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2020-2021年高考英语一轮复习 Unit 4 Astronmy the science of the stars
2020-2021 年高考英语一轮复习 Unit 4 Astronmy the science of the stars 【核心素养分析】 语言知识 :要求考生掌握并能运用英语词汇、语法基础知识以及所学话题。 1.考纲内要掌握的词汇、短语和句型 项目 单词及其词性变化(语法填空必备) 重点单词 1.astronomy n.天文学→astronomer n.天文学家 2.system n.系统;体系;制度 3.theory n.学说;理论→theoretical adj.理论上的 4.globe n.球体;地球仪;地球→global adj.全球性的;全世界的 5.violent adj.猛烈的;激烈的;强暴的→violence n.暴力→violently adv.猛烈地 6.atmosphere n.大气层;气氛 7.unlike prep.不同;不像→dislike vt.不喜欢 8.presence n.出席;到场;存在→present adj. & n. & v.在场的;目前,现在;出席;颁发, 授予 9.harmful adj.有害的;伤害的→harm n.危害,害处→harmless adj.无害的 10.exist vi.存在,生存→existence n.存在,生存 11.puzzle n.谜;难题 vt. & vi.(使)迷惑;(使)为难→puzzled adj.迷惑的→puzzling adj.令人迷惑 的 12.gravity n.万有引力;重力 13.satellite n.卫星;人造卫星 14.climate n.气候 15.spaceship n.宇宙飞船 16.pull n. & vt.拉(力);拖;牵引力 17.float vi. & vt.(使)浮动;(使)漂浮 n.漂浮物 18.mass n.质量;团;块;大量;(复)群众 2. 语法基础知识——状语从句 主题语境:话题——探索宇宙(人与自然) 语言技能:能在主题语境下,运用所学的语言知识写出日常生活事物的应用文,能够以较丰 重点短语 1.in time 及时;终于 2.lay eggs 下蛋 3.give birth to 产生;分娩 4.in one’s turn 轮到某人;接着 5.prevent...from 阻止;制止 6.block out 挡住(光线) 7.cheer up 感到高兴;感到振奋 8.now that 既然 9.break out 突发;爆发 10.watch out 密切注视;当心;提防 11.cool down 冷却 12.as well as 也;还有…… 13.depend on 依靠;依赖,取决于 14.get close to 靠近 经典句型 (高考书 面表达必 备) 1.This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. 这就形成一个连锁反应,使生命发展成为可能。 2.But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. 而当我试着向前迈步时,我发觉我被送出很远,步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍,因而我摔倒 了。 3....walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.……既然重力改变了,行走 的确需要一些练习 必备语法 (高级句 型) 状语从句 富的语言写出读后续写的故事。 【基础巩固】 知识点- 1.harmful adj. 有害的,伤害的 【拓展归纳】 harm n.&vt. 损伤;伤害 harmless adj. 无害的 harmlessness n. 无害 be harmful to 对……有害 do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 对某人有害 do more harm than good 弊大于利 There is (no) harm in (sb.‘s) doing sth. (某人)做某事有(无)害处。 It does (no) harm (for sb.) to do sth. (对于某人来说) 做某事有(无)害处。 mean no harm 没有恶意 【典例 1】 语法填空 1.(2020·凯里市第三中学期中)Doctors always tell us that drinking too much is ________ (harm)to our health,but some people don’t care. 【答案】harmful 【解析】句意:医生总是告诉我们,喝太多的酒会影响健康,但有些人不在乎。be harmful to sb/sth“对……有害处”。故填 harmful。 2.(2019·石嘴山市第三中学月考)Too much stress ________(do)you harm while no stress makes you achieve little. 【答案】does 【解析】句意:太多的压力会伤害你,而没有压力会让你一事无成。此处 Too much stress 是第三人称单数,do sb harm 对某人有害。故填 does。 3. Freezing winter is harmful _________ orange trees. 【答案】to 【解析】考查固定搭配。be harmful to…对…有害。句意:寒冬不利于橘树的生长。故填 to。 【变式】 单项选择 1.The government insists that the dam will not do any_________to the environment. A.reserve B.application C.bargain D.harm 【答案】D 【解析】这题考查固定词组:do harm to“对…造成伤害”,句意是:政府坚持说大坝不会对 环境造成危害。选 D。 2. Air pollution will get worse and this will be ______ to people and animals. A.fit B.harmful C.flexible D.tight 【答案】B 【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意:空气污染会越来越严重,对人和动物都有害。