2020届一轮复习人教版必修八Unit2Cloning单元学案（41页）

2020届一轮复习人教版必修八Unit2Cloning单元学案（41页）

‎2020届一轮复习人教版必修八Unit2Cloning单元学案 ‎(一)课前自主学习 ‎ ‎ Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意 ‎1．twin n．　　　 　　　 　 双胞胎之一；孪生儿之一 adj. 成对的；成双的 ‎2．straightforward adj. 简单的；直接的；坦率的 ‎3．arbitrary adj. 任意的 ‎4．medium n. 媒介；手段；工具 ‎5．fate n. 命运；天命 ‎6．cast vt. 扔；投；掷 ‎7．conservative adj. 保守的；守旧的 ‎8．constitution n. 宪法；章程 ‎9．compulsory adj. 必须做的；义务的；强迫的；强制的 ‎10．opera n. 歌剧；歌剧团；歌剧院 ‎11．chorus n. 合唱；合唱队 ‎12．loaf n. 一条(面包)‎ ‎13．flour n. 面粉 ‎14．impact n. 撞击；冲击；巨大的影响 ‎15．feather n. 羽毛 ‎16．turkey n. 火鸡 ‎17．hatch v. 孵出；孵卵；孵化 ‎18．moral adj. 道德(上)的；伦理的 Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形 ‎1．exact adj. 精确的；准确的 ‎2．obtain vt. 获得；赢得 ‎3．attain vt. 获得；到达(水平、年龄、状况等)‎ ‎4．forbid vt. 禁止；不准 ‎5．shortly adv. 立刻；不久 ‎6．strike v. 打；撞击；罢工 n. 罢工 ‎7．undertake vt. 着手；从事；承担 ‎8．breakthrough n. 突破 ‎9．altogether adv. 总共；完全地 ‎10．vain adj. 虚荣的；自负的；徒劳的 ‎11．owe vt. 欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于 ‎12．initial adj. 最初的；开始的 ‎13．bother vt. 打扰 vi. 操心 n. 烦扰 ‎14．merely adv. 仅；只；不过 ‎15．unable adj. 不能的；不会的 ‎16．drawback n．[纵联1] 缺点；不利条件 ‎17．adore vt. 崇拜；爱慕；喜爱 Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变 ‎1．differ vi.不同；相异→different adj.不同的→difference n．差异；不同 ‎2．identical adj.同一的；一模一样的→identity n．身份；同一性；一致 ‎3．commercial adj.商业的；贸易的→commerce n．商业；贸易 ‎4．complicated adj.复杂的；难懂的→complicate vt.使复杂化 ‎5．correction n．改正；纠正；修正→correct adj.正确的 v．改正 ‎6．object vi.反对；不赞成→objection n．不赞成；反对；异议[纵联2]‎ ‎7．accumulate v．积累；聚积→accumulation n．积累；增加[纵联3]‎ ‎8．retire vi.退休；离开→retirement n．退休；引退 ‎9．assumption n．假定；设想→assume vt.假定；设想[纵联4]‎ ‎10．regulation n．规则；规章；法规→regulate vt.调节；管理 ‎11．popularity n．受人喜爱；流行→popular adj.流行的；通俗的；受欢迎的 ‎12．resist vt.抵抗；对抗→resistance n．抵抗；对抗→resistant adj.有抵抗力的；抵制的[纵联5]‎ ‎13．decoration n．装饰；装修→decorate v．装饰；装修 ‎14．reasonable adj.合情理的；讲道理的；公道的→reason n．原因；道理 ‎ ‎ 纵联1.“动词＋副词”合成名词还挺多 ‎①drawback缺点　　　　　　　 ②breakdown崩溃；故障 ‎③checkout付款处 ④feedback反馈 ‎⑤setup计划；组织 ⑥breakup分手；中断 ‎⑦gettogether 聚会 ⑧workout 锻炼 纵联2.学会“反对”和“拒绝”‎ ‎①object vi. 反对 ②oppose v. 反对 ‎③against prep.反对 ④disagree vi. 不同意 ‎⑤reject vt.拒绝 ⑥refuse v. 拒绝 ‎⑦decline v. 婉拒 纵联3.积少成多 ‎①accumulate vt.& vi. 积累 ‎②increase vt.& vi. 增长 ‎③enlarge vt.& vi. 扩大；放大 ‎④expand vt.& vi. 扩大；膨胀 纵联4.动词变名词的不规则变化 ‎①assume→assumption 假定 ‎②describe→description 描述 ‎③explain→explanation 解释 ‎④pronounce→pronunciation 发音 纵联5.以sist结尾的动词你记住了吗？‎ ‎①resist抵抗 ②insist坚持 ‎③persist坚持 ④assist协助 ‎ ‎⑤consist由……组成 ‎ ‎ 单元话题——克隆 子话题　克隆技术 ‎①biotechnology n. 　　　　 　 生物科技 ‎②transplant n．&vt. 移植 ‎③technological adj. 技术的 ‎④potential adj. 潜在的 ‎⑤innovation n. 科技创新 ‎⑥digital adj. 数字的；数码的 ‎⑦artificial adj. 人工的 ‎⑧intelligence n. 智能 ‎⑨hightech adj. 高技术的；高科技的 ‎⑩device n. 装置；设备 ‎⑪appliance n. 器具；器械 ‎⑫gene n. 基因 ‎⑬beneficial adj. 有利的；有益的 ‎⑭advantage n. 优点；优势 ‎⑮disadvantage n. 缺点；劣势 ‎⑯advanced adj. 先进的 ‎[学考对接•活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词汇应用 ‎1．(2018•天津高考阅读C)With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated❶ chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for 　❷　 (decorate) on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “recreate forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly❸ the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3Dprinted, rather than farm to table.‎ ‎①写出加彩在句中的词性和含义：adj.复杂的 ‎②用decorate的适当形式填空：decoration；常考短语be decorated with意为：用……装饰 ‎③exactly在句中为副词，意为：确切地，写出在本单元中的形容词：exact ‎2．(2017•北京高考阅读C)The 　❶　 (resist) to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.‎ Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out (决定不参加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow❷ parents to get an exemption (豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they ‎ personally object❸ to a vaccine.‎ Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new 　❹ (regulate) for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.‎ ‎①用resist的适当形式填空：resistance ‎②写出加彩词在本单元的反义词：forbid；联想一下，表示“禁止和禁令”的单词还有prohibit,_ban ‎③object在此处为动词，意为：反对，名词形式为：objection ‎④用regulate的适当形式填空：regulations 高考采撷(二)　写作中的词汇应用 ‎(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)‎ ‎1．(2018•全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)各国对餐桌礼仪的观点大相径庭。(differ)‎ Opinions_on__table_manners_differ_greatly_from_country_to_country.‎ ‎2．(2016•江苏高考书面表达)人们可以在网上投票支持他们崇拜的人。(cast, adore)‎ People_can_cast_online_votes_themselves_in_favour_of_those_they_adore.