2020届一轮复习人教版必修四Unit2学案设计（41页word版）

2020届一轮复习人教版必修四Unit2学案设计（41页word版）

‎2020届一轮复习人教版必修四Unit2学案设计 话题素材——粮食耕种 好词 ‎1.waste n. &vt. 浪费 2.worsen v. 恶化；使……变得更坏 ‎3.agriculture n. 农业 4.severe adj. 严峻的 ‎5.declinevi. 减少；下滑 6.the struggle for survival 求生 ‎7.a_lack_of 缺少；短缺 8.rid...of... 使……摆脱掉……‎ ‎9.be_abundant__in... 富含有 10.call on/appeal to 号召/呼吁 ‎11.be concerned about 关心 ‎12.twice as much as... 和……的两倍一样多 ‎13.be considered as... 被认为是……‎ ‎14.food_supply 食物供应 ‎15.farming method 耕作方法 佳句 ‎1.As_far_as_I'm_concerned,_it is a_good_virtue for us to “clear your plate”， especially when_having_dinner_with_our_friends.‎ 我个人认为，“清干净盘中的食物”对我们来说是一种美德，特别是与朋友聚餐的时候。‎ ‎2.Lots of farmland has been lost due_to_the_rapid_development_of industry and urbanization.‎ 由于工业化和城市化的迅速发展，许多农田已经大量流失。‎ ‎3.All animals and plants are important, because each species contributes to the variety of life forms on the earth and plays_an_important_role_in maintaining life.‎ 所有动植物都是重要的，因为每一物种都有助于地球上生命形式的多样性，而且对维持生命起到了重要的作用。‎ ‎[精美语篇]‎ Food shortage As we all know, food shortage has hit many countries and even caused social unrest in some areas. But what has caused the current world food crisis? Firstly, annual world grain output has declined because of climate change. Secondly, lots of farmland has given way to factories and buildings due to the rapid development of industry and urbanization. Besides, faced with the rising energy prices, some people use grain for biofuel, which has worsened the severe situation.‎ How can we deal with the problem? On the one hand, we should focus on the environmental protection and improve the ecology. On the other hand, strict measures should be taken to protect farmland.If the whole world works together, more food will be produced and we can create a harmonious world.‎ 高频单词 ‎1．expand (vt.&vi.) 使变大；伸展→expansion (n.) 扩张；扩展 ‎2．reduce (vt.) 减少；减缩→reduction (n.) 减少；缩小 ‎3．skim (vt.) 浏览；略读→skimmed (过去式/过去分词)‎ ‎4．underline (vt.) 画底线标出；强调 ‎5．struggle (vi.&n.) 斗争；拼搏；努力 ‎6．output (n.) 产量；输出→input (n.) 投入；输入 ‎7．therefore (adv.) 因此；所以；因而 ‎8．regret (vt.) 遗憾；惋惜 (n.) 遗憾；懊悔→regretted (过去式/过去分词)→regretful (adj.) 后悔的；‎ 失望的；遗憾的 ‎9．focus (n.) 焦点；中心点 (vt.) 集中；聚焦 ‎10．comment (n.) 评论；议论 (vi.&vt.) 表达意见；作出评论 ‎11．circulate (vt.&vi.) 循环；流传→circulation (n.) 循环 ‎12．export (vt.&vi.) 输出；出口→import (vt.&vi.) 输入；进口 ‎13．hunger (n.) 饥饿；欲望 (vt.&vi.) (使)饥饿→hungry (adj.) 饥饿的 ‎14．disturbing (adj.) 引起烦恼的；令人不安的→disturb (vt.) 搅乱；弄乱；干扰 ‎15．freedom (n.) 自由；自主→free (adj.) 自由的；自主的→freely (adv.) 自由地；自主地 ‎16．equip (vt.&vi.) 配备；装备→equipment (n.) 装备；配置→equipped (过去式/过去分词)‎ ‎17．occupation (n.) 工作；职业；占领→occupy (vt.) 占领；占据 ‎18．confuse (vt.) 使迷惑；使为难→confusion (n.) 困惑；迷惑 ‎19．production (n.) 生产；制造→produce (vt.) 生产；制造→product ‎ ‎(n.) 产品→producer (n.) 生产 者；制片人 ‎20．discovery (n.) 发现；发觉→discover (vt.) 发现；发觉 第 28 页 共 28 页 ‎21．chemical (adj.) 化学的；关于化学的→chemistry (n.) 化学 ‎22．summary (n.) 总结；摘要；概要→summarize (vt.) 总结；概括；概述 ‎23．nutrition (n.) 营养；滋养；食物→nutritious (adj.) 有营养的；营养丰富的 重点短语 ‎1．thanks_to 幸亏；由于；因为 ‎2．get_rid_of 摆脱；除去 ‎3．be_satisfied_with 对……感到满意 ‎4．would_rather 宁愿；宁可 ‎5．build_up 逐渐增强；建立；开发 ‎6．lead_to 导致；造成(后果)‎ ‎7．focus_on 集中(注意力、精力等)于 ‎8．be_rich_in 盛产；富于 ‎9．keep...free_from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等); 使……不含(有害物)‎ ‎10．prefer...to... 喜欢……胜过……‎ ‎11．make_a_difference 有关系；有影响 热点句型 ‎1．if so 状语从句的省略形式 If_so (如果这样的话), what did you do to grow them? (教材 P9)‎ ‎2．the＋序数词＋名词＋动词不定式 In 1973, he became the_first_agricultural_pioneer_in_the_‎ world_to_grow_rice (世界上第一位种植水稻的农业先锋) that has a high output. (教材 P10)‎ ‎3．make it＋adj.＋动词不定式 This special strain of rice makes_it_possible_to_produce (使生产……成为可能) 20% more of the crop in the same fields. (教材 P10)‎ ‎4．would rather do... “宁愿做……”‎ He would much rather (宁愿) keep time for his hobbies. (教材 P10)‎ ‎5．倍数＋as...as...‎ Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice_as_large_as_before (比以前多了一倍).‎ ‎(教材 P10)‎ 巩固训练 在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎1．Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like ________ of millions of Chinese farmers, ________ whom he has struggled for the past five decades.‎ 答案：those; for ‎2．Since then, finding ways to grow more rice ________(be) his life goal.