是很合理的，语境和语用都是很真实的。 综合而言，高考英语书面表达的能力要求是：学生应具有在真实语境下，为了真实的语用目的，运用所学的基本英语词汇和语句结构，根据所给材料，进行英文书面表达的能力。 山东省2011年考的题目符合了我们在作文课上经常讲解的典型的“写作背景+内容要点”式的提纲作文+书信（电子邮件）“外衣”的考察形式，结构上以第二段为“主体段”，内容上延续了对“校园生活话题”的考察，所以我们对于山东省高考作文命题趋势的预测也会八九不离十。 下面，我们对命题特点和命题趋势做一个简略的分析。 2005年山东省开始独立命题以来，对英语作文的命题形式进行了3次大胆尝试，分别在05、06、07年尝试了“提纲作文”、“图画作文”、和“主题作文”，并从2008年开始将“提纲作文”的考试基本固定下来，从此，提纲作文以其独有的特点（如结构清晰便于老师阅卷、内容开放便于学生发挥），成为我省高考英语作文的主要命题形式。 另外，我们多次强调，为增加对文体、语体的考察力度，常常在提纲作文身上套上一层应用文的“外衣” ，看看大家是否掌握了应用文的写作规范和用语习惯——而书信就是生活中最常用应用文体，当仁不让地成为了命题专家的最爱，而这也符合了高考“重考察深度更重考察广度”、“贴近生活”的趋势特点。 此外，为限制字数，减少考生应试写作中的重复劳动及阅卷老师的命题负担，不必每段都写成完整、详细的段落，而是采用“主体段”的考察方式，既“第一、第三段从简，第二段作为主体段详写”的形式——这样既能够考察对篇章结构的把握，又能够考察对段落结构理解，同时减少了考生和阅卷老师们的负担，一举四得。而这个题目又一次验证了这个命题规律。 从内容角度，考察的是典型的“校园生活话题”，2009年山东卷感谢Tom对他英语学习的帮助；2010山东卷周末和Tom另约时间去北京玩；2011年山东卷李华参加暑期中学生英语演讲比赛寻求帮助等。 二、书面表达考查学生的基本表达能力 高考考纲对书面表达的能力规定是：考查学生是否能够“准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。” 显然，这一题型要求学生具有准确使用一定句型、词汇进行表达。其最高分的要求为：完全完成了试题规定的任务；覆盖所有内容要点；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；词法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；完全达到了预期的写作目的。 我们通过分析2008年全国I卷的作文范文，可以看出书面表达的能力要求： Dear Sir/ Madam, Greetings from China! I’m Li Hua, a student in Sichuan. I’ve been a panda lover since I was a child. About three years ago I was delighted to learn that Baiyun gave birth to her daughter Sulin and I’ve been watching her grow on your website. Now she’s going to be there. I’d like to wish her a happy birthday and to express my thanks to you for your hard work, because of which Sulin and her parents are living a happy and healthy life in the US. By the way, could I have a photo of Sulin taken on her third birthday? Thank you very much in advance. Yours truly, Li Hua 表 2008年高考英语I卷书面表达语言构成 项目 低难度 中等难度 高难度 词汇 I’m, a, student, in, I’ve, panda, lover, was, child, about, three, year, ago, to, gave, her, daughter, and, watching, grow, on, your, now, she’s, going, be, there, I’d, like, happy, birthday, express, my, thanks, you, for, hard, work, because, of, which, parents, are, living, life, the, US, by, way, could, have, photo, of, third, very, much been, healthy, since, that(连词), birth, wish, taken, advance delighted, learn(得知), website 语句结构 4个简单句 1个状语从句、1个宾语从句 1个定语从句 时态 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时 以上范文使用的词汇都是比较简单的、高一学生完全掌握的，语句结构也不复杂，主要使用的是简单句，语句结构和时态都是高中生可以运用的。 我们统计了1998-2011年全国I卷的高考英语书面表达范文的用词，发现所用词汇不仅数量只有374个词，而且全部都是比较简单的常用词汇。这些词汇为： a/an, a.m., able, about, according, advance, after, against, ago, all, along, also, and, another, any, anything, appearance, around, as, ask, at, away, bathroom, be, beautiful, because, become, bed, bedroom, been, before, behind, believe, besides, better, big, birth, birthday, book, borrow, bring, building, bus, but, buy, by, can, car, care, center, chair, chance, change, charge, chess, child, Chinese, city, classroom, close, come, common, could, country, cover, crop, crossing, cry, dance, daughter, day, delighted, desk, different, discussion, divide, do, dog, doubt, drive, driver, during, each, early, east, elderly, end, English, enjoy, entrance, even, every, experience, express, fact, fall, far, farm, favor, February, fee, few, find, flat, food, for, foreigners, forward, free, Friday, friend, from