【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题情态动词(9页word版)

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【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题情态动词(9页word版)

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题情态动词 情态动词的基本用法 情态动词具有一定的词义,没有人称和数的变化,必须和其他动词一起构成谓语,用来表示愿望、态度或推测等。‎ ‎1.表示能力 ‎(1)表示现在的能力 ‎(2)表示将来的能力:will be able to ‎(3)表示过去的能力 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.‎ 尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了这个宾馆,但是每个人都逃了出去。(表示过去有能力做并且成功地做了)‎ I could have worked out the problem, but I was too nervous.‎ 我本来可以解出这道题,但我太紧张了。(表示本来有能力做但未做)‎ ‎2.表示推测(可能性)‎ 可能性可分为客观的可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性两种。‎ ‎(1)客观的可能性并不表示具体某事是否会发生,而用来说明人或事物的特征。情态动词can可用于肯定句中表示客观的(或理论的)可能性,而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时, can一般不用于肯定句。‎ Accidents can happen on such rainy days.‎ 在这样的多雨天气里可能会发生事故。(表示客观的可能性)‎ We may go to the cinema tonight, but we are not sure yet.‎ 今晚我们可能去看电影,但还没确定。(表示实际可能性,不用can)‎ ‎(2)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性 表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次(由强及弱)比较:‎ 词形 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 must ‎ 必定,必然 ‎/‎ ‎/‎ should 按说应该 应该不会 ‎/‎ ought to 按说应该 应该不会 ‎/‎ can ‎/‎ 不可能 有可能吗?‎ could 微弱的可能 不可能 语气比can弱 may 或许,也许,也说不定 可能不 ‎/‎ might 比may还弱 比may not还弱 ‎/‎ ‎①在肯定句中表示推测(must/have to, should/ought to, may, might, could)‎ a.当说话者表达怀疑或犹豫之意时,需用may, might或 could, 其中might, could比may所表达的怀疑或犹豫之意更强。‎ That may be our taxi now!‎ 现在那辆可能就是我们的出租车了!‎ That could/might be our taxi (but I doubt it).‎ 那辆有可能是我们的出租车(但我有所怀疑)。‎ b.当说话者表达毫无疑问的结论时,需用must和have to (较通俗),意为“一定,肯定”;should和ought to所表达的程度不如must强,但比may, might和could强,should/ought to表示推测出合乎理想的情况或结果,意为“按说应该”。‎ He must/has to be the wanted man: He's exactly like the one in this picture. ‎ 他一定是被通缉的那个男子:他和这张照片上的人一模一样。‎ He ought to/should be here on time — he started early enough.‎ 他应该按时到这里——他出发得够早的。‎ ‎②在否定句中表示推测(may not, might not, shouldn't, can't, couldn't)‎ 否定语气较弱时,常用should not (应该不会),或用may not, might not (可能不,也许不);否定语气较强时,则用can't或couldn't (不可能)。‎ Don't worry. Your father may not have been hurt seriously.‎ 别担心,你父亲也许伤得不厉害。‎ There shouldn't be any difficulty in getting you a visa.‎ 给你弄个签证应该不会有什么困难。‎ ‎③在疑问句中表示推测(can, could)‎ can, could在疑问句中,常表示困惑、不相信等。‎ There's someone outside — who can it be?‎ 外面有人——会是谁呢?‎ What can they be doing?‎ 他们可能在干些什么呢?‎ Could he be serious?‎ 他是当真的吗?‎ Where can she have put it?‎ 她能把它放在哪儿呢?‎ ‎3.表示必要性、义务、责任 ‎(1)表示必要性 You needn't have worked that late last night. It was harmful to your health.‎ 你昨晚本来不必工作到那么晚的。那对你的健康有害。‎ ‎—Must I give up smoking?