高考完形填空题的探索

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高考完形填空题的探索

摘 要:‎ 完形填空题是高考常见题型。本文从完形填空题的起源、特点探索完形填空题的解题方法和训练方法,希望能给广大师生有所启迪和帮助。‎ 关键词:高考 完形 探索 对高考完形填空题的探索 完形填空是我国英语测试中最常见的题型,也是我国高考英语考试中最基本的题型之一。由于缺乏对完形填空这种高考题型的正确了解,不少中学生总为找不到合适的解题方法而感到头痛不已。目前,在学生使用的练习中有一些完形填空题过于偏重考察学生的语法知识,这更让中学生无所适从。那么,什么是完形填空题?它的功能是什么?正确的解题方法又是什么呢?‎ ‎ 一、完形填空的起源与运用 ‎ 二、典型的完形填空题 ‎ ‎ 三、完形填空法的特点与用途 ‎ ‎ 四、完形填空题的解题方法 ‎ ‎ 五、完形填空题的训练方法 ‎ ‎ 1.坚持英语课堂教学中的听说训练,不断培养学生运用英语的交际能力 ‎ ‎ 2. 通过训练学生对单句或短语篇的理解能力来提高他们解答完形填空题的能力。‎ ‎ 3. 中学生解答完形填空题过程中的困惑和对策 一、完形填空的起源与运用 ‎ 完形填空法(the close procedure)的产生与格式塔心理学(Gestalt psychology)有着密切的关系。格式塔心理学特别注重作为整体的经验模式(Gestalt psychology is especially concerned with patterns of experience as wholes.)。 它强调:‎ 不能通过对各部分的分析来认识整体。要理解整体的全部性质,就必须“自上而下”地分析整体结构到各个组成部分的特性。‎ 完形填空题的创始人: 威尔逊·泰勒(Wilson Taylor)‎ ‎ “完形填空并不直接涉及特定的意思。它只是反复地从两种语言模式的相似之处取样: 一种是写的人表达自己的思想的语言模式, 另一种是反映读的人根据自己的理解作出的猜测的语言模式。”‎ 二、典型的完形填空题 ‎ 在英语测试中,完形填空题主要用于话语水平的阅读理解。典型的完形填空题是一段短文,接近300个单词。第一句和最后一句无空白。‎ 在我国高考的英语测试中,完形填空题也是主要用于话语水平的阅读理解。它侧重考察学生对语篇的理解能力,很少或几乎不直接考察学生的语法知识。 ‎ 我国高考英语测试中的完形填空题也是一篇情景独立或相对完整的短文。短文长度约300个单词。挖空偏重于实词,每两个空白之间的距离不少于四至五个单词。通常每空只挖去一个单词。为了便于考生阅读,在该短文的第一句和最后一句均不出现空白。‎ 三、完形填空法的特点与用途 ‎ ‎1、完形填空法的特点:‎ ‎1)用途十分广泛。完形填空法可以用于母语教学和外语教学。 ‎ ‎2)命题比较容易,取材极为灵活。用作完形填空的短文材料可以取自教材、书籍、报纸、杂志等,只要有可读性就行。这就使得完形填空这个题型具有丰富的内涵和题材的广泛性和灵活性。‎ ‎3)平分难度不大 虽然典型的完形填空题属于半客观题,但高考中的完形填空题采取了限制性的出题方式,把选项改为完全客观性选项,使答案唯一化。 ‎ 三、完形填空法的特点与用途 ‎ ‎1、完形填空法的特点:‎ ‎1)用途十分广泛。完形填空法可以用于母语教学和外语教学。 ‎ ‎2)命题比较容易,取材极为灵活。用作完形填空的短文材料可以取自教材、书籍、报纸、杂志等,只要有可读性就行。这就使得完形填空这个题型具有丰富的内涵和题材的广泛性和灵活性。‎ ‎3)平分难度不大 虽然典型的完形填空题属于半客观题,但高考中的完形填空题采取了限制性的出题方式,把选项改为完全客观性选项,使答案唯一化。 ‎ ‎2、完形填空法的用途: ‎ ‎1)判断阅读教材的难易程度,以确定其可读性;‎ ‎2)评估双语流畅程度;‎ ‎3)评估阅读理解能力;‎ ‎4)研究上下文的制约关系;‎ ‎5)评估教学效果 四、完形填空题的解题方法 完形填空题是测试话语水平的题型。根据完形填空法的基本理论,我国在高考NMET的测试中使用完形填空题的主要目的在于考察考生的短文阅读理解能力。 ‎ 威尔逊·泰勒说:“完形填空所涉及的是一系 列与上下文相联系的空白, 而不是孤立的空白。”‎ 思考方法和解题方法: ‎ ‎1.快速通读全文,从整体上来思考短文,分析全文的基本结构和表达层次,从而弄清文章的主要意思。‎ ‎2.仔细阅读短文的各个细节,努力从字里行间找到能够利用的各种线索,作出合理的推断,从而找出可能的正确答案。‎ ‎3.我们可以用下列的思路来寻找可能存在的线索:‎ ‎①graphic and morphological clues (书写和形态变化线索)‎ ‎② lexical clues(词汇线索);‎ ‎③ syntactic clues(句法线索);‎ ‎④ social-cultural clues(社会文化线索)‎ ‎⑤ contextual clues(上下文线索)‎ ‎4.实例分析(1):(2010北京)‎ 第二节完形填空(共20小题;每小题l.5分,共30分)‎ ‎ 阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ ‎ I met Mrs. Neidl in the ninth grade on a stage-design team for a play and she was one of the directors. Almost instantly I loved her. She had an Unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking, 36 she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reason, she was impressed with my work and me.