, front, full, fun, game, garden, gate, get, girl, give, glad, go, good, goodbye, great, grow, hand, happy, hard, harm, have, he, head, healthy, hear, help, her, hit, hold, home, hope, hopefully, hospital, how, however, I, idea, if, improve, in, include, information, inside, interest, into, it, joke, July, June, just, keep, kind, kitchen, know, last, later, learn, lesson, let, letter, library, life, like, list, living, London, long, look, lot, lover, low, lunch, magazine, make, man, many, me, meet, meter, mind, mine, minute, moment, Monday, money, month, more, morning, much, my, near, necessary, need, new, newspaper, next, no, noon, not, notice, now, number, of, off, old, on, one, only, open, opinion, or, other, our, out, own, Oxford, p.m., panda, parent, park, pass, pay, pen, people, per, period, pet, photo, picnic, place, plant, plate, play, playground, pleased, prepare, price, public, question, quickly, quite, read, really, rent, rest, return, right, road, round, rule, say, schoo1, see, September, share, she, shelf, shopping, short, should, show, side, sign, similar, since, sing, small, so, sofa, some, someone, something, song, soon, special, speed, square, stand, station, stop, store, story, straight, street, student, subject, such, suggest, sunshine, swimming, table, take, talent, television/TV, tell, tennis, than, thank, that, the, them, themselves, then, there, they, think, third, this, three, time, to, today, together, tour, towards, traveling, trees, try, turn, twenty, two, university, up, us, US, used, vegetable, very, visit, walking, wall, want, warm, watch, way, we, website, weekend, welcome, well, west, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, while, who, will, wish, with, woman, work, worker, would, write, year, yellow, you, young, your, yourself 其中最常用的10个词分别是（括号内为11年的使用词数）：be (66)， the (62)， a/an (48+2)， to (45)， I (37)， you (33)， of (27)， have (21)， for (18)， it (15)， on (14)。 这些词汇说明高考书面表达所考查的是运用基本词汇进行书面表达的能力，而不要求学生运用很难的词汇进行表达。 由此我们可知，我们的英语写作教学应该注意以下两个方面： 1．我们应该重点培养学生运用常用词汇、常用结构进行准确、全面表达的能力，这是高考的要求，也是我们的学生在高中毕业阶段运用英语进行真实写作的基本能力要求。我们的高中学生不是没有话要写，而是没有能力用英语表达自己的观点和想法。所以我们应该重点培养学生运用所学词汇进行表达的能力。 2．写作应该有层次要求，我们关注基础学生的书面表达能力，更应该鼓励优秀学生写出非常有文采、非常得体的文章。 第二部分 高考英语书面表达教学建议 一． 写作易犯问题及对策 要想把书面表达写好，首先要掌握考纲和新课标对高中生写作方面的要求要了如指掌。 （一）写作要求1、内容表达清楚，体现活跃的思维和清晰的逻辑。2、句式和词汇丰富，语法和用词准确。3、语篇连贯，交际得体。（二）写作存在的问题1、词汇量少，造句能力差，很多学生写不出一些最常见的词汇。2、对常用词汇的基本用法不了解，不会运用常用的动词短语。至于用词不当的情况则更多。3、句子结构意识较差。写出的句子语义不明，或者句中无明确主谓结构或主谓不一致或出现连动词现象。4、语言连贯性差，缺少语言变换，如句与句之间缺少衔接，缺少逻辑关系，甚至出现一连串的雷同句式。5、篇章结构差，想一句写一句，缺乏整体的谋篇布局和前后呼应；格式、语气也有不当之处。6、文章立意差，往往对自己要表达什么和怎样表达没有清晰的思维，而想要表达的内容又词不达意。7、使用的词语、句子结构不符合英语习惯，出现一些的中式英语。 二、如何让学生的文章写得更好？ 1） TPS T：Tense P:Person S:Structure 2）24字： 注意审题，确定要点； 扩展要点，连句成篇； 全面检查，书写规范。 3）“1234口诀” 一审（审题） 二圈（圈要点） 三注(注短语) 四定（定时态、人称） 五写（组词成句，组句成文） 六改（使用合适的高级词汇和复杂句型润色修改） 七誊（书写规范美观漂亮） 要学会使句子丰满，就要学会正确的使用定语、状语、定语从句，状语从句，就是修饰语。所以，学会使用高级词语和高级句子就显得十分重要了。1、用高级词语替换一般词语，用复合句代替简单句，用非谓语代替从句。①He is very busy with work.→He is extremely occupied with work. ②After he finished his work, he was very tired. →Having finished his work, he was always extremely exhausted. ③ My sister studies very hard. It helps her make great progress every day. →My sister puts her whole heart into study, which helps her make great progress every day. 2、用高级句子代替一般句子(1)He didn’t come to the meeting yesterday because he was ill．