‎ 答案：has been ‎3．________he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer.‎ 答案：Although ‎4．________(bear) in 1930, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953.‎ 答案：Born ‎5．Spending money on himself or ________ (lead) a comfortable life also ________ (mean) very little to him.‎ 答案：leading; means ‎6．Now more than 60% of the rice ________ (produce) in China each year is from this hybrid strain.‎ 答案：produced ‎7．These ________ (increase) harvests mean that 22% of the world's people ________ (feed) from just 7% of the farmland in the world.‎ 答案：increased; are fed ‎8．Over the past half century, ________ (use) chemical fertilizers ________ (become) very common in farming.‎ 答案：using; has become ‎9．They feel that this makes the soil in their fields ________ (rich) in ‎ minerals and so more fertile.‎ 答案：richer ‎10．Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, ________ (make) it ready for crops such as wheat or corn.‎ 答案：making ‎1 struggle vi.努力；奋斗；同……斗争；挣扎；奋力前进 n．竞争；努力；奋斗 Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.(P10)‎ 的确，他那被太阳晒得黝黑的脸庞和手臂，以及他那瘦削而又结实的身体，就跟其他数百万的中国农民一样，过去 50 年来，他一直在努力帮助他们。‎ 归纳拓展 struggle for 为……而斗争 struggle with/against 与……作斗争；同……搏斗 struggle to_do sth. 努力做某事 struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来 语境助记 ① ‎[2016·北京高考]Because a college community (群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle_to_find a sense of belonging.‎ 因为大学群体不同于家庭，很多学生会努力寻找一种归属感。‎ ‎②Most animals have to struggle_for existence in the dangerous world.‎ 大多数动物得在这个充满危险的世界上为生存而竞争。‎ ‎③We have to struggle_with/against all kinds of difficulties.‎ 我们得和各种各样的困难作斗争。‎ ‎④Those climbers struggled_against the strong wind and finally reached the top of the mountain.‎ 那些登山者在强风中艰难地行进，最终到达山顶。‎ ‎⑤The soldier was badly wounded but he struggled_to_his_feet at last.‎ 这个战士受了重伤，但最后他还是挣扎着站了起来。‎ ‎2 equip (equipped, equipped) vi.& vt.配备；装备 He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture.(P10)‎ 因此他拿出几百万元帮助其他人进行农业科学研究。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)equip...with... 用……装备……‎ be equipped with 装备着……‎ be well/poorly equipped 设备精良的/较差的 ‎(2)equipment n. 装备；设备(不可数名词)‎ a_piece_of equipment 一件设备 语境助记 ‎①We students should equip_ourselves_with_knowledge for the competition nowadays is very fierce.‎ 我们学生应该用知识武装我们自己，因为当今社会竞争非常的激烈。‎ ‎②It is often said that human beings are naturally equipped with_the_ability_to_speak.‎ 人们常说，人天生具有说话的能力。‎ ‎③Equipped_with much experience in teaching, Mr Wang is the most popular maths teacher I have ever met.‎ 王老师具有丰富的教学经验，他是我遇到的最受欢迎的数学老师。‎ ‎④[2016·北京高考]Thus, these well－equipped people survived because they were the fittest.‎ 这样，因为他们最合适，这些准备充分的人们幸存了下来。‎ ‎⑤My mother bought a_piece_of useful equipment for the kitchen yesterday.‎ 昨天，妈妈买了一件有用的厨房设备。‎ ‎3 regret vt.遗憾；惋惜 n．遗憾；懊悔 His father says that he has never regretted sending his son to study abroad.(P13)‎ 他的父亲说，他从不后悔把儿子送到国外学习。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)regret sth. 后悔；遗憾某事 regret that 从句 遗憾……‎ regret doing sth.＝ regret having_done sth. 后悔做过某事 regret to_do sth. 遗憾要做某事(事儿还未做)‎ ‎(2)much to the regret of sb.使某人非常遗憾的是……‎ feel regretful for 为……感到后悔 with great/deep regret 很遗憾 have no regrets 没有遗憾 ‎(3)regretfuladj. 后悔的；失望的；遗憾的 语境助记 ‎①I have always regretted not_having_studied hard at school.‎ 我一直后悔在校期间没有努力学习。‎ ‎②I regret_that I have made such a silly mistake.‎ 我真后悔犯了那样一个愚蠢的错误。‎ ‎③We regret_to_inform_you_that your application has not been successful.‎ 我们很遗憾地通知您，您的申请未通过。‎ ‎④Much_to_our_regret,_we will not be able to visit you next year.‎ 让我们深感遗憾的是，我们明年不能去拜访你了。‎ ‎⑤[牛津高阶]I have_no_regrets about leaving Newcastle.‎ 我一点也不后悔离开纽卡斯尔。‎ ‎⑥I saw a_regretful_look on her face when she left.‎ 她走时，我能看出她很失望。‎ ‎4 reduce vt.减少；减缩；降低；使……陷入某种更坏的状态(常用于被动语态)‎ A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and ‎ healthy.(P14)‎ 肥沃的土壤减少了病虫害并且有助于农作物的茁壮成长。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)reduce...to... 减少……到……；使某物变为……‎ reduce by 减少了……‎ be reduced to...沦落为……；被迫……(to 为介词)‎ ‎(2)reduce sb. to tears/silence 使某人流泪/沉默 reductionn．缩小；减少 语境助记 ① ‎[2016·四川高考]Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce_the_spread of disease.