上海高考英语试卷评析11

上海高考英语试卷评析11

‎2009年上海高考英语试卷评析 上海市行知中学 徐继田 陈娅琴 舒莉莉 一、基本特点 从宏观角度分析，2009年上海高考英语试卷以测量学知识和语言测试科学为理论指导，试题的难度、区分度设置合理，具有较高的信度和效度。试卷命制严格按照考试大纲的要求，有助于高等学校选拔新生，有助于中学实施素质教育和对学生的语言综合运用能力的培养。从微观上分析，试卷的结构和题型保持相对稳定，具有“重视基础、难易适中、情景丰富、贴近生活”的命题特点，既考查学生对英语基础知识的掌握，又着重考核学生获取、理解、表达信息的语言运用能力，并且含有速度和强度测试的成分等。试卷中的语篇具有趣味性、时效性、科学性、知识性、导向性和教育性等特点。因此，考生在答题的过程中也有增长知识、开阔眼界的收获。‎ 二、试题分析 对2009年上海高考英语试卷评析，我们将从各部分入手，逐题分析。逐题分析时，侧重试题分析“考查目标”、有的还涉及“考查分类”和对“应对策略”的建议。此后再对各大题的命题特点做总结性概括，并提出学习或复习策略。这样不仅让学生知道高考题是考什么、为什么考，还要让学生知道怎样去准备高考。 ‎ ‎（一）听力部分 听力由三部分组成，分别为短对话，语篇和长对话。主要考查学生获取重要事实信息的能力，理解话语中的隐含意思的能力及归纳话语中的主旨大意的能力。一是获取重要事实信息的能力，即让考生在听力部分所提供的大量未经分类的语言信息中选择出可供解题的有用信息。二是理解话语中的隐含意思的能力，即考生能运用生活常识和基本逻辑对相关文字信息进行衍生和迁移，得出相关隐含信息。三是归纳话语中的主旨大意的能力，即考生能通过所获取的相关语言信息，对其进行语言加工和简化概括，归纳出语段的大意或者作者意图等。‎ ‎2009年听力部分突出考查了考生获取重要事实信息的能力，理解话语中的隐含意思的能力及归纳话语中的主旨大意的能力。该部分继续保持题材丰富和体裁不断变化的特征。如语篇部分的第二篇2007年为newsp report、2008年为instructions、2009年为speech。今年听力部分的难度系数为0.69，与 2008年的难度系数0.62相比，今年听力的难度有所降低。‎ I.‎‎ 听力 Section A 本部分仍然选取了贴近学生生活，反映时代特征的题材。在往年判断对话发生的场所，判断人物身份，判断对话者情绪，判断对话者意图等常规题型的基础上，对话的平均长度略长于往年, 因此信息量更大。‎ ‎1. M: I am so sick of calling the ticket office, the line is always busy. ‎ W: Why don’t you order through the Internet?‎ Question: What does the women suggest the man do?‎ A. Go to the office B. Keep calling C. Try online booking D. See a doctor 答案为C。‎ 考查目标：本题考查目标是获取重要事实信息能力。根据男士的抱怨“我觉得打电话订票这件事让我很头痛，总是占线”，女士回答“你为什么不在网上预订”可以确定女士建议男士在网上订票，因此C选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题涉及的是日常生活中的网上购物话题。‎ 应对策略：考生应掌握与本话题相关的词汇。此类话题的词汇一般有：have /gain /get /obtain access to the Internet, serf the Internet, log on to, order, place an order, 等。此外，考生还应掌握Why don’t do …? 或Why not do…? 等表示建议的常用功能句型，以便明确对话者的意图。‎ ‎2. W: What was the best moment of the race for you? ‎ M: Oh, when I got to the finishing line, definitely. ‎ Question: What kind of person is probably the man?‎ A. A reporter B. An athlete C. A fisherman D. An organizer 答案为B。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是理解话语中的隐含意思的能力。根据女士提到的race赛跑及男士提到的finishing line终点可以确定其职业与运动有关，因此B选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题是属于会话者身份、职业判断的话题。‎ 应对策略：人物关系、身份、职业推测要求考生通过对场景词的把握来推测事情发生的地点以及当事人之间的关系。此类题型有两种设计：(1) 说话者自身的身份或职业；（2）说话双方之间的关系。职业、身份以及说话双方关系的选择所依据的是信息词。此类话题词汇一般有：（1）dentist/ nurse/ doctor/ cook/ tailor/ teacher/ student/ professor/ librarian/ journalist/ police officer/ clerk/ artist/ reporter/ driver等。（2）parents and child/ teacher and student/ doctor and patient/ boss and secretary/ mother and son/ husband and wife等。另外，要判断双方的关系宜从说话的方式入手，因此要注意积累与人物身份相关的词汇，如boss and secretary通常对应type, files, meeting, schedule等；teacher and student 通常对应lesson, teach, homework等；customer and waitress通常对应what can I do for you, menu, order, bill, (table) close to the window等；doctor and patient 通常对应medicine, headache, symptom, treatment, cure, blood, sick, hurt, injection, operation等。‎ ‎3. W: I'd like to mail this package special delivery. Can it arrive within two days?‎ M: Sure, no problem.‎ Question: Where does this conversation probably take place?‎ A. At a post office B. At a fast-food restaurant C. At a booking office D. At a check-in desk 答案为A。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是获取重要事实信息的能力。根据女士所说“我想以快递方式寄这个包裹，两天后能到吗？”可以确定对话发生在邮局，因此A选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题为判断对话发生的地点的话题。‎ 应对策略：学生应掌握与场景话题相关的词汇和常用句型。与邮局场所相关的词汇一般包括：letter, stamp, envelope, postage, ordinary mail, express mail, zip code, money order, package, parcel, registered letter, airmail, mail a letter等。在邮局对话的常用句型一般包括：‎ How much is an airmail letter to Canada? ‎ How much more would it cost ot send this special delivery?‎ Could you tell me how much it would cost to send this to France by regular mail?‎ I'd like a 20 cent stamp, please. ‎ I'd like five airmail stamps.‎ I'd like to send a $20.00 money order.‎ 类似的场景话题和词汇一般有：‎ ‎（1）校园：department, school, research paper, term paper, reading list, reading report, lecture, undergraduate, graduate, post graduate, freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, course, credit, tuition, scholarship, cafeteria等。‎ ‎(2) 公司：interview, post, position, apply for, resume, working experience等。（3）银行：deposit, draw, interest, check, bankbook, open an account, exchange, ‎ money exchange, rate of exchange, currency, deposit savings. ‎ ‎(4) 火车站：platform, waiting-room, inquiry office, ticket office, one-way ticket, ‎ return ticket等。‎ ‎（5）机场：plane, waiting lounge, information office, duty-free shop, boarding ‎ pass/ ticket, first/ business/ economy class, air ticket, airfare, direct flight, non-stop flight, stopover, domestic/ international flight, flight No. 280. air hostess, No smoking sigh, seatbelt, take off, land, gate number, departure, arrival, coach, go through the customs等。‎ ‎（6）餐厅：menu, waiter, waitress, main dish, appetizer, dessert, the first course, ready to order, a table for four, underdone, well-done, half-done, over-done, tender, have the bill, reserve a table, beef, mutton, pork, steak, chicken, salad, cabbage, potato, tomato, knife, fork, spoon, tray, sea food, hamburger, drinks, apple pie等。 ‎ ‎(7) 旅馆：single room with bath, double room, suite, presidential suite, lobby, check in/ out, room number, receptionist, make a reservation等。‎ ‎(8) 图书馆：borrow a book, return a book, magazine, journal, bookshelf等。‎ ‎（9）医院：prescribe some medicines, run a fever, have a running nose, nose ‎ congestion, take the temperature, scratchy throat, sore throat, cough, pills, tablets, headache, stomach, dizzy, flu, catch a cold, worn out等。‎ ‎4. W: My brother is thinking of eating out with us Saturday night. Any suggestions?‎ M: It is up to you. I don't know the restaurant around here that well.‎ Question: What does the man mean?‎ A. He already has plans. B. The woman should decide where to eat.‎ C. He will make a reservation. D. The woman can ask her brother for ‎ advice. ‎ 答案为B。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是理解话语中的隐含意思的能力。女士征求男士他周六晚与哥哥外出就餐有什么好的建议。根据男士所说“你自己决定。我对周围的饭店不太了解”可以推断该女士需自己决定去哪家饭店就餐。因此C选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题涉及的是日常生活中的外出就餐问题。‎ 应对策略：学生应掌握与本话题相关的词汇。此类话题的词汇见第三题。此外，该对话中出现了征求对方建议的句型。建议句型往往是比较复杂的句型之一，因为句型相对比较多，而且隐蔽性比较强。但有时会出现明显的提示词或句型，要注意这类信息的提示作用，如：I suggest…/ You’d better…/ You ought to…/ But you could…/ Shall we…?/ How about…?/ why not…?/ What do you think of…?等 ‎5. W: The floor is awfully wet, what happened?‎ M: The moment I got into the shower, the phone rang.‎ Question: What does the man imply?‎ A. He got wet in the rain. ‎ B. The shower was out of order.‎ C. He didn’t hear the phone ringing. ‎ D. He got out of the shower to answer the phone.‎ 答案为D。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是理解话语中的隐含意思的能力。根据男士所说“我刚开始洗澡电话就响了”可以推断男士在洗澡中途去接电话，因此将地板弄湿了，因此D选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题涉及的是日常生活中的偶发事件的话题。‎ 应对策略：考题中现在越来越多的出现隐含原因的表达，即没有原因表达词的原因考点。考生在推断时，除了要抓住对话中的具体信息外，还可以通过关键词把握其要表达的隐含信息。如转折引起的说话人态度及谈论重点的变化常用句型有I’d love /like to, but…/ I hate to tell you this, but…/ Sorry, but…同时也可通过说话者的语音语调来推测，一般声调表示不确定、不满或委婉礼貌；降调则意味着确定、满意。此外也要了解一些特定短语句型。如：You can’t be too careful to drive the car at night.表示晚上开车再小心也不为过。而不能理解为过于小心。 ‎ ‎6. M: I'm going to a party at Carol's house.‎ W: you can't be serious. We've got two tests at school tomorrow.‎ Question: How does the woman feel about the man's idea?‎ A. Reasonable B. Bright C. Serious D. Ridiculous 答案为D。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是理解话语中的隐含意思的能力。男士说要去参加派对，根据女士的反应“你肯定在开玩笑，我们明天有两门考试”可以判断她觉得男士的话很荒唐，因此D选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题涉及的是校园生活中的考试话题及说话者态度的话题。‎ 应对策略：学生应掌握与本话题相关的词汇。与考试相关的话题的词汇一般有：mid-term exam/ final exam/ pass/ fail/ cheat/ grade/ score等。说话者态度除了使用具体的词，如serious/ joke等，还常以反义疑问句的形式出现。反问和反意疑问句在高考中一般以一种无疑而问的形式出现。因此只要很好的把握其“无疑而问”的特点，就能方便解题。当然，也应该注意到，反问句往往作为加强语气的建议句型出现的这一特点。‎ ‎7. W: Where shall we go today then?‎ M: Shall we try the Royal Garden, recommended in the leaflet?‎ Question: What will the two speakers do next?‎ A. Send leaflets B. Go sightseeing C. Do some gardening D. Visit a lawyer 答案为B。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是归纳话语中的主旨大意的能力。根据女士所说“我们要不要去旅游册上推荐的皇家花园看看”可以确定她们要去观光，因此B选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题涉及的是日常生活中的外出旅游话题。