通用版2021高考英语一轮复习考点十二词性转换练习含解析

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通用版2021高考英语一轮复习考点十二词性转换练习含解析

考点十二 词性转换 限时25分钟 一、单句语法填空 ‎1.My English improved a lot; more importantly, I gained much ________ (confident). ‎ 答案:confidence 句意:我的英语提高了许多;更重要的是,我的自信心增强了不少。句中的much为限定词,后应接名词,作宾语。根据派生法规则,confident的名词形式为confidence。‎ ‎2.Smoking during pregnancy ________ (danger) your baby's life.‎ 答案:will endanger 句意:孕期抽烟会危及胎儿生命。句中所填词应为谓语动词,意为“危及”;根据派生词构词法规则,可在名词前加前缀en,转化为相应意义的动词,即endanger;另外,本句表示叙述在某种情况下有可能发生的事,应用情态动词will,故填will endanger。‎ ‎3.It was a ________ (fog) cold morning when he set off for the remote village.‎ 答案:foggy 句意:在一个寒冷的起雾的上午,他向那个遥远的村庄进发了。句中所填词修饰morning,作定语。根据派生法规则,fog的形容词形式为foggy。‎ ‎4.People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is ________ (use).‎ 答案:useless 句意:对于重返学校,人们当然有各种理由,但是有一点需要知道的重要的事是,知识是有用的。所填词涉及否定意义的后缀:名词+less构成形容词。所填词作系动词is的表语,且根据语境,此处应填表示否定意义的形容词,构成双重否定。useless “无用的”。‎ ‎5.The ________ (protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and economic development throughout the world.‎ 答案:protection 句意:人类环境的保护和改善是一个影响全世界人民和经济发展的大问题。根据“and improvement”可知,所填词为protect的名词形式。根据派生法规则,在protect后加后缀ion变为名词。‎ ‎6.The meeting supposed to be ________ (success) turned out to be a failure in the end. ‎ 答案:successful 句意:那场本应该成功的会议最终被证明是失败的。所填词作be的表语,应填形容词。根据派生法规则,在success后加后缀ful,构成形容词。‎ ‎7.Customs officials ________ (cover) a plot to smuggle weapons into the - 17 -‎ ‎ country.‎ 答案:uncovered 句意:海关官员发现了一个走私武器入境的阴谋。句中所填词应为谓语动词,根据后面的宾语a plot可知,此处应表示“发现,揭露”;根据派生词构词法规则,在动词前加前缀un,转化为相反意义的动词,故填uncovered。‎ ‎8.Ann will be remembered for her ability and her ________ (warm). ‎ 答案:warmth 句意:安因为她的能力和热情友好,将被铭记。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后,应填名词。根据派生法规则可知warm的名词形式,即在词尾加后缀th。‎ ‎9.The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning ________ (necessary).‎ 答案:unnecessary 句意:凉爽的风吹过卧室的窗户,使得空调都没有必要了。所填词在句中作宾语补足语,应填形容词,根据语境可知,此处表示“没有必要的”;根据派生词构词法的规则,可在形容词前加表示“没有,不”的前缀un,故填unnecessary,意为“没有必要的”。‎ ‎10.It has a highly ________ (regular) shape, covered with bumps and indentations.‎ 答案:irregular 句意:它的外形极不规则,满是凸块和凹陷。句中为形容词作定语,修饰名词shape,根据后面的过去分词短语可知,所填词表示“不规则的”;根据派生词构词法规则,在形容词前加前缀ir,转化为相反意义的形容词,故填irregular。‎ ‎11.It is ________ (legal) to sell tobacco to someone under 16.‎ 答案:illegal 句意:出售烟草给16岁以下者是非法的。所填词在句中作表语,且根据“to someone under ‎16”‎可知,此处表示“非法的”。根据派生法规则,应加前缀il。‎ ‎12.Extracurricular activities ________ (able) the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks.‎ 答案:enable 句意:课外活动可以使学生们知道怎样运用在课本上学到的知识。所填词在句中作谓语动词,根据派生法规则,able的动词形式需要在词首加前缀en即可,enable 意为“使……能够”。‎ ‎13.You can rely on him because he is quite ________ (rely).‎ 答案:reliable 所填词用在系动词is后,作表语,根据句中的“rely on him”可知,所填词表示“值得信赖的”,根据派生法规则,rely的形容词形式需要将字母y改为i,再加后缀able。‎ ‎14.People on welfare are wrongly seen as lazy or ________ (honest).‎ 答案:dishonest 句意:靠福利救济的人被误认为懒惰或不诚实。根据语境可知,应填形容词,并表示否定意义,即 “不诚实的”;根据派生法规则,只需在词首加前缀dis。