(一般) His illness accounted for his absence from the meeting yesterday．(高级) (2)When he was a child，he wanted to learn everything．(一般) When he was a child，he had a strong desire for knowledge．(高级) (3)I’ll thank you if you think about my application．(一般) I’ll appreciate it if you can take my application into consideration．(高级) (4)Many people are worried about the problem of air pollution．(一般) The problem of air pollution has caused wide public concern．(高级) 4、句式要多样化He works very hard.→①He makes his efforts to work. ②He does everything he can to work. ③He puts his heart into his work. ④He tries his best to work. 为了让书面表达得高分，书面表达要尽量具有如下六大特性。1.条理性。2.准确性。3.流畅性。4.简洁多样性。5.思想性。6.美观性。 因此，我们的教学建议是： 1）进行语义真实、语境真实、语用真实的书面表达训练，要有明确的、真实的写作目的。 2）加强常用词的真实写作运用训练。 (续） 报告讲座内容2--高考英语书面表达分析与教学建议（下） (接上文）第三部分 高考英语书面表达试题预测练习 1.假设你是新华中学的学生李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去英国作10天观光旅游。请你给英国网友TOM写封电子邮件，咨询以下事情： 1、不随旅游团的食宿、交通等问题。 2、必看景点与时间安排。 3、邀请他到中国观光。 格式如下： Dear Tom, How's everything going? _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ I'm looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 学生作品： Dear Tom, How's everything going? I'm allowed to go out for a 10-day visit to England after my college entrance examination by my parents. Now, I'm writing to ask you to do me a favor by telling me something of vital use in advance. Here are several questions related to my journey. For one thing, could you tell me, if I don't attend the local touristry,the information about my board and lodging and the traffic situation of England? For another, I can't wait to be acquainted with the must-see tourist attraction? Meanwhile, if it doesn't trouble you, could you please help me arrange the time properly so that I can completely enjoy myself then? I shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to England as I'm an entire stranger there. In return, it would be my great honor and pleasure if you could come to China as my guest. I believe I could be a distinguished guide! I'm looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 老师修改意见：（红色部分是修改的地方，紫色是删掉的地方，括号内为批语，大家一定要耐心地一个字一个字地读完啊！） Dear Tom, (1)How's everything going? (2) I'm allowed to go out for(这三个词不如改成enjoy) a 10-day visit to England after my college entrance examination by my parents. (3) Now, I'm writing to ask you to do me a favor by telling me something of vital use in advance. （首段“咔咔咔”三句话，表达了礼貌的问候，并清晰地交代了写信的背景和目的，看上去相当的老练！完全没什么地方可改嘛！） (4) Here are several key（关键）questions related to my journey.（鲜明的主题句中，使用了“Here are…”的倒装结构，还用了“过去分词作后置定语表被动”这一神话中的英语语法） (5)For one thing, could you offer me, if I don't attend the local touristry(按照高中水平，“参加旅行团” 是没有办法直译的吧！所以这样翻译出来往往也是不对的喽！那么怎样才能解决这个问题呢？当然是用课上讲的那句话：“换一种方式来表达”—— 如果我不找旅行社if I don’t turn to any tourist agency，或者把逻辑和时态都升级一下，写成：sinceI’m not turningto any tourist agency，由于我不打算找任何旅行社，也行。大家都想想还有别的方式可以把这个意思“表达”出来吗？这可是个小小的挑战哦！) ,the information about my board and lodging and the traffic situation of England（这里赠送一个简单的升级表达: 一些自助的在英国的食宿及交通信息some self-help accommodation and transportation information in England）? (6) For another, I can't wait to be acquainted with（这里就是阅卷评分标准里所谓的“少许语言错误但因尽力使用复杂结构所致，不扣分”的情况，be acquainted with这个词组的确很“高档”，但是搭配上有个习惯，就是后面一定要加“人”，表示“认识某人”。