‎ 基础设施的简单改善能够减少疾病的传播。‎ ‎②[牛津高阶]Costs have_been_reduced_by 20% over the past year.‎ 过去一年，成本支出已经减少了 20%。‎ ‎③This year, the number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced_from 40 to 9.‎ 今年，一氧化碳排放超标的城市数量从 40 个减到了 9 个。‎ ‎④Due to a lack of food in the hard time, many people were_reduced_to_eating grass and leaves.‎ 在困难时期由于缺少粮食，许多人被迫吃草和树叶。‎ ‎⑤She was reduced_to_tears by their criticism.‎ 他们的批评使她流下了眼泪。‎ ‎⑥There has been some_reduction in unemployment.‎ 失业人数有所减少。‎ 过关演练 单句语法填空 在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎1．They hope that the new model will go into ________ (produce) next year.‎ 答案：production 考查词性转换。production 名词，“生产；制造”。‎ ‎2．Progress so far has been very good. ________， we are sure that the project will be completed on time.‎ 答案：Therefore 考查副词。结合语意可知，此处表示因果关系，且是副词，故填 Therefore。‎ ‎3．The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ________ (hear)．‎ 答案：to be heard 考查固定搭配。struggle to do sth.意为“努力做某事”。且 hear 与其逻辑主语之间为动宾关系，故填 to be heard。‎ ‎4．With its focus divided, the lion became ________ (confuse) and is unsure about what to do next.‎ 答案：confused 考查词性转换。系动词后填形容词，此处表示“困惑的”，故填 confused。‎ ‎5．She made helpful comments ________ my work.‎ 答案：on/about 考查介词。make comments on/about “对……进行评论”。‎ ‎6．All applicants will be considered regardless of age, sex, religion or ________ (national)．‎ 答案：nationality 考查词性转换。nationality 名词，意为“国籍”。‎ ‎7．She was so ________ (hunger) for success that she'd do anything to achieve it.‎ 答案：hungry 考查词性转换。此处，应为形容词作表语，be hungry for sth.“渴望某事物”。‎ ‎8．________ news came that the Ebola Virus spread quickly, which made us rather ________. (disturb)‎ 答案：Disturbing; disturbed 考查词形转换。第一空修饰 news，表示“令人不安的”，用 disturbing；第二空修饰 us 作宾补，故填 disturbed。‎ ‎9．She is old enough to have the ________ (free) to do what she likes.‎ 答案：freedom 考查词性转换。由空前的 the 可知，此处应填名词，故填 freedom。‎ ‎10．________ (occupy) herself with routine office tasks, she had no time to be an adventurer.‎ 答案：Occupying 考查分词作状语。根据句式分析，occupy 与其逻辑主语 she 之间为主动关系，故填 Occupying。‎ ‎1 be satisfied with 对……感到满意 Yuan Longping is quite satisfied with his life.(P10)‎ 袁隆平很满意他的生活。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1) þï be happy ïü be content with sb./sth. 对某人/某物感到满意 be satisfied to_do sth. 对做……感到满意 ‎(2)satisfyvt. 使满意 satisfy one's curiosity 满足某人的好奇心 satisfactionn. 满足；满意 to one's satisfaction 使某人满意的是 语境助记 ‎①[牛津词典]She's never satisfied_with what she's got.‎ 她对自己的所得从不感到满足。‎ ‎②The education system must satisfy_the_needs of all children.‎ 教育体系必须满足所有儿童的需要。‎ ‎③[2016·浙江高考]I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind_of_satisfaction,_and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ 我已注意到流言的三个效果：它能伤害他人，它能给散播流言的人某种满足感，并且能在一个群 体里引起社交压力。‎ ‎④To_my_great_satisfaction,_my boss agreed to my suggestion put forward at the meeting.‎ 令我非常满足的是，我的老板同意了我在会议上提出来的建议。‎ ‎2 build up 逐渐增强；建立；开发；增进 These chemicals in the food supply build up in people's bodies over time.(P14)‎ 随着时间的推移，食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)build up a fame 建立名声 build up one's health/body 增强体质 ‎(2)与副词 up 搭配的其他短语 grow up 长大 cut up 切碎 put up 搭起；建起 set up 建立 speed up 加速 give up 放弃 add up 加起来；合计 come up 上升；走近；发芽 pick up 捡起；学会 take up 拿起；开始；从事 look up 向上看；查找 eat up 吃光；吃完 语境助记 ‎①Exercise will help build_up the muscles.‎ 锻炼将有助于增强肌肉。‎ ‎②Therefore, let's take the responsibility to build_up a low-carbon city by riding bicycles.‎ 所以，让我们通过骑自行车来承担起建立一个低碳城市的责任。‎ ‎③To learn a language well you must build_up a useful vocabulary.‎ 要学好一种语言，你必须逐步积累有用的词汇。‎ ‎④He has built_up a good business over the years from a small beginning.‎ 几年后他已从小本经营发展为一个大的企业。‎ ‎⑤Peter will take_up his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.‎ 彼得在下个月末将从事旅行社负责人的职位。‎ ‎3 lead to 导致；造成(后果)；通往 Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses.(P14)‎ 很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病。‎ 归纳拓展 lead/have/live a(n)．..life 过着……的生活 lead the way 带路 lead sb. into 带某人进入 lead sb. to someplace 带领某人去某地 lead sb. to_do sth. 使得/诱使某人做某事 lead up to 通向 名师点睛 lead to中的to为介词，其后一般跟名词、代词或动名词形式。‎ 语境助记 ‎①This will probably lead_to_trouble in the future.‎ 这在以后将可能导致麻烦。‎ ‎②[2016·浙江高考]Studying babies' play may lead_to a better understanding of science.