高考作文之结构应用文

高考作文之结构应用文

高考作文之结构--应用文 应用文体是人们日常生活和工作中广泛使用的文体。书信、电子邮件、通知、请柬、便条、日记、演讲稿、履历表广告、留言、贺卡等都是常见的应用文体。‎ 应用文体的写作要点 总体写作要求：主旨明确，重点突出； 结构完整，简单明了； 格式正确，对象明确； 语言简炼，重在实用。‎ 时态和人称：不同的文体会采用不同的时态，如：日记一般用过去时，通知和请柬采用一般现在时和将来时等。‎ 应用文体的篇章结构 开头 the beginning—不同的应用文会有不同的开篇套话来交待事由。‎ 主体 the main body—用简单明了的语言将试题提示用英语表达出来，包含全部的基本信息。表达顺序基本为时间、地点、参加人、活动内容等。‎ 结尾 the ending—用不同文体的套话来结束文章。 ‎ 范例一 ‎2009湖北 假设你是华华，与英国网友汤姆约定用对方的母语通信，以提高各自的外语水平。最近你收到汤姆的电子邮件（附后），发现有一个成语使用不当。请根据下列要点，用英文回一封电子邮件。‎ 要点：不应使用“无所不为”，应使用“无所事事”；说明这两个成语的用法； 给予鼓励。 ‎ 注意：1. 词数为100左右；‎ ‎     2. 参考释义：无所不为- do all kinds of bad things无所事事- have nothing to do；‎ ‎ 3. 除以上两个语外，邮件中不得使用其他汉字或拼音；‎ ‎4. 电子邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好（不计入你所写词数），但不得抄入答题卡。‎ 附（汤姆的邮件）：‎ 华华，你好！‎ 近几天在忙什么事？有什么有意思的事吗？我们的学校放假了，所以这几天在家无所不为，饱食终日，只好上网发伊妹儿。没意思。我决定找份工作，做个自食其力的人。祝好！‎ 汤姆 ‎(以下所给内容不得抄入答题卡)‎ Hi! Tom,‎ Nice to read your e-mail today. I notice you've begun to use Chinese idioms and used most of them correctly.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Hope you'll find a job soon. ‎ Huahua One Possible Version:‎ Hi! Tom,‎ Nice to read your e-mail today. I notice you've begun to use Chinese idioms and used most of them correctly.‎ However, I'm afraid there is one mistake I'd like to point out. It is "无所不为". This idiom means "do all kinds of bad things". Are you doing all kinds of bad things at home? I guess what you were really trying to say is that you've got nothing to do these days. In that case, you should use "无所事事". We usually use "无所不为" to express the idea that people dare to do anything bad, and "无所事事" to describe the situation in which people have got nothing meaningful to do. Have I made myself clear?‎ Anyway, I'm amazed at the progress you've made.‎ Hope you'll find a job soon.‎ Huahua 范例二 ‎2009全国1 ‎ 书面表达(满分25分)‎ ‎    假定你是李华，正在英国接受英语培训，住在一户英国人家里。今天你的房东Mrs. Wilson不在家，你准备外出，请给Mrs. Wilson写一留言条，‎ 内容包括：‎ ‎1. 外出购物；‎ ‎2. 替房东还书；‎ ‎3. Tracy来电话留言： ‎ ‎1) 咖啡屋 ( Bolton Coffee ) 见面取消； 2) 此事已告知Susan； 3) 尽快回电 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ‎ One Possible Version:‎ Mrs. Wilson,‎ ‎   I'm going out shopping, and won't be back until about 5:00 pm. I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City Library. At about 1 o'clock this afternoon, Tracy called, saying that she couldn't meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend to. She felt very sorry about that, but said that you could set some other time for the meeting. She wanted you to call her back as soon as you are home. She has already told Susan about this change.‎ ‎                                                      Li Hua ‎ ‎ 附录--应用文格式套话 书信 ‎ 书写格式 ‎1. 信头：写在信纸第一页的右上角，包括写信人的地址和写信的日期。应先写地址再写日期，且地址是先小后大。‎ ‎2. 信内地址：用于公文信函，私人信函不写信内地址。写在信纸第一页的左上角，顶格写，比信头低一至两行。包括收信人姓名、地址。‎ ‎3. 称呼：指对收信人的称呼，写在左上角顶格写；称呼后面的标点一般用逗号。‎ ‎4. 正文：是信件的主体部分。写在称呼的下一行，一般由左边第3或第5个字母处开始写起。