高考英语作文概括解析

高考英语作文概括解析

一、概括的要求：‎ 简洁明了，主题突出。‎ 概括可采用总→分的形式，即第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的（这句话举足轻重），后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地予以删除。‎ 二、概括的方法：‎ ‎1、使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如改变语态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。‎ ‎2、议论性或论说文，概括时则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。 概括对方观点首先是要转换视角，即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。‎ ‎3、如果给的阅读材料是一则故事，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水讲细节，而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。‎ ‎4、如果是说明性或描述性短文，就必须用概括性的文字说明一现象。‎ 三、概括的写作步骤：‎ ‎1、寻找关键词。文章的关键词可结合“写”的任务中的“就……”主题发表自己的看法的要求来确定。如，要求你“以约120词谈谈你理想的大学生活”，那么所阅读的文章的主题词就应是“college/university life”。‎ ‎2、确定主题句。文章的主题句首先可通过所给阅读材料的标题来确定,阅读材料的标题即是文章的论点或主题句。没有标题的文章，我们就尤应注意议论文、夹叙夹论文和说明文的第一段（总起段）和最后一段（总结段），或每一段的第一句或第二句（总起句）和最后一句（总结句）。没有主题句的需要自己组合。‎ ‎3、重构主题句。概括的主题句要归纳总结性强，能涵盖后面所有的支撑句的内容。‎ ‎4、重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。‎ 四、概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。‎ 文体 主题句 支撑句 议论文 文章论点（一句）‎ 文章论据（两三句）‎ 记叙文 故事的写作目的/ 主题（一句）‎ 故事大意（两三句）‎ 说明文 说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象 解释/ 分述 五、概括的常用句式：‎ 记述文： “主题+故事简述”，其主要句型为：The story tells /emphasizes /focuses on the importance/ necessicities / advantages, disadvantages, reasons, ways, ideas, …‎ 议论文： “主题/论点+论据”，其主要句型为：论点/主题：The article mainly conveys the idea /discusses the problem/ reasons/ways/ideas, importance/effect…/focuses on the idea/ tells us the fact that… 论据：For example,… /such as…‎ 说明文：“主题+解释/分述”，其主要句型为：主题：This article points out/ talks about/tells about the common phenomenon that… 解释/分述：for example,…‎ ‎[写作内容]‎ 学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“Preparing Myself for College Life”, 内容要点包括：‎ ‎1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点；‎ ‎2．然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：‎ ‎(1) 对中学生活的感受；‎ ‎(2) 理想的大学生活；‎ ‎(3) 中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。‎ 因为写作内容中已规定了你将进行的演讲的标题 “Preparing Myself for College Life”， 而且还要求以120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，所以，毫无疑问，此阅读材料的关键词为“College Life”。而此阅读材料主要表述Mike对大学生的看法或认识，是一篇夹叙夹议型的发言稿。此发言稿共有三段，其中，第一段讲述了适应大学生活的困难，第二段则阐述了适应期过后大学生活的优点，在第三段中Mike对大学生活提出了一个建议。而且，我们不难从文中找到主题句：第一段：The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.第二段：Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it.第三段：One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. 找到主题句后，我们所要做的就是用自己的语言将这些每段话的主题句串联成文，从而我们得出如下概括：‎ In his talk, Mike talks about how hard it was for him to adjust to college ‎ life and that he finds college life interesting after his tough adjustment. Also, he advises college students to be active on campus. (37 words)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 解读“读写任务”的概括技巧 ‎ ‎ 来源：08-09学年度第一期 作者：清远市华侨中学 何燕萍 ‎‎2008-11-06‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 关于读写任务的概括，许多学生觉得茫然，不知该从何下手。其实，读写任务的概括并不难。从2007年和2008年的高考卷中，我们不难发现，所给的阅读材料在长度上、难度上都不能达到阅读理解题型的难度要求。一般说来，读写任务中所提供的阅读材料词数不超过250（2007年所提供的阅读材料有238词，2008年则为186词），要求概括的内容不超三段（2007年只有一段话是要求概括的，而2008年则有三段），而且是生词极少、句型相对简单、几乎每一位学生都能理解的文章。因此，各位学生首先要增强信心，相信自己能很好地理解所给的阅读材料；再者，应了解概括的要求并掌握一定概括技巧，从而更出色地完成任务。‎ 一、概括的要求：‎ 简洁明了，主题突出。‎ 概括可采用总→分的形式，即第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的（这句话举足轻重），后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地予以删除。‎ 二、概括的方法：‎ ‎1、使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如改变语态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。