‎ ‎15.You may find to your ________ (amaze) that there is more kindness in your - 17 -‎ ‎ community than you ever believe possible.‎ 答案:amazement 句意:你可能会惊奇地发现,在你的社区,洋溢着难以置信的友爱。所填词位于your之后,应用名词形式;根据派生法规则,只需在词尾加后缀ment即可变为名词。‎ ‎16.I cannot control my body well. My legs become ________ (pain).‎ 答案:painful 句意:我无法很好地掌控我的身体。我的双腿变得疼痛。所填词位于连系动词之后,应用形容词作表语;根据派生法规则,只需在词尾加后缀ful即可构成painful “疼痛的”。‎ ‎17.Late last year the Thompsons took part in a television documentary (纪录片) to prove that not all gifted children are the result of extremely ________ (ambition) parents.‎ 答案:ambitious 根据空格位置,后面是名词parents,应该使用形容词作定语,故填ambitious。‎ ‎18.Under her ________ (encourage), I would spend hours burying myself in novels, even if my friends just laughed at me.‎ 答案:encouragement 句意:在她的鼓励下我总会花几个小时埋头看小说,即使朋友们嘲笑我。这里需用名词,指的是“在她的鼓励下”。‎ ‎19.The ________ (grow) number of Chinese tourists traveling to Spain has in recent years offered opportunities for local companies.‎ 答案:growing 该空格处后面的词“number”是名词,名词受形容词修饰限制,grow为动词,动词转化为形容词时,常用v.ing表示主动进行,v.ed表示被动完成。此处表示大量中国游客去西班牙旅行,这个数量一直在增长中,表示进行,故答案为growing。‎ ‎20.China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “new four great ________ (invent)”.‎ 答案:inventions 句意:中国用“新四大发明”再次展示了改变世界的能力。前面有形容词性物主代词修饰,且作介词的宾语,故这里用名词形式invention,且为可数名词,故用复数形式。‎ ‎21.I ________ (firm) believed I could learn lots of words, phrases, translation skills, news stories and even amazing knowledge by reading it.‎ 答案:firmly 空格后的believed为动词,动词受副词修饰,故答案为firmly。‎ ‎22.In most ________ (develop) countries, like America and the Great Britain, teaching is a profession.‎ 答案:developed 句意:在美国和英国等发达国家中,教书是一种专业。develop的形容词变体有developing “发展中的”和developed - 17 -‎ ‎ “发达的”两种形式,句中修饰美国和英国,故答案应为developed。‎ ‎23.________ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.‎ 答案:Luckily 句意:庆幸的是,英语为母语者能够彼此理解,即使他们不讲同一种类的英语。所填词修饰整个句子,因此使用副词,故答案为Luckily。‎ ‎24.Being ________ (happy) is like an infectious disease. It causes people to stay away from the sufferer.‎ 答案:unhappy 句意:不快乐就像传染病一样,会使得人们对于不快乐的人退避三舍。根据此空后面的“like an infectious disease (像一个传染病一样)”可知,此处应该使用happy的反义词,故填unhappy。‎ ‎25.She carried her left arm at an awkward angle, as if it were causing her ________ (comfort).‎ 答案:discomfort 句意:她的左胳膊很不自然地抬着,好像它让她不舒服似的。设空处前有形容词性物主代词修饰,所以用名词。由句意可知用discomfort“不舒服”。‎ ‎26.It was ________ (extreme) difficult to build such a wall in the ancient days without any modern machines.‎ 答案:extremely 此空并不是系动词was后的表语,作表语的是difficult,空格处所填词修饰difficult,故填副词。‎ ‎27.Your ideas are very interesting, but we need ________ (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble.‎ 答案:practical 此处表示“可是我们需要切实可行的建议帮我们脱离困境”,故用practice的形容词形式practical。‎ ‎28.Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the________ (assume) you've made.‎ 答案:assumption 句意:试着去理解实际发生的事情,而不是按照你所做的假设行事。前面是定冠词the,后面跟名词形式,故填assumption。‎ ‎29.Alice, the sales manager of the company, is doing a course to ________ (sharp) her business skills.