‎ ‎(二)课堂重点释疑 ‎1．object vi.反对；不赞成 n．物体；目标 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)object to　　　　　　　　 反对；不赞成 ‎(2)objection n. 反对；异议；不赞成 have/take/make an objection to (doing) sth. 对(做)某事表示反对 raise an objection to sth. 对某事提出异议 ‎(3)objective adj. 客观的；无偏见的；真实的；宾格的 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①A majority of students objected to being_arranged (arrange) for extra lessons during holidays and weekends.‎ ‎②As far as I'm concerned, I have an objection (object) to charging for parking.‎ 单句改错 ‎③But something made her look closer, and she noticed shining object. noticed后加a ‎④Sometimes, some students object the idea that English classes are taught in English.object后加to ‎[用准]　object表示“反对”时，为不及物动词，加宾语时需加介词to，而oppose表示“反对”时，为及物动词，可直接加宾语。‎ ‎[写美]　翻译句子 ‎⑤(2018•江苏高考书面表达)对于排名持客观态度是有必要的。‎ It_is_necessary_to_hold_an_objective_attitude_towards_ratings.‎ ‎2．forbid vt.(forbade, forbad; forbidden) 禁止；不准 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)forbid doing sth.　　　　　 禁止做某事 forbid sb. to do sth.＝forbid sb. from doing sth.‎ ‎ 禁止某人做某事 ‎(2)forbidden adj. 禁止的；不准的 ‎[练通]　单句语法填空 ‎①It is high time that we forbade setting (set) off fireworks in urban areas!‎ ‎②You are forbidden to_leave (leave) the room unless you apologize for what you have done.‎ ‎[用准]　forbid后不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语，但可直接跟动名词作宾语，也可用forbid sb. to do sth.形式，有类似用法的单词还有：allow, permit, advise等。‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎③我认为禁止商店和超市提供免费的塑料购物袋是必要的。‎ I think it necessary to forbid_shops_and_supermarkets_from_offering free plastic shopping bags.‎ ‎3．owe vt.欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于……；应感谢 ‎[记牢]‎ owe sth. to sb.　　　　　　 把某事归功于某人 owe it to sb. that ... 把……归功于某人 owing to 因为；由于 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①My English teacher is such a great soul, to whom I owe many thanks.‎ ‎②I must say I owe all the achievements to the encouragement and help ‎ from my colleagues and friends.‎ 单句改错 ‎③I owe it to you what I have made great progress in my English. what→that ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎④(2015•江苏高考书面表达)尽管大规模地建造了道路和高速公路，但是由于近些年来汽车数量不断增长，所以仍然有许多改进的空间。‎ In spite of the largescale construction of roads and highways, there is still much room for improvement, owing_to_the_ever_increasing_number_of_cars_these_years.‎ ‎4．bother vt.打扰vi.操心 n．烦扰 ‎[记牢]‎ bother to do sth.　　　　　　　 操心/费心做某事 bother doing sth. 费心做某事 bother sb. with sth. 用某事打扰某人 bother sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事 ‎[练通]　单句语法填空 ‎①He is always bothering me to_lend_ (lend) him money.‎ ‎②Don't bother to_look/looking (look) for my umbrella, and it will turn up some day.‎ ‎③Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students to talk over what is_bothering (bother) them.‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎④(2016•全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)我确实需要你宝贵的建议，希望不会打扰你太多。‎ I do need your valuable suggestions, hoping_it_won't_bother_you_much.‎ ‎5．strike v．(struck, struck)打；撞击；罢工；袭击；报时n.罢工 ‎[记牢]‎ be struck by　　　　　　　　　　 被……打动/迷住了 it strikes/hits/occurs to sb. that ... 某人突然想起……‎ strike ... into one's heart 使……刻骨铭心 ‎[练通]　单句语法填空 ‎①It struck me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team.‎ ‎②Struck (strike) by the beauty of the West Lake, we stopped to admire it.‎ ‎③Meeting my dear teachers and fellow students after so many years was indeed a warm occasion, one I'd strike into my heart forever.‎ ‎④(2016•全国卷Ⅲ)Just before September, Miller was_struck (strike) by a car and lost his right arm.‎ ‎[写美]　翻译句子 ‎⑤(2018•北京高考书面表达)所有的国际学生都被我的介绍深深地迷住了。‎ All_the_international_students_were_deeply_struck_by_my_introduction.‎ ‎[词汇过关综合训练]　 　‎ Ⅰ.单词拼写 ‎1．With medical breakthrough (突破), people are living a healthier and longer life.‎ ‎2．As is well known to all, there are altogether (总共) seven continents in the world. ‎ ‎3．Our school is a nonsmoking school.So smoking is forbidden (禁止的) here.‎ ‎4．Economists are working on the assumption (假设) of an interest rate cut.‎ ‎5．I think our offer is reasonable (合情理的) and realistic and you shouldn't turn it down.‎ ‎6．This question is quite straightforward (简单的), while that one is much more complicated.‎ ‎7．But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks (缺点) which should not be neglected. ‎ ‎8．