‎ ‎2、议论性或论说文，概括时则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。 概括对方观点首先是要转换视角，即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。‎ ‎3、如果给的阅读材料是一则故事，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水讲细节，而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。‎ ‎4、如果是说明性或描述性短文，就必须用概括性的文字说明一现象。‎ 三、概括的写作步骤：‎ ‎1、寻找关键词。文章的关键词可结合“写”的任务中的“就……”主题发表自己的看法的要求来确定。如，要求你“以约120词谈谈你理想的大学生活”，那么所阅读的文章的主题词就应是“college/university life”。‎ ‎2、确定主题句。文章的主题句首先可通过所给阅读材料的标题来确定,阅读材料的标题即是文章的论点或主题句。没有标题的文章，我们就尤应注意议论文、夹叙夹论文和说明文的第一段（总起段）和最后一段（总结段），或每一段的第一句或第二句（总起句）和最后一句（总结句）。没有主题句的需要自己组合。‎ ‎3、重构主题句。概括的主题句要归纳总结性强，能涵盖后面所有的支撑句的内容。‎ ‎4、重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。‎ 四、概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。‎ 文体 主题句 支撑句 议论文 文章论点（一句）‎ 文章论据（两三句）‎ 记叙文 故事的写作目的/ 主题（一句）‎ 故事大意（两三句）‎ 说明文 说明的对象/ 观点/ 现象 解释/ 分述 五、概括的常用句式：‎ 记述文： “主题+故事简述”，其主要句型为：The story tells /emphasizes /focuses on the importance/ necessicities / advantages, disadvantages, reasons, ways, ideas, …‎ 议论文： “主题/论点+论据”，其主要句型为：论点/主题：The article mainly conveys the idea /discusses the problem/ reasons/ways/ideas, importance/effect…/focuses on the idea/ tells us the fact that… 论据：For example,… /such as…‎ 说明文：“主题+解释/分述”，其主要句型为：主题：This article points out/ talks about/tells about the common phenomenon that… 解释/分述：for example,…‎ 下面以2008年广东卷为例：‎ 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。‎ Hi, I am Mike. I just went through my first year of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment. I went to a very small high school where my mom was a teacher and she did practically everything for me. But at the college I need to know some basic life skills, such as balancing a check-book, laundry, and the things you have to be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school! It was really tough for me at first and I got badly homesick.‎ Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it –good facilities, helpful instructors, and a good library. The Students’ Union organized various parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts, and often spend Saturday nights in pubs and clubs.‎ One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on the dance team in college and met a ton of people that way…it was so much easier to make friends when you had a common ground.‎ ‎[写作内容]‎ 学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“Preparing Myself for College Life”, 内容要点包括：‎ ‎1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点；‎ ‎2．然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：‎ ‎(1) 对中学生活的感受；‎ ‎(2) 理想的大学生活；‎ ‎(3) 中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。‎ 因为写作内容中已规定了你将进行的演讲的标题 “Preparing Myself for College Life”， 而且还要求以120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，所以，毫无疑问，此阅读材料的关键词为“College Life”‎ ‎。而此阅读材料主要表述Mike对大学生的看法或认识，是一篇夹叙夹议型的发言稿。此发言稿共有三段，其中，第一段讲述了适应大学生活的困难，第二段则阐述了适应期过后大学生活的优点，在第三段中Mike对大学生活提出了一个建议。而且，我们不难从文中找到主题句：第一段：The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.第二段：Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it.第三段：One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. 找到主题句后，我们所要做的就是用自己的语言将这些每段话的主题句串联成文，从而我们得出如下概括：‎ In his talk, Mike talks about how hard it was for him to adjust to college life and that he finds college life interesting after his tough adjustment. Also, he advises college students to be active on campus.  (37 words)‎ 在“读写任务”中指导学生如何概括大意 读写任务属于具有一定开放性的写作命题，它要求学生先通读一篇短文，然后用30字左右概述短文的大意，再按要求进行作文。