‎ 答案:sharpen 句意:这家公司的销售经理Alice正在学习一门课程来提高她的业务技能。sharpen “加强,提高”,不定式在此作目的状语。‎ ‎30.A television series is fast gaining its wordofmouth ________ (popular) among not only Chinese households but also some foreigners. ‎ 答案:popularity 根据空格位置,前面有形容词性物主代词its和wordofmouth,后面应该为名词。popular为形容词,它的名词变化为后面加ity,故填popularity。‎ - 17 -‎ 二、单句改错 ‎1.The teachers in our school are all kind and helpfully.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:helpfully→helpful 本句中,系动词are后应接形容词作表语。由派生法规则可知,ful可作形容词的后缀,而ly为副词的后缀,故将helpfully改为helpful。‎ ‎2.That little act of kind made everyone who saw it feel good—but it made me feel the best of all!‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:kind→kindness 本句中,介词of后应该接名词;根据派生法规则,在形容词后加后缀ness可变为相应意义的名词,故将kind改为kindness,act of kindness意为“善举”。‎ ‎3.As far as I am concerned, my suggest is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:suggest→suggestion 本句中,系动词is前的名词短语作主语,且my后应接名词;根据派生法规则,在动词后加后缀ion,可变为相应意义的名词,故将suggest改为suggestion。‎ ‎4.If you deep your knowledge or understanding of a subject, you will learn more about it and become more interested in it.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:deep→deepen 本句中,从句中应用实义动词作谓语;根据派生法规则,在形容词后加后缀en,可变为相应意义的动词。故将deep改为deepen。‎ ‎5.A lot of people became homely owing to the terrible earthquake.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:homely→homeless 本句中,became为连系动词,后应接形容词作表语,且根据语境可知,此处应接表示否定意义的形容词;根据派生法规则,在名词后加后缀less,可变为表示否定意义的形容词。故将homely改为homeless。‎ ‎6.The good working conditions in this company are attract. ‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:attract→attractive 本句中,应用形容词作are的表语,描述该公司的工作条件吸引人;根据派生法规则,在动词后加后缀ive,可变为相应意义的形容词。故将attract改为attractive。‎ ‎7.Try your best to memory these new words.‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ - 17 -‎ 答案:memory→memorize 本句中,to是动词不定式符号,后接动词原形,构成不定式短语,表示目的;根据派生法规则,ize可作为动词的后缀。以y结尾的,去掉y,再加ize,故将memory改为memorize。‎ ‎8.My close friend Jack understood me, which made me upset. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:understood→misunderstood 根据句中的非限制性定语从句可知,“我”很伤感的原因是朋友误会了“我”。根据派生法规则,在动词前加前缀mis可变为表示相反意义的词。故将understood改为misunderstood。‎ ‎9.I don't think it a reason practice for them to behave that way in our society. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:reason→reasonable 本句中,修饰名词practice,应用形容词作定语。根据派生法规则,在名词后加后缀able,可变为相应意义的形容词。故将reason改为reasonable。‎ ‎10.After waiting for about half an hour, I was beginning to get impatiently.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:impatiently→impatient 句意:等了半个小时后我开始变得不耐烦了。get为系动词,后接形容词,故将构成副词的后缀ly去掉。‎ ‎11.Unfortunate, I won't be able to meet you at the airport because I have classes in the afternoon.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:Unfortunate→Unfortunately 位于句首修饰整个句子应用副词。‎ ‎12.If you feel nervous or stress, try to do some relaxation exercises like deep breathing.