‎ 研究婴儿的玩耍有利于(我们)更好地了解科学研究。‎ ‎③This information led_the_police_to a house near the harbour.‎ 警察根据这个情报来到了港湾附近的一座房子。‎ ‎④This has led_scientists_to_think_out other solutions to the problem.‎ 这就使得科学家思考其他解决问题的方法。‎ ‎⑤The discovery of new evidence led to the thief's being_caught.‎ 新证据的发现使得小偷被抓。‎ ‎⑥He decided to lead_a_new_life after the unusual experience.‎ 这次不平常的经历过后，他决定过一种新的生活。‎ ‎⑦The receptionist led_the_way to the boardroom.‎ 接待员领路来到董事会会议室。‎ ‎⑧[一言辨异]With him leading_the_way,_we got there without any difficulty. But for him, we would have been lost, which would lead_to serious consequences. His action led_us_to_believe that he was ourtrue friend.‎ 有他带路，我们毫不费力地到达了那里。要不是他，我们就有可能迷 路了，这会导致严重的后果。他的行为使我们相信他是我们真正的朋友。‎ ‎4 focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于；聚焦于 They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease.(P14)‎ 他们集中注意力在保持土壤肥沃且免受病害上。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)focus on 集中于……‎ focus one's attention/eyes/energy on 集中注意力/目光/精力于……‎ ‎(2)the focus of attention/concern 注意力/关注的焦点 ‎(3)adjust the focus 调整焦距 in focus 对准焦距 out_of focus 没对准焦距 ‎(4)表示“集中注意力/精力于……”的其他短语 ‎①pay attention to sth.‎ ‎②put one's heart into sth.‎ ‎③fix one's attention on sth.‎ ‎④concentrate one's attention on sth.‎ 语境助记 ① ‎[2016·全国卷Ⅱ]Most of us are more focused_on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.‎ 我们大多数人早上会比一天中其他时候注意力更集中在工作上。‎ ‎②If you don't concentrate your_attention_on work, you will achieve ‎ nothing.‎ 如果你不把心思放在工作上，你终将一事无成。‎ ‎③Health and environmental problems have increasingly become the_focus_of_attention/concern.‎ 健康和环境问题日益成为人们关注的焦点。‎ ‎④The children's faces were badly out_of_focus in the photograph.‎ 照片上孩子们的面部非常模糊。‎ focus 过关演练 选词填空 build up； lead to； focus on； thanks to； get rid of； be satisfied with； keep...free from...； make a difference； with the hope of； be rich in ‎1．Modern science has given clear evidence that smoking can ________ many diseases.‎ 答案：lead to ‎2．I've tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means ________ the teacher ________ my progress.‎ 答案：is; satisfied with ‎3．It didn't take me long to ________ the basic knowledge of the language.‎ 答案：build up ‎4．There are many examples of students' ________ their addiction to the Internet after receiving education in our training class.‎ 答案：getting rid of ‎5．When Lisa stood before the audience, she felt very uneasy with all eyes ________ her.‎ 答案：focused on ‎6．I don't think it ________ what color it is.‎ 答案：makes a difference ‎7．As we all know oranges ________ vitamin C.‎ 答案：are rich in ‎8．He did all he could to please the boss ________ getting promoted.‎ 答案：with the hope of ‎9．________ the help of a native villager, we got out of the dark cave safely.‎ 答案：Thanks to ‎10．Balanced diet and proper exercise can ________ you ________ disease.‎ 答案：keep; free from ‎1 If_so,_ what did you do to grow them？(P9)‎ 如果这样的话，你做了些什么来种植这些植物？‎ 归纳拓展 if so 如果是这样的话，是 if 引导的条件状语从句的省略形式，表示肯定意义；如果表示否定意 义，则用 if not。‎ when, whenever, though, although, unless 等连词也常见于省略句结构中。‎ if 构成的其他省略形式：‎ if any 如果有的话 if possible 如果可能的话 if necessary 如果必要的话 if ever 如果有过的话(曾经发生)‎ 语境助记 ① Do you agree that I will put our visit to Yunnan off? If_so,_write back to tell me about it as soon as possible.‎ 你赞同我推迟我们去云南的旅行吗？如果赞同，请尽快写信告诉我。‎ ‎②The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely, if_ever,_ reaching 30℃ in summer.‎ 这里的气候宜人，即使曾经发生过，在夏季气温达到 30 摄氏度的情况也很少出现。‎ ‎③There are few, if_any,_mistakes in the book.‎ 那本书里即使真有错误，也不多。‎ ‎④If_possible,_try and go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.‎ 如果可能的话，尝试每天都在同一时间睡觉和同一时间起床。‎ ‎⑤I hope to see you there but, if_not,_I'll call you.‎ 我希望在那里能见到你，如果没有的话，我会给你打电话的。‎ ‎2 He would much rather keep time for his hobbies.(P10)‎ 他更愿意把时间花在自己的业余爱好上。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)would rather 宁愿……，常用来表示选择的意愿 would rather (not) do sth. 宁愿(不)做某事 ( 2( would rather do sth. than do sth.ü would do sth. rather than do sth.‎ prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.‎ 宁愿做某事(而)‎ 不愿做某事/与 其做某事倒不 如做某事 ‎(3)would rather＋从句(谓语)‎ ì用一般过去时，表示现在或将来(虚拟( 用过去完成时，表示过去(虚拟( ‎(4)would rather have_done 本来想做……而未实现 语境助记 ‎①[2016·浙江高考]You are only one person, and you do not have time to waste on people who would_rather cause drama or mess up with your purpose.