‎ 应对策略：考生除需掌握第三题中提到的旅馆词汇外还应掌握与本话题相关的词汇。此类话题的词汇一般有：book a room/ tourist/route/business trip/ backpacker/ tour group/holiday resort/ half-price ticket/ single ticket/express train/ sleeper/ waiting room/ left-luggage office等。‎ ‎8. M: I have come to repair your doorbell.‎ W: You should have come earlier. I'm just going out.‎ Question: What does the woman imply?‎ A. Her doorbell doesn’t need repair. B. She didn’t expect him to come so early C. The man has just arrived on time. D. It is not the right time for her.‎ 答案为D。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是理解话语中的隐含意思的能力。男士来修门铃时，根据女士所说“你应该早点来，我正要出门”，其中隐含的意思是现在修门铃时间并不合适，因此D选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题涉及的是日常生活中修理的话题。‎ 应对策略：本题主要测试如何推断人物的态度与情感。如能正确理解本题中表示“责备”语气的常见句式should have come earlier，就可推断出说话者的态度。此外，学生在日常学习中应注意虚拟语气在对话中的应用，特别是正确理解含蓄条件的表达形式对推断人物的的情感、态度、观点和意向有时会起着关键作用。近几年来，在高考题中对虚拟语气的考查的突出特点是侧重对其的理解而不是运用。‎ ‎9. M: It has been pouring for days now.‎ W: Tomorrow is my day at the beach. I will just have to forget about it if it doesn't clear up Question: What does the woman imply?‎ A. She won’t go to the beach if it rains. ‎ B. She would like the man to go to the beach.‎ C. It will clear up tomorrow. ‎ D. It was pouring when she was at the beach.‎ 答案为A。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是理解话语中的隐含意思的能力。根据女士所说“明天我要去海边，要是明天不放晴我就不得不忘了这件事”，其中这件事指的是前面提到的“明天我打算去海边”，可以推断如果下雨她就不去海边了，因此A选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题涉及的是有关天气与外出的话题。‎ 应对策略：学生应掌握与本话题相关的词汇。此类话题的词汇一般有：sunny/ rainy/ cold/ breeze/ pleasant weather/ go for a picnic/ swim/ go hiking/ weather forecast ‎10. W: When I'm playing the piano, I don't worry about anything. How about you?‎ M: I go to the gym everyday. It helps me deal with stress.‎ Question: What are the two speakers talking about?‎ A. What to take up as a hobby. B. How to keep fit.‎ C. How to handle pressure. D. What to play with.‎ 答案为C。‎ 考查目标：本题考核目标是归纳话语中的主旨大意的能力。女士说“我弹钢琴的时候会忘记一切”，男士附和道“每天去健身可以减轻压力”，两者谈话的中心在于“忘记一切”，“减轻压力”，因此C选项为正确答案。‎ 话题分类：本题涉及的是兴趣爱好和压力的话题。‎ 应对策略：学生应掌握特定兴趣爱好的词汇及与该兴趣爱好有关的词汇。如gardening/ raise flowers/ sweet sense of smell/ reading/ be crazy about/ provide a large amount of knowledge/ spare time/ be good at等。‎ Section B 本部分测试由两部分组成。第一部分一般为故事短文，内容涉及名人轶事、百姓故事、传奇经历等。第二部分一般为新闻报道或新闻综述，近两年也稳中有变，文章的体裁分别为游览说明、学术演讲。‎ 这部分听力材料具有以下两个特点：一是文章篇幅长，信息量大，题材范围广，而且较难预测到考查信息。其次体裁主要是记叙文、新闻、说明文和演讲等。‎ Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. ‎ When I was 12, my parents moved out of London to a small village in Oxford. I was the only Asian girl in my school, and I suddenly felt a bit lonely. Luckily, I had a brilliant art teacher who encouraged me to go to art college. ‎ However, on the day of my college interview in Bath, I woke up late. I left the house wearing two odd shoes and didn't notice that my bottle of chocolate milk had poured all over the painting in my bag. Then when I finally got to the station, I got on the wrong train. Who knows, if I had gone to Bath that day, I might have become a professional artist. But I went to Swenden instead. I told the woman next to me on ‎ the train about what had happened, and she suddenly cried with laughter. It turned out she was a producer of a comedy program on the radio. To cut a long story short, I got an invitation a week later to attend an interview for the show, and the rest, as they say, is history. I am very lucky my life has been full of happy accidents. Now I am in charge of a very popular TV comedy program.‎ ‎11. Why did the speaker feel lonely in her new school?‎ ‎12. Where did the speaker plan to go for her college interview?‎ ‎13. What incident had changed her fate?‎ ‎11. A. Her school was in a small village. B. She was outstanding at school.‎ ‎ C. She was the only Asian girl there. D. Her parents were in London.‎ ‎12. A. London B. Bath C. Swindon D. Oxford ‎13. A. Coming across a radio producer. B. Taking an earlier train.‎ ‎ C. Meeting a professional artist. D. Wearing two odd shoes.‎ 译文：‎ 我12岁的时候，我父母从伦敦搬到了牛津的一个小村子里。我是学校里唯一的亚裔女生，突然觉得有点孤独。幸运的是我有一个出色的艺术老师，她鼓励我去读艺术学院。‎ 然而我去巴斯入学面试那天起晚了。我出门的时候穿了两只奇怪的鞋而且并没注意到包里的巧克力牛奶全洒到画上。后来到车站的时候还上错了车。如果我那天去了巴斯，我可能就成了一名专业艺术家了，这谁又知道呢。但是却我去了瑞典。在火车上我把我的遭遇告诉了坐在我旁边的一位妇人，她突然大笑起来。原来她是一家电台的戏剧节目制作人。长话短说，一个星期后我接到了一个表演秀节目的采访邀请，接下来发生的事情就像他们说的一样是段历史了。幸运的是我的人生中充满了许多类似意想不到的幸事。现在我主持着一个深受欢迎的电视喜剧节目。‎ ‎11. 答案为C。‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力。听懂短文第一段第二句话中作者说“我是学校里唯一的亚裔女生，突然觉得有点孤独”，可以知道C选项为正确答案。‎ 应对策略：抓住问题的关键词，注意回顾文章中与问题关键词相同或相近的词汇，就近寻找答案。本题问题为Why did the speaker feel lonely in her new school?关键词为lonely，而短文第一段第二句话就提到lonely，因此答案应该在该句前后出现。‎ ‎12. 答案为B。‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是理解话语中的隐含意思的能力。听懂短文第二段第一句话中作者说“然而我去巴斯入学面试那天起晚了”，可以知道主人公本来打算去 是巴斯，后来没赶上火车去了瑞典。因此，B选项为正确答案。‎ 应对策略：密切注意文中的要素，如事件发生的时间、地点、人物、和情节，因为设置的问题通常以what，when, where,which, who, how, why等wh疑问词开头。由于一篇文章中会出现多个时间、地点等，因此考生在处理此类信息时要作好记录，这样才至于听到问题时因混淆不清，而难以决断。‎ ‎13. 答案为A。‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是归纳话语中的主旨大意的能力。听懂短文第二段中“一个星期后我接到了一个表演秀节目的采访邀请…现在我主持一个非常受欢迎的电视喜剧节目。”，可以知道A选项为正确答案。‎ 应对策略：抓住故事性短文的主线、理清故事的情节、弄清人物的关系及把握事件发展的关键，由此便归纳出短文中的核心信息。‎ Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following speech.‎ Today, I will make a speech on zoos. Many people think zoos are cruel, and have no place in the modern world. It is my own opinion that zoos, although not perfect, do have a useful function. ‎ Firstly, zoos are places of education. Zoos can help children to appreciate nature. Further more, research into animal behavior is done in zoos, and has increased on knowledges of zoology, genetics and even psycology. Above all, zoos can protect the future of many species of animal. Many species today are in danger of extinction, and thanks to zoos, they have a chance of survival. ‎ Opponents of zoos say that they are cruel. First of all, they argue, zoos can not recreate the environment in which animals live and because of this, animals are bored and depressed. Secondly, animals have frequent contact with human visitors, which can be stressful. ‎ However, in my opinion, most zoos have improved recently. It is now quite rare to see animals in cages, and most zoos try hard to recreate the environment in which different animals live. ‎ In conclusion, although zoos are not perfect environment for animals, I believe that they have more advantages than disadvantages. In an ideal world, zoos would not be necessary. But as long as man hunts animals for profit and destroy their environments, zoos are essential.‎ ‎14: What is the most important function of zoos according to the speaker?‎ ‎15: Why are some people against zoos?‎ ‎16: What does the speaker think of zoos?‎ ‎14. A. Educating children. B. Saving rare animals.‎ ‎ C. Recreating an environment. D. Making a profit.‎ ‎15. A. Animals make visitors stressful. B. Animals must live their lives in cages.‎ ‎ C. Animals can feel bored and sad. D. Animals are in danger of extinction.‎ ‎16. A. They are still useful and necessary.‎ ‎ B. They have more disadvantages than advantages. ‎ ‎ C. They are a perfect environment for animals.‎ ‎ D. They are recreative places for animals.‎ 译文：‎ 今天我演讲的话题是动物园。很多人认为动物园很残忍，而且在现代社会没有一席之地。我个人认为，动物园尽管不完美，但却有很多作用。‎ 首先，动物园是个教育的地方。它可以帮助孩子们欣赏大自然。此外，动物园还对动物行为进行研究，提升了人们动物学，遗传学及心理学方面的知识。最重要的是，动物园可以保护多种动物的未来生存发展。多亏了动物园才使得当今大量濒临灭绝的动物有幸存的机会。‎ 动物园的反对者说他们很残忍。首先，他们认为动物园不能再造动物生存的环境，动物会感到厌烦沮丧。其次，动物频繁地与人类接触，会给他们造成很大压力。‎ 然而我认为，大部分动物园最近有所改善。现在很少看到动物在笼子里。大多数动物园都努力重新创造适合不同动物生存的环境。‎ 总之，尽管动物园无法为动物提供非常理想的环境，但我相信他们的存在是利大于弊。在理想化的世界中，我们并不需要动物园，但只要有人类为了获取利益而猎杀动物，并且破坏了他们生存的环境，那么动物园的存在就是必需的。‎ ‎14. 答案为B。‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力。根据第一段最后一句话的提示“…zoos, although not perfect, do have a useful function.”接下来的第二段主要讲了动物园的三种功能。根据题目要求选出最重要的功能，抓住关键词“above all最重要的是”。理解该句的意思“最重要的是，动物园可以保护多种动物的未来生存发展。多亏了动物园才使得当今大量濒临灭绝的动物有幸存的机会。”同时下文中两处提到“recreating an environment”,分别是第二段第二句话“动物园不能再造动物生存的环境”和第三段最后一句“大多数动物园都努力重新创造适合不同动物生存的环境”。结合这三处语境，并根据全文可以判断出B选项为正确答案。‎ 应对策略：抓住关键词来获取答案。文章中的关键词往往与问题中的关键词同义，即语言形式不同，但是意义相近，这要引起我们的特别注意。如本题文中above all即是问题中the most important所表达之义。‎ ‎15. 答案为C。‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力。