A. fit 健康 的 B. harmful 有害的 C. flexible 灵 活 的 D. tight 紧的。be harmful to...“对.….. 有害”为固定短语。符合句意。故 B 选项正确。 完成句子 (1) Fruit juice can ______ __________ ______ children‘s teeth.果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。 (2) What he did _________ his reputation. 他所做的损害了他的名声。 (3) He may look fierce, but he _________ ______ ______. 他可能看上去很凶,但并无恶意。 【答案】(1) be harmful to(2) harmed(3) means no harm 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。 (1)Everyone knows that smoking is ______ to your health. 每个人都知道吸烟有害健康。 (2) Reading in the sun does your eyes a lot of ______.在阳光下看书对你的眼睛伤害很大。 (3)Reading in the sun is very ______ to your eyes.在阳光下看书对你的眼睛伤害很大。 【答案】(1) harmful (2) harm(3)harmful 知识点-2 lay vt. (laid, laid, laying) 把放下;摆设;铺(地毯) ;产(蛋) 【拓展归纳】 lay eggs 下蛋 lay sth. aside 把某物放在一边;积蓄(钱) lay sth. down 把某物放下 lay the blame on sb.责备某人 lay the table 摆桌子 lay emphasis / stress on sth. 把重点放在某事上 辨析: lie vi.说谎 lied -lied -lying lie vi.位于,躺 lay-lain –lying 【典例 2】 单项选择 1.(福建厦门双十中学月考)She down her book and in bed. A.lay; laid B.laid; lay C.lay; lay D.laid; laid 【答案】B 【解析】考查动词辨析和时态。句意:她放下书躺在床上。lie 表示“躺”时,过去时和过去 分词是 lie—lay---lain. lay 表示“放置”时,过去时和过去分词是 lay---laid---laid.根据句意可知 第一空表示“放置”,第二空表示“躺”,都用过去式,故选 B. 【点睛】lie, lay 的过去式和过去分词 lie —lied —lied 说谎,lie— lay —lain 平躺,位于,lay— laid— laid 放置,下蛋 可以编成顺口溜来记:规则的“说谎”,不规则的“躺”,躺完就“下蛋”。 “规则”就是规则变化的,也就是和一般的动词变化一样。lie-lied-lied (说谎)相同的。 “不规则的”就是变化不规则的,lie-lay-lain (卧,躺,平放,位于)。 “躺完就下蛋”:“躺”的完成式意思是“下蛋”,lay-laid-laid (下蛋,放置) 2.(2019·安徽期中)The boy ________ on the ground ________ to his father that the hen ________ two eggs that day. A.laying; lied; laid B.lying; lied; laid C.lying; lay; lied D.lay; lied; laid 【答案】B 【解析】考查 lie 和 lay 的用法。句意:那个躺在地上的男孩对他的父亲撒谎说那只母鸡那 天下了两个蛋。根据句意可知,第一个空是 lie(平放,躺卧),这里是现在分词做后置定语, 应为 lying;第二空是 lie(说谎),过去式是 lied,lie to sb.“向某人说谎”,古答案为 lied;第三 空是 lay(下蛋,安置),其过去式、过去分词是 laid,根据 that day 可知用一般过去时态。故 选 B。 【变式】 完成句子 (1) He ______ his hand on my shoulder. 他把手放在我的肩上。 (2) Who should we ______ the blame on? 我们该责备谁? (3)He _____ stress on the importance of being on time 他强调准时的重要性。 【答案】 (1) laid (2) lay (3)laid 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。 1. The bird ______ its eggs in other birds’ nests. 2. He would ______ some money aside for rainy days. 3. The naughty boy _______ (lie) to me that the hen that _______ (lie) there just now had ______ (lay) two eggs the day before. 4.The manager had fallen asleep where he________,without undressing. A.was laying B.was lying C.had laid D.had lied 【答案】1.lays 2.lay 3. lied; lay; laid 4.B 【解析】lay 放置;搁;产卵,其过去式、过去分词为 laid,laid;lie 躺,其过去式、过去 分词分别为 lay,lain;lie 说谎,其过去式、过去分词为 lied,lied。句意:经理没脱衣服就 在他躺着的地方睡着了。 知识点-3.exist vi. 存在;生存 【拓展归纳】 existence n. 存在 exist on sth. 靠某物生存 There exists …… come into existence 开始存在 【典例 3】 语法填空 1.