‎ 你只是一个人，你没有时间浪费在那些会带来麻烦或弄乱你的目标的人身上。‎ ① We would rather our daughter stayed_at_home with us, but it is her ‎ choice, and she is not a child any longer.‎ 我们宁愿女儿和我们一起待在家里，但是这是她的选择，她已不再是小孩子了。‎ ‎③I'd rather you hadn't_told me the truth yesterday.‎ 我宁愿你昨天没把事实告诉我。‎ ‎④He would_rather_die than give in to the enemy.‎ 他宁死也不愿向敌人投降。‎ ‎3 Recently, however, scientists have_been_finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people's health.(P14)‎ 然而，最近科学家已发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损，甚至更危险的是，会对人们的健康造成危害。‎ 归纳拓展 have been finding 是现在完成进行时。现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。其谓语构成形式为 have/has＋been＋doing。‎ 语境助记 ‎①For days the kids have_been_looking_for others we can help.‎ 几天以来，孩子们一直在寻找我们能够帮助的其他人。‎ ‎②It's been a month since I came to this new school and I really want to share with you some of the ‎ problems I_have_been_experiencing.‎ 来这所新学校已有一个月了，我真想与你分享一下我所经历的一些问题。‎ ‎③No wonder you are so tired. You have_been_working all day.‎ 难怪你这么累，你已工作一整天了。‎ 过关演练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎1．—Where is Peter? I can't find him anywhere.‎ ‎—He went to the library after breakfast and ________ (write) his essay there ever since.‎ 答案：has been writing 考查动词时态。根据时间状语 ever since 可知，此处用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在而且还在进行。‎ ‎2．As is known to us, we now live in ________ is called Information Age.‎ 答案：what 考查宾语从句。从句中缺少主语，故应用 what。‎ ‎3．McDonald's is very popular in the world, ________ (make) it the biggest fast food corporation.‎ 答案：making 考查分词作结果状语。make 与逗号前的内容之间为顺承主动关系，故填 making。‎ ‎4．If I have any further news, you will be the first person ________ (know) it.‎ 答案：to know 考查“the first＋名词＋动词不定式”结构。句意：如果我有进一步的消息，你将是第一个知道的人。‎ ‎5．—What about going camping again this weekend?‎ ‎—I'd rather not. I'd rather ________ (stay) at home and read my novel.‎ 答案：stay 考查 would rather do sth.，意为“宁愿做某事”。‎ Ⅱ.完成句子 ‎1．The two girls are so alike that strangers ______________ tell one from the other.‎ 这两个女孩长得如此像以至于陌生人发现难以区分她们。‎ 答案：find it difficult to ‎2．—Did you find the missing couple in the mountain yesterday?‎ ‎——你们找到昨天在山中失踪的那对夫妇了吗？‎ ‎—No, but we __________________ to get in touch with them ever since.‎ ‎——没有，但是自从那以后，我们一直在尽力和他们取得联系。‎ 答案：have been struggling ‎3．He is ready to help others, seldom, __________， refusing them when they turn to him.‎ 他非常乐于助人，当别人求助于他的时候，他很少(如果曾经有过的话)拒绝他们。‎ 答案：if ever 动词-ing 形式作主语和宾语 动词-ing 作主语 ‎1．动词-ing 形式作主语往往表示经常性，习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数。‎ Going fishing is my favourite sport.‎ ‎2．动词-ing 作主语和不定式作主语一样，也可以用 it 作形式主语。常见的句型有：‎ It is/was no use/good＋doing...做……无用/益 useless/worth/worthwhile/a waste of time doing... 做……是无用的/值得的/‎ 浪费时间 It is no use complaining.‎ It is a waste of time talking about such useless things.‎ 动词-ing 形式作宾语 ‎1．作动词的宾语 常接动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词有 avoid, miss, advise, finish, practise, enjoy, escape, risk, mind,stand, imagine 等。‎ We were lucky to escape being punished.‎ I tried to avoid making the same mistake.‎ ‎2．英语中有一些动词短语也常跟动词-ing 形式作宾语。‎ 常见的跟动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词短语有 insist on, object to, be good at, be fond of, lead to, putoff, give up, look forward to, feel like, devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be worth 等。‎ He insisted on doing it in his own way.‎ I have never dreamed of visiting that place.‎ ‎3．有些动词或词组后既可跟动词-ing 形式作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意思不同。‎ stop/mean/try/remember/forget/regretîïìto do doing be afraidîï ïìto do of doing When I came in, he stopped reading and looked up at me.‎ Please remember to send the letter this morning.‎ ‎4．下列动词可接动词-ing 形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。‎ need/want/require/deserve doing＝need/want/require/deserve to be done The old temple needsîï ïìrepairing.‎ to be repaired.‎ 过关演练 单句语法填空 用括号内单词的正确形式填空。‎ ‎1．[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]________ (have) your grandchildren far away is hard, especially ________ (know)your adult child is struggling, but ________ (give) up the life you know may be harder.