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:stress→stressed 句意:如果你感到紧张或有压力,试着做一些放松练习,比如深呼吸。stressed意为“感到有压力的”。‎ ‎13.She found someone was following her, so she felt very frightening.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:frightening→frightened 句意:她发现有人在尾随她,所以她感到非常害怕。描述人的心理感受应该用ed结尾的形容词。‎ ‎14.It is our belief to further expand markets and be satisfied with existing achievements.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:‎ - 17 -‎ satisfied→dissatisfied 句意:进一步开拓市场,不满足于现有成绩是我们的信念。 根据上文“开拓市场”,说明“不满足于现有成绩”。‎ ‎15.What makes qigong special is that it can be done lying, sitting, or standing; thus it is access to disabled persons, seniors, and people recovering from injuries. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:access→accessible 句意:气功的特殊之处在于它可以躺着、坐着或站着去做。所以残疾人、老年人和伤后恢复的人都可以做。系动词is之后应用形容词作表语,故将access改为形容词accessible,其意为“易接近的;容易理解的”。‎ 构词法(一)‎ 英语中的构词法主要可以分为派生法、合成法和转化法。正确运用构词法知识,有助于学生辨识阅读中遇到的生词的能力,更有助于考生解答语法填空和短文改错题中关于词性转换的设题。‎ 一、名词的后缀 ‎ ‎1.动词+ion/tion/ation/sion(表示动作或动作过程)→名词 correct→correction 纠正;改正 expect→expectation 期望 ‎ consider→consideration 考虑 conclude→conclusion 结论 ‎ ‎2.动词+er/or/ee/ar/ess/ian/ist(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人,即具体表示某种“人”)→名词 conduct→conductor 指挥;售票员 teach→teacher 教师 lie→liar 说谎者 employ→employee 员工 art→artist 艺术家 music→musician 音乐家 ‎3.动词+ment(表示行为状态、过程、手段或结果)→名词 punish→punishment 惩罚 achieve→achievement 成就 ‎ ‎4.动词/形容词+th→名词 warm→warmth 温暖;热情 ‎ ‎5.形容词+ y/ty/ity→名词 ‎ honest→honesty 诚实 cruel→cruelty 残忍 ‎ - 17 -‎ responsible→responsibility责任 ‎6.形容词+ness(表示状态或性质)→名词 careless→carelessness 粗心 ‎ ‎7.动词+ance/ence→名词 perform→performance 表演;业绩 prefer→preference 偏爱 ‎8.名词+ship(表示身份、关系或资格)→名词 member→membership 成员;会员 ‎ ‎9.动词+ure/ture→名词 fail→failure 失败 ‎ mix→mixture 混合物 ‎10.形容词+dom→名词 free→freedom 自由 ‎ ‎11.动词+al→名词 arrive→arrival 到达 ‎12.名词+ful→名词 mouth→mouthful 一口;一满口(的量)‎ hand→handful 一把;一把的量 二、形容词的前缀与后缀 ‎ ‎1.名词+al(表示“有……属性”或“与……有关”)→形容词 ‎ ‎ agriculture→agricultural 农业的 nation→national 国家的 ‎ ‎2.动词/名词+able/ible→形容词 ‎ accept→acceptable 可接受的 ‎ access→accessible 容易达到的 ‎3.动词+ive→形容词 act→active 积极的 instruct→instructive 具有教育意义的 ‎ ‎4.名词+ful→形容词 ‎ care→careful 仔细的;认真的 ‎ ‎5.名词+y/ly→形容词 ‎ wealth→wealthy 富裕的 friend→friendly 友好的 ‎ ‎6.名词+ous→形容词 - 17 -‎ danger→dangerous 危险的 mountain→mountainous 多山的 ‎7.以some结尾的形容词 tire→tiresome 令人厌烦的 ‎ ‎8.以a为首构成的形容词 live→alive 活(着)的 wake→awake 醒着的 三、动词的前缀与后缀 ‎ ‎1.前缀en +形容词→动词 rich→enrich 使丰富 large→enlarge 变大;扩大 ‎2.前缀en+名词→动词 danger→endanger 危及;危害 courage→encourage 鼓励 ‎3.形容词/名词+后缀en→动词 short→shorten 缩短 sharp→sharpen 使尖锐 ‎ ‎4.以ify结尾的动词 simple→simplify 使简化 beauty→beautify 使美化 ‎5.以ize结尾的动词 real→realize 意识到 memory→memorize 识记;记忆 四、副词的后缀 ‎ 变化形式 例词 直接加ly(表示以某种方式)‎ slow→slowly 缓慢地 extreme→extremely 极端 以辅音字母加y结尾的单词,改y为i,加ly ‎ happy→happily 高兴地 merry→merrily 快乐地 去e加ly true→truly 真正地 以le结尾的形容词去e加y simple→simply简单地 gentle→gently温柔地 五、表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀 ‎1.表示否定或相反意义的前缀 - 17 -‎ ‎(1)un/dis/in/im/ir/il/non 不,非 ‎ able→unable 不能够 cover→uncover 揭露 honest→dishonest不诚实的 active→inactive 不活跃的 ‎ patient→impatient 不耐烦的 regular→irregular 不规则的 ‎ logical→illogical 不合逻辑的 ‎ ‎(2)mis 错误地 lead→mislead 误导 ‎ ‎2.less表示否定或相反意义的后缀 use→useless 无用的 ‎ hope→hopeless 毫无希望的 限时25分钟 一、单句语法填空 ‎1.(2020·安徽省黄山市屯溪第一中学高三月考)Those who ate seven ounces or more of red or processed meat daily—or got the ________ (major) of their protein from meat—had a 23 percent higher risk of premature death, according to Science Daily.‎ 答案:majority 该空格前有the,后有介词of,因此需用名词形式majority。‎ ‎2.(2020·安徽省六校教育研究会高三第一次素质测试)Check out course and program ________ (describe), reviews of professors, and sit in on some classes if you're able to visit campus.‎ 答案:descriptions 句意:查看课程和项目描述,教授的评论,如果你能参观校园,可以旁听一些课程。结合句意可知此处应用名词,description可作可数名词,前面没有限定词,故用复数形式。故答案为descriptions。‎ ‎3.(2020·湖北省孝感市第一中学高三年级月考)They ________ (accident) found out that soil does not only attract fat, it could also stop fat from being absorbed into the body and round the digestive system.‎ 答案:accidentally 分析句子可知,修饰动词“found out”应用副词,故填accidentally。‎ ‎4.(2020·湖南师范大学附属中学高三摸底考试)So music wasn't really ________ (entertain), but a means for musicians to accomplish political and social goals.‎ 答案:entertainment 空格处对应后面的“a means”,应填名词形式,故填entertainment。‎ - 17 -‎ ‎5.(2020·天一大联考皖豫联盟体高三上学期第一次考试)The evolution is what has led to the present ________ (appear) of the kiwi bird.‎ 答案:appearance 此处表示“外观”,present在句中为形容词,因此空格处应填名词形式。‎ ‎6.(2020·广西柳州市高三上学期摸底考试)People who have breakfast are more likely to lose ________ (weigh) than those who don't eat a morning meal.‎ 答案:weight lose weight固定短语,“减肥”,故填weight。‎ ‎7.(2019·深圳耀华实验学校月考)Life is just a blank cloth—you can paint a beautiful scene, or you can paint black ghosts (鬼) and ________ (danger) people.‎ 答案:dangerous 修饰后面的名词people,使用形容词作定语,指危险的人们。‎ ‎8.(2019·山西大学附中高三模块诊断)How would you feel if you woke up and found your entire computer's contents—including your photos, your recent documents—no longer ________ (access)?‎ 答案:accessible 此处是“find+sb./sth.+adj.”结构,意为“发现某人(物)……”。形容词作宾语补足语,所以填accessible。‎ ‎9.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I guess that there's probably some ________ (demand) work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport.‎ 答案:demanding 空格处需要填形容词,修饰名词work schedule,demanding “要求高的;需要高技能(或耐性等)的;费力的”。‎ ‎10.(2019·天津高考)And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are ________ (limit).‎ 答案:limitless 句意:我发现读书可以带给我们的东西是无限的。故填形容词形式limitless。‎ ‎11.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The most ________ (hope) data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. ‎ 答案:hopeful 句意:报告中所分享的最令人鼓舞的数据是:在阅读方面,父母是孩子的榜样和重要的楷模。使用形容词,修饰后面的名词data,作定语。‎ ‎12.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold ________ (discover) in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.