(江苏期末)Atlantic, the beautiful and wealthy island-continent, is supposed _____ (exist) over 11,000 years ago. 【答案】to have existed 【解析】考查固定搭配。be supposed to 为固定搭配表示应该、被期望,后接完成时表示对 过去事情的推测,句意为:亚特兰蒂斯那块美丽富饶的岛国,据人们推测 11,000 多年前存 在过。故填 to have existed。 2.The worker earned little money a month, so he had to exist ____________ only fast noodles. 【答案】on 【解析】考查动词短语意义。句意:这个工人一个月挣的钱很少,因此不得不靠方便面度日。 exist on 靠……生存。故填 on。 3. Earth is a rocky planet where there is liquid water,which is necessary for life ________(exist). 【答案】to exist 【解析】句意:地球是一个有水的岩石星球,这是生命存在的必要条件。这里是动词不定式 的复合结构,for life to exist。故填 to exist。 4.(江苏期末)A completely new situation will arise when the new examination system comes into _________(exist). 【答案】existence 【解析】句意:当新的考试系统形成的时候,一个完全崭新的局面会出现。into 是介词,其 后用名词。故填 existence。 【变式】 单项选择 1.________ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work. A.There has had B.They had C.There existed D.It existed 【答案】C 【解析】考查存在句句型。句意:学生之间关于这项工作的必要性存在着一些疑惑。There be 句型表示某地存在某物或某人,There be 句型中的动词根据需要,有时可以用 lie/stand/live/exist 代替,该句表示学生之间存在着一些疑惑,可以用 there be 句型,这里用 exist 代替 be 动词。故选 C 项。 2. If God __________everything in the world, the strange creatures in fossils __________so many years before. A.had created; shouldn’t exist B.had created; couldn’t have existed C.should create; wouldn’t exist D.created; wouldn’t have existed 【答案】B 【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果上帝创造了世界上的一切,那么化石上的奇怪生物在这 么多年前就不可能存在了。结合句意可知,本题考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构:if+ 主语+had done…, 主语+could/would/should/might (not) have done…。故选 B 项。 完成句子 (1) Does life ______ on Mars? 火星上有生命吗? (2) I can hardly ______ ______ the wage I’ m getting. 我靠我挣的工资简直难以餬口。 (3) I doubt the ______ of alien.我怀疑外星人的存在 【答案】(1) exist(2) exist on(3)existence 知识点-4 puzzle vt.&vi. (使)迷惑;(使)苦思 n.谜;难题 【拓展归纳】 puzzled adj.无法了解的;困惑的 puzzling adj.令人费解的 sth. puzzles sb. 某事使某人迷惑/为难 sb. be puzzled by sth. 某人对……感到迷惑 puzzle about/over sth. 对某事感到迷惑或苦苦思索(以便理解) puzzle one’ s brain 苦思苦想;绞尽脑汁 solve a puzzle 解决一个难题 【典例 4】 语法填空 1.There was a __________look on her face because a________ problem _________the little girl. (puzzle) 【答案】puzzling; puzzling; puzzled 【解析】考查形容词辨析。由过去分词转换的形容词通常用来形容人,或者与人有关的事物; 现在分词转换的形容词常常形容事物;本题中第一空后的名词 look(表情),是与人有关的 事物,所以仍然使用 puzzled 修饰;第二空用 puzzling 修饰名词 problem;第三空的 puzzled 是句子的谓语动词。句意:在他的脸上有令人困惑的表情,因为一个令人困惑的问题把这个 小女孩搞糊涂了。故填 puzzling; puzzling; puzzled。 2.The twin brothers stand under the tree, ______ (puzzle)and say nothing. 【答案】puzzled 【解析】考察非谓语动词。句意:这对双胞胎兄弟站在树下,困惑不解不说一句话。过去分 词表示句子主语的状态,和句子主语是动宾关系。puzzle 意思是使……困惑的意思,故填 puzzled。 3.( 2019·广东金山中学月考)The _____(puzzle)boy wondered why fish soon went bad in hot weather. He went to ask his teacher. 【答案】puzzled 【解析】考查形容词。句意:这个困惑的男孩想知道为什么在炎热的天气里鱼很快就坏了。 –ed 形容词主要说明人的感受,含有“感到....”的意思,本句在说小男孩感到困惑,所以用 puzzled。故填 puzzled。 