‎ 不少学生在概括短文大意这一环节就觉得难以下笔，据了解，困难之处包括：（1）缩不短；（2）抓不住重点；（3）不知道哪些内容该删减；（4）概括不全面。‎ 针对以上问题，第一步，我先向学生介绍概括大意常用到的几种方法：‎ ‎1. 综合归纳法 ‎ 如写事的文章。记叙文一般包含有时间、地点、人物和事件(主要经过）四要素。找出文中的四要素，并合理组织它们，这就是主要内容。 (如果有故事的启示，要再加这一要素。）‎ ‎2. 段意归并法 把每段的段意分主次连起来，就是文章的主要内容。 ‎ ‎3. 抓重点词句（中心句、中心段或过渡段）‎ 有些文章结构上的总起句、过渡句、总结句或内容上的中心句结合起来就是文章的主要内容。 ‎ ‎4. 取主舍次法即重点归纳法 有时一篇文章，其重点部分十分突出，而全文的主要内容就在其中。因此，只要抓住这个重点部分的段落大意，再加上一些必要的补充交代，全文的主要内容就归纳出来了。 ‎ ‎ 第二步，在以上四种方法中确定一种方法，通过不同难度和不同体裁的文章，让学生熟练掌握方法的技巧，做到归纳准确全面。我选定了“段意归并法”，因为高中学生接触的英语文章多数层次较分明，各段意思较独立。‎ ‎ 文章（一）如下，这篇文章在语言理解方面难度较低，可以使学生集中注意力于大意的揣摸上。‎ Learning to study is not difficult. The first thing to remember is that you must be willing to learn. It doesn’t mean that you must always like the subject. It does mean, however, that you must be willing to learn whatever is necessary. Try to understand why it is important and how it will help you now and later. Knowing mathematical facts will be useful in your whole life. Knowing how to spell words makes any kind of writing easier. Sometimes the subject that you think is going to be uninteresting will be attractive when you begin to work on it. Learning things can be fun if you can try your best.‎ Here’s some advice for you. Have a certain time each day and a quiet place with good lighting for study, so that you can concentrate on your study without interruptions. Have everything ready before you sit down to study, a dictionary, paper, a pen and books. Be sure you understand what you should learn before you start. Read carefully and pay special attention to the most important things. When memorizing, find out the main parts and then recite the whole thing. Check your homework after you finish it. Never forget the importance of review and preview.‎ 该短文分为两个自然段，第一段的第一个句子提出观点：Learning to study is not difficult. 第一段的其余部分都是在阐述分析该观点的前提条件。于是，在这一部分提炼主要意思并用"if"连接起来就是第一自然段的段落大意：The writer tells us that learning to study is not difficult if we are willing to learn and enjoy it. 第二段非常明显，第一个句子即是本段的主题句。其余部分是具体内容，应删减。但应提醒学生不可照搬，应该用自己的语言换一种说法，如：He also gives us advice on how to learn well.然后把两个自然段的大意归并一起，得出短文的大意：The writer tells us that learning to study is not difficult if we are willing to learn and enjoy it. He also gives us advice on how to learn well.‎ 最后，在概括准确、全面的标准上，让学生互相交流，感受多种表达，比如：In the author’s opinion, if you are willing to learn and try your best, you’ll find learning not difficult but fun. And some suggestions are put forward to help us to learn well.‎ ‎       接下来，以相同的阅读、分析、思考、概括（分段概括后合并）的过程让学生学习如何概括语言理解程度深一点的文章，如以下选择的文章（二）‎ ‎   Many people go to school for an education. They learn languages, history, geography, physics, chemistry and maths. Others go to school to learn a skill so that they can make a living. School education is very important and useful. Yet no one can learn everything from school. A teacher, no matter how much he knows, can not teach his students everything they want to know. The teacher’s job is to show his students how to learn. He teaches them how to read and how to think. Much more is to be learn outside school by the students themselves.‎ ‎      It is always more important to learn to study by oneself than to learn every word from the book. Great scientists, such as Einstein, Newton and Galileo, didn’t get everything from school. But they were all so successful. The reason for their success is that they knew how to study. They worked hard all their lives, wasting not a single moment. They would ask many questions as they read and they did thousands of experiments.