中考英语语法整合复习时主谓一致和倒装句牛津版

中考英语语法整合复习时主谓一致和倒装句牛津版

第13课时　主谓一致和倒装句 ‎2015年中考在考查主谓一致和倒装句时让考生根据主语单复数来选择谓语动词的人称和数。答题时要注意一些主谓一致的句型。如:‎ there be句型;not only...but also;either...or;neither...nor...等。‎ 预计2016年将考查主谓一致和倒装句。主谓一致以选择题为主,在完成句子和完形填空中也会出现。倒装句的考查主要考查以so开头的倒装句。在做这种题目的时候,一定要注意助动词的选择。‎ 一、 主谓一致 在句子中,谓语动词必须在人称和数等方面与主语保持一致。‎ 在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。‎ ‎(一)语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。‎ ‎1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:‎ What he said is very important for us all.‎ 他说的话对我们所有人来说都很重要。‎ Reading‎ in the sun is bad for your eyes.‎ 在阳光下看书对你的眼睛有害。‎ The children were in the classroom two hours ago.‎ 两个小时之前,孩子们都在教室里。‎ what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式。如果表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:‎ What I bought were three English books.‎ 我昨天买的是三本英语书。‎ What I say and do is(are) helpful to you.‎ 我说的和做的对你有帮助。‎ ‎2. and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:‎ The writer and artist has come. ‎ 那个作家兼艺术家已经来了。‎ 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every more than a(an),many a(an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:‎ Every student and every teacher was in the room. ‎ 每一个学生和老师都在房间里。‎ No boy and no girl likes it.‎ 没有男孩和女孩喜欢它。‎ ‎3. 主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with,together with,except,but,like,as well as,rather than,more than,no less than,besides,including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:‎ Mr Green,together with his wife and children,has come to China. 格林先生和他的妻子和孩子一起,已经来到中国。‎ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. ‎ 除了吉姆和迈克之外,操场上没有人。‎ She,like you and Tom,is very tall. ‎ 她,跟你和汤姆一样,个子高高的。‎ ‎4. either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:‎ Each of us has a new book. ‎ 我们中每个人都一本新书。‎ Everything around us is matter.‎ 我们周围的一切都是物质。‎ 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;如果后面的名词是复数,谓语动词用单、复数都可以。如:‎ Neither of the texts is(are) interesting.‎ 课文没有一篇有趣。‎ None of us has(have) been to America.‎ 我们中没有人去过美国。‎ ‎5. 在定语从句中,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:‎ He is one of my friends who are working hard. ‎ 他是我努力工作的朋友之一。‎ He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. ‎ 他是我朋友当中唯一一个工作认真的。‎ ‎6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词常见的有:family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。如:‎ Class Four is on the third floor. ‎ 四班在三楼。‎ Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. ‎ 四班的学生就班长的人选不能达成一致。‎ 注意:people,police,cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:‎ The police are looking for the lost child.‎ 警察正在寻找失踪的孩子。‎ ‎7. 由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the rest of,the majority of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:‎ There are a lot of people in the classroom.‎ 教室里有许多人。‎ The rest of the lecture is wonderful. ‎ 演讲的其余部分是很精彩的。‎ ‎50% of the students in our class are girls.‎ 我们班百分之50的学生是女生。‎ a number of(许多)作定语修饰复数名词时,谓语用复数;the number of(……的数量)作主语时,谓语用单数。如:‎ A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.‎ 我的一些朋友认为我应该休假。‎ The number of students is about twenty.‎ 学生人数大约是20人左右。‎ ‎8. 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:‎ There comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。‎ On the wall are many pictures. ‎ 墙上有许多图画。‎ Such is the result./Such are the facts. ‎ 结果就是这样/事实就是这样。‎ ‎(二)逻辑意义一致原则 逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。‎ ‎1. what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要由意思来决定。如:‎ Which is your bag?/Which are your bags?/All is going well./All have gone to Beijing.‎ ‎2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。如:‎ Thirty minutes is enough for the work.‎ 这项工作30分钟足够了。‎ ‎3. 书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等是复数形式时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:‎ ‎“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. ‎ ‎《一千零一夜》是一个有趣的故事书。‎ ‎4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”(一半)后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数)。如:‎ One and a half apples is(are) left on the table. 一个半的苹果留在了桌子上。‎ ‎5. 算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:‎ Twelve plus eight is twenty. ‎ ‎12加8等于20。‎ Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.‎ ‎56除以8等于7。‎ ‎6. 一些学科名词是以-ics 结尾(如mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等)复数的名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:‎ I think physics isn’t easy to study.‎ 我认为物理不容易学习。‎ ‎7. trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:‎ The pair of shoes under the bed is his.‎ 床下面的那双鞋是他的。