若能听懂短文第三段最后一句话中作者所说的“其次，动物频繁地与人类接触，会给他们（指动物）造成很大压力”，可以知道C选项为正确答案。‎ 应对策略：注意代词的指代。可通过把握全篇文章的论述基调，或者能在找到答案的关键句前后寻找代词所指代的对象。本题只要能理解造成压力的对象是动物则能够很容易找到答案。‎ ‎16. 答案为A。‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力。听最后一段最后两句话 “在理想化的世界中，我们并不需要动物园，但只要人类为了获取利益而猎杀动物，并且破坏了他们生存的环境，那么动物园的存在是必要的”，可以知道作者对动物园的存在是持肯定态度的，因此A选项为正确答案。‎ 应对策略：把握议论文的主题要注意其论题、分论点及文章上下文对某个问题的暗示。‎ ‎ ‎ Section C 长对话考查的重点往往落在答语上。这与短对话中体现的原则不谋而合。而且短对话中的建议请求原则也和此处的情况极其相似。除此之外，并不是每组问答都作为考查要点，而作为考试重点的几组问题之间关系不大，所设的答案多为细节理解题，其余为信息综合题。‎ Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.‎ W: Good morning, I'd like to rent a family car, please.‎ M: Yes, man, for how long?‎ W: Em, 14 days.‎ M: Where do you want to leave the car?‎ W: Can I leave it at the downtown office?‎ M: Sure, may I see your driver's license?‎ W: I have an international driver's license.‎ M: Fine, thank you.‎ W: Now, do you want a personal accident insurance?‎ M: Yes, please.‎ W: Right, can you sign your name here?‎ M: There you go!‎ W: How do you want to pay?‎ M: Cash please.‎ Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.‎ Car Rental Information ‎ Name:‎ Length of time:‎ Location to leave the car:‎ License:‎ Insurance:‎ Means of payment:‎ Amy Toms ‎__17__ days The __18__ office AN International Driver’s License A __19__ accident insurance ‎__20__‎ ‎17. 答案为Fourteen/14。‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力，即要求听懂并写出租车的时间。答案Fourteen或14皆可。‎ ‎18. 答案为downtown。 ‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力，即要求听懂并写出停车地点。‎ ‎19. 答案为personal。 ‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力，即要求听懂并写出所需保险的种类为人身意外伤害保险。‎ ‎20. 答案为Cash。 ‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力，即要求听懂并写出支付方式为现金支付。‎ Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.‎ M: In England today, are schools mixed, or single sex?‎ W: Well, there are both. 50 years ago, all schools used to be single sex. I mean, girls only or boys only. Then in the 1970s, many schools changed and became mixed.‎ M: Do parents still prefer mixed schools?‎ W: No, things have changed. Today, many parents, especially parents of girls, think their children get a better education in single sex schools. ‎ M: Why do girls do better at single sex schools?‎ W: Because girls learn to be more self-confident and less worried about their appearance.‎ M: What about boys?‎ W: Well, today many parents of boys want to send them to mixed schools. They think that the girls will be a positive influence on boys.‎ M: So generally speaking, who does better at mixed schools?‎ W: Oh, the girls. They get better exam results than boys.‎ What happened to schools in England in the 1970s? ‎ Many schools became __21__.‎ Why do girls do better at single-sex schools?‎ They learn to be __22__ and less worried about their appearance.‎ Why do boys’ parents prefer to send their sons to mixed schools?‎ They think girls will be __23__ on boys.‎ In what aspect do girls perform better than boys?‎ In __24__.‎ Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.‎ ‎21. 答案为mixed。 ‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力。从对话中可知，七十年代许多英国学校成为男女同校。‎ ‎22. 答案为more self-confident。 ‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力，从对话中可知，女生在女子学校中发展得更好的原因是她们会学得更自信。‎ ‎23. 答案为a positive influence。 ‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是获取重要事实信息的能力，从对话中可知，男孩子的家长倾向于将孩子送入男女生混和学校的原因是认为女生会对男生产生积极的影响。‎ ‎24. 答案为exams。‎ 考查目标：本题考核的目标是理解话语中隐含意思的能力，从对话中可知，女生在考试成绩上比男生优秀。‎ 应对策略：长对话的题型以表格形式出现，一般分问题栏和信息栏两列。该题型以将关键字填入信息栏的形式对学生获取重要事实信息的能力进行综合检验。考查内容多为细节，一般需要学生解决的问题多为事实，如时间、地点、事件等，也可以是回答关于事实信息的各种问题，如Who，When，Where，What，Why。完成这类听力题就需要考生做到边听边记，把所需的关键词语笔录下来，但是记的前提是不影响听，可以用符号或自己掌握的形式记录。学生要提高词汇拼写能力，并注意单词首字母的大写问题，如星期、月份之类的词汇等，还要注意第三人称、单复数，以及要保持与所提供的文字材料在语法结构、逻辑关系等方面一致。‎ 综合分析：通过上述分析可以看出，今年题目大致侧重以下几个方面：‎ ‎ （1）考查语言交际能力。对话包括无一定主题对话和一般性主题对话。短文范围广泛，体裁多为故事、新闻报道。值得注意的是短文体裁有稳重有变的趋势，如08和09年第二篇短文分别为游览说明、学术演讲，但是都侧重于日常生活交际的话题。 ‎ ‎（2）考查推理判断能力。有部分听力题，尤其是短对话无法直接从原文中得出正确答案，必须根据原文的有关信息经过一定的推理判断才能最终得出答案。这就需要学生在平时进行必要的训练，培养语言信息分捡、提炼，掌握表层和判断深层的意思能力。‎ ‎（3）考查对数字的敏感度。数字是听力测试的一项重要内容。尽管在今年高考中未出现，但还应给予关注。‎ ‎（4）考查对话题的反应能力。每道题听力题都是围绕一个话题，因此只有掌握该话题的相关词汇才能提高听力理解的正确性。现行教材也是以主题为内容而编写的。这就需要学生在平时围绕主题训练听力，并掌握该主题的词汇以提高自身对话题的反应能力。‎ ‎（5）试题的命制体现了听力测试的基本特点。当今听力测试题的命制一般注重语言行为、以语段为测试单位、设置真实情景、强调针对性和多技能的综合测试等方面。‎ ‎（6）听力材料体现了口语交际的基本规律。口语交际一般会表现出“五多”现象，即冗余信息多、短句用得多、重复对方的话语多、停顿和插入语多 (gap fillers)‎ 复习建议：‎ ‎（1）注意听力练习的选材。由于听力测试主要测试学生理解口头英语的能力，这就要求教师和学生能根据《上海市中小学英语课程标准》中“功能意念项目表”和“基本素材”内容范围选取用标准英音或美音朗读的听力材料，注意题材的广泛性、材料的趣味性和难度的适用性。同时还应注意平时的训练应有别于高考，适当处理材料中的生词。‎ ‎（2）注意听力训练的量与质。在英语的四项技能中，可分为“接受型”技能和“表达型”技能。显然，听与读属于前者，说与写属于后者。听力的“接受”性就决定了听力能力的提高要依靠一定量的听力训练来实现。但是只注重听力训练的量，而忽视训练的质，听力训练的有效性就难以得到保证。因此，在训练中要注意听力后的分析和总结，既要注重“精听”又要注重“泛听”，既要注重课堂训练又要注重课外实践。坚持以精促泛、以泛保精的听力训练原则，达到扎实推进、稳步提高的目的。‎ ‎（3）注意听力速度训练。影响考生听力测试心理的一个重要因素是速度，听力速度的快慢往往关系到听力测试的成败。如果速度过于缓慢，就会拉长记忆的距离，造成考生遗忘，反之，速度过快就会导致考生心理慌乱而不知所云。高考听力测试的速度基本上与英语本族人讲英语的速度相同。因此，平时的听力训练宜采用语速属于正常的有声材料，使大脑尽早适应这种语速。初期可能只理解只言片语到能理解一个完整的句子，直至能完全适应正常语速，进行信息综合加工处理了。‎ ‎（4）注意听力素质培养。良好的听力素质是理解听力材料的不可或缺的因素。听力素质一般是指音素识别、连续、辨音等。英语是通过元音和辅音字母有规律的组合来实现信息表达的，而元音的长短，辅音的清浊对听力判断有直接影响，如fifteen与fifty，eighteen与eighty等。此外，掌握连读的基本规律也有利于抓住词句，准确理解。‎ ‎（5）注意运用预测策略。预测策略是指利用新旧知识和背景知识对听力材料的内容进行判断、推测。学生可利用已掌握的连词知识对听力材料内容意思进行预测。如果说话者用了besides, moreover, furthermore, 就说明后面还有补充内容。如果说了To begin with, 说明后面还有 then，甚至还有and then或Finally。如果说话者用了but 或though 等表示转折或让步的连词，则表明后面要说的内容可能与前面的内容相反。还可以利用英语日常交际常识和英语国家的文化、历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗知识进行预测。当说话者用了Excuse me, 表明说话者可能有事相求。如果说话者说了Pardon, 则意味着说话者可能想让对方重复所说过的内容。‎ ‎（6）注意听力记忆训练。听力记忆是语言信息加工中的重要环节之一。特别是听力第三部分，不仅要听懂，而且还要把相关信息储存在记忆中，以便作答。做笔记是克服记忆问题的有效解决办法之一。做笔记宜从初学阶段循序渐进地训练，因为任何技能的获得都不可能是一蹴而就的。做笔记时应注意用缩写、符号等有效形式。这样既可以减少记录的沉重负担又增加了记录的内容。如P.R.China ( the People’s Republic of China)、IOC(International Olympic Committee)、pts(points)等；$(dollar)、Ss(students)等。学生可创建自己的符号和缩写方式，只要学习者本人能识别均可，因为记笔记的目的是为了帮助自己记忆，而不是让他人看的。除此之外，学生要选择地记笔记。我们知道，听的内容瞬间即逝。这样就决定了学习者根本不可能把听到的内容都记住。因此科学、有效的方法是有选择地记录重要信息和容易忘记的内容，如数字、时间、地点等。如有可能还应注意记录的条理性，防止过后自己也看不懂。‎ ‎（7）注意运用图式策略。图式是指大脑为了便于存储和加工，把新信息与已有知识、经验有机组织起来的一种知识表证形式，是相互关联的知识构成的完整的信息系统。图式是人们对社会生活的客观认识。如去餐馆就餐通常包括看菜谱、订菜、等候、就餐、结账等程序。这一切就构成了一个图式。如果学习者在头脑中储存了就餐图式，当学生一听到有关就餐的材料时，就餐图式就被激活。被激活的就餐图式即可帮助学生回忆起整个就餐过程的细节，这样就可有效地对听力材料的内容进行选择性加工，加速理解的过程，提高理解的正确性。人们对社会生活会形成各种类型的图式，如打电话图式、演讲图式、上课图式、订票图式等。显然，图式知识有助于学习者对听力材料的理解。研究表明，图式对语篇的理解有促进作用（如预测、选择、推理、提取），因此学者们主张对听力材料（语篇）采取自上而下（top-down approach）的理解方法。有鉴于此，教师在听力理解的过程中应引导学生丰富图式知识，运用图式策略、提高听力理解能力。‎ ‎（8）注意听力理解策略训练。听力理解一般包括对语言信息表层意思的理解和对语言信息深层含义的理解两种。表层信息的理解是属于初级思维活动，取决于对信息的表达形式的理解，深层信息的理解是属于高级思维活动，需要对信息进行分检、提炼、加工方能实现。与此相对应的听力策略一般包括：听细节策略（listening for detailed information）、听力推理(listening for inference)、听力概括(listening for gist)等。‎ Section A ‎25. Four Chinese models were ______ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.‎ A. among B. between C. along D. beside 语境大意：在周五举行的世界超级模特大赛上有14人获奖，其中四位是中国模特。‎ 考查目标：考查常用介词在具体语境中的使用。‎ 解题分析：根据句意，排除C、D选项。本题重点考察among 与 between 的区别： between 意为两者之间，among 侧重三者或三者以上。正确选项为A。‎ 应对策略：介词为高考固定考查语法项目，一般包括固定搭配和介词语域两种形式。因此，掌握介词的语域和常用搭配是行之有效的学习和复习策略。‎ ‎26. –Wow! You’ve got so many clothes.‎ ‎--But _____ of them are in fashion now.‎ A. all ‎ B. both C. neither D. none 语境大意：“哇！你有这么多衣服！”“但是现在没有一件是流行的。”‎ 考查目标：考查代词在具体语境中的使用。‎ 解题分析：根据语义的转折词but，排除表示肯定的选项A、B。再依据so many，排除选项C，因为neither 指两者都不，与句意不符。故正确选项为D。‎ 应对策略 ‎：不定代词为高考常考语法项目。学习时应注意其所指代的数量关系，如both, neither, either等往往指两者之间的关系，而all, none等不定代词指三者或三者以上的事物。因此，判断语境中的数量关系是选准不定代词的关键。‎ ‎27. It ______ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.‎ A. may B. can C. must D. should 语境大意：“肯定是Tom把车停在这里，因为只有他有车。”‎ 考查目标：考查情态动词后接完成体结构的不同语义。‎ 解题分析：本题考察情态动词表推测的用法。must have done意为肯定做了某事。may have done 意为“也许做了某事”，与题干as引导的原因状语从句矛盾。can have done意为“当时或许做某事”。should have done意为“本应该做某事但实际并未做到”。故正确选项为C。‎ 应对策略：对情态动词的考查一般涉及对其基本词意的考查、情态动词与完成体结构的考查等。情态动词与完成体结构又可细分为表示“推测”，如：can, could, may, might, must 和表示“责备”，如：should, need, could, might 等两类不同含义的结构。因此，只有掌握情态动词的基本词意和与完成体连用的结构是应对这类考查的有效方法。‎ ‎28. The Great Wall is _______ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.‎ A. so a well-known B. a so well-known C.such well-known a D.such a well-known 语境大句意：长城是一处如此有名的旅游胜地，以至于每年都有数百万人慕名而来。‎ 考查目标：考查so/such…that…句型结构。‎ 解题分析：so … that …；such … that … 都均可以表达“如此…以至于…”的意思。本题考查重点为so、such后接名词的正确语序。