‎ ‎—Yes, you must. /No, you needn't.‎ ‎——我必须戒烟吗?‎ ‎——是的,你必须。/不,你不必。‎ ‎(2)表示义务、责任 should意为“(义务上)应该”,在语气上比must (必须)弱。“should+动词原形”表示现在或将来应该……;“should+have+过去分词”表示过去本该……。‎ I should go and visit him this afternoon, but I wonder if I will be free.‎ 今天下午我应该去看望他,但我不知道我是否有空。(表示将来应该)‎ You should have come to the conference yesterday. What was the reason for your absence?‎ 你昨天本应该参加那个会议。你缺席的原因是什么?(表示过去本该)‎ ‎4.表示请求、建议、命令、允许、禁止 ‎(1)表示请求、建议 ‎①表示请求许可或提出建议时用:‎ ‎—May I sit down?我可以坐下吗?‎ ‎—No, you mustn't.不,你不可以。‎ Shall the driver wait outside?‎ 司机在外边等着可以吗?‎ Would you do me a favor?‎ 请帮我一下,好吗?‎ ‎[名师指津] 请求对方许可时,could表示委婉的语气,回答时要用can。‎ ‎—Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?‎ ‎—Yes, you can.(否定:No, I'm afraid not.)‎ ‎——明天早晨我用一下你的自行车,行吗?‎ ‎——行,你用吧。(否定:不,恐怕不行。)‎ ‎②主动提出帮忙时用:Shall I/we ...?‎ ‎—What's your name?‎ ‎—Aaron. Shall I spell it for you?‎ ‎——你叫什么?‎ ‎——Aaron。我为你拼出来好吗?‎ ‎(2)表示命令、允许、禁止 must (必须), mustn't (禁止)可以表示说话者的命令或指令,语气比较强烈;should/ought to(应该), shouldn't/oughtn't to (不应该)也可表示说话者的命令、指令,但暗含对对方是否听从并无把握;may/might, can 表示允许。‎ The children must be back by 4 o'clock.‎ 孩子们必须在4点钟以前回来。‎ You mustn't leave the gate open.‎ 你不要让大门敞开着。‎ You ought to/should apologize.‎ 你应该道歉(虽然我不知道你是否会这样做)。‎ You oughtn't to/shouldn't neglect the garden.‎ 你不应该疏于照管花园。‎ You may/can/might come if you wish.‎ 你想来就来吧。‎ Passengers may/can/might cross by the footbridge.‎ 乘客可通过步行桥穿过去。‎ ‎5.表示意愿、意志、决心、允诺 ‎(1)shall与第二、三人称连用,用于陈述句中,表示说话者的意志,用来表达说话者给对方以命令、指示或允诺。此外,当宣布法律、规定时,也用shall来表达。‎ It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.‎ 已宣布,在所有试卷收上来之前,应试者必须留在自己的座位上。(规则或规定)‎ ‎(2)will, would与各种人称连用,用于陈述句,表示主语的意愿、意志或决心。‎ You can stay here as long as you can, if you will.‎ 如果你愿意,你想在这里待多长时间就待多长时间。(表示主语的意愿)‎ ‎—Mr. Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon. Don't you forget it!‎ ‎—OK, I won't.‎ ‎——戈登先生让我提醒你今天下午有会议。你可别忘了!‎ ‎——好的,我不会忘的。(表示决心)‎ ‎6.表示习惯和倾向 will (won't)可用来叙述真理,还可叙述目前的习惯,would (wouldn't)可以用来叙述过去的习惯。‎ Engines won't run without lubricant.‎ 没有润滑剂发动机就不能运转。‎ He would spend hours in the bathroom or on the telephone.‎ 他以前一进洗澡间或是一打电话,往往就是几个小时。‎ ‎[名师指津] would和used to 都可表示过去的习惯,但前者表示过去反复的动作,常与every day, often, frequently等连用;后者表示过去的状态或过去的习惯,但现在已不存在。‎ When he was abroad, he would read as many books as possible.‎ 在国外时,他总是尽可能多读书。‎ She doesn't get up so early as she used to.‎ 她不像以前那样起得那么早了。‎ ‎7.need和dare的用法 作实义 动词 有人称和数的变化 后接to do 用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句 构成否定句、疑问句时要用助动词 作情态动词 无人称和数的变化 后接动词原形 多用于否定句与疑问句 构成否定句、疑问句时不用助动词 He needn't do it.(情态动词)‎ He doesn't need to do it.(实义动词)‎ 他不必做这件事。‎ I didn't know whether he dared say that to him.(情态动词,有时态变化)‎ 我不知道他是否敢对他说那些。