In fact, traffic rules are part of rules and regulations (规章) closely related to public order.‎ Ⅱ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Does it bother you that the man is always asking to borrow money from you?‎ ‎2．In view of our long business relation, we do not object to another negotiation.‎ ‎3．When climbing Mount Huang, all the tourists were_struck (strike) by its beauty.‎ ‎4．Do you know any differences (differ) between British English and American English?‎ ‎5．The organization could undertake to_direct (direct) the distribution of aid.‎ ‎6．Our strength is from many sources, but most of all, we owe our success to the creativity of our people.‎ ‎7．The new clothes in the shop are so beautiful that Anna can't resist taking (take) a closer look at them.‎ ‎8．But the hardest part lay in my oral presentation from my memory — for to read from the paper was_forbidden (forbid). ‎ Ⅲ.单句改错 ‎1．What the teachers have done has great impact on their students in the future.great前加a ‎2．Owe to the recent bad weather, the project is several weeks behind schedule._Owe→Owing ‎3．By the end of last week, we had learnt 3,000 English words for altogether.去掉for ‎4．He travelled all over the nation after he retired at work.at→from ‎5．Only if the students accumulate up a great deal of vocabulary can they grasp English.去掉up Ⅳ.根据提示补全/翻译句子 ‎1．他们反对坐公共汽车去那儿，因为会花费很长时间。(object)‎ They objected_to_going_there_by_bus because it would take a long time.‎ ‎2．在过去的10年中，他积累了大量的教学经验。(accumulate)‎ He has_accumulated_a_lot_of_teaching_experience during the past 10 years.‎ ‎3．最让他心烦的是没人操心告诉他更改了的时间表。(bother)‎ What upset him most was that nobody had_bothered_to_tell_him about the changed timetable. ‎ ‎4．我突然想起家中没有人。(strike)‎ It_struck__me_that_there_was_no_one_at_home.‎ ‎5．他把他的成功归功于他的努力和耐心。(owe)‎ He_owes_his_success_to_his_hard_work_and_patience.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(一)课前自主学习 ‎ ‎ ‎1．object_to　　　　　　　　　 反对；不赞成 ‎2.pay off[串记1] 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清 ‎3.in vain[串记2] 白费力气；枉费心机 ‎4．in_favour_of 赞成；支持 ‎5．from_time_to_time 不时；偶尔 ‎6．bring_back_to_life 使复生；使复活 ‎7．cast_down 使失望；使沮丧 ‎8．(be)_bound_to_(do)_．.. 一定或注定(做)……‎ ‎9．strike_..._into_one's_heart 使……刻骨铭心 ‎10．in_good/poor_condition 状况很好(坏)；情况很好(坏)‎ ‎[同根短语串记]‎ 串记1.“v.＋off”短语荟萃 ‎①pay off偿清；取得成功　　　 ②cut off切断 ‎③take off脱下；起飞 ④turn off关闭 ‎⑤put off推迟 ⑥move off启动；离开 ‎⑦give off发出(光、热、气味等) ⑧fall off下降；跌落 ‎⑨show off炫耀；卖弄 ⑩call off取消 ‎⑪go off离开；变质 ⑫leave off停止 串记2.“in＋名词”短语小聚 ‎①in vain白费力气 ②in relief如释重负地 ‎③in short总之；简言之 ④in trouble陷入麻烦 ‎⑤in need在困难中；急需 ⑥in danger在危险中 ‎⑦in advance事先；提前 ⑧in order秩序井然 ‎ ‎ ‎1．in their research procedure 在他们的研究步骤中 ‎2．raise a storm of objections 引起了一阵强烈的反对 ‎3．have a great impact on 对……产生了巨大的影响 ‎4．either ... or ... 既……又……‎ ‎5．pass on 传给 ‎6．lead a ... life 过……的生活 ‎7．the chance of ……的可能性 ‎8．opened everybody's eyes 打开了人们的眼界 ‎ ‎ ‎1．Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.‎ 克隆植物简单，而克隆动物非常复杂。‎ ‎2．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.‎ 接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。‎ ‎3．What do_you_think is the writer's point of view in this reading passage?‎ 你认为在这篇阅读材料中作者的观点是什么？‎ ‎4．Diversity in a group means having animals with_their_genes_arranged_in_different_ways.‎ 种群多样性是指种群中动物的基因以不同的方式排列。‎ ‎5．The_advantage_is_that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die ...‎ 其优点是如果发生某种新的疾病，这类动物中的一些可能会死掉……‎ ‎[学考对接•活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　完形中的短语(词汇替换/补全句子)‎ ‎1．(2017•天津高考完形填空)Influenced by her story, I created the As We Heal (痊愈), the World Heals project. My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise D|S50,000 in support of a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger. (用本单元短语替换加彩部分) in_favour_of ‎2．(2014•天津高考完形填空)My mother is now back with us. But I will never forget what the experience has really taught me. Sacrifices pay_off (取得好结果) in the end.‎ 高考采撷(二)　写作中的短语和句式(翻译句子)‎ ‎1．(2018•北京高考书面表达)在中国，你一定会有一次难忘且有收获的经历。(be bound to)‎ ‎_You_are_bound_to_have_an_unforgettable_and_rewarding_experience_in_China.‎ ‎2．(2016•浙江高考书面表达)计划的好处在于它详细地告诉我们如何做我们想做的事情。(that引导的表语从句)‎ The advantage of planning is that it tells us in detail how we do what we want to do.‎ ‎3．(2018•北京高考书面表达)很快，茶室变得热闹起来，每个国际学生都想自己泡茶。(with复合结构)‎ Soon_the_tea_room_became_lively_with_every_international_student_trying_to_make_their_own_tea.