正文第一段也可定格写，但以后各段应空两格。‎ ‎5. 结束语：指正文下面的结尾客套语。位置应低于正文一、二行。一般从信纸的中间稍右写起，第一个字母大写，末尾用逗号。常用的结束语Yours sincerely, Yours, Sincerely yours 等。‎ ‎6. 署名：写在结束语的下面。‎ 注：邀请信、感谢信和便（假）条的书写格式与书信大致相同，但信头更简便些。‎ 写作要点 信的开头可简单嘘寒问暖，也可根据情况先提及来信内容，再步入正题。‎ 考虑书信的交际功能，行文应感情真挚，让收信者感到自然、亲切。‎ 结束时要向收信者表示亲切或诚挚的问候。  ‎ ‎ 经典必会 ‎【Useful Sentences】‎ 普通书信 开头用语 I was so pleased to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on…‎ Many thanks for your last kind letter. In your letter… ‎ It's a long time since I saw you last time. Are you all OK? ‎ I'm glad to receive your letter. ‎ I have been missing you a lot since we met last time. ‎ I am sorry for not writing to you sooner. / I'm sorry I've taken so long to answer your last letter. ‎ I'm writing to tell you that… / I'm writing to you informing that…‎ 结尾用语 Good luck / Best wishes! ‎ Take good care of yourself. ‎ Send my love to… / Please give my regards (best wishes) to…‎ Do write to us when you have time. ‎ Look forward to hearing from you soon. ‎ 应聘求职信 开头用语 I'm a student from… I'm glad to learn that you need a (an) … I'm quite interested in it and I think I am fit for it.‎ 结尾用语 If I have a chance to work in your company, I will try my best to be a good employer.‎ 道歉信 开头用语 I'm writing to make an apology for… I'm so sorry to tell you that I…‎ 结尾用语 I wonder if it is possible to … and if so, … I do hope that you’ll forgive me.‎ 感谢信 Thank you for the many good things you provided.‎ Thank you for…‎ 邀请信 开头用语 We’re planning to hold… in… on…. I'm writing to ask you to come and…‎ 结尾用语 Do you think…? Please let me know as soon as possible so that we can make arrangements. Looking forward to your coming / early reply.‎ 就有关社会问题讨论的书信 开头用语 I'm writing to tell you about the discussion (survey) we have had (made) about whether … should be…‎ 结尾用语 To…or not is a serious problem, which needs a further discussion (survey) and is decided by the public.‎ 告知活动的书信 开头用语 ‎…will be held in…on…‎ There is going to be in…‎ I know you like… I think it is a good chance for you to…‎ 结尾用语 If there is anything I can do for you, please inform me. I would be more than glad to help.‎ 表述观点的书信 开头用语 I'm very glad to have received the letter you sent me. I've been thinking about the question you asked me. In my opinion, you should…‎ 结尾用语 Therefore, I think it is a good idea for you to… So what you are waiting for?‎ 寻求帮助的书信 开头用语 I have a problem to ask you.‎ 结尾用语 I'm troubled / puzzled / disappointed / at a loss. What should I do? I wonder how you could treat it if you were me.‎ 告知来访路线的书信 We're so glad to learn that you are coming to join us in… Here is how you can find us. I’m sure you’ll have no trouble finding us. Do come! Don’t miss it!‎ 经典范例 ‎(2006 重庆）加拿大高中生David在互联网（Internet)上登出启事(notice)，希望结识一位中国朋友，以便学习中国的语言、文化(culture)。假设你是李华，请在看到这则启事后，用英文给David发一封电子邮件，主要内容包括：‎ ‎    1. 你怎样得知David的愿望； 2. 