‎ ‎[名师指津] (1)dare作情态动词时,还可用于条件状语从句中,过去式为dared;(2)作实义动词时,dare用于疑问句或否定句,后面的to也可省略;(3)I dare say是习惯说法,意为“我想,大概”。(4)need作实义动词时,还可表示“需要”,后接动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式表示被动含义。‎ ‎[命题点感悟]   考什么·考多少·怎么考 ‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎①(2017·北京高考改编)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class,________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.‎ 解析:can 句意:塞缪尔,我们班最高的男孩,能轻松地够到书架顶层上的书本。can表示“能够”。‎ ‎②(2016·浙江高考)Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.‎ 解析:去掉had 根据语境可知,此处描述的是过去的一种习惯,故用would ‎ do表示“过去常常做”。‎ ‎③(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect our environment.‎ 解析: found→find 情态动词后面要用动词原形。‎ 情态动词+have done ‎1.对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测 must have done sth.‎ ‎“(过去)一定做了某事”;语气比较肯定;用于肯定句 may (might) ‎ have done sth.‎ ‎“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”;语气不确定;用于肯定句和否定句 can (could) ‎ have done sth.‎ ‎“本能够做某事”;用于否定句和疑问句,表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定 Looking at the large empty apartment, I began aware of how lonely my mother must have been in Brazil herself.‎ 看着这个又大又空的公寓,我开始理解妈妈独自一人在巴西一定也很孤单。‎ The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.‎ 那个男孩也许知道了真相,但我不是很确定。‎ I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning. She couldn't have spoken at the meeting.‎ 我今天上午在会议室时没看见她,她不可能在会议上讲话。‎ ‎2.表示“与过去事实相反”‎ could have done sth.‎ 过去本可以做某事但实际上没做 needn't have done sth.‎ 过去本不必做某事但实际上做了 ought to/should have done sth.‎ 过去本应该做某事但实际上没做 oughtn't to/shouldn't have done sth.‎ 过去本不应该做某事但实际上做了 might have done sth.‎ 过去可能做某事但实际上没做 He could have gone on regretting it, as too many of us do.‎ 他本可以继续为此而遗憾,正如我们中很多人一样。‎ I needn't have taken the umbrella, for the weather is fine.‎ 天气这么好,我本没必要带雨伞的。‎ You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.‎ 你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。‎ You might have given him more help, though you were busy.‎ 你本可以给他更多帮助,虽然你当时很忙。‎ ‎[命题点感悟]   考什么·考多少·怎么考 ‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎①(2013·全国卷Ⅱ改编) Since nobody gave him any help, he ________ have done the research on his own.‎ 解析:must 句意:既然没有人帮助他,他一定是独自完成了这项研究。根据题干中“Since nobody gave him any help”可判断设空处表示肯定的推测。‎ ‎②(2013·浙江高考改编)I ________ (enjoy) myself more — it was a perfect day.‎ 解析:couldn't/can't have enjoyed 句意:我玩得再开心不过了——这是完美的一天。“can't/couldn't ... more”表示最高级的意思;根据题干中的was可知设空处表示“对过去发生的事情的态度”,故答案为couldn't/can't have enjoyed。‎ ‎③(2015·天津高考改编)I needn't worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.‎ 解析:worried前加have needn't have done表示“本没有必要做”。‎
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