‎ ‎(二)课堂重点释疑 ‎[短语集释]‎ ‎1．pay off得到好结果；取得成功；偿清 ‎[记牢]‎ pay for　　　　　　　　　 付钱；为……付出代价 pay a visit to 参观；拜访 pay attention to 注意；留心 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Will you please pay a visit to Tianjin again so that we may meet again?‎ ‎②I'd also like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included.‎ 单句改错 ‎③As students, we should pay more attentions to our habits which we develop in our study.attentions→attention ‎[用准]　pay off表示“得到好结果；取得成功”时是不及物动词短语，不用于被动语态。‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎④正如谚语所说，有志者事竟成。我们的努力早晚会得到回报。‎ As a proverb goes, where there is a will, there is a way. Our efforts will pay off sooner or later.‎ ‎2．in good/poor condition状况很好(坏)；情况很好(坏)‎ ‎[记牢]‎ out of condition　　　　　 健康状况欠佳 on no condition 一点也不；决不(放在句首时，用部分倒装语序)‎ on condition that ... 在……条件下；倘若 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①What I want you to realize is that everybody is likely to be in poor condition.‎ ‎②They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.‎ ‎③He said he was out of condition and was unable to take part in the sports meeting.‎ 补全句子 ‎④The teacher always warns us, “On no condition can_we_give_up our dreams.”‎ 老师总是告诫我们：“我们绝不能放弃我们的梦想。”‎ ‎[写美]　翻译句子 ‎⑤(2018•江苏高考书面表达)只要我们恰当使用这些排名(ratings)，它们在很多方面对我们是有利的。‎ On_condition_that_we_use_these_ratings_properly,_they_will_benefit_us_in_many_ways.‎ ‎[句式集释]‎ that引导的表语从句 ‎[教材原句]　The_advantage_is_that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation.‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)The advantage of smiling is that it can not only make us happy, but also please others.‎ ‎(2)(2018•江苏高考)By boat is the only way to get here, which is how we arrived.‎ ‎(3)(2018•全国卷Ⅰ)But good news is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home.‎ ‎(4)(2018•北京高考)This is what my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best.‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 (1)that引导表语从句时，that在句中无词义，但通常不能省略。‎ ‎(2)除了经常考查that引导的表语从句外，what，where, how, why, because引导的表语从句也是考查的重点。做这一类题目的关键点在于理清句子的逻辑关系和句意。‎ 注意事项 另外，that还可以引导主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句等。如：(2018•全国卷Ⅰ)Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)(2018•北京高考书面表达)The reason why I think Beijing Language and Culture University is an ideal place for you is that the university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students.(要点句)‎ ‎(2)(2018•全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)I have the confidence that you will have a great time. (总结句)‎ ‎[词块、句式过关综合训练]　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ Ⅰ.选词填空 in good condition， be bound to， pay off， cast down， in vain， in favour of， bring back to life， from time to time， strike ...into one's heart， object to ‎ ‎1．I feel stressed from_time_to_time. Could you offer me some suggestions?‎ ‎2．To avoid accidents, it's important to check that all your tools are in_good_condition before starting.‎ ‎3．Don't let yourself be cast_down by a small failure in the experiment. Try again.‎ ‎4．In ancient times, people believed that they could be brought_back_to_life after death.‎ ‎5．Keep on working hard like this, and your research is_bound_to obtain great success.‎ ‎6．The athlete's years of hard training paid_off when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.‎ ‎7．Mount Tai struck its beauty into_her_heart and she decided to visit it again the next year.‎ ‎8．All efforts will be in_vain if we can't learn English by practicing repeatedly.‎ ‎9．There were 16 votes in_favour_of my suggestion, and 15 against it.‎ ‎10．She made it clear that she objected_to the proposal, for it was useless and unrealistic.‎ Ⅱ.句型转换/补全句子 ‎1．I have lost his address, and it is a trouble.‎ ‎→The trouble is that_I_have_lost_his_address.‎ ‎2．He wants to study abroad. His parents prefer him to stay at home.‎ ‎→He wants to study abroad while his parents prefer him to stay at home. ‎ ‎3．Many people are going to help us, and we are sure to finish it in time.‎ ‎→With so many people to_help_us,_we are sure to finish it in time.‎ ‎4．The teacher came in and then the lesson began.‎ ‎→ In_came the teacher and the lesson began.‎ ‎5．你认为上面哪件事是最有趣的？‎ Which of the events above do_you_think will be the funniest? ‎ Ⅲ.分步写作 假定你是李华，你班最近就“To clone or not to clone”‎ 展开了激烈地辩论。