‎ 答案：Having; knowing; giving 考查动名词和现在分词的用法。分析句子结构可知，第一空和第 三空所在句子都没有主语，因此用动名词作主语，第二空所在句子作时间状语，故应填 know 的现在分词形式。‎ ‎2．________(injure) in the leg made it impossible for me to walk as fast as usual.‎ 答案：Being injured 考查动名词短语作主语。此处应表示“受伤”，且从句子结构中可知，此处填动名词作主语，故填 Being injured。‎ ‎3．While shopping, people sometimes can't help ________ (persuade) into buying something they don'treally need.‎ 答案：being persuaded 考查动名词短语作宾语。结合语意可知，persuade 与逻辑主语 people 之间为被动关系，故填 being persuaded。‎ ‎4．If you think that treating a kid well means always ________ (give) him what he wants, you are totally wrong.‎ 答案：giving 考查固定搭配。mean doing 意为“意味着做……”，mean to do 意为“打算做……”。‎ ‎5．________ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.‎ 答案：Ignoring 考查动名词作主语。分析句子结构可知，该句没有主语，因此填动名词作主语。‎ Ⅰ.完形填空(建议用时 17′)‎ ‎[2019·双鸭山一中质检]On Mother's Day, I was expecting my grown ‎ children to come back home and spend the day with me. ‎ Fifteen years earlier, I was a single mom with two children, a __1__ job and a long commute (通勤路程). So I had to shop for groceries and plan for the next week on weekends. __2__， I went shopping on Sunday. When I __3__ to the cashier that the store was really quiet that day, she replied, “It's always __4__ on Mother's Day. You must be the only __5__ out there shopping.” I know she was __6__ telling the truth and she did not mean to __7__ me. Needless to say, all I could do was to finish paying and get to my car. I hadn't __8__ realized it was Mother's Day. My children were too young to know it. How __9__ I really was!‎ I was excited to see my __10__ soon. I decided to treat myself to an ice tea and __11__ to the sandwich shop next door. It was __12__ except for a mom and her son ahead of me. __13__ this was a single mom, celebrating Mother's Day with her son in the sandwich shop. When she finished __14__， I handed the cashier a $20 bill and said, “This is my treat. Happy Mother's Day！” The cashier was __15__ for a moment and the woman searched my face to see if she __16__ me. Wayne Dyer once __17__ the power of kindness. He said studies showed that not only do the giver and receiver of an act of kindness __18__， but an observer benefits in exactly the same way. The mom and her son felt __19__ because she had been honored and received an unexpected __20__. I felt good because I felt I had honored that part of me that wasn't honored all ‎ those years ago.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己在母亲节的经历，向读者阐释一个道理：无论是给予他人的善行还是接受别人的善举，都在传递着正能量。‎ ‎1．A. routine B．demanding C．well－paid D．miserable 答案：A 根据下文的“a long commute”以及作者描述的一系列一天的工作，可知答案是routine (常规)。‎ ‎2．A.As usual B．Seldom C．Occasionally D．For once 答案：A 根据上下文可知，作者每周日都要去购物，故应填 as usual (像往常一样)。‎ ‎3．A. reported B．explained C．commented D．suggested 答案：C 根据下文的“the store was really quiet, she replied”可知，此处为作者对今天超市的情况作出评论(comment)。‎ ‎4．A. classic B．crowded C．special D．quiet 答案：D 从上文的“the store was really quiet that day”可找到暗示。句意：收银员说，通常在母亲节那天，超市非常安静(quiet)。‎ ‎5．A. customer B．mother C．parent D．driver 答案：B 由语境可知，由于店里顾客很少，又是母亲节，所以收银员说作者是那天唯一前来购物的母亲(mother)。‎ ‎6．A. simply B．deliberately C．proudly D．politely 答案：A 由下文的关键信息“并非有意……”，可知这位收银员仅仅是说出了实情。‎ ‎7．A. warn B．discourage C．hurt D．remind 答案：C 由上下文可知，收银员仅仅(simply)在回答作者的问题，并非有意要伤害(hurt)作者。因 为在母亲节，多数母亲都会和家人一起庆贺，而不会外出购物。‎ ‎8．A. just B．still C．ever D．even 答案：D 从上文可知，作者甚至没有意识到那天是母亲节，她是在听了收银员的话以后才知道的。even 意为“甚至”。‎ ‎9．A. defeated B．alone C．stubborn D．warm－hearted 答案：B' alone 意为“孤单的；孤独的”。作者的孩子太小而不懂得母亲节的意义，也没有其他人给作者送来母亲节礼物，所以她感到非常孤单。‎ ‎10．A. children B．husband C．friends D．neighbors 答案：A 由语境可知，作者外出购物，很想尽早回家见到孩子们(children)。‎ ‎11．A. rode B．drove C．walked D．escaped 答案：C 从下文的“next door”可知，这家三明治店就在附近，所以作者是走过去(walk)的。‎ ‎12．A. clean B．excellent C．elegant D．empty 答案：D 由下文可知，除了一对母子在这家店以外，没有其他顾客，所以超市里很空荡(empty)。‎ ‎13．A. Luckily B．Obviously C．Fortunately D．Sadly 答案：B. Obviously 意为“显而易见”。作者从自己的经历推断，店里的这位母亲显然(obviously)也是位单亲母亲。‎ ‎14．A. ordering B．parking C．eating D．packing 答案：A. order 意为“点餐”。从下文可知，在这位母亲选好要购买的食品后，作者把钱递给收银员来替她买单。‎ ‎15．A. encouraged B．grateful C．confused D．embarrassed 答案：C 由上下文可知，作者主动替别人买单，这一举动让收银员非常困惑(confused)。‎ ‎16．A. remembered B．recognized C．met D．