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中考英语名词讲解及练习
中考英语名词讲解及练习 名 词 表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。 一、 名词的分类 名 词 类 别 意 义 例 词 专有名词 表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称 jim , china, qingdao, the uk, the great wall 普通名词 可 数 名 词 个体名词 表示单个人的人或事物 girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country 集合 名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 people, police, team, clothes, group, crew 不 可 数 名 词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli 抽象名词 表示抽象概念的词 fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care 注:1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 2、由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”,但它不大写。 3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时,则变为可数名词,eg. beer( ) ----a beer ( ), work( )--- a work ( ) glass( )---a glass ( ), room( )---a room( ) 二、 名词的数:表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。 1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式:可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a或an”;复数形式是在名词后加 “-s或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种,规则变化及其读音可依照下表: 当名词为: 词尾变化 读 音 例 词 一般情况 加s 在清辅音后读/s/ jeeps, pats , clocks 在浊辅音或元音后读/z/ boys, sofas, drawers 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词 加es /iz/ watches, boxes, classes, brushes 以字母o结尾的单词 加s或es /z/ zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词 去y 变i加es /z/ dictionaries, strawberries, /vz/ leaves, wives, halves 以f 或fe结尾的单词 去f或fe 变v 加 es 以th结尾的词 加s /ðz/; /θz/ mouths, paths; months, 2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母 eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, mouse--mice ②单复数同形 eg. chinese-chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,… ③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers 注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, etc; 有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news 3. 不可数名词:表示不能计算数目的人或物,称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法: (1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods ( ), time 时间 --- times ( ),green 绿色 ---greens 青菜 (2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物 eg. hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦 (3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, … 例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松! 1. they got much _____ from those new books. a. ideas b. photos c. news d. stories 2.I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here. a. orange, orange b. oranges, oranges c. oranges, orange d. orange, oranges 3. Every evening E r. king takes a _________ to his home . a. 25 minutes’ walk b. 25 minute’s walk c. 25 minute walk d. 25 minutes walk 4. An old _______ wants to see you. a. people b. person c. the people d. the person 5. Help yourself to __________. a. chickens and apples b. chickens and apple c. chicken and apple d. chicken and apples 6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________. a. room’s number b. rooms’ number c. room numbers d. rooms’ numbers 7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________. a. family b. house c. home d. room 8. ________ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to shanghai . a.Mary and peter’s b. Mary and peter c.Mary’s and peter d. Mary’s and peter’s 9. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month. a. her uncle b. her uncle’s c. her uncles d. aunt’s 10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ________ in teaching. a. many experiences b. much experience c. an experience d. a lot experience 练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩! 选择最佳答案: 1. Last night, there was a food accident. the _______ were ill, but no _______ were lost. a. child, lives b. children, life c. children, lives d. child, life 2. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young. ---ok, How happy they both looked! a. my father and mother b. my mother and father's c. my mother's and father's d.my father's and my mother 3. The new student is in __________ , grade two. a. class third b. third class c. class three d. three class 4. Today is september 10th. it's __________ day. let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers. a. teachers b. teachers' c. the teachers' d. teacher's 5. The market isn't far from here. it's only _________ bicycle ride. a.half an hours' b. half an hour's c. half an hour d. an hour and a half 6. --- What would you like to drink, girls? --- _________, please. a.two cup of coffee b. two cups of coffe c. two cups of coffee d. two cups of coffees 7. During christmas, people get together and sing christmas songs for _________. a. fun b. wishes c. interest d. thanks 8. Some _________ are flying kites near the river. a. child b. boy c. boys d. childs 9. After the exam, we'll have________ holiday. a. two weeks b. two-weeks c. two weeks' d. two week's 10. They are those _________ bags.please put them on the bus. a. visitor b. visitors c. visitor's d. visitors' 11.--- How many workers are there in your factory? --- There are two ___________. a. hundreds b. hundred c. hundred of d. hundreds of 12. ---what do you think of the _______ the moonlight sonata by beethoven? --- It sounds really wonderful. a. subject b. music c. book d. animal 13. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the fridge. a. place b. room c. field d. ground 14. _________ comes from sheep and some people like eating it a. wool b. pork c. mutton d. milk 15. if you don't take more ________, you'll get fat. a. medicine b. lessons c. photos d. exercise 16. my school is about twenty ________ walk from here. a. minute b. minutes' c. minutes's d. minutes 17. mum, i have _______ to tell you! a. a good news b. some good news c. some good newes d. much good news 18. which is the ________ to the post office? a. street b. way c. road d. address 19. i stayed at ________ last sunday. a. my uncles b. my uncles' c. my uncle's d. my uncle's family 20. maths ________ not easy to learn. a. are b. is c. am d. were 冠 词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the) 知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点! 一、 不定冠词的用法 1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类:例如: She is a girl. Pass me an apple , please. 2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如: A boy is waiting for you We work six days a week. 3). 表示 “一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one 强烈.例如: we are going to have an English lesson tomorrow. I have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ears. 4). 用于某些固定的词组中.例如: a few, a little, a lot of 注: 用a 还是an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头. 二、定冠词的用法 1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如: the photo of the boy 2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如: -Where are the new books, jim? - They are on the small table. 3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如: Today he is making a machine. He wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane. 4). 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如: The sun is bigger than the moon. 5). 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如: The first truck is carrying a few baskets. The third one is carrying the fewest of all. 6). 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如: The great wall The north street hospital 7). 用在一些习惯用语中.例如: in the morning (afternoon, evening), on the left(right) at the end of 三、不用冠词的情况 1)在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如: china, grade two, bill smith, milk 2)名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如: the letter is in her pocket. I think the shop is closed at this time of day. 3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如: my father and mother are teachers. I like cakes. 4)在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如: It is sunday (monday, tuesday, etc.) Today is mid-autumn day. It is cold in winter. 5)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如: Uncle wang likes making things. What colour are Mrs green’s shoes? 6)在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如: He went to school after breakfast. Can you play basketball? 注: 在某些固定词组中,如:at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。 冠词用法口诀 一、定冠词的用法。 特指双熟悉,上文已提及; 世上独无二,序数最高级; 某些专有名,习语及乐器。 以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的一般情况,即: ①特指某些人或物②谈话双方都熟悉的人或事③上文已经提到的人或事④世界上独一无二的事物前⑤序数词回形容词最高级前⑥某些专有名词前⑦一些习惯短语(如:in the day等)中和乐器前(如:play the violin / piano)。 二、不用冠词的集中情况。 下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前; 专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭; 复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前; 颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。 以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况,即: ①名词前已有作定语用的this、that、some、any、my等限定词。② 专有名词和不可数名词前。③表示学科的(如:maths、chinese、physics)名词前。④球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。⑤复数名词表示泛指(一类人或事)时。⑥节日、季节、星期、月份前。⑦表示颜色(如:it's red / yellow.)、语种(如:speak english/japanese)和国家的非全称名词(如:we live in china. they come from america.)。⑧在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。⑨某些习惯短语中(如:in bed、go to school等)。 例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松! 1. _______ milk is food. ________ milk in this cup has gone bad. 2. ---Do you like playing _________ football? ---yes. but i have only _________ basketball. 3. Do you know _______girl on ________another side of ________ lake? 4. There’s ________ “u” and ________ “s” in ________work “use”. 5. She says ________animals cant’s live without __________air, either. 6.His father, who is ________honest man, is teaching in ________ university. 7. Which is heavier, ________elephant or ________ horse? 8. ________ cold wind was blowing from the north. 9. He is always ready to help _________ old and ________ young. 10. ________ greens are traveling in _________ south china. 11. Although ________ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink ________most are _______ least healthy. 12.Xiaomei saw _________ interesting film last night. ________ film was about _________ kind doctor. 13. Tom went to _________ school as usual, but he didn’t know his father went to ________school for a parent meeting. 15. ________ knowledge begins with _________ practice. 查看更多