so和Such的正确语序应为：such a (n) + adj. + n. ; so + adj. + a(n) +n.。故正确选项为D。‎ 应对策略：‎ ‎29. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets ______ out.‎ A. would sell B. had sold C. have sold D. was selling ‎ 句意：Mary在午饭时间去了售票处，但是所有的票都已售完了。‎ 考查目标：考察基本句型的判断及谓语动词的时态及语态。‎ ‎ 应对策略：由连词but 可见题干为并列句，本题考查谓语动词。根据语义，票售完应发生在Mary赶到售票处之前，即应采用过去完成时的被动语态。‎ ‎ 正确选项： B ‎30. Sally’s never seen a play in the Shanghai Grand Theatre, ______?‎ A. hasn’t she B. has she C. isn’t she D. is she 句意：她从未在上海大剧院观看过戏剧，是吗？‎ 考查目标：考察简单句的反意疑问句。‎ 应对策略：在反意疑问句的考查重，判断正确的助动词是解题关键。题干中Sally’s中“'s”应理解为has的缩写形式，与之后的“seen”构成现在完成时态。题干中never是否定副词，根据反意疑问句“前否后肯”的原则，疑问部分应使用肯定形式。‎ 正确选项： B ‎31. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____ all four people on board.‎ A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill 句意：一架小型飞机在城市以东五英里处的山坡上坠毁，机上四人全部遇难。‎ 考查目标：考察对句子结构的正确分析及动词的非谓语形式。‎ 应对策略：题干由逗号连接前后两部分且无连词，为简单句。谓语动词为crashed，因此横线上应使用动词的非谓语形式。现在分词killing 表示结果状语，不定式to kill常作目的状语，与语境不符。‎ 正确选项：B ‎32. You can’t borrow books from the school library _______ you get your student card.‎ A. before B. if C. while ‎ D. as 句意：在获得学生证之前，你是不能从学校图书馆借书的。‎ 考查目标：考察具体语境中状语从句的使用。‎ 应对策略：正确理解各选项引导的从句类型及语义。before引导时间状语从句，意为“在…之前”；if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果…”或让步状语从句，意为“尽管，即使”； while引导时间状语从句，意为“当…时”或让步状语从句，意为“然而，虽然”；as引导时间状语从句，多用于口语中，强调“同一时间”或“一前一后”，“随着”等含义。同时，as 还可引导原因状语从句，表示十分明显的原因以及方式状语从句，意为“就像”。‎ 正确选项：A ‎33. With the government’s aid, those ______ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.‎ A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected 句意：在政府的帮助下，受到地震影响的人们已搬入了新的安置点。‎ 考查目标：考察对句子结构的分析以及动词非谓语形式的运用。‎ 应对策略：先对题干的结构进行分析，可知横线部分对those作修饰，应为定语，故排除D选项。由by the earthquake可见应使用表示被动的动词非谓语形式，故排除B选项。此句中不涉及使用省略to的不定式的搭配，故排除A。‎ 正确选项：C ‎34. Mozart’s birthplace and the house ______ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.‎ A. where B. when C. there D. which 句意：Mozart的出生地以及他创作《魔笛》的房子现在都成了博物馆。‎ 考查目标：考察句子结构的分析及定语从句的使用。‎ 应对策略：横线所在句子为定语从句，对先行词the house进行修饰。首先排除C，there不能充当连词。其次，分析定语从句句子结构，可见先行词在从句中充当地点状语，因此选择表地点的关系副词where。‎ 正确选项：A ‎35. Bill suggested ______ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the ‎ vacation.‎ A. having held B. to hold C. holding D. hold ‎ 句意：Bill建议召开依次会议，讨论假期中能为上海世博会做些什么。‎ 考查目标：考察动词非谓语形式固定搭配的使用。‎ ‎ 应对策略：suggest作“建议”解时后接动名词形式。A选项为动名词的主动完成式，强调hold先于谓语动词suggest发生，不符合语境，故排除。‎ ‎ 正确选项：C ‎ ‎36. During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _______ not to touch any unattended bag.‎ A. had always been warned B. were always being warned C. are always warning D. always warned 句意：在近期恐怖活动期间，人们被告诫不要触碰任何无人照看的包裹。‎ 考查目标：考察谓语动词的时态及语态。‎ 应对策略：warn意为“警告”，此句中应使用被动语态，排除C、D选项。A选项采用过去完成时，用以表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的事件，与语境有出入。‎ 正确选项：B ‎37. It is not immediately clear _______ the financial crisis will soon be over.‎ A. since B. what C. when D. whether 句意：还不能马上确定金融危机是否会很快结束。‎ 考查目标：考察it的用法和名词性从句（主语从句）的使用。‎ 应对策略：题干中的it充当形式主语，真正主语为横线后的名词性从句（主语从句）。分析从句句子结构，不缺少成分，排除B选项。将ACD选项尝试填入横线，根据语境判断whether为正确选项。‎ 正确选项：D ‎38. Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away ______.‎ A. fleeing the thief B. was fleeing the thief C. the thief was fleeing D. fled the thief ‎ 句意：听到狗吠叫得厉害，小偷溜走了。‎ 考查目标：考察方位副词位于句首时倒装句的使用及对句子结构的分析。‎ ‎ 应对策略：分析句子结构，可见题干部分的动词hearing为分词形式，谓语部分应用于横线部分，故排除A。“away，up，down，in，out”等表示位置转换的副词位于句首，常用完全倒装，即将谓语部分整个提前到主语之前。注意：完全倒装中不使用动词的进行时态。‎ ‎ 正确选项：D ‎39. David threatened ______ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.‎ A. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported ‎ 句意：如果损失得不到偿付的话，David威胁要向警方检举他的邻居。‎ 考查目标：考察动词不定式的固定搭配。‎ ‎ 应对策略：threaten意为“威胁”，后接动词不定式，且report应为主动形式。‎ ‎ 正确选项：C ‎40. As a new diplomat. he often thinks of ______ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.‎ A. what B. which C. that D. how 句意：作为一名新外交官，他经常思考如何在这些场合下表现得更得体。‎ 考查目标：考察名词性从句的用法。‎ 应对策略：think of为及物词组需有宾语，因此从句类型为名词性从句（宾语从句）。从句的谓语部分react为不及物动词，不需要what充当宾语，排除A选项。之后，将BCD依次尝试着填入句中，根据语境选择how。‎ 正确选项：D 命题特点：‎ 多年来,上海高考英语试卷的语法命题始终突出以下特点：①‎ 语用原则。即在语境中考查语法知识点，要求考生在理解语境的基础上，正确运用语法知识，做到语境与语法的统一，同时还要求考生正确理解句中的逻辑关系，做到逻辑与语法的统一。②基础性原则。即语法项目的考查是依据《上海中小学英语课程标准》（征求意见稿）和《上海卷考试手册》中所规定的语法内容和考查要求而命制试题的，因此，试题无偏、难、怪的现象。语法考查项目多为介词、情态动词、不定代词、时态、语态、非谓语动词、定语从句、主语从句、状语从句、倒装句、形容词和副词的比较级等，偶尔也出现反义疑问句、感叹句等。③考查目标明确。即语法项目的考查具有单一性，每题只考查一个项语法项目。‎ 应对策略:据此，语法题的应对策略也应有的放矢。①提高阅读能力。唯有如此才能提高语法知识的应用能力。因此，学生应把题干当成微型阅读题，读懂语境，并理解其逻辑关系和语境含意。②提高语法知识的迁移能力。为此，学生应把含有语法知识项目的经典句能倒背如流，为灵活运用打下坚实的基础。③将语法知识系统化、条理化、综合化。为此，学生应把常见语法项目梳理、归纳和综合，‎ 可以制作专项复习卡片，例如：情态动词的基本用法、 动词+动名词（用作宾语）、动词+宾语+现在分词（-ed分词、动词原形）等。‎ Section B A. contents B. taking C. carefully D. plastic E. packaging F. declined G. freely H. typical I. contracts J. registered ‎ If the package looks pretty; people will buy just about anything. So says an advertising executive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine.‎ Justin Gignac, 26, has sold almost 900 ____41_____ presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of the Big Apple at between $50 and $100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid for the souvenirs(纪念品). The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world.‎ It all began when Mr. Gignac was at a summer workshop. “We had a discussion about the importance of ____42___,” he recalls. “Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed. The only way to prove it was by selling something nobody ‎ would ever want.”‎ He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical ___43___ include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used ___44____ forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged $100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees’ stadium.‎ Mr. Gignac denies ____45___ his customers for fools: “They know what they’re getting. They appreciate the fact that they’re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.”‎ Some _____46___ customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors.‎ Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr. Gignac has ___47___ a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He ___48___ to discuss his profit margins: “It’s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together—but yet, garbage is free.”‎ Mr. Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed ___49___ with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.‎ 文章主题：介绍了一位伦敦广告执行者Gignac回收并再利用商品包装的故事。‎ 考查词汇的词性：‎ adj.: plastic, typical adv.: carefully, freely n.: contents, packaging, contracts v.: taking, declined, registered 考查词汇的基本词意：‎ contents （内容），taking （拿，取），carefully （仔细地），plastic （塑料的），‎ package （包装），declined （婉拒），freely （自由地），typical （典型的），‎ contracts （合同），registered （登记）‎ 试题详解：‎ ‎41. 针对题干的句子结构进行分析，可知900 ____ presented plastic是对boxes进行修饰的定语部分，因此空格内应使用副词。可供选择的副词有carefully（仔细地）及freely（自由地，免费地）。参考下文语义，应选择“仔细地”。‎ 答案：C。‎ ‎42. 空格位于介词后，应填名词。上文叙述到Gignac售出了900个塑料盒子，再综合下文“Some said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed.”确定该空格应填“包装”。‎ 答案：E。‎ ‎43. 针对题干的句子结构进行分析，空格应充当and后并列句中的主语，因此考虑选择名词。从语义来看，应理解为“他搜寻了Manhattan的街道，典型的东西为…”。‎ 答案：A。‎ ‎44. 空格作定语，对forks进行修饰，考虑选填形容词。结合上文，应填“塑料的”。‎ 答案：D。‎ ‎45. 空格紧跟谓语动词deny，应选填名词/动名词；结合后文“his customers for fools”，这里应使用taking。‎ 答案：B。‎ ‎46. 空格对customers进行修饰，应在形容词中作选择。该句意为“典型的顾客包括曾在城市居住的人们和想要购买朴实无华纪念品的民众。”‎ 答案：H。‎ ‎47. 显然，空格与has一起构成句子的谓语部分，应使用动词的过去分词形式。答案集中于declined（谢绝）及registered（登记，注册），参考句意“意识到这一理念还能创造收益后，Gignac注册了一家公司，并邀请他的女朋友担任副总裁。”‎ 答案：J。‎ ‎48. 针对题干的句子结构进行分析，可知空格充当了句子的谓语部分。该句语义为“他婉拒谈及利润率”。‎ 答案：F。‎ ‎49. 空格充当sign的宾语，应选填名词形式。意为“他已远赴柏林和伦敦，与那些对相似项目感兴趣的人签订了合同。”‎ 答案：I。‎ 命题特点：‎ 与以往单选的词汇考核模式相比，这种考查模式①具有情景化和综合性的特点。该题型的考查目的就是检测学生在实际语境中运用词汇的能力，这就要求学生在掌握词性、词义、语法知识的基础上，能根据语篇做出正确的语用判断。所以学生应在学习中提高语篇理解能力得同时，注重词汇运用能力，把学习词汇同语篇理解结合起来。②考查高频词。因此，学生需在复习之中把握好考纲内的常用词汇，能正确认读与使用。‎ 应对策略： ‎ 应对策略可归纳为四点：①重在理解语篇逻辑----选词意；②重在把握句型结构----选词性；③重在掌握词汇基本词意----排干扰；④重在掌握词汇基本句型----选准词。‎ Reading Section A: Cloze 这篇短文主要讨论运用好想象力的几种技巧 Most people believe they don’t have much imagination. They are __50__. Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to __51__ it. Creativity isn’t always __52__ with great works of art or ideas. People at work and in their free time __53__ think of creative ways to solve problems. Maybe you have a goal to achieve, a tricky question to answer or you just want to expand your mind! Here are three techniques to help you.