knew 答案：D 结合语境可知，同样，这位母亲也很迷惑，盯着作者看，看是否认识作者。‎ ‎17．A. passed on B．talked about C．asked for D．looked back 答案：B 根据下文的 said 可找到暗示，韦恩·戴尔曾经谈到(talk about)善举的作用。‎ ‎18．A. benefit B．interest C．understand D．learn 答案：A. benefit 意为“得益；受益”。句意：善行不仅能使给予者和接受者受益匪浅，甚至也能让旁观者收获良多。‎ ‎19．A. unsatisfied B．understandable C．good D．anxious 答案：C 由上下文可知，这位母亲和孩子感到很高兴(good)。‎ ‎20．A. surprise B．sympathy C．invitation D．gift 答案：D'由语境可知，作者主动替这位母亲买单，这位母亲收到了一份意想不到的礼物(gift)。‎ Ⅱ.阅读理解(建议用时 16′)‎ A A European team proposed a new explanation for why children growing ‎ up on farms are far better protected against asthma (哮喘) and allergiesW1. The protective effect may be created by a particular protein called, which the body produces upon contacting with farm dust, according to the team. The findings may represent a major step forward toward the development of an asthma vaccine. For the study, the researchers first exposedW2 mice to farm dust extract, a bacterial component called endotoxin (内毒素), every other day for two weeks. They then presented these mice with allergy－driving house dust mites (螨), which often cause asthma in people, finding that mice that had been regularly exposed to endotoxin did not develop allergic features, while control mice did. These findings were then tested in patients. The results showed that people sufferingfromP1 asthma and allergies have a deficiency in the protective protein A20, explaining why they reacttoP2 allergies so severely. “Discovering how farm dust provides this type of protection has certainly put us on the right track toward developing an asthma vaccine and new allergy therapies ， ”Hammad said.‎ ‎“However,__several_years_of_research_are_required_still_before_they_will_be_available_to_patients.” Some experts cautionedW4 that the newly uncovered mechanism does not entirely explain the protective effect of farm life. For example, it is commonly known that drinking raw cow's milk can provide protection against allergies, but that effect is unlikely to involveW5 the lung epithelium (上皮细胞)．‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇科技说明文。详细介绍了一个欧洲团队的研究发现：在农场长大的孩子因 为接触过尘螨而更不易患上哮喘或者过敏症。‎ ‎1．From the first paragraph we can learn that________.‎ A．children growing up on farms are affected by A20‎ B．the bodies of children growing up on farms produces A20‎ C．children growing up on farms seldom get asthma and allergies D．the European team presented an idea for children growing up on farms 答案：C'细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“A European team proposed a new explanation for why children growing up on farms are far better protected against asthma and allergies.”可知，在农场长大的孩子不易患上哮喘或者过敏症。故选 C 项。‎ ‎2．What did the researchers do for the study?‎ A．They presented mice with some dust.‎ B．They tested mice in an allergy－driving house.‎ C．They offered mice a bacterial component every other day.‎ D．They exposed mice to endotoxin every two days for two weeks.‎ 答案：D'细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“...the researchers first exposed mice to farm dust extract, a bacterial component called endotoxin, every other day for two weeks.”可知，D 项正确。A 项中 ‎“some dust”与原文中的“farm dust extract (农场灰尘提取物)”不符；第二段第三句只提及“allergy－driving house dust mites”而非“in an allergy ‎－driving house”，故 B 项错误；C 项描述不准确。‎ ‎3．Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence above?‎ A．Several years of research is available to patients.‎ B．What patients require is several years of research.‎ C．It is important that research should be done for patients.‎ D．Several years of research is needed before treatment for patients.‎ 答案：D'句意理解题。画线句句意为：然而，在此疫苗能够在病人身上使用之前，还需要好几年的实验研究。这与 D 项“在(用于)治疗病人之前，还需要好几年的研究”意思相近。故选 D 项。‎ ‎4．This text is most probably taken from________.‎ A．a textbook B．a science magazine C．a doctor's notebook D．an advertisement 答案：B'推理判断题。根据首段提出的新发现，以及文章中的关键词“study, research”以及“findings”可知，本文是介绍科学研究发现的文章，可能是选自科学杂志。故选 B 项。‎ W重点单词 ‎1．allergy n. 过敏反应 ‎2．expose vt. 使面临，使遭受(危险或不快)‎ ‎3．severely adv. 严重地；严厉地 ‎4．caution n．/vt. 谨慎；小心/警告；提醒 ‎5．involve vt. 牵扯；牵连；包含 P重点短语 ‎1．suffer from... 遭受；忍受 ‎2．