你愿意成为他的朋友；‎ ‎    3. 你打算如何帮助他； 4. 你盼望他的回复。注意：词数100左右。‎ One Possible Version:‎ Dear David,‎ ‎    I'm Li Hua, a Chinese student with the same age as you.‎ ‎    While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice, from which I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. I am glad to tell you that I am the very person you are waiting.‎ ‎    I'm really happy to be of some help with your Chinese study. We can e-mail to each other to talk about your problems and we had better communicate in simple Chinese. Also we can both write and talk to each other on the Skype, a program that can carry sounds as well as words. I will collect and send some pictures and articles about Chinese culture to you. Do be confident and don't be afraid of making mistakes, for you know it isn't easy to learn any foreign language.‎ Looking forward to you  ‎ ‎                                                                      Yours,‎ ‎                                                                                       Li Hua ‎ 日记 写作要点 英语日记与汉语日记的结构相似，主要由两部分组成，即书端和正文。写日记要注意以下几点：‎ ‎1. 日记的第一行要写清楚日期、星期和天气状况，日期和星期写在正文的左上角，月份与星期可以缩写；天气状况写在正文的右上角。如果是游记，还可写明地点。‎ ‎2. 日记通常使用过去时态记述过去所发生的事情。当发表议论、抒发情感或描写景物、人物时，为了使表述更加生动，也可用一般现在时。‎ ‎3. 日记正文可以是叙事、描述、说明、议论等各种形式，并且应用第一人称来写。‎ ‎4. 日记也应该讲究文采，切忌写成流水账。 ‎ ‎ 经典必会 ‎【Useful Words & Expressions】‎ ‎1. 表示天气：fine, rainy, cloudy, snowy, windy, foggy, wind, breeze…‎ ‎2. 表示星期：Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday ‎3. 表示月份：January, February, March, April, May, June, July…‎ ‎4. 表示具体日期：the first（1st）, the second (2nd), the third (3rd)…‎ ‎ 【Useful Sentences】‎ ‎1. It is / was a fine / nice day. 天气晴朗。‎ ‎2. There are / were many things to do and see. 有很多东西可看，有很多事情可做。‎ ‎3.  I had a good time / enjoyed myself today. 我今天玩得很高兴。‎ ‎4. I will never forget it forever. 我将永远不会忘记这件事。‎ ‎5. Time flies like an arrow. In ten days it will be the New Year. 光阴似箭。再过10天就是新年了。‎ ‎6. Autumn is a season of harvest. 秋天是收获的季节。‎ ‎7. It is getting warmer and warmer. 天气变得越来越暖和了。‎ ‎ 经典范例 用日记形式记一次有意义的旅行。‎ 提示： 1. 时间：2000年4月16日，星期天；2. 天气：晴；‎ ‎3. 人员：你班全体人员；4. 地点：森林（乘车两小时到达）；‎ ‎5. 活动内容：记录看到的动植物，野餐，检验河水，看看是否有污染。‎ 要求：词数不少于100词。‎ One Possible Version:‎ Sunday, April 16,  Fine 2000                                                                             ‎ Today our class organized trip to a forest. We went by bus and it took us two hours to get to the forest. When we arrived, we walked through the forest separately. We were recorded all the wildlife and plants we could see in the forest as we walked. When we found an unknown plant, we wrote it down in our notebooks.‎ At lunch time we made a fire in the open and cooked the meal over it. After lunch, we came to a river and tested the water to see if it was polluted. Late in the afternoon we returned. To our joy, we not only learned about some wildlife and plants, but also enjoyed ourselves very much. I hope I'll have another chance to go out for a more interesting outing. ‎ 便条 英语便条主要是指留言条（Message left）和请假条（Written Request for Leave）等。