‎ Making connections This technique involves taking __54__ ideas and trying to find links between them. First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do. Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. Write down all the ideas/words __55__ with candles: light, fire, matches, wax, night, silence, etc. Think of as many as you can. The next stage is to relate the __56__ to the job you ‎ have to do. So imagine you want to buy a friend an original __57__; you could buy him tickets to a match or take him out for the night.‎ No limits! Imagine that normal limitations don’t __58__. You have as much time/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new __59__. If your goal is to learn to ski, __60__, you can now practice skiing every day of your life (because you have the time and the money). Now __61__ this to reality. Maybe you can practice skiing every day in December, or every Monday in January.‎ Be someone else! Look at the situation from a __62__ point of view. Good businessmen use this technique in trade, and so do writers. Fiction writers often imagine they are the __63__ in their books. They ask questions: What does this character want? Why can’t she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? If your goal involves other people, put yourself in their __64__. The best fishermen think like fish!‎ ‎50.‎ A. wrong B. unbelievable C. reasonable D. realistic ‎ ‎51.‎ A. put up with B. catch up with C. make use of D. keep track of ‎52.‎ A. equipped B. compared C. covered D. connected ‎53.‎ A. skillfully B. routinely C. vividly D. deeply ‎54.‎ A. familiar B. unrelated C. creative D. imaginary ‎55.‎ A. presented B. marked C. lit D. associated ‎56.‎ A. ideas B. ambitious C. achievement D. technique ‎57.‎ A. experience B. service C. present D. object ‎58.‎ A. work B. last C. exist D. change ‎59.‎ A. possibilities B. limitations C. tendency D. practice ‎60.‎ A. in fact B. in particular C. as a whole D. for example ‎61‎ A. devote B. adapt C. lead D. keep ‎62.‎ A. private B. global C. different D. practical ‎63.‎ A. features B. themes C. creatures D. characters ‎64‎ A. positions B. dreams C. images D. directions 试题详解：‎ ‎50．由空前空后的两句语意“有些人认为自己没有想象力”“每个人都有想象力”‎ 可知前者的观点是错误的。‎ 答案：A。‎ ‎51．词组辨析。put up with意为“忍受”，catch up with意为“赶上”，“make use of”意为“利用”，“keep track of”意为“追踪”。考虑到与下文核心内容“如何运用想象力”对应，该句语意应为“然而我们一旦长大成人，就忘了如何去运用想象力”。 ‎ ‎52. 动词搭配。本题4个选项均能与题干构成be … with的搭配，语意依次为be equipped with （装配），be compared with （与…做比较），be covered with （被…覆盖），be connected with （与…有关）。题干部分应理解为“想象力并非总是和伟大的艺术作品和思想联系在一起”，与下文涉及的普通人在工作和生活中也可以运用到想象力呼应。‎ 答案：D。‎ ‎53. 副词辨析。skillfully （有技巧地），routinely （日常地），vividly （生动地），deeply （深深地）。题干叙述到“人们在工作和空余时间需要思考出创新的方法去解决问题。” 普通人的工作和空余时间应对应副词“日常地”。‎ 答案：B。‎ ‎54. 形容词辨析。familiar （熟悉的），unrelated （与...不相关的），creative （有创造力的），imaginary （虚构的）。上文语意为“找到关系。这项技巧要求把…的想法放在一块并设法找到它们的关联。” 与语境对应，应选择“不相关的”。‎ ‎55. 动词非谓语形式的考查。该空应与空后with形成搭配。题干语意承接上文，“首先，想想你在工作中需解决的问题，然后寻找一种形象、语言或者物体、想法，比如蜡烛。随后，将与蜡烛有关的所有想法全部写下来。”该选项应照应上文的connection 与 be connected with。‎ 答案：D。‎ ‎56. 原词复现。前文提到“将与蜡烛有关的所有想法或语言写下来”，而训练想象力的技巧之一就是要将毫无关联的两者联系起来。因此，题干意为“将写下的想法/语言与你的工作联系起来”。‎ 答案：A。‎ ‎57．名词辨析。题干意为“假设你要送朋友一件新奇的…，你可以送他比赛入场券或是请他出去玩。”在experience（经历），service（礼物），present （礼物），object （物品）中，只有礼物符合语意。‎ 答案：C。‎ ‎58．动词辨析。本段小标题为“没有限制”。题干意为“想象一下惯常的限制都不…”。在work （起作用），last （延续），exist （存在），change （变化）中，“存在”的选项最贴近语意。‎ 答案：C。‎ ‎59．名词辨析。各选项意为possibilities（可能性），limitations（限制），tendency（趋势），practice（练习，做法）。承接上文语意，“没有限制”“假设你拥有你想要的一切时间/空间/金钱…”，这样就需要重新考虑你的目标和新的可能性。‎ 答案：A。‎ ‎60．词组辨析。选项中四个词组语意区别较大：in fact（事实上），in particular （尤其），as a whole （总体上），for example （举例来说）。从语境中不难看出作者以学习滑雪作为例证来证明“没有限制”的分论点。‎ 答案：D。‎ ‎61．动词搭配。各选项均能与后文to构成词组。devote to （贡献给），adapt to （适应于），lead to （导致），keep to （保持）。前文所说的是假设时间没有限制，你就能在人生中的每一天都练习滑雪，但在现实中这是不可能实现的，因此需要做出调整，最后作者给出结论：也许你能在12月每天练习或是在1月的每周一练习。‎ 答案：B。‎ ‎62．形容词辨析。该段标题为“成为另一个人”，因此作者提出“从不同的角度看待问题。”‎ 答案：C。‎ ‎63．同词复现。选项依次意为features（特点），themes（主题），creatures（特点），characters（性格，角色）。题干介绍了“小说家常常把自己想象成小说中的…”，该空格复现后文中“What does the character want?”。‎ 答案：D。‎ ‎64．名词辨析。承接上文，题干语意应为“如果你的目标包含其他人，就应该站在他们的立场思考问题。”‎ 答案：A。‎ 命题特点：‎ 综观上海卷完型填空试题，其考查特点归纳如下：①考查固定词组和习惯用法。 固定词组和习惯用法是完型题中的常见考查项目，一般每年有一至两题。这种考查涉及到学生的词汇量和对文意的理解。所考查固定词组多为短语动词；习惯用法多为介词短语、动词与名词的搭配等。②考查推断覆盖全篇、全段或句间的关键词、概括词。如考查句子内部的逻辑关系、上下文的逻辑关系、全篇的逻辑关系。这种必须读完全篇才能做出判断的选项往往出现在文章或段落的开头，要求考生运用综合分析的方法，在短时间内把握文章的主旨，寻找上下文隐含信息，感受语境，才能找出符合题意的最佳选项。③考查识别连贯语篇的逻辑手段。因为语篇中的句子，需要逻辑地联系起来，才能组成有机的整体。④考查原词复现。主要包括四种复现形式：同一词语重复出现（可以在上文或下文复现同一词语）；反义复现;近义复现; 语义场共现。⑤考查实词。历年来选中涉及的词汇多为名词、动词、形容词、副词、短语动词、习语。‎ 应对策略：‎ ‎ ①重在理解语篇的逻辑.如句内逻辑关系、上下文逻辑关系、全篇逻辑关系等。②固定词组。高考词汇4000多个，英语词组500左右，因此，英语词组非常丰富。一个动词，可以与不同的介词、副词或名词结合，构成具有多种意义的词组。以look为例，就可以与 after, for, on, up, over, through, out等搭配，成为固定词组。③习惯用法：习惯用法有些是符合语法的，有些是不符合语法的，因此，这也是难点。例如in earth ,on second thoughts这个词组就不符合语法，但却是人们接受的习惯用法。再如keep an eye on, in other words,‎ 等。因此，有必要掌握相当数量的词组，而且要知道词组与词组之间的意义及用法差异。对于惯用法，要下功夫强记，把一些约定俗成的说法熟记于心，达到不假思索就能辨别真伪的程度。④构建文体结构模式。在练习中应掌握行文结构，如说明文、议论文、科技小品文等，以利于掌握文章的中心思想、逻辑关系，并作出准确的判断。‎ Section B Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.‎ ‎(A)‎ Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard.‎ ‎“I’ll be the first millionaire in Coleford!” Richard used to boast.‎ ‎“And you’ll be sorry you knew me,” George would reply “because I’ll be the best lawyer in the town!”‎ George never did become a lawyer and Richard never made any money. Instead both men opened bookshops on opposite sides of Coleford High Street. It was hard to make money from books, which made the competition between them worse.‎ Then Richard married a mysterious girl. The couple spent their honeymoon on the coast—but Richard never came back. The police found his wallet on a deserted beach but the body was never found. He must have drowned.‎ Now with only one bookshop in town, business was better for George. But sometimes he sat in his narrow, old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his formal rival(竞争对手). Perhaps he missed him?‎ George was very interested in old dictionaries. He’d recently found a collector in Australia who was selling a rare first edition. When the parcel arrived, the book was in perfect condition and George was delighted. But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in. He was astonished—the smiling face was older than he remembered but unmistakable! Trembling, George started reading.‎ ‎“Bookends have bought ten bookstores from their rivals Dylans. The company, owned by multi-millionaire Richard Pike, is now the largest bookseller in Australia.”‎ ‎65. George and Richard were ______ at school.‎ A. roommates B. good friends C. competitors D. booksellers ‎【正确选项】：C。‎ ‎【考查题型】：直选题。‎ ‎【解题分析】：从第一段“Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard.”及文中“But sometimes he sat in his narrow, old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his formal rival”两句中的关键词“competition”及“rival”可以知道George和Richard从学校开始就是竞争者关系。‎ ‎66. How did George feel about Richard after his disappearance?‎ A. He envied Richard’s marriage.‎ B. He thought of Richard from time to time.‎ C. He felt lucky with no rival in town.‎ D. He was guilty of Richard’s death.‎ ‎【正确选项】：B。‎ ‎【考查题型】：转换理解题。‎ ‎【解题分析】：文中“But sometimes he sat in his narrow, old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his formal rival”，从中可得知Richard失踪后，George有时会想起他。这与B选项中“from time to time”完全贴合。‎ ‎67. George got information about Richard from ______.‎ A. a dictionary collector in Australia B. the latter’s rivals Dylans C. a rare first edition of a dictionary D. the wrapping paper of a book ‎【正确选项】：D。‎ ‎【考查题型】：直选题。‎ ‎【解题分析】：文中“But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in.”可知道George是从包裹着书本的报纸上了解到Richard的情况的。‎ ‎68. What happened to George and Richard in the end?‎ A. Both George and Richard became millionaires.‎ B. Both of them realized their original ambitions.‎ C. George established a successful business while Richard was missing.‎ D. Richard became a millionaire while George had no great success.‎ ‎【正确选项】：D。‎ ‎【考查题型】：判断推理题。‎ ‎【解题分析】：从文章最后一段“The company, owned by multi-millionaire Richard Pike, is now the largest bookseller in Australia.”可推断Richard确实实现了梦想成为百万富翁，而George只是在镇上经营着一家书店，相比之下，成就平凡。