【变式】 单项选择 1. When the policeman stopped us, we all looked questioningly at him, ________. A.nervously and puzzled B.nervous and puzzling C.nervous and puzzled D.nervously and puzzling 【答案】C 【解析】考查形容词作状语。此处为形容词作伴随状语,所以选 C 项。 2.(陕西高三月考)Judging from his______ expression, this problem must be quite ______. A.puzzling; puzzling B.puzzled; puzzled C.puzzling; puzzled D.puzzled; puzzling 【答案】D 【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意:从他疑惑的表情来看,这个问题一定非常令人费解。以-ed 结尾的形容词修饰人,意为“......的”;以-ing 结尾的形容词修饰物,意为“令人......的”;第一 空指人的表情,修饰的是人,排除 A、C;第二空修饰的是 problem,排除 B,故选 D。 完成句子 (1) Her reply ________ me. 她的回答把我弄糊涂了。 (2) Their reason for doing it is still _______ _______to me. 他们为什麽要做此事我仍莫名其 妙。 (3) To explain the ________ findings, he offers two theories. 他提出了两个理论来解释这个令 人困惑的发现。 (4)_______ _______ _______ (使我困惑的事情) is why he left the country without telling anyone. (5) I _______ _______ (puzzle) that I haven’ t heard from Liz for so long. (6) She listened with a _______ (puzzle) expression on her face. (7) No one has yet succeeded in explaining the _______ (puzzle) of how life began. 【答案】 (1) puzzled (2) a puzzle (3)puzzling(4) What puzzles me (5) am puzzled (6) puzzled (7) puzzle 知识点-5 pull v.拉,拖,拔;移动 n.拉,拖;拉(引)力 【拓展归纳】 pull ahead (of sb/sth) 领先(於某人/物) pull (sb) back(使某人)退却;撤回(某人) pull off (sth)(指机动车辆)驶离(道路)(至路侧停车处停下) pull out (sth.) 拉掉;使分离;掏出; 驶离(车站) pull on 穿,戴上(袜子、手套等) pull together 同心协力;通力合作 【典例 5】 语法填空 1.(江苏期中)______(pull) down the old houses, the Browns built a beautiful garden in that area. 【答案】Having pulled 【解析】考查非谓语动词 句意:推倒旧房子,布朗夫妇在原来的地方上建了一座漂亮的花 园。 句子结构中出现的“pull down”和后面的“build”有明确的先后关系,且后面主句的主语 为“the Browns”故需要用分词的主动形式,故填 Having pulled。 2. You had better have that bad tooth _________(pull) out in the hospital. 【答案】pulled 【解析】考查 have sth. done 的用法。句意:你最好到医院把那颗坏牙拔掉。have sth. done 在此意为“请别人做某事”,故填 pulled。 【变式】 单项选择 1.The Beijing express had _____ on time when we hurriedly got to the platform. A.pulled on B.pulled out C.pulled round D.pulled off 【答案】B 【解析】pull out 出站“当我们匆忙到达月台的时候,北京的快车已经按时出站了。” 2. He is still quite sick, but the doctor is sure that he will ________. A.pull over B.pull up C.pull out D.pull through 【答案】D 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:他的病还很重,但医生相信他能挺过来。A. pull over 把……开到路边;B. pull up 拔起,停下来;C. pull out 离开,拔出;D. pull through 恢复健 康。与他的病很重语境一致,故选 D。 完成句子 (1) You _____and I’ ll _____. 你来推,我来拉。 (2) I felt _____ _____ at my sleeve and turned round. 我觉得有人扯我的袖子,便转过身来。 (3) So long as we ______ ______, there’ s no mountain top we can’t conquer. 只要我们齐心协 力,没有征服不了的高山。 【答案】(1) push pull (2) a pull (3) pull together 知识点-6 in one’s turn 轮到某人;接着 【拓展归纳】 in turn 依次;轮流;转而;反过来 by turns 轮流;交替 take one’s turn 轮到某人做……了 take turns 依次;轮班,轮流 on the turn 正在转变,正在变化 out of turn 不合时宜地,鲁莽地 【典例 6】 单项选择 1. The waste can be recycled into new products, which _________ will save natural resources. A. in turn B. in return C. in order D. in time 【答案】A 【解析】短语辨析。