现请你给一家英文报社的编辑写一封信，告诉他你班同学对克隆的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ 第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点 ‎1．审题：①文体：议论文　②人称：主要是第三人称 ‎③时态：主要是一般现在时 ‎2．本文没有给出具体的写作要点，比较开放，需要从题目中提炼要点，这很容易造成要点遗漏，因此审题拟点很关键。通过审读题目，可从以下4个要点来写作：‎ 要点1：引出写作话题(对于是否应该克隆进行了讨论)。‎ 要点2：阐述赞同者的理由(对人类和濒危生物有益)。‎ 要点3：阐述反对者的理由(会产生社会问题)。‎ 要点4：表达自己的观点(利用克隆造福人类)。‎ 要点1：最近我们班就“是否应该克隆”展开了一场激烈的辩论。‎ Recently_in_our_class,_there_is_a_heated_debate_about_“To_clone_or_not_to_clone”．‎ 要点2－①：一些同学相信克隆对人类大有益处。‎ Some_students_believe_cloning_is_of_great_benefit_to_human_beings.‎ 要点2－②：它也能帮助濒危的野生生物。‎ It_can_also_help_the_wildlife_in_danger.‎ 要点3－①‎ ‎：另外一些人反对克隆，因为他们认为会出现很多社会问题。‎ Others_are_against_cloning_because_they_think_that_many_social_problems_may_arise.‎ 要点3－②：他们担心的是我们或许会生产出一个超人人种。(主语从句作主语)‎ What_they_worry_is_that_we_may_produce_a_superhuman_race.‎ 要点4：既然克隆是一个科学突破，我认为我们应该尽全力利用好它为人类造福。(draw upon)‎ Since_cloning_is_a_scientific_breakthrough,_I_think_that_we_should_do_our_best_to_draw_upon_it_well_to_help_human_beings.‎ 第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼 为使内容更充实，我们需要对要点进行适度拓展。,要点2－①可以添加which引导的定语从句来说明具体的好处；要点2－②可以添加so that引导的状语从句来表达帮助野生生物的目的；要点3－①可以添加if条件状语从句(如果技术应用失控)；要点3－②可以添加that引导的定语从句(替代我们)。‎ 拓展要点2－①：一些同学相信克隆对人类大有益处，可以被用来治愈一些严重疾病。(which引导定语从句)‎ Some_students_believe_cloning_is_of_great_benefit_to_human_beings,_which_can_be_used_to_cure_some_serious_diseases.‎ 拓展要点2－②：它也能帮助濒危的野生生物，以便我们能够在世界上有越来越多的野生生物。(so that引导状语从句)‎ It_can_also_help_the_wildlife_in_danger_so_that_we_can_have_more_and_more_wildlife_in_the_world.‎ 拓展要点3－①：另外一些人反对克隆，因为他们认为如果这种技术的应用失去控制就会出现很多社会问题。(if引导状语从句， get out of control)‎ Others_are_against_cloning_because_they_think_that_many_social_problems_may_arise_if_the_use_of_this_technology_gets_out_of_control.‎ 拓展要点3－②：他们担心的是我们或许会生产出一个会替代我们的超人人种。(that引导定语从句)‎ What_they_worry_is_that_we_may_produce_a_superhuman_race_that_could_replace_us.‎ 第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡 本写作可采用四段式结构组织全文。根据句子间的逻辑关系可对要点进行适当整合，并且可增加衔接词如 besides， however， in my opinion把各个要点衔接起来，使文章过渡自然，上下连贯。‎ Dear_editor，‎ Recently_in_our_class,_there_is_a_heated_debate_about_“To_clone_or_not_to_clone”．‎ Some_students_believe_cloning_is_of_great_benefit_to_human_beings,_which_can_be_used_to_cure_some_serious_diseases.Besides,_it_can_also_help_the_wildlife_in_danger_so_that_we_can_have_more_and_more_wildlife_in_the_world.‎ However,_others_are_against_cloning_because_they_think_that_many_social_problems_may_arise_if_the_use_of_this_technology_gets_out_of_control.What_they_worry_is_that_we_may_produce_a_superhuman_race_that_could_replace_us.‎ In_my_opinion,_since_cloning_is_a_scientific_breakthrough,_I_think_that_we_should_do_our_best_to_draw_upon_it_well_to_help_human_beings.‎ Yours_sincerely，‎ Li_Hua ‎ ‎ 掌握阅读技能之(四)　复现 复现是完形文章中词汇的一种衔接手段，即表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现。复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。‎ 一、复现在命题中的运用——指明阅读方向 ‎1．挖空的词大多是未挖空词的再现和重复 一般来说，在一篇完整的文章中，单词和语句共同构成一张语义网络。在这个语义网络里，很多词都有不同形式的再现和重复。命题组的老师根据文章上下文构成的语义场，选取那些重复的词、那些在其他地方有或明或暗提示的词。有选择地找出那些词，将它们挖掉，供考生处理的空格也就出来了。‎ ‎[高考典例]　(2014•山东卷)So in 1887, she appealed to the Manitoba ‎ Legislature to__38__a licence to her but they, too, refused. Charlotte 39(continued) to practise without a licence until 1912. She died four years later at the age of 73.‎ In 1993, 77 years after her40(death),_a medical licence was issued to Charlotte.‎ ‎38．A.sell　　　B．donate　　　C．issue　　　D．show 解析：选C　命题人之所以挖38空是因为下文40空后有“a medical licence was issued to Charlotte”，38空的issue正是此句中“issued”的词汇复现。‎ ‎2．未设空的文字一定是重要线索 一篇二、三百词的文章挖空后，不能影响到考生对全文大意和主旨的把握。为了保证题目可解，待选空格的内容实际上必须要在保留的残缺不全的文章中给出提示，这就是命题者遵循的“重复原则”。依据这一原则，每一个空格所对应的正确选项应该在文章中其他句子或段落中有所再现和重复，“重复原则”是完形填空解题的出发点和落脚点。‎ ‎[高考典例]　(2014•重庆卷)Also be cautious about expressing __34__. Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly.‎ ‎34．A.emotions 　B．concern C．interest D．views 解析：选A　命题人之所以挖此空格，是因为34空后的句子“Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly.”为本空的解题提供重要的线索，即getting angry是一种情感(emotion)。‎ 二、复现在解题中的运用——提高阅读能力 复现是一种语境衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等形式，重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。‎ ‎1．原词复现——在上下文中同一词汇重复出现 ‎[高考典例]　(2018•全国卷Ⅰ)During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits ...‎ ‎... I managed to get an A in that __53__ and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 54(classroom). ‎ ‎53．