所以不如改成visit甚至look around）some must-see tourist attractions. (7) Meanwhile, if it doesn't trouble you much, could you please help me arrange the time properly so that I can completely enjoy myself then? （这句太好了…if和so that两大“尾巴句型”如此熟练地掌握，天衣无缝，鬼斧神工，看得我眼泪都快下来了） (8) I shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to England（这块儿有点乱啊，改成introduce me one or two websites on your local culture and custom绝对就厉害了，值得一提的是，小状语位置的kindly堪称神来之笔！）as I'm an entire stranger there. （漂亮的“表原因的尾巴句型”） In return, it would be my great honor and pleasure if you could come to China as my guest. I believe I could be a distinguished guide! （完美的高级词汇！） I'm looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 完整的修改背诵版： Dear Tom, (1)How's everything going? (2) I'm allowed to enjoy a 10-day visit to England after my college entrance examination by my parents. (3) Now, I'm writing to ask you to do me a favor by telling me something of vital use in advance. (4) Here are several key questions related to my journey. (5)For one thing, could you offer me, since I’m not turning to any tourist agency, some self-help accommodation and transportation information in England? (6) For another, I can't wait to visitsome must-see tourist attractions. (7) Meanwhile, if it doesn't trouble you much, could you please help me arrange the time properly so that I can completely enjoy myself then? (8) I shall thank you if you will kindly introduce me one or two websites on your local culture and custom as I'm an entire stranger there. In return, it would be my great honor and pleasure if you could come to China as my guest. I believe I could be a distinguished guide! I'm looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 2．假设你是李华，你在读美国中学生Jack的博客时了解到他即将作为一名交换生来北京学习，希望能够寄宿在一名擅长英语的中学生家里，以便更好地了解中国文化。请根据以下要点给Jack写一封电子邮件： 1．欢迎他来中国学习； 2．介绍你个人情况； 3．邀请他住在你家并愿意为他提供帮助。 注意：1．词数120－150； 2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 DearJack, I’mverygladtolearnthatyourecomingtoBeijingasanexchangestudentandwanttostayinalocalhomewithamiddleschoolstudentwhocanspeakexcellentEnglish. I’mahighschoolstudent,anditsmysincerehopethatyoucanstaywithme.IamgoodatEnglishandcancommunicatewithforeignersfluently.Besides,Ilikereadingandtravelinginmysparetime,soifyouarewithus,IcantakeyouaroundBeijingandletyouknowmereaboutourbrilliantChineseculture.BothmyparentsandIarefriendlyandenthusiasticinpersonality.SoIbelievewecanbegoodfriends.I’msureIwilldowhatIcantohelpyouwithyourChinese. I’mlookingforwardtoyourcoming. Bestwishes. Yours, Li Hua 总结： 1、物称主语(宾语做主语) 避免用I we做主语，体现客观性。 I love English. English is loved by me.（被动语态）（烂） English attracts/ fascinates/ interests me a lot. (换谓语动词)（佳） A heated discussion was held... 2、非谓语动词； （1）做修饰； 主动用ing，被动用ed，要做去做用to do; 一个人做两件事，用分词短语；两个人分别做两件事，用独立主格结构；(非谓语动词做状语) 当汉语中用“动词+的”修饰名词时，英语中用定语从句或非谓语动词；（非谓语动词做定语） a man （riding a bike） an unfolded book an old man (taking a book) a young lady (using a laptop) The tree growing toward the sun is brave and optimistic. He is the proper person to do the job. Crying, he walked in. Beaten, he walked in. He walked in, beaten. The earthquake happening, Oldfish cried. Tom beaten badly, Oldfish cried. Tom Walking in the street, a brick fell on his head. 