‎ ‎(B)‎ ‎ Horse-drawn sleigh rides Dogsledding Snowmobiling Welcome to Banff, Canada’s first, most famous and arguably most fascinating national park. If you’ve come to ski or snowboard, we’ll see you on the slopes. Skiing is a locals’ favorite too.‎ While you’re here, try other recreational activities available in our mountains. Popular choices include a Banff Gondola ride up Sulphur Mountain, bathe in the natural mineral waters at the Upper Hot Spring, horse-drawn sleigh ride, drive-your-own-team dog sled excursion, and snowmobile tour to the highland (but not in the national park).‎ We also recommend you make time to enjoy simple pleasure. After looking around Banff Ave shops, walk a couple of blocks west or south to the scenic Bow River.‎ Try ice skating on frozen Lake Louise where Ice Magic International Ice Sculpture Competition works are displayed after Jan 25. You can rent skates in Banff or at the sport shop in the Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise hotel.‎ Banff’s backcountry paths access a wilderness world of silence and matchless beauty—cross country skis and snowshoes provide the means. Banff sport shops rent equipment and clothes, or join an organized tour. Although we’ve been many times, we still find the cliffs and icefalls of our frozen canyons worth visiting.‎ Wildlife watching also creates satisfying memories. We have seen hundreds of the elk and bighorn sheep that attract visitors, yet they still arouse a sense of wonder. And the rare spotting of a cougar, wolf or woodland caribou takes our breath away.‎ See if simple pleasures work for you. Fight in the snow with your kids, walk beside a stream or climb to a high place and admire the view.‎ ‎ —Banff Resort Guide Editors ‎69. According to the passage, Banff’s backcountry is accessible by _____.‎ A. cross country skiing B. horse-drawn sleigh riding C. snowmobiling D. dogsledding ‎【正确选项】：A。‎ ‎【考查题型】：直选题。‎ ‎【解题分析】：文章第五段首句“Banff’s backcountry paths access a wilderness world of silence and matchless beauty”介绍了Banff’s backcountry景色的幽径及美丽，此句破折号后的内容“—cross country skis and snowshoes provide the means”则指出了进入的方法，即滑雪进入或者穿着雪地鞋进入，故选择A选项—滑雪进入。‎ ‎70. Which of the following is true according to the passage?‎ A. Dogsledding is the most popular sport among local people.‎ B. Watching wildlife is a memorable experience.‎ C. Travellers should bring their own sports equipment.‎ D. Shopping is too simple a pleasure to enjoy.‎ ‎【正确选项】：B。‎ ‎【考查题型】：转换理解题。‎ ‎【解题分析】：本题四个选项涉及不同方面，可从文中找到对应细节，采用排除法做出正确答案。选项A说道“狗拉雪橇是当地人最喜欢的运动方式”，而在文章第一段落结尾可找到“Skiing is a local favourite, too”‎ ‎，当地人最喜欢的运动为滑雪，因此A错误。选项B涉及了野生动物的观察，相关内容出现在文章第六段落，由关键词“satisfying”、“take our breath away”可知观察野生动物确实是一项难忘的经历，因此B正确。选项C描述“游客需要自己携带运动装备”，而在文章第四段落“You can rent skates in Banff or at the sport shop in the Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise hotel.”及第五段落“Banff sport shops rent equipment and clothes, or join an organized tour.”中可知游客能从不同地点租借到滑雪板及运动服装和装备，因此C错误。D选项使用了too ... to ... 的表达方式，译为“购物的乐趣太简单了，可以不用享受”，文章第三段落涉及购物，而作者的陈述是“We also recommend you make time to enjoy simple pleasure.”，可见对于购物是持肯定、推荐的态度。‎ ‎71. The purpose of the writing is to ______.‎ A. promote scenic spots in Canada B. advertise for the sports in Banff C. introduce tourist activities in Banff D. describe breathtaking views in Banff ‎【正确选项】：C。‎ ‎【考查题型】：概括总结题。‎ ‎【解题分析】：本题是对全文内容的概括，在通读及理解全文的基础上不难做出正确选择。A选项谈到文章推介加拿大的旅游景点，而文章只介绍了Banff国家公园这一处景点。B选项Banff国家公园这一对象正确，但角度仅局限在运动项目，不准确。同样的，D选项只涉及自然风光的描绘，显然也与文章大意不对应。正确答案应为C选项，意为介绍Banff国家公园的旅游活动。‎ ‎(C)‎ ‎“Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.‎ The program allows users to display alerts on the missing computer’s screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.‎ Owners must report their laptop missing by logging on to a website, which sends a message to the model: a red and yellow “lost or stolen” banner pops up on its screen when it is started. Under the latest version(版本) of the software, users can also send a spoken message.‎ The message can be set to reappear every 30 seconds, no matter how many times the thief closes it. “One customer sent a message saying, ‘You are being tracked. I am right at your door’,” said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever.‎ In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. The default through the computer’s speakers is: “Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen. If you are not my owner, please report me now.”‎ The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 (￡21) but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs. Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password prompt if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details.‎ If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on the internet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location.‎ Thousands of laptops are stolen every year from homes and offices, but with the use of laptops increasing, the number stolen while their owners are out and about has been rising sharply.‎ Other security software allows users to erase data remotely or lock down the computer.‎ ‎72. The expression “to give the thief a piece of their mind” can be understood as “_______”.‎ A. to give the thief an alert mind B. to express the owners’ anger to the thief C. to remind the thief of his conscience D. to make the thief give up his mind ‎【考查题型】判断推理题 ‎【解题分析】“to give the thief a piece of their mind”在文章中处于第二段，在其所在的句子中关键词 “the first”对应第一段 “a new solution”，因此从第一段 “ ‘Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,’” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: …” 中可以推断出短语“to give the thief a piece of their mind”表示 “手提电脑失主可以向窃贼表达他们的愤怒”。其中关键词“shouted”对应了选项中“express anger”，由此可见A 选项“给窃贼一个敏捷的头脑”, B选项“提醒窃贼要讲良心”, 和C选项“使窃贼放弃他的想法”都不符合语境意思。因此正确选项为B。‎ ‎73. Different from other security software, Retriever can ______.‎ A. record the stealing process B. help recognize the lost laptop ‎ C. lock down the computer remotely D. send a spoken message ‎【考查题型】概括总结题 ‎【解题分析】题干强调“different from”，由此找到与第一段关键词“a new solution”相关的信息“…a portable computer, shouted…, lets owners give their property a voice…”，与第二段关键词“even”相关的信息“…even to set a spoken message….”及与第三段关键词“the latest version…can also…”相关的信息“Under the latest version(版本) of the software, users can also send a spoken message….”，由此可以概括出：与其它保护软件不同的是，Retriever软件能传送声音信息。因此正确选项为D。‎ ‎74. One function of the program is that it allows the owner to ______ at a distance.‎ A. change some access details for switching on the laptop B. turn on the laptop by using the original password C. operate the laptop by means of an alternative password D. erase the information kept in the stolen laptop ‎【考查题型】转换理解题 ‎【解题分析】题干末尾提示“at a distance”对应文中单词“remotely”，分别出现在第六段和最后一段。从第六段“Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password prompt if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details.”‎ 中可以理解这个程序的功能之一是被盗电脑的主人能远程改变开机密码。这句话中的“switch to”对应了题干中的“change”， 同时“alternative password prompt”对应了“access details”。显然，C选项所表达的意思“用其它密码来操作电脑”与该句意思不符。尽管文章最后一段所表达的意思与D选项“删除储存在被盗电脑中的信息”一致，但这指的是“Other security software”即其它软件的功能，而非指Retriever。因此正确选项为A。‎ ‎75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?‎ A. With no Retriever, thousands of laptops are stolen every year.‎ B. A new software provides a means to reduce laptop theft.‎ C. Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost computers.‎ D. A new program offers a communication platform with the thief.‎ ‎【考查题型】概括总结题 ‎【解题分析】理解全文大意，第一段即点明了文章主题，下文给予了具体描述，由此可概括文章的主旨为：Retriever这种新的软件提供了发音的功能以警示盗贼，用以减少手提电脑被盗的几率。由此可见A选项“要是没有Retriever，每年就有成千上万的手提电脑被盗”，C选项“Retriever已经帮助找到小偷和被盗的电脑”和D选项“一个新的程序提供了一个与盗贼交流的平台”都不是文章的中心思想。因此正确选项为B。‎ ‎(D)‎ The latest research suggests a more prosaic, democratic, even puritanical view of the world. The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not a divine spark. It’s not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess. Instead, it’s deliberate practice. Top performers spend more hours (many more hours) rigorously practicing their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average verbal ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday.‎ This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly perceive its inner workings.‎ Then she would practice writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practicing in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practicing slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she ‎ would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems—how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.‎ The primary trait she possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behavior.‎ ‎76. The passage mainly deals with _____.‎ A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer B. the relationship between genius and success C. the decisive factor in making a genius D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction ‎【考查题型】概括总结题 ‎【解题分析】理解全文大意，尤其把握文章第一段和最后一段的观点及文中所举事例所表达的要旨。文章第一段“The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not a divine spark. It’s not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success,…it’s deliberate practice.”与最后一段“The primary trait she possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine.”首尾呼应，而且文中的事例强调的是一个智商略高于正常人水平的普通女孩是通过写作的反复操练而终获成功的故事。由此可以概括本文主要谈论的是“成就一个天才的决定性因素”。由此可见A选项“I.Q.在培养一个作家中所起的作用”，B选项“天才和成功之间的关系”和D选项“获得差异识别力的方法”都不是本文主旨。因此正确选项为C。‎ ‎77. By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could ______.‎ A. come to understand the inner structure of writing B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security ‎【考查题型】转换理解题 ‎【解题分析】从第二段“Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly perceive its inner workings….”中可以理解，女孩通过不断地阅读小说和一些作者的生平介绍，能够更深层次的理解写作，逐步理解其内在结构。而其余选项都不是女孩通过不断阅读达到的结果。因此正确选项为A。‎ ‎78. In the girl’s long painstaking training process, _____.‎ A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance C. she acquires the magic of some great achievements D. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write ‎【考查题型】概括总结题 ‎【解题分析】根据题干所限制的范围“In the girl’s long painstaking training process”，可以从整个第三段中“…Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills…. By practicing, by breaking …and repeating,…Then she would find an adviser who…She is establishing habits of…”归纳总结出该段主要描述女孩通过漫长、艰苦的训练，将写作技能内化，将写作行为变成一种习惯性的自动化的输出。因此正确选项为B。‎ ‎79. What can be concluded from the passage?‎ A. A fuelling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success.‎ B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.‎ C. As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn’t matter, but just his/her efforts.‎ D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.‎ ‎【考查题型】判断推理题 ‎【解题分析】理解全文大意，尤其把握第一段中“The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished…it’s deliberate practice. Top performers spend more hours (many more hours) rigorously practicing their craft.”和最后一段中“The primary trait she possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a … practice routine…. takes some of the magic out of great achievement”由此可以推测作者认为在天才成就过程中，起决定作用的是做了什么而非做的人是谁（即基因所起的作用）。因此正确选项为D。‎ Section C Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.‎ A. Varieties of college dictionaries B. Accessing dictionaries electronically C. Elements under a word item D. Complete editions of dictionaries E. Using dictionaries for particular fields F. Features of college dictionaries ‎ ‎80. ‎ You’re probably most familiar with college dictionaries, often called abridged dictionaries. Although abridged means “shortened”, these dictionaries contain more than 150,000 entries and provide detailed definitions that are sufficient for most college students and general users. College dictionaries also contain separate lists of abbreviations, biographical and geographical names, foreign words and phrases, and tables of measures. Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary and the ‎ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language are college dictionaries.‎ ‎【正确选项】：F。‎ ‎【考查目标】：归纳段落大意。‎ ‎【解题分析】：本段围绕“college dictionaries”展开，介绍了缩略版词典收录的词条数、面对的对象以及收录的如缩略语表、地名、人名等，因此归纳为“缩减版词典的特点”最为合适。‎ ‎81. ‎ Unabridged dictionaries contain as many as 500,000 entries and provide detailed definitions and extensive word histories(etymologies). These dictionaries, possibly in several volumes and mostly found in libraries, are excellent sources for scholarly inquiries. Unabridged dictionaries include the Oxford English Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary of the English Language.‎ ‎【正确选项】：D。‎ ‎【考查目标】：归纳段落大意。‎ ‎【解题分析】：本段围绕“unabridged dictionaries”展开，从“unabridged”的前缀“un-”，以前段落中“detailed”“extensive”“several volumes”“scholarly inquiries”可推断“unabridged”译为“未缩减的”，即“完整版本”的词典，故选择D选项。‎ ‎82. ‎ A dictionary entry has many elements: multiple definitions, syllabication, preferred spelling and pronunciation (some words have more than one acceptable spelling and pronunciation), and part-of-speech labels. Some entries also include plurals and capitalized forms, synonyms, antonyms, and derivatives. Americanisms and etymologies may be provided along with usage notes, cross-references, and idioms.‎ ‎【正确选项】：C。‎ ‎【考查目标】：归纳段落大意。‎ ‎【解题分析】：本段第一句“词典词条包含许多要素”为段落主题句，可知主要涉及词典的每一词条所包含的要素，与C选项十分贴合。‎ ‎83. ‎ If you prefer using the dictionary on a computer, you can obtain CD-ROM versions of many major dictionaries. In addition, you can access numerous dictionaries, such as WWWebster’s Dictionary, on the Internet. Online dictionaries allow yo0u to enter a search word (you even get help with spelling) to see a definition, and sometimes even an illustration. Online dictionaries also offer additional features, such as word games, language tips, and amusing facts about words. Some online dictionary services allow you to access numerous dictionaries, both general and specialized, in one search.‎ ‎【正确选项】：B。‎ ‎【考查目标】：归纳段落大意。‎ ‎【解题分析】：本段的关键词明确，如“on a computer”、“on the Internet”、“online dictionaries”，主要介绍电子类词典的使用，因此选择B选项。‎ ‎84. ‎ Specialized dictionaries provide in-depth information about a certain field. For example, there are dictionaries for the specialized vocabularies of law, computer technology, and medicine. In addition, there are dictionaries of synonyms, clichés, slang, and even regional expressions, such as the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE). There are also dictionaries of foreign languages, famous people’s names, literary characters’ names and place names.‎ ‎【正确选项】：E。‎ ‎【考查目标】：归纳段落大意。‎ ‎【解题分析】：本段第一句“专业词典提供了某一领域的深入信息”为段落主题句，可知主要涉及专业词典的使用。与E选项十分贴合。‎ 命题特点：‎ ‎1、考查目标：‎ 主要测试考生理解书面英语的能力，其考核目标为：①能理解文章的基本内容；②能归纳文章的主旨大意；③能推测文章中的隐含意思；④能根据上下文正确理解词语和句子；⑤能运用阅读技能完成不同文体的阅读任务。换言之，阅读理解题主要考查学生的获取必要信息和处理信息的能力、语言逻辑思维、概括和判断能力、理解词组和语句的语篇能力和语言的转换理解能力。‎ ‎2、考查题型：‎ 历年来阅读题的考查一般为寻找细节题、概括综合题、推理判断题和转换理解题。‎ ‎3、具有速度测试（speed test)和强度测试（power test)。‎ 阅读文章共五篇约2300个单词，如按50分钟解题时间计算，阅读速度不到50个词，尚不能达到1986年全国《大纲》所规定的每分钟50～60词阅读速度的标准。‎ ‎4、文章体裁、题材的多样化。‎ ‎ 体裁上一般包括说明文、应用文、论说文。题材上也有涉及到人们思想活动方面的说理性较强的文章，如C篇和D篇。而且各篇文章的难度梯度缩小，均处于中高水平。‎ ‎5、语篇结构较复杂。‎ ‎ 文章作者在阐述问题时都使用了多种组篇手段和修辞手法。陈述富于变化隐含信息较多等。‎ ‎6、文中含有组合词和生词。‎ ‎ 考查考生通过已学过的构词法知识推测由于词形及词性变化而产生的新的含义，也应根据文章上下文语境及句意的逻辑关系等猜测新词的含义。‎ ‎ ‎ 应对策略：‎ 为了提高阅读理解能力，学生应该形成有效的阅读策略并且能够根据不同阅读目的和阅读材料调整阅读策略。常见的阅读策略主要有预测、略读、跳读、识别指代关系、推理、概括等。‎ ‎1预测（Prediction）‎ 预测是阅读过程中不可或缺的一环。阅读不是被动地接受和理解信息的过程，而是不 断地预测—验证－修正—和进一步预测的循环过程。‎ ‎2略读（skimming）‎ ‎ 略读是一种快速浏览阅读方式，其目的是了解文章的大概轮廓或大意。因此读者无须细读全文，而是有选择地进行跳跃式的阅读。其特点是，阅读速度要快，进行略读可以按以下步骤:①阅读文章的题目、附图、图表、起始段和结尾段;②细读其他段落的主题句;③浏览一些与主题句相关的信息词。适合略读策略的文体包括文体报刊杂志、书信、背景资料、报告、课本章节、说明文字、小说等。‎ ‎3跳读(scanning)‎ ‎ 跳读是另一种快速阅读方式，其目的是从文字资料中查找特定的细节内容，如有关时间、地点、数据、人名、地名、事实等具体信息。跳读对理解的精确程度要求既快又准。读者进行跳读时，可以参考下几方面的信息：（1）标题或图表。由于很多信息资料配有标题和图表。因此，有时不看文字说明，通过标题和图表也能获得所要查找的信息。（2）主题词。带着要查找内容的主题词进行跳读，捕捉关键词有助于提高阅读效率。（3）版式及印刷特点。如广告则按主题分类，广播或电视节目按时间或频道排列。了解不同的版式特点能够快地预测到有关内容可能出现的位置。显然，适合跳读策略的文体有广告、词典、安排表等。‎ ‎ 4 识别指代关系(Identifying Reference Relationship)‎ ‎ 识别语篇中的指代关系有助于抓住作者思路。其作用仅次于关联词。然而，许多学生对于像she, he, it, them, that, these., those这样的代词却不以为然，甚至视而不见，结果在复杂的句子或段落中就容易失去理解的线索而不知所云。指代关系包括回指和下指。回指是作者为避免上下文重复，使用名词、代词、副词、助动词替代上文中提到的名词、时间、地点、动词，或使用同义词或近义词代替已出现的名词、形容词等。如：‎ ‎5 推理（Inferring）‎ 读者往往利用文中主要事实、关键词或短语、句法、逻辑和文化线索等才能做出合乎逻辑的推理和判断。这种策略也可称为“Reading between the lines”。在阅读中推理有助于读者更好地理解文章。但是值得注意的是：推理必须建立在 “证据”的基础之上，切忌主观臆断和望文生义 ‎ 6.