A.game B．presentation C．course D．experiment 分析：本题可以利用原词复现解题。根据选文首句中的“the education department was offering a ‘free’ course”可知，“我”设法在那门“课程”上获得了A，此处是course的原词复现，故选C项。‎ ‎2．同/近义词复现——意思相同、相近的表达方式，或者解释性的词汇复现 ‎[高考典例]　(2018•全国卷Ⅲ)The baby was born and update texts were 47(coming_in) quickly from the overjoyed grandmother, Teresa.In her __48__， she didn't seem to realize that she was 49(sharing) the baby's ‎ photos with a complete stranger.‎ ‎48．A.opinion B．anxiety C．excitement D．effort 分析：本题可以利用近义词复现解题。根据上文中的“the overjoyed grandmother”可知，此处填入的词应与“overjoyed (欣喜若狂的)”在语义范畴上一致，故选C项。‎ ‎3．同根词复现——词形变化的词汇复现 ‎[高考典例]　(2016•北京卷)It was a cold January in 1925 in Nome, Alaska.The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to heavy snow.‎ ‎...‎ How could the medicine get to Nome? The town's 39(harbor) was already full of ice, so it couldn't come by ship.Cars and horses couldn't travel on the __40__roads.‎ ‎40．A.narrow 　B．snowy C．busy D．dirty 分析：本题可以利用同根词复现解题。根据选文第一段可知，大雪覆盖了道路，切断了小镇与外界的联系，故汽车和马无法在满是雪的(snowy)道路上行进，空格处与第一段最后一个单词snow是同根词复现。故选B。‎ ‎4．上下义词复现——总括与分述的词汇复现 ‎[高考典例]　(2016•全国卷Ⅱ)Sitting back in the car on the way to the airport, I figured it all out.Rani's __59__— her warm smile, her nods, her ‎ ‘I'm here for you’ 60(attitude) — were all silent signals that didn't travel through wires.‎ ‎59．A.forgiveness B．eagerness C．friendliness D．skillfulness 分析：本题可以利用上下义词复现解题。根据下文“她温暖的微笑，她的点头，她的‘我在这里为你我服务’的态度”等表明瑞妮很友好(friendliness)，故选C。其中smile，nod等是下义词(具体行为)，friendliness是上义词(概括)。‎ ‎5．反义词——词义相反的词汇复现 ‎[高考典例]　(2017•全国卷Ⅱ)I had advised the kids that while verbs (动词) may seem dull, most of the__50__things they do throughout their lives will be verbs.‎ ‎50．A.simple 　　B．unique 　C．fun D．clever 分析：本题可以利用反义词复现解题。根据前面的while(虽然)可知，空格处所在句与前面为转折关系，应填与dull(无聊的，枯燥无味的)意思上相反的词fun，表示“有趣的，令人快乐的”。故选C。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 30分钟 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A About aspirin (阿司匹林)：‎ Aspirin is a commonly used drug which can be taken to relieve ‎ discomfort caused by numerous medical problems including headaches, toothache, inflammation and infections.It is also suitable to treat colds and flulike symptoms, and to reduce a high temperature.‎ Who can take aspirin?‎ Adults and children over 16 years of age.‎ Who should not take aspirin?‎ ‎•Women who are pregnant, or plan to become pregnant.Aspirin may harm your unborn baby.‎ ‎•Women who are breastfeeding.Aspirin can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby.‎ ‎•People who have any problems with the way the liver works or with the way the kidneys work.‎ How to take aspirin：‎ Take aspirin after meals, with a full glass of water or milk.‎ ‎•The recommended dose (剂量) ranges from two to three tablets at a time. Never take more than 4g (12 tablets) in any 24hour period.‎ ‎•You must not take these tablets with any other medicine which contains any aspirin or painkiller.‎ How to store aspirin：‎ ‎•Keep all medicines out of the reach and sight of children.‎ ‎•Store aspirin in a cool, dry place, away from direct heat and light.‎ ‎•Do not put aspirin in the bathroom because the dampness there can cause ‎ it to lose its effectivenss.‎ ‎•Throw away aspirin that smells strongly of vinegar.‎ Possible side effects：‎ ‎•Feeling sick, increased risk of bleeding, stomach pain, indigestion and heartburn are common.If these effects continue, contact your doctor.‎ ‎•Ringing in the ears, difficulty breathing, dizziness, and mental confusion are rare.If these occur, stop taking the drug and contact your doctor for further advice.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要对药品阿司匹林的适用症状、适用人群、如何服用等进行了详细说明。‎ ‎1．In which case will you take aspirin according to the text?‎ A．Stomachache.　　　　　　B．Fever.‎ C．Breathlessness. D．Nosebleed.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“It is also suitable to treat colds and flulike symptoms, and to reduce a high temperature.”可知，阿司匹林也适用于治疗感冒和类似流感的症状，也适用于退热，故选B。‎ ‎2．How many times can you take aspirin at most in a day?‎ A．6. B．4.‎ C．5. D．3.‎ 解析：选A　数字计算题。根据How to take aspirin中的“The recommended dose (剂量) ranges from two to three tablets at a time.‎ ‎ Never take more than 4g (12 tablets) in any 24hour period.”可知，一天服用阿司匹林的次数最多是：12/2＝6(次)，故选A。‎ ‎3．What type of writing is this text?‎ A．An announcement. B．A medical report.‎ C．An official guide. D．