‎ ‎     (概括范例一：Schools are the important place where people can get knowledge and skills. However, teachers’ job is not to teach students everything but to show them how to learn by themselves.Many great scientists succeeded because they knew how to self-study and use knowledge in practice.)‎ ‎     (概括范例二：Schools are the important place where people can get knowledge and skills. However, teachers’ job is not to teach students everything but to show them how to learn by themselves. Many great scientists succeeded because they knew how to self-study and use knowledge in practice. )‎ ‎       让学生接触学习概括语言理解程度更深的文章，如以下选择的文章（三）‎ ‎       The UK is currently in the early stages of introducing a National Identity Card scheme(制度). A debate concerning the issue is going on across the country. ‎ ‎        Those in favor think that it benefits the society. Identity cards will help to fight crime, terrorism, and fraud. If the police are able to check rapidly the identities of the people near a crime scene, their investigation will be both quicker and effective. It benefits the user as well. We need to establish that people are who they claim to be. Identity cards provide additional security in a modern society.‎ ‎       Those who are against hold the view that introducing identity cards would threaten one of the most important rights of any man and woman---the right of privacy. A widely used identity card allow the state to watch closely the movements of its citizens. Identity cards for specific purpose (e.g., driving licenses) are permissible because these are limited and essentially voluntary. A compulsory universal card is not. It is inconvenient as well. It is unreasonable to expect people to carry a specific card at all times---sunbathing at the beach, dancing at a club etc. Perhaps worse, failure to present your card when asked could bring you in unnecessary trouble.              ‎ ‎    （概括范例：The UK is introducing a National Identity Card scheme, which has led to a debate. Supporters believe that it will help to make the country safer and make it easier for users to believe in each other, while those who hold opposite view worry that the scheme will threaten people’s privacy and bring people inconvenience and trouble.）‎ ‎   经过方法指导和循序渐进的训练，学生对“无从下手”的“30词概括大意”逐渐感到可以操作，并喜欢上这种文段文字处理，且从中获得写作的动力和满足感。‎ ‎ ‎ 广东高考读写任务 --- 概括 (2009-03-01 22:19:42) ‎ 标签：教育  ‎ 分类：英语学习 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 一、What is a Summary?‎ It is a short—but thorough—objective restatement of the main idea and key points of a passage. A summary may also mention some of the examples the author used to illustrate key points.‎ 二、How to summarize ：‎ ‎  a. 阅读材料,找关键词（句） ；找出全文主题句/中心句或关键词 b. 理清关键词（句）间的关系；理清文章脉络，看看文章分几个要点来展开论述此主题.‎ C. 改写在文章里直接找到的主题句/中心句（通过变换词汇、语态、句式等到方法）。‎ ‎ d. 借助关键词，用自己的语言恰当地概括要点。‎ 注意：1、Mainly use the key words and phrases in the original passage. Do not include your own opinion, but be sure to use our own words.‎ ‎2. Write it in the third person .（第三人称）‎ ‎3.Control the number of words between 28 and 35.‎ ‎4、 Write in the present tense (he shows, we work, they allow)‎ ‎ ‎ 三、议论性文体：‎ ‎1、概括所给短文内容要点30字2、过渡词引出主题句---自己的观点---理由（100）3、总结句 约10字 1. 第一段概括要做到开门见山: 例如: ‎ ‎1)      According to the passage, we know…‎ ‎2)      This article is mainly about…‎ ‎3)      The writer states that…‎ ‎2、第二段:过渡词引出主题句---自己的观点---理由。