独立主格结构:“分词短语”有独立的逻辑主语； Crying, Oldfish walked in. 太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，我背上书包上学校。 The sun shining in the sky, the flowers smiling to me, I , carrying my school bag, go to school. 看完这个句子，我们再看另外一个句子。 Finishing reading this sentence, let's take a look at another one. This sentence finished reading, let's take a look at another one. 第一个句子够好了，第二个句子就更好了。 The first sentence being good enough, the second one is better. 学完这个方法之后，同学们造的句子会非常高级,得高分很容易。 (The method mastered), the sentences (made by the students) would be splendid and a high grade would be easily acquired. （2）替换“从句”； The man who is driving a car is my uncle. The man driving a car is my uncle. When he heard the news, he cried. Hearing the news, he cried. The news coming, tears filled his eyes. （3）构词； “动宾构词法” Climb a mountain= I love mountain-climbing. I am a mountain-climber. I am a mountain-climbing fan. Drive a car--- Car-driving Car-driver Car-driving rules A tool which can be used to draw a circle. Draw a circle Circle-drawing A circle-drawer. A circle-drawing tool 3、倒装句； （1）否定； Little/seldom/not/never/ at no time/ by no means/ Nothing Eg: Nothing can we find in the room. （2）唯一； Only in this way.... Only then... Only when we have mastered English, can we chat with foreigners freely.= We should master English. Only in this way can we chat with foreigners freely. Only when we all protect the environment, can our country be flooded with harmony and happiness. （3）修饰； English is easy. So easy is English that anyone who can speak Chinese have the chance to master English. It is a fine day today. So fine is it today that we can't hide our passion to go out and play. Never lose my passion. Never should I lose my passion. 4、强调句； (1)强调谓语动词； I love you. I do love you. 让我证明我曾真心爱过你。 Let me prove that I once did love you. (2)强调其他成分； It is/was+被强调部分+that/who +句子剩余部分 I read English loudly in the open air every morning. It is we Chinese young generation who are undertaking the future of our motherland. 5、省略句； （1）并列；andbutoras well as than I got up early today and had my breakfast on the way. （2）状语从句； "当从句主语跟主句相同，且从句中有be动词时，从句的主语和be动词同时省略。" When visiting Xi'an, we enjoyed YRPM. 6、It家族（逻辑主语 逻辑宾语） (1)It is clear +that从句 It is a pity +that从句 It is a painstaking task to do sth.（客观评价句型） (2)I believe/ regard /insist/ consider it+adj/n/ +that从句（主观评价句型） It is a painstaking task to prepare for the NMET. I consider it a painstaking task to prepare for the NMET. (3)make it句型（6123句型） 良好的环境使我们更加容易集中注意力。 A nice environment makes it easier for us to concentrate on our study. A nice environment makes it easier that we concentrate on our study. 安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜。 How can I unwillingly serve the noble, which makes it hard for me to gain/pursuit/obtain a happy smile? 