Medical instructions.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据对全文的整体理解可知，本文是一篇药品说明书，对药品阿司匹林的适用症状、适用人群、如何服用等问题进行了详细的介绍，故选D。‎ B In the movie Jurassic Park，scientists clone dinosaurs by using the DNA that was preserved for millions of years.However, there is trouble when the cloned dinosaurs turn out fiercer and smarter than expected.Can dinosaurs really be cloned? Theoretically, they can; all that would be required is DNA from an extinct dinosaur and a currently living closely related species which would act as a surrogate mother (代孕母亲)．In fact, there is continuing research to clone the Woolly Mammoth by extracting (提取) the DNA from frozen animals.‎ Actually, cloning is a phenomenon that occurs naturally in a wide variety of species.Whenever you see a pair of identical twins, they are examples of nature's clones.Although scientists have been cloning certain plants like the carrot quite successfully for decades, attempts at cloning animals have not been as successful.However, they began long before the birth of ‎ Dolly, the sheep — the first mammal to be successfully cloned.‎ Cloning humans does give rise to some misgivings,_raising a number of moral problems involved.In fact, the social influences of producing humans artificially were brilliantly explored in the famous novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, and also in the movie The Island.‎ Human cloning is basically about creating a genetically (基因地) identical copy of a previously existing person.Why would some people choose to clone human beings? Well, generally, it could make couples unable to have babies have their own children.Replacing a dead child is also another reason why some people have expressed interest in the technology.‎ 语篇解读：本文是说明文，介绍了克隆的相关情况。‎ ‎4．The purpose of the first paragraph is to ________.‎ A．give us an introduction to a movie B．analyse the possibility of cloning C．give an introduction to the text D．tell us the importance of cloning 解析：选C　写作目的题。从后文内容可知，第一段主要是为了引出下文。‎ ‎5．We can infer from the second paragraph that ________.‎ A．more and more people are interested in cloning B．cloning has saved many animals from dying out C．cloning has a very short history D．cloning plants is much easier 解析：选D　推理判断题。第二段说明，人们已经成功克隆了植物，而动物还不太成功，说明克隆植物要比克隆动物简单得多。‎ ‎6．In what way is human cloning useful?‎ A．It can bring a dead person back to life.‎ B．It makes it possible to replace a dead child.‎ C．It can help cure some human diseases.‎ D．It can help people have more healthy children.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。从最后一段可知，克隆人可以替代一个死了的孩子或者帮助不孕夫妻受孕。‎ ‎7．What does the underlined word “misgivings” in the third paragraph mean?‎ A．Worries.　　　　　　　　 B．Aims.‎ C．Regulations. D．Principles.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。从该词后的“raising a number of moral problems involved”可知，克隆人引起了很多顾虑。misgiving意为“疑虑；顾虑”。‎ C You know the feeling — you have left your phone at home and feel anxious, as if you have lost your connection to the world.“Nomophobia” (无手机恐惧症) affects teenagers and adults alike.You can even do an ‎ online test to see if you have it.Last week, researchers from Hong Kong warned that nomophobia is infecting everyone.Their study found that people who use their phones to store, share and access personal memories suffer most.When users were asked to describe how they felt about their phones, words such as “hurt” (neck pain was often reported) and “alone” predicted higher levels of nomophobia.‎ ‎“The findings of our study suggest that users regard smartphones as their extended selves and get attached to the devices，” said Dr.Kim Ki Joon.“People experience feelings of anxiety and unpleasantness when separated from their phones.” Meanwhile, an American study shows that smartphone separation can lead to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.‎ So can being without your phone really give you separation anxiety? Professor Mark Griffiths, psychologist and director of the International Gaming Research Unit at Nottingham Trent University, says it is what is on the phone that counts — the social networking that creates Fomo (fear of missing out)．‎ ‎“We are talking about an Internetconnected device that allows people to deal with lots of aspects of their lives，” says Griffiths.“You would have to surgically remove a phone from a teenager because their whole life is ingrained_in this device.”