‎ ‎ Mrs. Neidl would ask me for my 37 . She wanted to know how I thought we should 38 things. At first I had no idea how to answer because I knew 39 about stage design! But I slowly began to respond to her 40 . It was cause and effect: She believed I had opinions, so I began to 41 them. She trusted me to complete things, so I completed them perfectly. She loved how 42 I was, so I began to show up to paint more and more. She believed in me, so I began to believe in myself.‎ ‎ Mrs. Neidl's 43 that year was, "Try it. We can always paint over it 44 !"I began to take 45 . I had been so afraid of failing but suddenly there was no failing--only things to be 46 upon. I learned to dip my brush into the paint and 47 create something.‎ ‎ The shy, quiet freshman achieved success that year. I was ‎48 in the program as "Student Art Assistant" because of the time and effort I'd put in. It was that year that I 49 I wanted to spend the rest of my life doing stage design.‎ ‎ Being on that stage-design team 50 Mrs. Neidl changed me completely. Not only was I stronger and more competent than I had thought, but I also ‎51 a strong interest and a world I hadn't known existed. She taught me not to 52 what people think I should do: She taught me to take chances and not be 53 . Mrs. Neidl was my comforter when I was upset. Her ‎54 in me has inspired me to do things that I never imagined 55 .‎ ‎36. A. and B. yet C. so D. for 答案:.B解析:考察连词及句子理解。前面unpleasant voice 和 direct way of speaking是消极意向,后面encouraging 和 inspiring是积极意向,因此需填转折连词,四个选项中A表并列,C表结果,D表原因,只有B选项yet表转折。‎ ‎37. A. opinion B. impression C. information D. intention 答案:A 解析:考察名词及篇章理解。第二段第二句话“她想知道我认为我们该怎样处理事情”直接提示了这个空应该选观点opinion这个词. 第二段倒数第四句话中也出现了这个词从而验证了其正确性。B. impression 印象、C. information 信息、D. intention 意图均不符合题意。‎ ‎38. A. make B. keep C. handle D. change 答案C 解析:考察动词及篇章理解。根据文章主线选择“处理”事情。考纲要求考生掌握handle 的两种意思,名词是“柄、把”,动词是“处理”,这里考察后者。A, 做、创造 B 保持 D改变 均不符题意。‎ ‎39. A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing 答案D 解析:考察代词及句子理解。开始我不知如何回答是因为我对舞台设计“一无所知”。 know nothing about sth 对某事一无所知。‎ ‎40. A. questions B. comments C. explanations D. remarks 答案A 解析:考察名词及篇章理解。解题关键词是本句的 ”respond 回答、响应”, 线索是第二段第一句中的 “ask 提问”及第四句中的“answer 回答”, 因此这里填 “question 问题”这个词。BD选项是评论,C是解释,不符题意。‎ ‎41. A. hold B. follow C. evaluate D. form 答案D 解析:考察动词及篇章理解。本句的them指代opinions 。