概括（summarizing）‎ ‎ 概括是指从整体上理解文章的语篇意思，归纳归纳出全文的主旨或某个段落的主旨。主旨可分为：文章主题(topic)、大意(main ‎ idea)、标题（title）等。对文章概括时，读者要抓住文章的中心思想。而主题句又是对中心思想的概括，所以抓住主题句是把握中心思想的关键。一般来说，主题句置于文章的开头或结尾处，也有些文章将主题句放在段中；还有些文章没有概括全篇的主题句，只有一个概括每段内容的主题句，综合全篇每个段落的主题句就可抓住全篇的中心思想。‎ IV. 翻译 ‎【考查目标】高考中译英主要测试考生书面表达能力，具体目标为：能运用所学的语言知识，译出正确、通顺的句子。其考查形式为要求考生根据括号里所给提示的单词将汉语译成英语。‎ ‎【试题分析】2009年高考中译英题型保持以往的模式，翻译的难度也没有增加，但突出考查学生灵活运用词汇的能力，例如，电影开拍，山高林密，实施救援。这对于习惯于死背词汇的学生是个挑战。‎ 1. 网球运动在上海越来越流行了。（popular）‎ ‎【考查目标】词组用法（形容词的固定用法）‎ ‎【解题分析】表示体育运动项目的tennis前不加冠词。“越来越流行”用more and more popular…句型表达，不能直接在popular后面加er。由于是描述近期的现状，时态选择一般现在时。‎ ‎ 【参考译文】Tennis is getting more and more popular in Shanghai.‎ ‎ ‎ 2. 我认为你们的建议和他们的一样有价值。（as…as）‎ ‎【考查目标】句子结构（形容词比较级的固定句型）‎ ‎【解题分析】as…as 结构中是两个同一性质的事物进行比较，第一个as后面紧跟形容词。所以重点句子结构为as valuable as，“他们的”指“他们的建议”，应译为theirs 或their suggestions。此外，suggestion为可数名词，在翻译的过程中要注意主谓一致。‎ ‎ 【参考译文】I think your suggestion is as valuable as theirs 3. 只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。（keep）‎ ‎【考查目标】句子结构（动词的固定句型）以及动名词做主语的语法项目 ‎ 【解题分析】keep sb. +adj. 表示“是某人处于某种状态”，所以“使我睡不着”可译为“keep me awake”。本句主语“只喝一杯咖啡”为动词短语，所以宜用动名词做主语。‎ ‎ 【参考译文】Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4. 为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。（memory）‎ ‎ 【考查目标】词组的用法（介词短语）‎ ‎ 【解题分析】用名词memory表示“为了纪念某人”时，应用“in memory of sb.”句型。“拍电影”可译成make/ shot a film，转化为被动则为a film will be made/ shot。‎ ‎ 【参考译文】A film will be made/ shot in memory of those brave fire fighters.‎ ‎5. 过了三天她才想起把雨衣忘在语言实验室了。（remember）‎ ‎ 【考查目标】句子结构以及动名词做宾语的语法项目（remember doing）‎ ‎ 【解题分析】remember后的搭配有remember doing （having done）和remember to do。本句表示“想起已经做了某件事情”，所以用动名词的形式“…remembered leaving/ having left”。当然，此处还可以使用宾语从句的形式“…remembered that she had left her raincoat in the language lab”。整个句子可使用not…until，It was three days before，也可用强调句型。‎ ‎ 【参考译文】‎ She didn’t remember leaving her raincoat in the language lab until three days later。‎ It was three days later that she remembered leaving her raincoat in the language lab.‎ It was three days before she remembered leaving her raincoat in the language lab.‎ ‎6. 尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，实施援救。（despite）‎ ‎ 【考查目标】句子结构、介词用法（despite）及语言灵活运用 ‎ 【解题分析】用介词despite表示“尽管”时，后面常接加名词或名词短语，后接句子时使用despite the fact that… 结构。“山高林密”采用直译法译为“high mountains and thick forests”也可以用句子“The mountains are high and the forests are thick”. 迅速赶到可译为“rushed to”或“arrived at/ reached/ got to…quickly”，“实施”可译成“carry out”“practice”。‎ ‎【参考译文】‎ Despite the high mountains and thick forests, the doctors and nurses rushed to the scene of the accident for the rescuer.‎ Despite the fact that the mountains are high and the forests are thick, the doctors and nurses arrived at the scene of the accident quickly to carry out the rescue.‎ ‎【中译英考查特点】翻译题主要考查考生对词汇，语法和句型结构的综合运用能力，在题型设置上，总共为6句，总分为20分。其中第一句到第四句每句3分，第五、第六句每句4分。3分题一般设有两个考核点；4分考核点设有3个考核点。‎ 翻译题不仅考查考生对所学英语基础知识的掌握程度，而且还要在一定程度上考查考生对中，英两种语言表达差异的敏感性，要求考生将汉语的意思用符合英语语言习惯的句子表达。具体说来考查固定句型、习惯表达方法、句子内部的逻辑关系（连词的应用）、时态和语态、基本语法规则、汉语成语、谚语单词拼写以及标点符号等。所考查的英语提示词包括：名词、动词、形容词、连词、语法项目的标志词等。根据历年高考的命题题规律，第一、二句往往只涉及较为简单的一个词组或一个句型，通常是简单句，考生较容易得分。第三、四句则涉及复合句，被动，难度有所增加。第五、六句句子结构相对复杂，如倒装结构，复合句等，词汇运用的难度明显增加，有时所给中文会出现成语、谚语的翻译，学生容易失分。‎ 应对策略 根据近几年中译英的试题特点，在复习中应重视词汇和语法的综合运用能力的培养，即语用能力的培养。此外，还要提高语言敏感性，注意中译英命题的选材来源等。根据历年高考命题特点，在平时复习训练时应注意以下几个方面：‎ ‎①关注常用词汇，掌握基本用法。‎ 中译英试题中所给提示词，一般为常用词汇，侧重考查其基本词义和用法，如09年中译英的提示词为popular，as…as，keep，memory，remember，despite。‎ ‎②关注常用语法，熟练运用规则。‎ 纵观历年的高考题，我们不难发现常用语法项目是高考翻译题的常设考点。这些语法项目包括it固定句式（做形式主语、宾语、强调句）、动名词做主语、倒装句型、连词、常见句型结构、定语从句、让步状语从句等。因此，掌握中学常用语法知识，并有的放矢操练才能达到“游刃有余”的熟练程度。‎ ‎③关注训练角度，掌握话题词汇。‎ 历年中译英命题的选材一般源于学生的学习、生活，有的选材是学生较为熟悉的现象与事物，有的选材涉及到生活哲理与学生的生活体验。此外，有些题材和当年热门话题、事件和人们关心的话题有关。因此，中译英的训练可围绕现行教材的单元主题进行，掌握话题词汇达到提升词汇反应能力的目的。‎ V. 写作 某海外学校举办英语夏令营，开设了如下课程：园艺（gardening）、烹饪（cooking）、防身术（self-defence）、护理（nursing）。假如你是王跃华（不可以用自己的真实姓名），写一封申请信，报名参加其中一门课程的学习。信的内容必须包括：‎ l 你感兴趣的课程 l 你期望从这门课程中学到什么 l 为什么想学这些内容 考查目标：写作主要测试考生的书面表达能力，具体目标为：能根据题意正确、连贯、贴切地进行书面表达。总分为25分，评分标准包括内容，语言，结构三部分。题材贴近学生生活，体裁多样，从近几年的高考作文趋势来看，无论何种体裁，都可以采用叙议结合的形式。‎ 命题特点：学生在写作内容上有选择的空间，话题贴近学生生活，该话题的词汇学生熟悉，不会出现学生无话可说和偏题的情况。‎ 命题思路：2009年高考要求考生以书信的形式就暑期英语夏令营选课进行回复，考查学生语言综合运用能力，即用语言做事、叙事和成事的能力。‎ 写作分析：首先要（1）确定体裁：申请信。因此要注意书信的格式及其标志语言。学生可以根据自身实际从兴趣爱好入手（2）选择某门课程，并（3）表明想学到什么，再结合自身实际（4）说明为什么想学这些内容。（5）考生表达句式的事态以一般现在时为主叙述其兴趣爱好和课程的选择，并辅以一般将来时解释其选课的理由。‎ 相关语词：‎ • I intend to learn…‎ • prefer to • take an active part in • take …course • The reason why…‎ • organize my time wisely • prepare for my future life 参考作文：‎ Dear leader，‎ I am very glad that your school will hold the English Summer Camp that contains many courses ，such as gardening，cooking，self-defence，nursing and so on. ‎ I want to register to attend a course bout gardening, because I have liked flowers, grasses etc since I was a little child. I especially like playing in the garden where I can enjoy the beauty of nature. For one thing, I hope to gain a bit more knowledge of gardening so that it can help me to major in the gardening after attending college. Besides I wish to get much more information about gardening so as to study it more easily when I enter the university. What's more, I can realize the bitterness of the gardeners to treasure the plants much more. For another, after graduation from college I will devote my life to cultivate the flowers and grasses to turn our country into a more beautiful state and make many more foreigners come to visit our country.‎ Yours，‎ Wang Yue Hua Dear Sir/ Madam，‎ I’m writing to apply for the nursing course during the summer English camp. ‎ I have been attracted by nursing since I was a child. The skill, altruism and pleasure presented by nurses have always deeply touched me and left me an unforgettable memory. ‎ During the course, I expect to learn some basic and necessary nursing skills which may include medical, social and psychological knowledge. After taking this course, I may be able to provide those in need with both physical and mental care, especially when there is an emergency.‎ Now the desire to learn nursing and to become able to help others is blazing at the bottom of my heart. I really hope to get the chance to take this course and I am eagerly waiting for your early reply.‎ Yours sincerely, ‎ Wang Yue Hua 应对策略：‎ 英语写作训练的策略有很多，下面主要介绍主题写作策略、语篇构思策略、语篇衔接策略、模仿写作策略。‎ ‎①主题写作策略：‎ 所谓主题写作就是根据教科书的单元或模块主题以及所学的相关词汇练习写作。学生可以自拟题目或依据教师给出的与所学模块或单元相关的题目进行写作。这种做法的优点是既提高了写作能力又巩固了本单元或模块的所学词汇，是属一箭双雕之策，效果颇佳。有时为了学习词汇的需要也可以采取这一方法。如以marriage为话题让学生写出某对夫妇的婚姻的经过，让想归纳出学过的与marriage相关的词汇，让后让学生运用恰当的事态和连接词就可以写出一篇简单作文。由于篇幅所限下面仅介绍与marriage 的相关的主题语词：become ‎ acquainted with somebody ，make friends with somebody，make an appointment with somebody，fall in love with somebody，be engaged to somebody，be married to somebody，get divorced等。‎ ‎ 除此之外，教师还可以依据高考作文命题的特点并结合《上海市中小学课程标准》的话题有计划、有针对性的做好写作练习。一般而言，作文要涉及学生的衣、食、住、行、学习、劳动、休闲和旅游等贴近学生的生活方面的话题，同时还应关注学生的喜、怒、哀乐、批评、表扬、和谐和感恩等思想情感，让学生用英语叙事、做事、成事，训练学生的语言综合运用能力。‎ ‎②语篇构思策略：‎ ‎ 一篇优秀的作文首先要有紧扣主题的内容，其次要有一定的构思和技巧将主题巧妙地展开和总结。如案例中，首先这位学生开门见山地提出“主题”老师让他/她办墙报这件事，然后“展开”写自己的想法，最后“总结”，即做出了自己的决定。由此看来，构思时，要考虑布局清晰，内容充实和结构合理。 一位优秀学生的写作构思能力不是一蹴而就可以获得的，需要从平时的英语学习中有意识地训练。常见的方法是：阅读扩展思路，即用阅读来促进写作并不新鲜，许多名人大家都是从模仿起步的。因此，平时可以按主题或体裁积累素材读一些范文、学习文章的构思技巧并对材料进行选择和思考。‎ ‎ 写作前要归纳思路（brainstorming）。这种方法需要开阔思路、充分联想。归纳思路时，首先要写出可以想到的有关主题的内容。其次要把这些观点和细节规类，选择出与主题有关的内容然后对选材进行组织构思。‎ ③ 语篇衔接策略：‎ 一篇好的作文除了丰富的内容、巧妙的构思和规范的表达外，还需要把这些内容有机联系起来的语篇连接手段。即运用关联词、连接性副词、以及一些介词和短语等。如果语篇中缺乏表示逻辑关系的连接词，那么段落之间就会缺乏连贯性和整体性。如案例作文就恰当地运用了 though, if, on the other hand, however 等连接词。显然有效的连接和过渡才能使得文章连贯和完整。因此，学生应该掌握表示不同逻辑关系的语篇连接词。如表示因果关系的常用连接词有because, since, so that, thus, for this reason, as a result, therefore, consequently, so, accordingly, due to this等。此外，还要注意不同文体往往使用不同的表示时间和次序的语篇标志词。如下表：‎ 说明文（过程描述）‎ 议论文 ‎ 记叙文 First, to begin with, then, after, before, while, when, finally, meanwhile, etc.‎ In the first place, to begin with, first, second, third, (firstly, secondly), in addition, besides, furthermore, etc. ‎ ‎ At first, then, before, after, soon, as soon as, eventually, at last, in the end, etc.‎ ④ 模仿写作策略：‎ 根据学生模仿写作的态度可分为积极性模仿和消极性模仿。积极性模仿的写作步骤是：首先阅读适中的范文，按提纲式记录文章的要点以及相关细节。然后以同一题目，按照记录内容自己重新写，尽量与原文的体裁统一，但不要默写。最后，把自己仿写的文章与原文对照，寻找出差距并进行修改。所谓消极性模仿就是根据范文的体裁和格式就不同的题目直接模仿写作，只对原文进行“微调”。实践表明，模仿写作对于初学者而言是不失为一种有效的写作策略。‎