A.轮流,依次 B. 作为报答 C.整齐 D.及时。句意:废品可以回收利 用成新产品,这样(轮流)可以节省自然资源。故选 A。 2. The boys is impolite to others and this _________ hurts himself. A. in turn B. at turns C. by turns D. in turns 【答案】A 【解析】短语辨析。in turn 轮流;依次;相应的;按着一定的顺序进行;at turns 在转弯处; by turns 轮流,交替;in turns 没有这个说法。 句意:这个男孩对其他人很不礼貌,相应的 这也伤害了他自己。结合语境前后动作为一定的顺序,故选 A。 3.Theory is based on practice and ________ serves practice. A. in turn B. by and by C. by chance D. in this case 【答案】A 【解析】短语辨析. A.依次;轮流 B. 不久以后 C. 意外的 D.既然这样.句意:理论基于实践 并反过来为实践服务.结合语境可知选 A. 【变式】 完成句子 (1) The girls called out their names ______ ______. 那些女孩儿逐一报出了自己的名字。 (2) We make every effort to make more films, and ______ ______ this creates further environmental pollution. 我们在竭力生产出更多的电影,反过来这又造成了进一步的环境污染。 (3) We ______ ______ to keep watch. 我们轮流守望 【答案】(1)in turn (2) in turn (3)took turns 知识点-7 prevent...from 阻止;制止 【拓展归纳】 stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 keep sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 protect sb. from...保护某人不受……侵袭,挡住,防御 【典例 7】 语法填空 1.(2020·四川省南充高级中学月考)Difficult as rumors on micro blog or Weibo are ______ (prevent), the authorities will step up supervision so that people will not be easily misled. 【答案】to prevent 【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:虽然微博或微博上的谣言很难去防范,但有关部门将加大 监管力度,这样人们就不会被轻易误导了。分析句子可知,本句是一个由 as 引导的倒装句, 正常句型:As rumors on micro blog or Weibo are difficult ______…。be difficult to do sth.,应 用动词不定式 to do 主动表被动。故填 to prevent。 2.(2019·天津耀华中学期中)While you are traveling abroad, attention should be paid to _______ (prevent)you from being fined. 【答案】preventing 【解析】考查非谓语动词和固定短语。句意:在国外旅行时,关注点应该是防止自己被罚款。 pay attention to 是固定短语,意为注意….,to 是介词,后面动词必须用动名词作宾语;prevent sb from doing 同样也是固定短语,意为阻止某人做….,from,故填 preventing。 3.(2020·天津静海一中高三期末)Due to the present school shootings, the only way the president could imagine ________(prevent) such tragedies was to ban guns across the US. 【答案】to prevent 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:鉴于目前的校园枪击事件,总统所能想到的防止此类悲剧 发生的唯一方法就是在全美禁止枪支。此处修饰 the only way 需用不定式做后置定语,短语 the only way to do sth.表示“做某事的唯一方法”。故填 to prevent。 4.(2020·黑龙江大庆实验中学月考)Exercise has a major part to play in _______(prevent) disease. 【答案】preventing 【解析】考句意:运动在预防疾病方面起着重要作用。In 是介词其后用动名词。故填 preventing。 5.(2019·江苏高三月考)_______(prevent)of Aids should be taught routinely in universities because of the effects it can have on keeping students from being infected with Aids. 【答案】Prevention 【解析】句意:预防艾滋病的知识应定期在大学教授,因为这可能对防止学生感染艾滋病产 生影响。作句子的主语用名词形式。“Prevention of Aids”。故填 Prevention。 【变式】 单项选择 1. We must do whatever we can to ________ our environment getting worse and worse. A. separate B. keep C. prevent D. guard 【答案】C 【解析】prevent...(from) doing sth.表示“阻止……做某事”。separate 分离,分开;keep sb. doing sth.让某人一直做某事;guard 警卫。 完成句子 (1)We must do what we can to prevent pollution _________longer. 