form opinion形成观点 。hold opinion持有某种观点,form 是个变化的状态,hold是个持续的状态,根据文意推断作者开始并没有观点,由于她相信我有观点所以我形成了观点,强调形成这个过程,另外Begin to后接有变化感的词,故选form不选hold. B. follow 遵照,C .evaluate评估与题意差别较大。‎ ‎42. A. happy B. lively C. reliable D. punctual 答案C 解析:考察形容词及句子理解。解题线索在后半句 “so I began to show up to paint more and more ” 作者做的事情变多是Mrs. Neidl信任的结果,说明我是个可信赖(reliable)的人,C选项符合题意。其他三个选项happy 高兴的 lively活泼的和 punctual 准时的都不能表达出这种合理的因果关系。另外迷惑性较大的lively通常用来形容物。 ‎ ‎43. A. message B. motto C. saying D. suggestion 答案B解析:考察名词及句子理解。引号里是一句鼓励性质的话,而且前面“that year”也是线索,说明这话是她的motto座右铭。迷惑性较大的C选项saying是谚语的意思,往往是人们长期形成的对生活及经验的总结,强调群体性及时间性,故不合适,message 信息,suggestion 建议,不合题意。‎ ‎44. A. again B. more C. instead D. later 答案D 解析:考察副词及篇章理解。本题难度较大,解题关键词是介词“over”,表覆盖。选择later 可以理解为“如果没有画好,稍后可以再画一次覆盖在之前的画上。” more更多, Instead 代替, 不合题意。迷惑性最大的是again.表示“再一次、又一次”但是放在这里与over意思重复,paint over it later相当于 paint it again, 故不选A。‎ ‎45. A. steps B. control C. charge D. risks 答案D 解析:考察名词及篇章理解。take risks 固定搭配,冒险。通读全文发现作者是开始很不自信,第四段开头也提示了作者“shy” ,“quiet”,因此动笔画画对他来说是个冒险,是自我突破的过程,文章最后一段也提到了take chances冒险,因此选D。take steps是采取措施、步骤的意思,与文章主题不搭,control 和 charge 都有控制的意思,不合题意。‎ ‎46. A. improved B. acted C. looked D. reflected 答案A 解析:考察动词及句子理解。Improve upon 改进。线索是本段开头的座右铭“试试吧,我们永远可以重画一次。”因此不存在失败,只存在改进。Act upon按照、对…起作用,look upon 看待、考虑,reflect upon  考虑、回顾,均不符题意。‎ ‎47. A. easily B. carefully C. confidently D. proudly 答案C 解析:考察副词及篇章理解。本段主要描写了作者从不敢做到敢做的过程,根据前文提示作者曾很不自信,后来在Mrs. Neidl的鼓励下自信地拿起了画笔,因此选confidently. A easily 容易的。作者超越自我的过程并不容易。B carefully 小心地。创作并不是个小心翼翼的过程。D Proudly 骄傲地。文章中没有任何体现。‎ ‎48. A. introduced B. recognized C. identified D. considered 答案B 解析:考察动词。Be recognized as“被公认为、被承认”。 Introduce 介绍、引入,be identified as“ 被确定是”,有验证身份的意思,be considered as “被认为、被当作”。其中 be recognize as 有“被大家承认、被普遍接受”的意思,表意更准确。‎ ‎49. A. confirmed B. decided C. realized D. acknowledged 答案C 解析:考察动词。解题关键词是“want ”。作者意识到自己想要的是什么,所以用realized. 迷惑项是decided 决定。可以说决定要什么,但不可以说决定想什么,因为想法是不可控制的。Confirm 证实 acknowledge 承认,与题意差别较大。‎ ‎50. A. with B. below C. of D. by 答案A 解析:考察介词。Being with sb 与某人在一起。这里不能选of是因为全文第一句话,Mrs. Neidl是“ one of the directors”,所以不能说是她的团队。Below 和 by 搭配错误。‎ ‎51. A. developed B. discovered C. took D. fostered 答案B 解析:考察动词。发现了一项爱好和一个未知的世界,选discovered. 迷惑项是developed , 这个词可以与interest 连用表示形成了某种爱好,但是不可以与world连用表示“形成一个未知世界,”故排除。Take interest 取利,foster 培养,均不合适。‎ ‎52. A. accept B. care C. judge D. wonder 答案B 解析:考察动词及篇章理解。“她教会我不要去在乎别人认为我该怎么做”,care 在乎,符合文意。Accept 接受,judge 判断 ,wonder 怀疑 均不合文意。