7、尾巴家族： （1）原因 ,because... ,for... ,considering that... You, a good boy, are supposed to deeply understand your mom, considering that she gave birth to you, has brought you up and expects your success in the future. （2）结果 ,so, ,as a result, ,therefore, ,consequently, ,accordingly, （3）目的 ,so that ,in order that so as to do in order to do We have to protect our environment so that the next generation will develop continuously. We have to protect our environment so as to save resource and energy for our next generation. （4）程度 so...that (通常用倒装结构) such...that 8、插入； (1)with sth+补语（形容词 介词短语 从句 非谓语动词） (2)together with + sb +补语（形容词 介词短语 从句 非谓语动词） As we can see from the picture, a young lady (with a laptop on her )is surfing the Internet. (3)I think,... (4)namely,(也就是说) (5)in fact， (6)同位语：A=B You , a good boy, should understand your mom. We teenagers... 第四部分 高考英语书面表达写作评价表 1 人物描写（记叙性文体） 写作任务1： Describe any person you like 评价表1： 写作者：________________ 修改的同伴：________________ 日期：________________ 作文题目：如 “描述一个人” 修改的内容： 1.这篇作文是对一个人的描述吗？ 2.这篇作文是否用了形象、清楚的描述呢？ 3.段落的组织是以什么样的顺序展开的？ 4.每一段有主题句吗？如果有，请用下划线标注出来。 5.主题句在本段落得到了细节的支撑吗？ 6.作者在写作中用了教材上所学的词汇、短语或者句型吗？ 7.找出作文中的语法、标点错误。 8.用波浪线标注出你找到的好词、好句，并解释为什么这些是好词好句。 9.标注出表达不清楚的词汇、短语和句子等，并在旁边写出如何改正的建议。 10.在作文最后写出你认为可以帮助同伴提高作文写作的建议或者评论。 写作任务2: 假设你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文介绍一下你的英语老师。有关他的情况如下： 姓名 王涛 出生年月 １９７７年２月 出生地 山东威海市 毕业时间和院校 １９９９年毕业于山东师范大学 外貌特征 瘦高个，短头发 性格特征 热情，幽默，随和，乐于助人….. 工作表现 课堂活跃，用十年时间写了两本关于英语教学的书；工作上埋头苦干， 改进教学方法… 注意：１ 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯： ２ 词数：１２0左右 评价表2 Peer editing; 评价人： Have clear structure 5 ４ ３ ２ １ Cover all the points 5 ４ ３ ２ １ Use correct tense 5 ４ ３ ２ １ Use rich language 5 ４ ３ ２ １ Grammar mistakes 5 ４ ３ ２ １ 备注： 主谓一致错误：（１个减１分） 句子结构错误：（1句 减1分） 标点错误：（1个减0.5） 拼写错误：（1个减0.5） 搭配错误：酌情 总分 （２9－0） 写作任务3： 请根据提示描写Sarah Brightman Sarah Brightman 请根据以下提示，完成一篇短文。 1. 莎拉.布莱曼,英国著名女高音(soprano) 2. 1960年8月14日生于伦敦,六个孩子中的老大。妈妈是个舞蹈演员,希望她学习与艺术有关的东西,象唱歌,跳舞,和表演 3. 三岁的时候学习芭蕾,开始在当地上台表演。十一岁时,在( the Arts Educational boarding school)学习爵士和表演 4. 1977年,主演Hot Gossip, 第二年,她们的光盘引起轰动,畅销达50万张,居排行 榜第六 5. 至今, 在34个国家共获得150多个奖项。2008年北京奥运会开幕式上,与中国著名歌手刘欢同台演唱歌曲 “我和你” 世界瞩目 6. 被认为是全世界最受欢迎的歌手之一 评价表3 Are all the information included? A--Yes B--Not really C--No Are the tense and the person correct? A B C Are transitional word been used? A B C Are the sentences various? A B C Are there any shining sentences? (underline) A B C Is the handwriting clean and neat? A B C Any mistakes? (point out) A B C 总体评价 Good points Weak points 评价人 2. 说明性文体 写作任务： Write an advertisement--- describing an article： A folded bicycle a)轻、占空间小 b)重5.5公斤 c)折叠后可放入包中,如同一把大伞 d)折叠和展开便捷，只需约20秒。 e)结实 f)每小时24公里 g)下周投放市场 h)前20名顾客将得到优惠 i)优惠价:200元 评价表4: 评价人： Have a clear structure 5 4 3 2 1 Cover all the points 5 4 3 2 1 Be convincing 5 4 3 2 1 Use logical linking words 5 4 3 2 1 Use correct adjectives 5 4 3 2 1 Grammar mistakes 标点错误：（1个减0.5） 拼写错误：（1个减0.5） 句子结构错误：（一句1分） 时态错误：整体时态错误减5 个别时态错误酌情 搭配错误：酌情 总分 （29－0） 3. 议论性文体 写作任务： Write a report 假如你是张军，你要给当地的交通局（The Bureau of Transport）写一份报告，报告当地的交通状况，报告内容应包括如下信息： 当地交通的优点 主要道路交通宽阔，整齐； 公交车多，出行方便； 公交车车票便宜 当地交通的缺点 有些人不遵守交通规则； 一些交通设施不够完善； 繁忙的交通造成交通堵塞和严重的大气污染 你的建议 ....... 评价表5： Peer-editing 评卷人签名:_________________ Have a clear structure 4 3 2 1 Cover all the points 4 3 2 1 Use proper linking words（underline） 4 3 2 1 Use shining sentences（underline） 4 3 2 1 Be logical 4 3 2 1 Circle spelling mistakes Number: Score: 对写作教学的启示 ： （1）同伴评价无疑是高中英语写作教学中的有益尝试。 （2）在进行同伴互评的过程中，教师的角色仍然是不可替代的。 收获： （1）学生在同伴评价中提升了自信，减少焦虑感。 （2）在使用同伴评价过程中老师的工作量加重，但学生提升了识错能力。 （3）教师在课题进程中提升了科研能力。 