2019届高考英语考前培训：写作素能培养第11讲灵活阐释开放作文

2019届高考英语考前培训：写作素能培养第11讲灵活阐释开放作文

写作素能培养 第三部分 第十一讲　灵活阐释开放作文 ( 半 ) 开放作文 开放性作文一般没有提示和要点的限制，从而更好地考查了考生对英语语言的综合运用能力及考生的想像力和创造力，因此，这种题型也越来越受到高考命题人的青睐。 一、试题特征 1 ． 命题式开放性作文，即给出作文题目，要求考生根据对作文题目的分析、理解，自由发挥。命题式开放性作文不像图画式开放性作文那样受到内容或文章体裁方面的限制，命题式开放性作文根据内容要求可以是记叙文、议论文、说明文，也可以是应用文等。 2 ．图画式开放性作文，即给出一幅图画，要求考生根据图画内容及对图画的理解，写出英语作文。图画式一般有两种情况，一是事件或事故发生的图画，二是夸张式的寓意图。对于事件或事故发生的图画，一般采用记叙文文体；而对于寓意式的图画，一般采用议论文文体。根据不同内容的图画，考生可以套用不同的写作模式。 二、写作步骤 开放性作文没有要点提示。面对一幅抽象的图画或一个标题，考生往往感到茫然，不知所措。为此，建议考生在写作时从以下几个方面入手： 1 ．虚拟目标，有的放矢 首先，虚拟读者对象，以便具体地告诉读者某话题；然后，列出要点，写出提纲，从而变抽象为具体，使开放性作文成为限制性作文。 2 ．理解题意，联系生活 开放性作文的形式可分为图画式或命题式。对于图画式开放性作文，考生必须首先准确描述画面内容；其次，对图画的寓意深层解读；最后，结合生活实际进行联想，发表自己的看法，或给人们提出警示或建议。对于命题式开放性作文，首先必须准确理解题目意思，抓住标题中的关键词；其次，确定文章体裁，结合生活实际组织材料。 3 ．确立主题，列出提纲 不论是图画式开放性作文，还是命题式开放性作文，都要注意以下几点：一是审题，包括题目或图画的内容、命题老师的目的或意图、写作时需要使用的文章体裁等；二是定文章的主题、结构、层次；三是列出要点和提纲，即哪些东西需要写，哪些东西不需要写，做到心中有数；四是文章中所用的人称、时态、语态；五是文章所需要的词汇、短语、句型等。这就为后面的写作做好了充分的准备。 4 ．根据体裁，快速写作 不同的体裁，写作的方法和思路也不一样。考生要运用平时所了解到的文体特点，结合提纲，将文章要点组织起来，以便迅速写出文章。记叙文，通常第一段用一两句话交代事情发生的时间、地点、原因等，第二段叙述事情发生和发展的经过，第三段是事情发生的影响及人们对此的评价或看法。说明文，通常第一段用一两句话点出说明对象，第二段按照时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑顺序进行讲解或介绍，第三段提出想法或建议。议论文，通常第一段用一两句话提出论点，第二段从正反两方面进行论证，第三段通过对上述第二段的分析，总结得出结论。应用文，首先注意应用文的格式，其次表达清楚所要讲的事情；最后要注意语言措辞及礼节等。 三、注意事项 1 ．认真审题，即审语境、审人称、审时态。 2 ．要紧扣主题，首尾呼应。 3 ．注意写作对象和语言风格，要有读者意识。 4 ．要进行细致描写，有细节的支撑。 5 ．要有主次之分，详略得当。 6 ．必须符合逻辑。 7 ．要做到思想健康，积极向上。 8 ．内容新颖。新颖的内容能够充分体现考生的创造力，这正好符合新课标所提倡的素质教育的要求。 四、常用句式 1 ． The picture presents to us that... 这幅画向我们展示了 …… 。 2 ． As is seen in the picture.../We can see from the picture that... 从这幅图画中我们可以看到 …… 。 3 ． So it is a better choice to... 因此 …… 是更好的选择。 4 ． On one hand ， I don't think it is right to... 一方面，我认为 …… 是不正确的。 5 ． Therefore ， when we...it is wise to... 因此，当我们 …… 时， …… 是很明智的。 6 ． I think that this picture tries to tell us... 我想这幅图是想告诉我们 …… 。 7 ． I sincerely hope that... 我真诚地希望 …… 。 8 ． We must learn to... 我们必须学会 …… 。 【 典例 】 　 (2017 · 浙江卷 ) 阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。 On a bright, warm July afternoon, Mac Hollan, a primary school teacher, was cycling from his home to Alaska with his friends . One of his friends had stopped to make a bicycle repair, but they had encouraged Mac to carry on, and they would catch up with him soon. As Mac pedaled ( 骑行 ) along alone, he thought fondly of his wife and two young daughters at home . He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday. Then Mac heard quick and loud breathing behind him. ＂ Man, that's a big dog ！＂ he thought. But when he looked to the side, he saw instantly that it wasn't a dog at all, but a wolf, quickly catching up with him. Mac's heart jumped . He found out his can of bear spray. With one hand on the bars, he fired the spray at the wolf. A bright red cloud enveloped the animal, and to Mac's relief, it fell back, shaking its head. But a minute later, it was by his side again. Then it attacked the back of Mac's bike, tearing open his tent hag. He fired at the wolf a second time, and again, it fell back only to quickly restart the chase ( 追赶 ) ． Mac was pedaling hard now. He waved and yelled at passing cars but was careful not to slow down. He was a steep uphill climb before him. He