‎ ‎53. A. bored B. lazy C. sad D. afraid 答案D 解析:考察形容词及句意理解。Be afraid害怕。前面说Take chance 冒险,后面理所当然说不要怕(失败),而且前文反复出现了afraid 这个词,是全篇的关键词。Bored 无聊的,lazy 懒惰的,sad 伤心的,在文中均无体现。‎ ‎54. A. trust B. patience C. curiosity Do interest 答案A 解析:考察名词及篇章理解。Trust 信任。通读全文会发现文中多次提到Mrs. Neidl对作者的信任,并在第三段明确使用了trust这个词,因此推断出答案。Patience 耐心,curiosity好奇心,interest兴趣,文中均无体现。‎ ‎55. A. accessible B. enjoyable C. possible D. favorable 答案C解析:考察形容词及篇章理解。“她对我的信任激励我完成以前认为不可能的事情”, “never imagined possible” 等于 “imagined impossible.” 认为不可能的,贴合文意。Accessible 容易取得的 enjoyable 有趣的 favorable 有利的赞同的 均不合文意。‎ ‎4.实例分析(2)(2010上海)‎ The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing ___50___.‎ ‎ What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, ___51___ revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the ‎ Opera underwent such a process.‎ When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had. ___52___ several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆). For instance, Lloyd Webber ___53___ some of the music because the Phantom's makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds.‎ ‎ When you revise, you change aspects of your work in ___54___ to your evolving purpose, or to include ___55___ ideas or newly discovered information.‎ ‎ Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. ___56___, it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to ___57___. topics while prewriting is a type of revising. However. don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows ___58___. Always make time to become your own ___59___and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you ___60___ new ideas.‎ Revising involves ___61___ the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose ___62___ throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the ___63___ that is, facts, opinions, inferences --- that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many ___64___ details that may confuse readers?‎ ‎【文章大意】修改是作品写作过程中非常重要且必须的步骤。文章讲叙了作品修改的目的和途径。‎ ‎50. A. technique B. style C. process D. career 答案:C 考点:本题考查名词辨析 解析:参照下文的“Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”和“However. don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage”。名词technique(技术)、style(风格)、career(事业、生涯)都不符题意。本题难度适中。‎ ‎51. A. in particular B. as a result C. for example D. in other words 答案:D 考点:本题考查介词短语辨析 解析:前面adding, deleting, replacing, reordering都是revising的方面,所以revising和这些名词同义;介词短语in other words表示“换句话说”。