第五部分 高考英语书面表达写作经典句型 1.There be / used to be There is/ are…doing sth. / There are some differences between… 2.On the way to school, I saw sb./ sth. doing … When I was/ did sth…., I did… When I was/ did…I saw/ found/ heard sb./ sth. doing…/ in…. be about to do sth. when sth. happened I was doing… when sb. did…. 3.Do sth., and / or you will do sth If …do sth, sb. will do…. 4.Instead of doing sth, we will do sth. / did sth. do/did… instead of doing … 5.I did sth. so …./ I do sth. because…/ sb. did sth, but… I prefer sth. / to do sth. because… 6.Something should be done (in order) to do sth. so…. that… 7.Great changes have taken place in …in recent years. 8.Doing sth. is /does… 9.make / find / think it + adj / n. to do sth. 10.Compared with…, sth. is more…… Compared to what it used to be… 11.It is + adj./n (for sb.) to do sth. 12.with +宾语+doing/done/todo, 主句结构 13.Some people are doing…. Others are doing…. Some are doing….while others are doing…. 14.I think / believe / hope / am sure that clause. 15.I didn’t do…. until 16.It takes sb. to do… 17.My suggestion is… I suggest that sb. should do…/ I suggest sb’s. doing. 18.Doing sth, I… Realizing…., sb…. 19.Only then did sb…. 20.As can be seen, … As we all know, …. As is known to us, …. 常用句型举例 句型1. It (so) happened（chanced） that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced to do sth. =sb.did sth. by chance. 如： It happened that he was out when I got there. 当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。＝He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there. 句型2. It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/to be done/to have been done（还有动词appear等可这样使用） 如: It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.他好象以前去过北京。＝He seemed to have been to Beijing before. 句型3. It is / was＋被强调的部分＋that(who)+剩余的部分. 如： It wasn’t until he came back that I went to bed.直到他回来我才睡觉。(一定要注意被强调句型中的谓语动词否定的转移)。 It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today.只因为他有病了今天没有来上学。（只能用because而不能用for, as 或since） It is I who am a student. 我确实是个学生。（句中am不能用are来代替。） 句型4. It is high time (time/ about time)+ (that) 主语＋should do / did+其它。（从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。） 如: It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了。 句型5. It is / was said ( reported…)＋that+从句. 如： It was said that he had read this novel.据说他读过这篇小说。＝He was said to have read this novel. 句型6. It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause. (从句中的谓语用should＋do / should have done，其形式是虚拟语气。) 如： It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他这次考试没有及格。 句型7. It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause. (注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略。) 如： He didn’t come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. 他直到电影结束才回来。他没有看到这部电影真可惜。 句型8. It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause. (从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略。) 如： It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.有人建议推迟会议。 句型9. It is/was＋表示地点的名词＋where+从句。（注意本句不是强调句型，而是以where引导的定语从句。） 如： It was this house where I was born.请比较：It was in this house that I was born. (后一句是强调句型。) 句型10. It is / was +表示时间的名词＋when+从句。（注意本句型也不是强调句型，而是以when引导的定语从句。） 如： It was 1999 when he came back from the查看更多