‎ ‎•     过渡用语：‎ ‎•          I do agree with the author…‎ ‎•          In some way, I agree with …, but…‎ ‎•          This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical.‎ ‎•          It is definitely not like that. As a matter of fact, …‎ ‎•          From my personal angle alone…‎ ‎•          In my opinion,…‎ ‎•          From my personal point of view…‎ ‎•          As far as I’m concerned…‎ ‎•          不同观点的表达：‎ Different people hold different opinions.‎ ‎.Opinions are divided.‎ ‎.People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards …‎ ‎.People have different opinions on this problem.‎ ‎.People take different views on this question 表达观点一:‎ ‎   Some of us think/ hold the view /are in favor of the idea that…The reason is that….Besides, …‎ ‎   (Some are against the view that….) ‎ 表达观点二:‎ ‎  (However/On the other hand), others have just the opposite opinion. They think that…What’s more,…However, each coin has two sides.‎ ‎ ‎ 本人观点：‎ ‎   As far as I am concerned, … (In my opinion,…; It’s my opinion that…) For one reason,… For another reason…‎ ‎   In a word,…Only through…can we have a bright future ‎ ‎ 第三段[最后一段] : 总结句开头用语：‎ ‎•          In conclusion,…   In short,…     To make a long story short,…   In general,…‎ ‎•          In a word,…      In belief,…     On the whole,…              All in all,…‎ ‎ ‎ 四、叙事性文体：‎ ‎（一）：概括部分 ‎1.The passage is about         2.The writer tells us about      3.The story is about ‎4.The author tells us that       5、In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of ‎6、It is reported that…‎ ‎（二）. How to write a transitional sentence 过渡句 ‎1. It occurs to me that a similar story of mine happened 3 years ago and taught me a lesson.‎ ‎2. I had a similar experience at one time, too.‎ ‎3. As far as I am concerned, I have a similar experience .‎ ‎4. I have such a similar experience, too.‎ ‎5. I have a similar experience to the writer’s.‎ ‎6. I also have a similar experience.‎ ‎（三）The writing templet of a narrative (叙述类文章写作模板)：‎ ‎1. Title  ‎ ‎2. Summary [About the original passage ( About 30words)]‎ ‎3. A transitional sentence ‎4. A narrative (About the same topic) 叙述 ‎5. An ending paragraph (Point out the main idea)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1.      Be basic on interesting     select the subject ‎2.      there are 30%  students  think …‎ ‎3.      the interest can be set / grown ‎4.      listen to the opinion / advise  / advices ‎5.      teachers are passer-by ‎6.      just like robbing the bank ‎ ‎ 英语“任务型写作”——概括部分初探 ‎【关键词】任务型写作   概括方法 学习方法   情感策略 一、     对高考英语“任务型写作”的认识 广东省高考英语写作中的“任务型写作”‎ 包括二个部分：一是一篇约350个词的英语短文，读后用约30个词概括短文的内容要点。二是写作要点和写作要求，根据写作要点和写作要求用约120个词写一篇短文。要求概括准确，语言规范，内容恰当，篇章连贯。该题型是要求学生应用阅读能力和写作技巧完成的交际任务，主要考查学生语言的综合应用能力。包括用英语获取、处理信息、传达信息的能力、分析问题、解决问题的能力以及用限量的英语词汇进行思维和表达的能力。该题型要求考生通过对所提供的阅读材料获取有关信息，进而对此信息进行加工，并结合平时积累的相关信息知识，按照任务要求谋篇布局，完成指定的写作任务。‎ 二、概括短文的方法 ‎“任务型写作”的第一个要求就是对短文进行概括，它是一个获取信息、加工信息的过程，需要严谨的思维和准确的表达能力，而且要使用自己的语言来表达。因此，“概括短文的内容”，实际上就是客观简要地转述作者的论点、论据和结论。根据不同文体，我们把它归纳为“主题句+支撑句”的概括模式。不同文体，它的概括模式略有区别：‎ 文体 主题句 支撑句 议论文 论点（概括性的）‎ 补充论证的论据。（对立观点式论据的补充是并列关系，句子间多用whilehowever等：批驳观点式论据的补充是递进关系，句子间多用what’s morein additionbesideswhat’s worsemoreover等；现象评论式论据的补充需要现象重点方面的多面性。‎ 记叙文 叙述要素（时间、地点、人物、事情的过程和结果）‎ 记叙的中心（升华故事内涵的句子）。短文里没出现揭示规律或主观感受的内容不得发表自己的观点。‎ 说明文 说明的对象 对象的原因或对象的说明（尽量把不同的信息点合并起来）‎ 例题1（对立观点式的议论文）：‎ We all love new inventions. They are exciting amazing and can change our lives. But have all these developments really improved the quality of our lives?