英语便条一般由日期、称呼、正文和署名四部分组成。‎ ‎1. 日期：日期要写在右上角，通常只需写星期几或星期几的上午、下午，有时可只写上午或下午及具体时间，不必写出年份。（有时候也可以不写）‎ ‎2. 称呼：称呼一般写在第二行，要左起顶格写。语气视对象而定，朋友间可随便一些，如Dear Tom，Tom，Xiao Gao等。‎ ‎3. 正文：正文要另起一行，用词要通俗简明，只要把事情说清楚就行。若有事请假或向别人借东西，语言要委婉、客气。‎ ‎4. 署名：位置在正文的右下角。写留条人的姓名、姓或名均可。 ‎ ‎ 经典必会 ‎【Useful Words & Expressions】‎ ‎1. 表示时间：right away/now, at once, in a moment/minute, just now, three hours later/ago, tomorrow morning, next week, immediately…‎ ‎2. 表示邀请：meet at 8:00 outside the school gate, invite…to…, come over, welcome to…, ask for…, would like…‎ ‎3. 表示请假：give sb. a day's leave, have three days off, ask for sick leave of two weeks…‎ ‎4. 表示叮嘱：make/be sure, remember, don't forget…, take a message for, give…a call/ring, ring…up, tell…to, take/bring…‎ ‎5. 表示事由：be ill, have/take/catch a cold/cough/headache…, have a sore back…‎ ‎【Useful Sentences】‎ ‎1. I’m sorry that I can't go to school today. 很遗憾我今天不能去上学了。‎ ‎2. I shall be very happy to call at your house at 8:30 this evening. 很高兴我今晚8:30能去你家拜访。‎ ‎3. I am in urgent need of 500 yuan. 我急需500元钱。‎ ‎4. Please give me a leave for five days. 请准我5天假。‎ ‎5. I have received your note. 来条收悉。‎ ‎6. Please accept this little gift. 请收下这小小的礼物。‎ ‎7. Please favor me with an early reply. 请尽早回复。‎ ‎8. Would/Could/Will you please…? 请你……好吗？‎ 经典范例 假设你叫李华，到同学李英家通知她一件事，碰巧她不在家，你给她留了张便条，内容如下：‎ ‎1. 明天的课将推迟到本星期六下午2点，因为明天你要参加劳动—植树，上午7点在校门口集合出发。‎ ‎2. 前天你把雨伞落在她家房子的前门外，请她明天上课时替你带来。‎ ‎ Li Hua ‎ 8.10‎ ‎ One possible version:‎ Aug.10‎ Li Ying, ‎ Tomorrow's class will be put off to Saturday. Instead, we'll take part in the labour—plant trees. We'll gather at the school gate and start off at 7:00 a.m. ‎ I left my umbrella at the front door of your house the day before yesterday. Please bring it to me when you come to school tomorrow.‎ Thank you very much. ‎ ‎ Yours,‎ Li Hua 通知、启事 通知一般可分为口头通知和书面通知两种。口头通知是当面向有关人员口授有关活动的信息，而书面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知给有关人员。通知的要素是时间，地点，对象，事件具体内容，注意事项等。通知的语言应该是简洁明了，直截了当。还应该注意要有一定的逻辑顺序。‎ 通知的内容一般可分为5个部分：‎ ‎1. 标题：通知的正上方通常要有一个标题。口头通知常用Announcement，书面通知多用Notice。‎ ‎2. 日期：口头通知因是现场发布，不需要写日期；但书面通知要写日期，一般写在正文的左下角，要低于落款，书信式通知的日期可写在正文的右上角。‎ ‎3. 称呼语：口头通知往往要有称呼语。 ‎ ‎4. 正文：通知正文所使用的语言应尽量简明扼要。常可按时间先后顺序陈述。‎ ‎5. 落款：口头通知通常不用落款；书面通知需要落款，即发出通知的人或单位名称。落款一般写在通知的右下角。‎ 启事也分为标题、正文、署名、日期等部分。标题应明确，如“寻人启事”、“寻物启事”、“招领启事”、“关于XX的启事”。正文部分要写清楚启事的理由。‎ 经典必会 ‎【Useful Words & Expressions】‎ ‎1. 称呼语：Boys and girls, Ladies and gentlemen, Dear friends…‎ ‎2. 欢迎词：Welcome to…, look forward to…, glad to…‎ ‎3. 表示决定：decide to…, make up one’s mind to…‎ ‎ 【Useful Sentences】‎ ‎1. Would you mind…? 你介意吗？‎ ‎2. We're going to… 我们打算……‎ ‎3. Don't forget to… 不要忘了……‎ ‎4. 