‎ 答案:discoveries 句意:城里到处都是不想安家定居的失望的人们,并且当他们听说在阿拉斯加发现了金子的时候,他们像来的时候那样,迅速地离开了道森城。结合前面的“new - 17 -‎ ‎ gold”可知,后面跟名词形式,根据were是复数可知填discoveries。‎ ‎13.(2018·天津高考)Despite recent ________ (advance) in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome.‎ 答案:advancements 结合前面的形容词“recent”可知,后面跟名词,故填advancements。‎ ‎14.(2018·浙江高考)Cooking food can be fun. You might also begin to notice the effects not only on your ________ (healthy) but in your pocket.‎ 答案:health 句意:烹饪食物是一件有趣的事。你可能开始注意到它对你的健康和你的钱包的影响。根据前面的形容词性物主代词your可知,后面跟名词,故填health。‎ ‎15.(2018·天津高考)Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my ________ (disappoint) we were defeated.‎ 答案:disappointment 句意:作为新队的教练,我非常兴奋,因为我知道我们队要赢,但是令我失望的是,我们输了。根据空格前的my可知,应填名词形式,故填disappointment。‎ ‎16.(2018·江苏高考)The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without ________ (fundament) changes to the industry.‎ 答案:fundamental 句意:不过,如果产业没有发生基本变化的话,小农场主的可持续发展不会发生。结合后面的名词changes可知,前面使用形容词作定语。‎ ‎17.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. ‎ 答案:strengthen 在不定式符号to后面用动词原形。‎ ‎18.(2018·天津高考)The ________ (possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.‎ 答案:possibility 定冠词the后面接名词,故填possibility。‎ ‎19.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.‎ 答案:careful 句意:然而,谨防走极端。动词be后应接形容词作表语;根据派生法规则,在名词后加后缀ful,可转换为形容词,故填careful。‎ ‎20.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.‎ 答案:fairly 句意:那时候,使用蒸汽机牵引车厢,乘客们肯定会因为烟和噪音而极为不舒服。所填词修饰后面的形容词unpleasant,应用副词;根据派生法规则,在形容词后加后缀ly,可转换为相应意义的副词。故填fairly,意为“相当地”。‎ ‎21.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of the electricpowered engines and lifts.‎ - 17 -‎ 答案:introduction 句意:只有随着电力机车和升降机的引进,这种发展才有可能。所填词位于定冠词the之后,of之前,应填名词形式;根据派生词规则,可在动词后加后缀tion,变为相应意义的名词,故填introduction。‎ ‎22.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most ________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.‎ 答案:successful 句意:中部伦敦地铁是这些新线路中最成功的线路之一,在1900年开放营运。所填词位于表示最高级的“the most”之后,应填形容词;根据派生词的构成规则,可在名词后加后缀ful,构成相应意义的形容词,故填successful,意为“成功的”。‎ ‎23.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate).‎ 答案:education 句意:她决心继续接受教育。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后,应填名词作宾语;根据派生词的构词规则,可在动词后加后缀ion,构成相应意义的名词,故填education。‎ ‎24.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)It is ________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.‎ 答案:certainly 句意:这的确有趣,但这种生活方式有一点不真实。所填词在句子中修饰形容词fun,应用副词形式;根据派生词的构词规则,可在形容词后加后缀ly,构成相应意义的副词。‎ ‎25.(2017·天津高考)The hospital has recently obtained new medical ________ (equip), allowing more patients to be treated. ‎ 答案:equipment 句意:这家医院近来已经获得了新的医疗设备,使得更多的病人可以获得救治。所填词位于形容词new medical之后,应填名词;根据派生词转化规则,在动词后加后缀ment可转化为相应意义的名词,故填equipment。 ‎ ‎26.(2017·天津高考) I had a very poor ________ (relation) with food: I used it to kill bad feelings, to make myself feel better, and to celebrate.‎ 答案:relationship 句意:我与食物的关系很不和谐:我利用它来消除糟糕的心情,让我自己感觉更好,并且用食物来庆祝。