knew that once he hit the hill, he'd be easy caught up and the wolf's teeth would be tearing into his flesh. At this moment, Paul and Beeky were driving their car on their way to Alaska. They didn't think much of it when they saw two cyclists repairing their bike on the side of the road. A bit later, they spotted what they, too, assumed was a dog running alongside a man on a bike. As they got closer, they realized that the dog was a wolf. Mac heard a large vehicle behind him. He pulled in front of it as the wolf was catching up fast, just a dozen yards away now. 注意： 1. 所续写短文的词数应为 150 左右； 2 ．应使用 5 个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语； 3 ．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好； 4 ．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。 Paragraph 1 ： The car abruptly stopped in front of him.________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2 ： A few minutes later, the other two cyclists arrived._________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【 解析 】 　 本文主要讲述了 Mac 在骑自行车前往阿拉斯加的途中，被一只狼追赶的故事。时态要考虑以一般过去时为主，人称以第三人称为主。同时要兼顾字数的要求，不要过多，关键词列出 5 个以上，需要均匀分布在两段中。考生要注意几个关键信息和情节变化并结合给出的内容提示进行合理构思。 【 范文 】 The car abruptly stopped in front of him. Paul and Becky got out of the car immediately to give the help. With nothing on the hand, they didn't dare to fight against the wolf . However, they still approached to the wolf bravely. At the same time, the wolf also noticed them and turned its head back, howling angrily towards Paul and Becky. Mac then jumped off the bicycle and was ready to fight against the wolf. Then came the deadlock. A few minutes later, the other two cyclists arrived. They found the dangerous situation, where three men circled the wolf. Mac's friends also jumped off their bicycles and joined the fight with the wolf. More and more cars stopped. Some drivers took out the sticks from the cars, and some took out the knives, even the guns towards the wolf. In the meanwhile, the wolf might feel the people's threats around, so it began to step back slowly. Soon, it ran away off the road and disappeared in the distance. 【 点评 】 　本篇范文很好地完成了题目要求的写作任务。文章结构合理、层次分明。时态运用准确无误，表达纯正。范文使用了较高级的词汇和词组 approached 、 circled 、 took out ；还使用了定语从句 where three men circled the wolf ；现在分词作状语 howling angrily towards Paul and Becky 等； with nothing on the hand 、 however 、 at the same time 、 in the meanwhile 等词的使用，把文章衔接了起来，使文章显得有层次感。 (2016 · 江苏 ) 请阅读下面短文，并按照要求用英语写一篇 150 词左右的文章。 In recent years, internet voting has become increasingly popular in China.People not only can use part time votes themselves, but also urge others to vote for competitions like the “ Most Beautiful Teacher ” and the “ Cutest Baby ” ． Li Jiang, a high school student, is invited to vote in the “ Best Police Officer ” competition, organized by the local government to let the public have a better understanding of police officers' daily work.Li Jiang visits the website and reads all the stories.He is deeply moved by their glorious deeds.He is already thinking of becoming a policeman himself in the future. Su Hua is invited by his uncle to vote for his cousin in the “ Future Singer ” competition.He has already received three similar invitations this week.His uncle tells him that if his cousin wins the competition, the family will win an overseas tour for free.Su Hua likes his cousin very much, but he finds other singers perform even better.To vote, or not to vote? This is a question that troubles him very much. 