‎ Picture this: you’re rushing to finish your homework on the computer. Your mobile phone rings, a QQ message from your friend appears on the screen, and the noise from the television is getting louder and louder. Suddenly the computer goes blank and you lose all your work. Now you have to stay up all night to get it done. How calm and happy do you feel?‎ Inventions have sped up our lives so much that they often leave us feeling stressed and tired. Why do you think people who live far away from noisy cities, who have no telephones, no cars, not even any ‎ electricity often seem to be happier? Perhaps it is because they lead simple lives.‎ 本文主要阐述了“发明”改变了我们的生活和生活的质量。第二段讲了发明带来的方便，紧接着第三段介绍了发明拥有的缺点。综上所述，我们可以得出本文的大意：‎ 参考答案：The author discussed whether new inventions really improve the quality of our lives（主题句）. While new inventions have brought us much convenience（从第二段得出的支撑句）, they can also get us into troubles（从第三段得出的支撑句）.‎ 例题2（记叙文）‎ Sept.4th, 2008 Thursday It was raining outside when I got up early in the morning. It’s too bad, so I had to go to school by bus. I said to myself. It was almost seven o’clock before I left home. I put on my raincoat and ran to the bus stop in a hurry, for I thought a lot of people might be waiting there. Hardly had I gone there when a bus was coming. I got on the bus immediately, hoping it was possible for me to take a seat. I saw an empty seat and took it. But I found an old lady standing behind me. I stood up at once and was about to ask her to take the seat when a young girl I a modern skirt made a dive for it. I could hardly believe it. I glared at her, thinking, “What bad manners! She cares for nobody but herself. Won’t she grow old in the future?”‎ 上文讲述了作者一次雨天让座给老妇人但被一个穿着时髦的年青女人抢占（make a dive for）的故事。作者对此事感到遗憾(bad manners.)和愤怒(glared at her. Won’t she grow old in the future?) 。‎ 参考答案：On a rainy day, the writer saw a young lady making a dive for a seat on a bus leaving an old lady standing aside. She felt very angry about it and sorry about such bad manners in our society.‎ 三、要提高写作能力，只知道写作技巧还不行。‎ 就像一个建楼房的人，知道怎样建房，甚至图纸都设计好了，但是没有材料，怎能建房呢？正所谓“仓里有粮，心中不慌”。所以在平时的训练中可选用以下的学习方法来使文章的句子合理流畅，内容生动充实，过渡自然，观点明确，条理清晰，语言优美。‎ ‎（1）、准备一个写作档案袋，把平时遇到的好文章、好句子和好词组剪下来放到袋子里，定期进行记忆整理。‎ ‎（2）、加工仿写美文 学生可建立个人的范文库，根据中学阶段对写作的基本要求进行模仿性写 作练习。此外，当发现一些在内容上或文字上都非常好的句、篇时，如一些谚语，学生应该把它们抄下来背会并学会在自己的写作中适当运用。‎ ‎（3）、善于归纳 学习过程中要注意归纳总结。学生可以把一些常用于写作中表示各种句子 关系的词或词组及一些语篇衔接标志（如连接词）进行归纳。区分它们的用法，并对不同关系的连接词进行归类，这样写作时可信手拈来。如递进关系（besides, what’s more, in addition, moreover, to make matters worse, what’s worse, furthermore等）；转折关系（however, but, while, in spite of, otherwise等）；个人观点（in my opinion, personally, as far as I’m concerned, as for me, from my personal point of view 等）；总结（in short, in a word, on the whole, all in all, to sum up briefly, in general, in conclusion等）其它（for one thing, for another, last but not least, each coin has two sides, according to, compare to, on the one hand, on the other hand, as a matter of fact 等）。‎ ‎（4）、建立个人写作模式，并逐渐形成自己的写作风格。‎ ‎（5）、关注重点语言知识和一些比较地道的英语表达方式，并把它们进行整理，学会使用。（如fail to do sth, sth occurred to sb, available, obtain等的使用）‎ ‎（6）、学会扩展句子。如分析句子的主干，中间加一个定语从句进去，或改成名词性从句，或改成状语从句、并列句还有非谓语的使用等等。‎ 四、写作中的情感策略 除了培养学习兴趣，端正学习态度外，同学们还应该注意在写作过程中克服畏难情绪。每次完成写作后，教师可号召学生分析自己的作品，找出写得好的文段、句子，甚至好的习作张贴或收集起来，增强学生的成就感和自信心，同时告诉学生“我能行，我努力了能拿高分”。从而提高复习质量和考试成绩。‎ 写作教学是高中英语教学的重中之重，教学方法也因人而异。笔者只是从平时教学实际中总结出几点行之有效的心得。新教材中许多素材和环节还有待充分的利用和更有效的挖掘。总之，写作是一种综合能力的训练，是对学生所学语言知识的综合运用，是一个比较系统的工程，它应贯穿于教学活动的全过程。通过笔者以上谈到的写作技巧和方法及情感策略，相信能起到抛砖引玉的作用，并对真正提高学生的写作能力有一定的帮助。‎