‎ Griffiths thinks attachment theory, where we develop emotional ‎ dependency on the phone because it holds details of our lives, is a small part of nomophobia.For “screenagers”， it is Fomo that creates the most separation anxiety.If they can't see what's happening on Snapchat or Instagram, they become panicstricken about not knowing what's going on socially.“But they adapt very quickly if you take them on holiday and there's no Internet，” says Griffiths.‎ 语篇解读：手机没带在身边，你是不是总感觉少了点什么？研究发现，人们对手机的依赖性越来越强，很多人都患上了“无手机恐惧症”，那么到底是什么导致这种症状发生的呢？‎ ‎8．Which of the following may Dr.Kim Ki Joon agree with?‎ A．We waste too much time on phones.‎ B．Phones have become part of some users.‎ C．Addiction to phones makes memories suffer.‎ D．Phones and blood pressure are closely linked.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段中“The findings of our study suggest that users regard smartphones as their extended selves and get attached to the devices”这句话可以看出Dr.Kim Ki Joon认为手机用户已经把手机看作是自我的延伸，是自己不可分割的一部分。故答案选B。‎ ‎9．According to Griffiths, we get nomophobia because ________.‎ A．we are accustomed to having a phone on us B．we need our phones to help us store information C．we worry we may miss out what our friends are doing D．we fear without phones we will run into a lot of trouble 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段“... says it is what is on the phone that counts — the social networking that creates Fomo (fear of missing out)”可知，为什么手机不在身边会焦虑是因为现在的人都用手机(软件)来进行社交联系。故答案选C。‎ ‎10．Which of the following phrases has the closest meaning to the underlined phrase “ingrained in” in Paragraph 4?‎ A．Relied on.　　　　　　 B．Opposed to.‎ C．Approved of. D．Determined by.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据第四段的内容可知，年轻人很难摆脱手机是因为他们现在的整个生活都跟手机有关，他们的生活很多方面都要靠手机。故答案选A。‎ ‎11．Where can you probably find the above passage?‎ A．In a research report.‎ B．In a fashion brochure.‎ C．In a science textbook.‎ D．In a popular science magazine.‎ 解析：选D　文章出处题。整篇文章介绍了最新的关于“无手机恐惧症”的研究以及原因剖析，应该出现在科学报纸或杂志中。故答案选D。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎(2019•济南模拟)Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful. According to the wellknown saying, talking to yourself is the first sign of madness.‎ ‎__1__. Talking to ourselves, whether out loud or silently in our heads, is a valuable tool for thoughts. Far from being a sign of madness, selftalk allows us to plan what we are going to do, manage our activities, and even regulate our emotions.‎ ‎__2__. You are very likely to hear him/her talking to himself/herself: offering himself/herself directions and giving voice to his/her frustrations. Psychologists refer to this as private speech that is spoken but directed at the self. We do a lot of it when we are young.‎ As children, according to the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, we use private speech to regulate our actions in the same way that we use public speech to control the behavior of others.__3__， we don't abandon this system — we internalize (使内在化) it. Psychological experiments have shown that this socalled inner speech can improve our performance on tasks ranging from judging what other people are thinking to sorting images into categories.__4__. One recent study suggested that selftalk is the most effective when we address ourselves as “you” rather than “I”．‎ We internalize the private speech we used as children — but we never entirely put away the loud version.__5__， turn on the sports channel. You're bound to see an athlete or two gearing themselves up with a tart ‎ phrase or scolding themselves after a bad shot.‎ A．As we grow older B．If you want the proof C．Go with your friends to debate D．But there's no need for embarrassment E．Although we may think it seems silly to talk to ourselves secretly F．The effect of our words can give us a valuable perspective on our actions G．Take a trip to any preschool and watch a small child playing with his/her toys 语篇解读：我们容易把自言自语认为是疯癫的表现，然而心理学研究表明，自言自语不但不是疯癫的信号，还大有裨益。‎ ‎1．选D　根据第一段第二句和本段介绍自言自语的好处可知，本段首句为表示转折的过渡句，故D项符合语境。‎ ‎2．选G　空格后讲的是很容易听到小孩子自己跟自己说话，所以G项“去任何一家幼儿园看一个小孩子玩他/她的玩具”符合语境。‎ ‎3．选A　空格前介绍的是孩提时代自言自语的情况，后面应该是这种情况在长大后的改变，故A项符合语境。‎ ‎4．选F　上文讲的是心理学实验证实了自言自语的正面作用，故此处是继续叙述其积极影响，且与本段最后一句中的研究有顺承关系，故F项符合语境。‎ ‎5．选B ‎　空处下文讲的是在体育频道可以看到一些运动员的表现，这些都是证据。故B项“如果你想要证据的话”符合语境。‎