【 写作内容 】 1 ．用约 30 个单词写出上文概要； 2 ．用约 120 个单词阐述你对网络投票的看法，并用 2 ～ 3 个理由或论据支撑你的看法。 【 写作要求 】 1 ．写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句； 2 ．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称； 3 ．不必写标题。 【 评分标准 】 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。 On line voting becomes increasingly popular, and many competitions get people involved in it. It is beneficial to some people, while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not. In my opinion, on line voting is an inseparable part of modern life and should be welcomed, since it is no more than a way to participate in public life. It makes no difference from ordinary voting events, in which candidates go around to seek supports. In addition, the Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient, regardless of time and space. Furthermore, voting on the Internet makes instant feedback possible. Possible version one ： To be honest, voters sometimes feel annoyed, not because they hate voting, but because they are divided between emotion and fairness. Things will turn for the better if we can work out some participation rules for people to obey. Therefore, I hold a positive attitude towards on line voting. (150 words) Internet voting is quite popular nowadays. Many people are somewhat puzzled at the negative side of the voting, although some are quite happy with it, and active in doing it. In my opinion, internet voting has begun to show its negative impacts on people and society. Firstly, people may feel forced when asked to do things that they don't want to. Secondly, voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors, but rather on how many social net working resources they have. Thirdly, the voters or even the competitors in many cases are possibly taken advantage of by the organizers for commercial purposes. Possible version two ： In short, internet voting, to some extent, is unfair, if immoral, and cannot be trusted. Therefore, rules should be worked out and strictly observed. Everyone in our society should help those in need, but it is more important to be sincere and earnest. (150 words) 【 解析 】 　 此类作文对考生的能力要求极高。首先考生要以 30 字概述短文内容。接下来就网络投票发表个人看法并提出理由和根据。文章要使用第三人称和一般现在时为主的时态。要求： 1. 概述：网络投票越来越流行，几乎人人都参与了网络投票，在给人们带来好处的同时，有时候也让人进退两难不知道是否应该参加这样的投票。 2 ．支持：网络投票和生活密切相关，我们应该积极参与。 3 ．理由及依据： (1) 它是一种社会生活的方式；网络投票方便容易，不受时间和地点的束缚。同时网络投票的反馈迅速可靠。 (2) 虽然有时候网络投票也会给我们带来困扰，但如果有更好的参与规则，网络投票会更加规范合理。 4 ．反对：网络投票会给人类带来负面影响。 (1) 人们会因为网络投票而产生被迫的感觉。 (2) 网络投票结果并不客观； (3) 网络投票可能会被故意利用。建议考生在写作概述时，语言简练不拖沓。注意使用本人熟悉的词汇及句式，以增加获得高分的可能性。不要堆砌使用串联词，穿插使用陈述句、祈使句和被动句式，让文章更加丰富多样化。 【 点评 】 　本篇范文很好地完成了所有任务。文章结构合理，层次分明。第一段总结归纳短文内容提出网络投票很流行，给人们带来好处同时也有不利之处。第二段提出个人观点并给出理由，两篇范文中正反观点明确，论据有力；第三段中提出合理化建议；时态和人称运用准确无误，全文无汉语式英语思维，体现出很高的运用语言的能力。从写作技巧来看，文章中使用了较多的复合句，如定语从句． .... in which candidates go around to seek supports. 状语从句． ....if we can work out some participation rules for people to obey. 同时文章中串联词运用较为合理，如 in my opinion 、 in addition 、 furthermore 、 to be honest 等等。