口头通知开头用语：May I have your attention, please? / Attention, please. / I have an announcement to make. / Be quiet, please. / Listen to me, please. ‎ ‎5. 口头通知结束用语：Thanks you for listening. / Thank you for your attention. / That's all, thank you!‎ 经典范例一 你校学生会将为来访的美国朋友举办一个晚会，要在学校广播中宣布此事，并欢迎大家参加。为使美国朋友能听懂，请你用英语写一篇广播通知。要点如下：‎ 宗旨：欢迎来访的美国朋友 组织者：学生会 时间：7月13日（星期六）晚7：30‎ 活动内容：音乐，跳舞，唱歌，游戏，交换小礼品（请包装好，签名并在包装外面写上几个祝愿词）‎ 注意：1. 广播稿约100词。2. 应包括以上要点，但不要逐字翻译，要组织成一篇通顺连贯的短文。3. 开头语以为你写好。‎ 生词：交换礼品—to exchange gifts 学生会—the Student Union May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. ___________________‎ One Possible Version:‎ May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Students' Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, July 13, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7:30 PM. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchange of gifts. You may bring along a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.‎ Don't forget 7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. It's sure to be a lot of fun. Everyone who wants to attend is welcome. Thank you.‎ 经典范例二 英语学生会将举办英语演讲比赛，请用英语起草一份通知（notice）。通知包括以下内容：‎ 演讲时间：下周六下午三点 地点：201室 ‎ 题目：自定，演讲时间不得超过10分钟。‎ 报名办法：向班长报名（sign up）‎ 评判及奖励：邀请五位教师任评委（judge），获前十名的参赛者（contestant）获奖 ‎ 举办单位：学生会 ‎ 写通知日期：2009年5月18日 ‎ One Possible Version:‎ Notice May 18, 2002 ‎ In order to improve the student's ability to speak English, the Students' Union of the English Department will hold an English contest in Room 201 at 3 p.m. on Saturday next week. Those who are willing to take part in it sign up with ‎ the monitors now. Every contestant can speak about any subject within ten minutes. Five teachers will be invited to be judges. The first ten winners will be given awards as an encouragement. All the students are welcome to be present at the contest. ‎ The Students' Union ‎ 发言稿 发言稿在格式上和书信有点类似，也是由称呼语、正文、结束语和署名（也可以不写署名）构成。称呼一般以Dear…开头，也可以不用称呼，直接写正文。发言稿是直接面向听众的，所以在语言的选择上要简短，尽可能多使用简单句，让听众一听就明白。发言稿的观点要鲜明，感情要真挚。 ‎ ‎ 经典必会 ‎【Useful Words & Expressions】‎ ‎1. 表示发言：speak, give a lecture, deliver / make a speech…‎ ‎2. 开头语言：Ladies and gentlemen, Dear teachers and classmates, Boys and girls, Hello, everyone, Welcome to…‎ ‎3. 表示观点：in my opinion, I think / believe…, I hope / wish ‎4. 表示总结：in all, in short, in a word, that's all…‎ ‎ 【Useful Sentences】‎ 开头用语 ‎1. Dear friends. May I have your attention, please? 亲爱的朋友们。请注意。‎ ‎2. Good evening! Ladies and gentlemen. I'm very glad to introduce my self to me.… ‎ 晚上好，女士们，先生们！很高兴像大家自我介绍……‎ ‎3. I'd love to share with you… / tell you something about…‎ 我很乐意和你们分享……/告诉你们一些关于……‎ ‎4. First of all, I'll tell you… 首先，我将告诉大家……‎ ‎5. I'm very happy to have the chance to speak here. 很高兴有机会在这儿发言。‎ 结尾用语 ‎1. I hope what I said is helpful. 我希望我说的话对大家有所帮助。‎ ‎2. That's all. Thank you for your listening. 我的演讲结束了，谢谢大家。