‎ ‎8. “定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。如:‎ The poor get poorer;the rich get richer.‎ 穷者愈穷;富者愈富。‎ ‎(三)就近一致原则 在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。‎ ‎1. 当两个主语由either...or,neither... nor,whether... or...,not only...but also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如:‎ Either the teacher or the students are our friends. ‎ 要么老师,要么学生是我们的朋友。‎ Neither dad nor mum is at home today. ‎ 今天父母都不在家。‎ ‎2. there be句型中be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如:‎ There are two chairs and a desk in the room. ‎ 房间里有两把椅子和一张书桌。‎ 案例　(2015·江苏扬州·12·1分)—Where is Mr Wang?‎ ‎—He together with his students 　　　　Zhuyuwan‎ ‎Park. ‎ A. has gone to B. have gone to ‎ C. has been to D. have been to ‎【解析】本题考查主谓一致的问题。因为主语后面的together with his students是状语,表伴随,因此后面的谓语动词要与he保持一致,所以排除B、D两项。又因“王先生和学生去了公园”,用has gone to来表示。‎ ‎【答案】 A 二、 倒装句 英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序;另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。‎ 按“主语+谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语+主语”,就是倒装。倒装句分为:‎ 完全倒装:整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。‎ 部分倒装:只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。‎ ‎1. 以there,here,out,in,up,down,away等副词开头的句子,为了起到强调的作用,可构成倒装句,只将副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。‎ Here is your letter. 这是你的信。‎ 这种倒装要求:主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不变。‎ Away he went. 他走开了。‎ 这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。‎ Out rushed the boys. 男孩们冲出去了。‎ ‎2. now,then,just,often表示时间的副词放在句首,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。‎ Then came the chairman. ‎ 此时主席进来了。‎ ‎3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首,要用倒装句式,以示强调。这种倒装句是主谓直接调换位置,不加助动词did,does或do。‎ Under a big tree sat a fat man,half asleep.‎ 大树下坐一胖者,昏昏欲睡。‎ ‎4. there放在句首时,要用倒装句式。‎ 在“there+be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be,而用表示类似“存在”概念的其他不及物动词。如:live,stand,come,lie,flow,enter,rise和appear等。‎ There came shouts for help from the river.‎ 从河里传来了救命的喊叫声。‎ There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.在那所房子前面是一大片小麦地。‎ 案例　(2015·四川宜宾·1分)—I’m not going swimming this afternoon.‎ ‎—　　　　. I have to help my mother do some cleaning. ‎ A. So am I B. So I am C. Neither am I D. Neither I am ‎【解析】本题考查倒装句的用法。原句是否定句,so开头的倒装句用于肯定句,所以排除A、B两项。又因为倒装句要用倒装语序。‎ ‎【答案】 C 例1　考查与主语一致。‎ ‎(2015·江苏镇江·13·1分)—My aunt said she called you yesterday morning,but there was no answer.‎ ‎—Oh,we were at home. Maybe my husband with my daughter and me 　　　　my car in the garden. ‎ A. were washing B. had washed C. was washing D. washed ‎【解析】本题考查主谓一致的用法。句意为:——我姑姑说她昨天早上给你打电话,你没接。——哦,我们在家。或许我的丈夫和我及女儿在花园里洗车。本句的主语是my husband,所以,谓语动词用单数。介词短语作状语,伴随情况。结合情景,句子要用过去进行时。‎ ‎【答案】 C 例2　考查倒装句。‎ ‎①(2015·甘肃白银·1分)—Has your mother ever been to London?‎ ‎—Yes,and 　　　　. We went together. ‎ A. so have I B. so I have ‎ C. neither have I D. neither I have ‎ ‎【解析】本题考查倒装句用法。因为原句是现在完成时态肯定句,倒装句要用so引导,所以排除C、D两项。因为倒装句要倒装语序。‎ ‎【答案】 A ‎②(2015·贵州黔西南·1分)—I have changed my job.‎ ‎—　　　　  ‎ A. So do I.‎ B. So have I. ‎ C. So I do. D. So I have.‎ ‎【解析】本题考查倒装句用法。原句是现在完成时态肯定句,倒装句要用so来引导。因为倒装句要用倒装语序。‎ ‎【答案】 B 单项选择 ‎1. (2015·贵州六盘水·30·1分)Not only you but also he 　　　　the secret. ‎ A. knows B. know　‎ C. have known　 D. to know ‎2. (2015·贵州黔东南·32·1分)Climbing hills 　　　　good for our health. ‎ A. are　 B. is　‎ C. was D. were ‎3. (2015·山东烟台·27·1分)—How many girls are there in your class?‎ ‎—　　　　 them 　　　　over twenty. ‎ A. A number of;are B. The number of;are C. A number of;is D. The number of;is ‎4. (2015·山东烟台·28·1分)—Can you come on Monday or Tuesday,Scott?‎ ‎—I’m afraid 　　　　is possible. I’ll be on business on those two days. ‎ A. either B. neither ‎ C. every　 D. each ‎5. (2015·山东泰安·31·1分)—What 　　　　the number of the students in your school?　 ‎ ‎—About two thousand. A number of them 　　　　from the countryside. ‎ A. is;are B. is;is　‎ C. are;is D. are;are ‎6. (2015·山东威海·28·1分)—Which jacket do you prefer,this one or that one?‎ ‎—　　　　 is OK. I don’t care too much. ‎ A. Both　 B. Either ‎ C. Neither D. All ‎7. (2015·湖南益阳·35·1分)　　　　 of the students in our class 　　　　girls. ‎ A. Two fifth;is B. Two fifth;are ‎ C. Two fifths;are ‎8. (2015·辽宁铁岭·3·1分)—When shall we go to the bookstore,this afternoon or tomorrow?‎ ‎—　　　　 is OK. I’m free these days. ‎ A. None B. Either ‎ C. Any D. Neither ‎9. (2015·广东·35·1分)—Do you need more time to complete the task?‎ ‎—Yes. Another ten days 　　　　enough. ‎ A. is B. was ‎ C. are D. were ‎10. (2015·湖南益阳·30·1分)—My grandma is used to living in the city.‎ ‎—　　　　. ‎ A. So my grandpa is B. So is my grandpa C. So my grandpa did 答案 第13课时　主谓一致和倒装句 ‎1~5　A B D B A　6~10　B C B A A