react to 对……作出反应 B We take smiles for granted， but the evolutionW1 of these and other facial expressions is a big deal for animals, including humans. Smiles and other expressions allow us to communicate our emotional states to others. Among primates (灵长目动物), because social living became more and more important, the ability to quickly indicateW2 fear, excitement, lack of threat and more helped our ancestors survive in the wild.Humans, chimpanzees and other great apes even share expressions and other physical indicators ofpride, which appears to be a more abstractW3 emotion. Azim Shariff, a researcher at the University of Oregon, studied facial expressions and found that chimps reach out their chests to show others that they are ready to take on challenges. “We seem to share a number of expressions, including pride,with chimpanzees and other apes，” says Shariff. Since cats are mammalsW4 too, we havemanythingsincommonwithP2 them. Smiling, however, is not one of them. When a cat shows its teeth in a way that might look like it's grinning, it is probably grimacing(做怪相), or is angry and ready to use those teeth to bite into someone. According to the Arizona Humane Society, when a cat is happy, it may exhibitW5 these facial features：‎ ‎·Relaxed cheeks that are not pulled in ‎·Open ears that are facing forward ‎·Closed, relaxed mouth ‎·Wide open eyes that are focused on you ‎·Whiskers (须) that are pointed outward and not spread apart much Humans tend to rely a lot on facial expressions, but cats use their bodies to communicate how they feel. A happy cat will tend to hold its head and tail high, with its tail raised upward and fur lying flat on the body.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇科普说明文。面部表情的进化对动物而言是一件大事。人类、黑猩猩和其他类人猿使用的表情相同，同为哺乳动物的猫却不用露齿笑来展示自己的高兴。‎ ‎5．What can we learn from the second paragraph?‎ A．Azim Shariff founded a shelter for chimps.‎ B．Happiness appears to be a more abstract emotion.‎ C．Azim Shariff is a researcher studying facial expressions.‎ D．All animals share expressions and other physical indicators of pride.‎ 答案：C'细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，Azim Shariff 从事的是面部表情方面的研究。‎ ‎6．When a cat is happy, you can see that________.‎ A．its small eyes are fixed on itself B．its mouth is closed and relaxed C．its ears are spread apart much D．its cheeks are pulled in 答案：B'细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Closed, relaxed mouth”可知，当一只猫高兴时，它的 嘴巴会很放松地闭着。‎ ‎7．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.‎ A．a happy cat holds its head and tail lower than usual B．humans often show their facial expressions to strangers C．humans prefer to use their bodies rather than facial expressions D．the way cats show their feelings differs greatly from that of humans 答案：D'推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句中的转折语意可推知，猫表达感受的方式与人类的方式差别很大。‎ W重点单词 ‎1．evolution n. 进化 ‎2．indicate v. 表明；标示；显示；(用灯/手)打(行车转向信号)‎ ‎3．abstract adj. 抽象的；纯理论的 ‎4．mammal n. 哺乳动物 ‎5．exhibit vt. 展览；展出；表现 P重点短语 ‎1．take...for granted 将……视为理所当然 ‎2．have many things in common with... 与……有很多共同之处 Ⅲ.短文改错(建议用时 8′)‎ ‎[2019·河北五校联考]Yesterday morning I got up early to run in a race. It ‎ was hardly above freezing. So every runner was jumping around trying to stay warmly. By the roadside was a man wrapping in a blanket. He was obviously homeless and most people pretended not see him. I went over and talked with him. We talked about all sort of things. He didn't ask me for anything, and I wanted to do something for him. I gave him all the cash which I had. At the first he didn't want to accept it but I insisted. Then he said something surprised. He said, “Thank you. I hadn't talked to anybody for years.” It was him who showed me how to smile through the rough times.‎ 答案：‎ 第一处：warmly→warm stay 为系动词时后接形容词。stay warm “保持温暖”。‎ 第二处：wrapping→wrapped wrap 与 a man 是被动关系，wrapped 作后置定语，省略了 who was。‎ 第三处：not 后加 to pretend not to do sth. “假装不做某事”。‎ 第四处：sort→sorts all sorts of things “各种各样的事情”。‎ 第五处：and→but 由句意可知，此处表转折。‎ 第六处：which→that 因为 cash 前有 all 修饰，因此用 that 引导定语从句。‎ 第七处：去掉 At 后的 the at first “首先；最初”。‎ 第八处：surprised→surprising surprising 修饰 something 作后置定语。‎ 第九处：hadn't→haven't 由句意及句中时间状语 for years 可知，应 用现在完成时。‎ 第十处：him→he 该句是强调句型，被强调部分是主语，因此用主格代词 he。‎