介词短语in particular(尤其、特别表强调)、as a result(因此,表结果)、for example(例如,表举例说明)都不符题意。本题难度适中。‎ ‎52. A. undergone B. skipped C. rejected D. replaced 答案:A 考点:本题考查动词辨析 解析:动词skip(跳远)、reject(拒绝、抵制)replace(取代)都不符题意。人们观看的是完美的表演,但表演之前作品经历了(undergo)多次修改,与上段的“Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”对应。本题难度适中。‎ ‎53. A. rewrote B. released C. recorded D. reserved 答案:A 考点:本题考查动词辨析 解析:动词release(释放、赦免、发行)、record(记录、录音)、reserve(保留、预订)都不符题意。动词rewrite表示“重写、修改”,与动词revise同义,与本篇文话题相关。本题难度适中。‎ ‎54. A. addition B. response C. opposition D. contrast 答案:B 考点:本题考查介词短语辨析 解析:介词短语in addition to表示“而且、除…之外还有”,in opposition to表示“与...的意见相反”,in contrast to表示“与...形成对比”,都与本题不符。in response to(作为对┄的反应)在本句表示“你修改作品是对你想改进作品目的的一种回应”本题难。‎ ‎55. A. fixed B. ambitious C. familiar D. fresh 答案:D 考点:本题考查形容词辨析 解析:fresh ideas 与后面的newly discovered information对应。本题难度适中。‎ ‎56. A. However B. Moreover C. Instead D. Therefore 答案:B 考点:本题考查副词辨析 解析:副词Moreover(而且)类似与but also表递进含义,与前面句not just(only)呼应。副词However(然而,表转折关系)、Instead(作为替代、反而,表相反含义)、Therefore(因此,表原因)都不符题意。本题难度适中。‎ ‎57. A. discuss B. switch C. exhaust D. cover 答案:B 考点:本题考查动词辨析 解析:switch topics(变换标题)属于修改作品的一部分。动词discuss(讨论)、exhaust(汲干、使筋疲力尽)、cover(覆盖、包含)都不符题意。本题难度适中。‎ ‎58. A. drafting B. rearranging C. performing D. training 答案:D 考点:本题考查动名词辨析 解析:名词drafting(起草)、rearranging(重新安排)、performing(表演)都与题意不符。名词training.(培训)在本句表示“排练”,与上文dress rehearsals / tryouts同义。本题难。‎ ‎59. A. director B. master C. audience D. visitor 答案:C 考点:本题考查名词辨析 解析:名词audience(观众)与下句view your dress rehearsal对应。名词director(导演)、master(主人、大师)、visitor(来访者)都与题意不符。本题难度适中。‎ ‎60. A. personal B. valuable C. basic D. delicate 答案:B 考点:本题考查形容词辨析 解析:形容词valuable表示“做自己作品的观众能给你有价值的新信息”。形容词personal(个人的)、basic(基本的)、delicate(娇贵的、纤弱的、精美的)都与题意不符。本题难度适中。‎ ‎61. A. mixing B. weakening C. maintaining D. assessing 答案:A 考点:本题考查动词辨析 解析:动词mix在本句表示“修改就是把作品所有方面的有效性和适当性融合在一起”。本题难。‎ ‎62. A. amazing B. bright C. unique D. clear 答案:D 考点:本题考查形容词辨析 解析:形容词clear在本句表示“我的文章大意或写作意图是否清晰”,与下文confuse readers对应。形容词amazing(令人惊讶的)、bright(明亮的、聪明的)、unique(独特的)都与题意不符。本题难度适中。‎ ‎63. A. angles B. evidence C. information D. hints 答案:C 考点:本题考查名词辨析 解析:后句名称facts、opinions、inferences都属于information,与上句newly discovered information对应。本题难度适中。‎ ‎64. A. unnecessary B. uninteresting C. concrete D. final 答案:A 考点:本题考查形容词辨析 解析:形容词unnecessary details表示“多余的信息”反而使读者困惑、误导读者。‎ 形容词uninteresting(单调的、乏味的)、concrete(具体的)、final(最终的、决定性的)都与题意不符。本题难。‎ 五、完形填空题的训练方法 ‎ 完形填空题是话语水平的题,主要用来考察学生的阅读理解能力,所以我们在完形填空题的教学过程中,应该以培养和提高他们的英语话语水平和短文的阅读理解能力为主要目的。