‎ 其他 ‎1. I think we must … 我认为我们必须……‎ ‎2. Let's try our best to…让我们尽最大努力……‎ 经典范例 ‎（2005 安徽）假设有一批英国中学生将来你校就读，校方要求你在开班典礼上介绍一下学校的有关要求。请按以下要点写一篇发言稿。‎ ‎1. 上学要穿戴整洁2. 上课不迟到、早退 3. 保持校园清洁 ‎     4. 走路靠右行；若要骑车上学，请办自行车许可证 ‎     注意： 1. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯 ‎     2. 开头和结尾已为你写好  3. 词数100左右 ‎    参考词汇：许可证——permit ‎ ‎    Good morning, dear friends. Welcome to our school. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎    Thanks.‎ One Possible Version:‎ Good morning, dear friends. Welcome to our school. Now please allow me to introduce you to some of our school rules here. As high school students, firstly, we are expected to be neatly dressed when at school. Secondly, it must be made clear that we should never be late for class or leave school before it is over. The school is a place for us to live and study in, so we must keep it clean. Lastly, when you are walking on the road, please remember to keep to the right, and if you want to go to school by bike, you must have a bicycle permit.‎ ‎    Thanks.‎ 海报、宣传单 广告、海报和宣传单等是某一特定范围内向大众发布某种消息的一种带有装饰性和宣传性的应用文。与通知相似，广告、海报和宣传单也要根据要求写明具体的时间、地点及有关注意事项等。写作时要注意以下几点：‎ ‎1. 语句力求简短；‎ ‎2. 信息简单明确，避免出现生词、新词、易产生歧义的词等；‎ ‎3. 要包含明确的信息，避免使用空洞乏味的套话。 ‎ ‎ 经典必会 ‎【Useful Words & Expressions】‎ ‎1. 表示欢迎：welcome to, please come and…, nice to…, be popular with…‎ ‎2. 表示品质：good, beautiful, nice, excellent, wonderful, interesting, exciting, charming, original, comfortable, unusual, different, educational, fascinating ‎3. 表示角逐：play against / with… / between … and …, compete with…‎ ‎4. 表示祝愿：enjoy oneself, have fun, have a good time…‎ ‎【Useful Sentences】‎ ‎1. Do you want …? 你想/愿意……吗？‎ ‎2.  Please come here and… 请到这里来……‎ ‎3. …will be good / great / nice / wonderful. ……将非常好/精彩。‎ ‎4. Enjoy yourself / Have fun! 玩得愉快！‎ ‎5. Our telephone number is… 我们的电话是……‎ 经典范例 ‎ ‎（2007 全国2）一家宾馆新开业，为吸引外国宾客，希望在互联网上进行宣传，请你用英语为其写一篇文字介绍。主要内容应包括：‎ ‎    1. 地点：距白山入口处500米；‎ ‎    2. 房间及价格：单人间（共20间），100元/天；双人间（共15间），150元/ 天； 热水淋浴；‎ ‎     3. 餐饮：餐厅(中、西餐，咖啡厅（茶、咖啡）；4. 游泳池：全天免费开放；‎ ‎     5. 欢迎预定。‎ Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel ‎    Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business. ‎ ‎_______________________________________________________________‎ ‎__________________________________________________________________‎ One Possible Version:‎ Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business. ‎ Our hotel stands 500 meters away from the entrance to Baishan Mountain. It has 20 single rooms and 15 double rooms, all with hot showers. A single room is 100 yuan and a double room 150 yuan for one night. You are advised to book in advance. The hotel serves three meals a day and there are Chinese food and western food for you to choose from. You can also enjoy yourself at the cafe drinking tea or coffee in the evening. We also have a swimming pool, which is open all day and free of charge.‎ All are welcome!‎