所填词涉及名词转化为名词的后缀:ship。故填relationship,意为“(抽象的或内在的)关系”。‎ ‎27.(2017·浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a ________ (hand) of small carrots and was about to throw them away. ‎ 答案:handful 句意:去年十月,Lena Pahlsson 在照料她位于瑞典莫拉的花园时,她拔出一把小胡萝卜,并且打算把它们扔掉。所填词位于冠词a之后,应填名词;根据派生词构词法规则,在名词后加后缀ful可转化为相应意义的名词,故填handful,意为“一把”。‎ ‎28.(2017·浙江高考)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a ________ ‎ - 17 -‎ ‎(shine) object. ‎ 答案:shiny/shining 句意:但是某样东西让她凑近了看,并且她注意到了一个闪光的物体。所填词位于冠词a之后,名词object之前,应填形容词;根据派生词构成规则,可在动词后加后缀y/ing构成形容词,故填shiny/shining。‎ ‎29.(2017·江苏高考)Were it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her ________ (difficult).‎ 答案:difficulty 句意:如果没有老师们的支持,这名学生不可能战胜困难。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后,应填名词;根据派生词构词规则,可在形容词之后加后缀y,转化为相应意义的名词,故填difficulty。‎ ‎30.(2017·江苏高考)The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely reviewed and highly praised, ________ (strength) Dickens' status as a leading novelist. ‎ 答案:strengthened 句意:《伟大前程》这部小说的出版发行受到各界的评论和高度赞扬,它巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。所填词作句子的谓语;根据派生词构词法规则,可在名词后面加后缀en,转化为相应意义的动词,且本句描述过去的事实,故填strengthened。‎ 二、 单句改错 ‎1.(2020·内蒙古杭锦后旗奋斗中学高三上学期第一次月考)In the picture, I can be seen delicate performing Erhu.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:delicate→delicately 句意:在这幅画中,我可以看到我正在优美地演奏二胡。此处是副词修饰动词,故把delicate改成delicately。‎ ‎2.(2020·黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学高三上学期开学检测)The pill is planned to be taken immediately after a frightened experience.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:frightened→frightening a frightening experience “一次令人害怕的经历”。‎ ‎3.(2020·山西省祁县中学高三月考)Flowers are the main attract of any type of decoration and in the same way respect is the beauty of life.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:attract→attraction 根据 main 可推知,此处应填一个名词,故用名词形式attraction。‎ ‎4.(2020·甘肃省会宁县第一中学高三上学期第一次月考)It can make us bravely enough to face challenges.‎ - 17 -‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:bravely→brave 本句中enough是副词,应修饰形容词brave,故将bravely改为brave。‎ ‎5.(2020·广西柳州市高三上学期英语摸底考试)Also, coffee drunk on an empty stomach is not recommended because it can be harmless to your body.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:harmless→harmful 句意:而且,不建议空腹喝咖啡,因为这对身体有害。故将harmless改为harmful。‎ ‎6.(2020·黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学高三上学期开学检测)The pill can help to reduce many sufferance.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:sufferance→sufferings 句意:这种药丸有助于减轻许多痛苦。sufferance “容许;忍耐”;suffering “痛苦;苦恼”。根据句意可知,应将sufferance改为sufferings。‎ ‎7.(2019·北京高考)Armed with this knowledge, they are able to carry out individual targeted campaigns to cheat people.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:individual→individually 本句中individually作副词修饰形容词targeted。‎ ‎8.