同时我们还应该努力培养他们正确的阅读习惯,使他们不断学会寻找和利用短文中各种信息和线索来全面地思考问题,从而培养他们解答完形填空题的能力。‎ ‎1.坚持英语课堂教学中的完形训练,不断培养学生运用英语的思维能力。 ‎ 例一: ‎ It takes a long time to get there by bus; but it is ___ by train.‎ A. quick B. the quickest ‎ C. much quick D. quicker Teacher’s question: Which is faster, a bus or a train?‎ ‎ Students’ answer: A train is faster.‎ ‎ Key and reason: D, because it is common sense.‎ ‎ (社会文化线索:逻辑关系)‎ 例二: ‎ Although he sometimes loses his temper, his students like him----- for it.‎ A. not so much B. not so little C. no more D. no less Teacher’s question: Do the students like him?‎ Students’ answer: Yes, they do.‎ Key and reason: D, because of the conjunction ‎ “although”.(句法线索)‎ 例三:‎ ‎---How about your job interview yesterday? ‎ ‎---Oh, I couldn’t feel ____. I hardly found proper answers to most of the questions ‎ they asked.‎ ‎ A. better B. easier ‎ ‎ C. worse D. happier Teacher’s question: Was his job interview successful?‎ Students’ answer: No, it wasn’t. Key and reason: C, because there were many questions he couldn’t answer properly.(上下文线索, 社会文化线索)‎ ‎2. 通过训练学生对单句或短语篇的理解能力来提高他们解答完形填空题的能力。 ‎ 例四:‎ ‎ The WTO cannot live up to its name _____ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. (NMET 2000) ‎ ‎ A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though Teacher’s question: What country does the underlined part refer to?‎ ‎ Students’ answer: China.‎ ‎ Key and reason: C, because the WTO will live only to its name without China as a member.(句法线索,社会文化线索, 上下文线索)‎ 例五:‎ ‎ Little Tom wondered what would happen to the eggs and he went to the chicken house almost every day. Two weeks later, much to his joy, Little Tom found some chicks ____ out of the shells.‎ ‎ A. walked B. ran C. jumped D. struggled Teacher’s question: ‎ ‎ Why did Little Tom go the chicken house almost every day?‎ ‎ Students’ answer: ‎ ‎ She wanted to know what would happen to the eggs.‎ Key and reason: ‎ ‎ D, because it was not easy for chicks to get out of the shells or because new chicks can’t walk or run or jump out of the shells. (上下文线索,社会文化线索, 词汇线索)‎ ‎3. 中学生解答完形填空题中的困惑和对策 ‎①为了节约时间,在没有阅读全文的情况下就开始答题。 ‎ ‎②只考虑哪一个选项是填入该空的正确答案,而很少从全句或者全段甚至全文出发来考虑行文和表达的需要。 ‎ ‎③做题速度不快,影响后面的阅读理解题的时间分配。 ‎ ‎④缺乏符合高考要求的完形填空题。 ‎ ‎1. 忽视阅读理解,则重考查语法:‎ ‎“A. do B. done C. doing D. to do”‎ ‎“A. at B. in C. on D. to” ‎ ‎2、语篇选材太难,超过学生的话语水平,考试结果很差。‎ ‎3、语篇太短或者太长,短文的第一句就开始挖空;挖空的间距太小或挖出词过多,使学生读不懂。‎
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