(2019·广东省高三“六校联盟”第一次联考)In this fastchanging and compete world, many people are under heavy pressure.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:compete→competitive 句意:在这个快速变化和竞争激烈的世界里,许多人承受着巨大的压力。形容词修饰名词,故将动词compete改为形容词competitive。‎ ‎9.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D.C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington‎, ‎D.C.‎ in a health way with minimum effort. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:health→healthy 句意:无论上午还是下午,无论是初来乍到还是当地居民,如果想要一种健康舒适的方式感受华盛顿,骑车游览都是最佳选择。 根据语境可知,使用形容词修饰后面的way,故将health改为healthy。‎ ‎10.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)It's more likely that none of us start a converse because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:‎ - 17 -‎ converse→conversation 句意:我们没有人开始交谈,很可能因为觉得尴尬和具有挑战性,或者我们认为交谈令人感到厌烦和没有必要。结合前面的冠词a可知,后面使用名词,故将converse改为conversation。‎ ‎11.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I keep practicing even when I'm extremely tired. I find it hard to stop! Dancing reminds me I'm live.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:live→alive 句意:我不断地练习跳舞,甚至当我非常累的时候。我发现很难停下来了。跳舞提醒我还活着。根据前面的系动词am可知,后面跟形容词alive。‎ ‎12.(2018·北京高考)The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars, and for companies to operate driver taxi services.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:driver→driverless 句意:这个州已经为公司出售或者出租自动驾驶汽车,并且为公司运营无人驾驶汽车业务清除了道路。结合前面的“selfdriving cars”可知,driver应改为driverless。‎ ‎13.(2018·江苏高考)Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instruct research about restaurants.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:instruct→instructive 句意:如今,学者们关于餐馆进行了大量的有意义的研究。instruct是一个动词,修饰后面的research,需要使用形容词,故将instruct改为instructive。‎ ‎14.(2018·天津高考)False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprison.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:imprison→imprisonment 句意:错误地使用火警是非法的并且可能导致坐牢。前面lead to中to是介词,后面跟名词作宾语,故将imprison改为imprisonment。‎ ‎15.(2018·浙江高考)People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it profession.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案:profession→professionally 句意:一个世纪以来,人们一直在写小说——很多专家认为第一本小说追溯到1719年的《罗宾逊·克鲁索》——但是没有人想把写小说当作专业。修饰前面的do,使用副词,作状语,故将profession改为professionally。‎ 构词法(二)‎ 六、合成法 由两个或两个以上的单词结合组成复合词的构词法,称为合成法。‎ ‎1.合成名词 newspaper 报纸 daybreak 拂晓 - 17 -‎ blackboard 黑板 necklace 项链 flashlight 手电筒 haircut 理发 ‎2.合成形容词 goodlooking 好看的 hardworking 勤奋的 freshbaked 新烤的 coldblooded 冷血的 handmade 手工制作的 airsick 晕飞机的 bittersweet 苦乐参半的 homesick 想家的 ‎ ‎3.合成动词 broadcast 播送 babysit 看孩子 七、转化法 把一种词性用作另一种词性,而词形不变的构词法叫作转化法,有的名词可以作动词,有的形容词可以作副词或动词。‎ ‎1.动词转化为名词 He is a man of strong build. ‎ ‎2.名词转化为动词 Hand in your papers please. ‎ ‎3.形容词转化为动词 We will try our best to better our living conditions.‎ ‎4.副词转化为动词 Murder will out.‎ ‎5.形容词转化为名词 The girl in black appears very beautiful.‎ - 17 -‎
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