我们必须尽力去防止污染为了生活的更长久 (2) The security forces had to intervene to prevent the situation _______ 安全部队不得不介入,以防止局势进一步恶化。 (3) Further treatment will prevent the disease _______ developing. 进一步的治疗将阻止疾病恶化。 【答案】(1)to live (2) worsening (3)from 知识点-8 cheer up 感到高兴;感到振奋 【拓展归纳】 cheer sb. up 使某人高兴;使某人振奋 cheer on 为……加油 cheer sb. 为某人喝彩 with good cheer 欣然地 Cheers! 干杯!祝你健康!(用于祝酒) 【典例 8】 语法填空 1.(2019·广东金山中学月考)If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ________ (cheer)by their enthusiastic supporters. 【答案】to be cheered 【解析】考查非谓语动词用法。句意:如果他们赢得决赛,这支队伍将巡游全城接受支持者 的欢呼。句中已有谓语动词,根据句意可知是将来时同时表示被动,所以使用不定式的被动 表将来被动的动作。故填 to be cheered。 2.She’s amazingly ________(cheer)considering all she’s had to go through. 【答案】cheerful 【解析】句意:经历了种种磨难,她还那么乐观,令人惊叹。形容词作表语。故填 cheerful。 【变式】 完成句子 (1)______ ______! The news isn't too bad.振作一点吧!也不是什么太坏的消息。 (2)Every time an English runner won a race, the crowd _________.每次英国选手赢得赛跑冠军, 观众就欢呼。 (3)The crowd __________ their favourite horse ______.观众都替他们看好的马加油。 【答案】(1) Cheer up(2) cheered(3) cheered on 单项选择 1--- Darling, I didn’t get promoted. --- ____! There will be loads of other opportunities. A.Well done B.What a pity C.Cheer up D.All right 【答案】C 【解析】Well done 做得好;What a pity 多遗憾啊; Cheer up 振作起来;All right 好吧,选 C。 2.The moment the 28th Olympic Games were declared open, the whole world _______. A.laughed B. cheered C. excited D. was cheered 【答案】B 【解析】句意:当第二十八届奥运会宣布开幕的时候,世界沸腾了。此处 cheer 是不及物动 词,表示 欢呼,喝彩,故选 B。 知识点-9 break out (战争、灾难、瘟疫等)突发;爆发(无被动语态) 【拓展归纳】 break away from 脱离(政党等);打破(陈套等) break down 出故障,抛锚;(计划等)失败;(身体、精神等)垮掉;打倒,砸破;(化合物等)分解 break in 破门而入;闯入;打断(话语等) break into 破门而入,突然……起来 break off 折断;突然中止,断绝,结束 break through 突破 break up 打碎,拆散;散开,解散;(学校)期末放假,(集会)结束 break into pieces 成为碎片 【典例 9】 语法填空 1.A quarrel broke _________, which made him break away from his family. 【答案】out 【解析】句意:爆发了一场争吵,这让他离开了家。故填 out。 2.I didn’t get into the two-hour quarrel; I know how it ______ (break)out, though. 【答案】had broken 【解析】考查动词时态。句意:我没有卷入两个小时的争吵,但是我知道它是如何爆发的。 根据句意,吵架是过去的事情,它发生应该是过去的过去,所以用过去完成时。故填 had broken。 【变式】 单项选择 1. Scientists hope to ____ soon in their fight against heart disease. A. break up B. break out C. break through D. break in 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词词语辨析。句意:科学家们希望能尽快在应对心脏病方面有所突破。Break up“分解、打断”;break out“爆发、发生”;break through“突破”;break in“闯入、打断”;按 照句意答案选 C. 2. A big fire _________last night. Luckily, no one was killed or injured.. A. break out B. break away C. break off D. break through 【答案】A 【解析】考查短语辨析。句意“昨晚发生了一场火灾。幸运地是,没有人员伤亡。”A“爆发”; B“放弃,逃跑”;C“折断,突然停止”;D“突破”。故选 A。 3. Prices of the basic necessities of life have been going up sharply since word came that war would________ between the two countries soon. A.watch out B.break out C.die out D.give out 【答案】B 【解析】考查短语辨析。watch out 当心,break out 发生,die out 灭绝,give out 分发,根据句意是两国之间的战争会发生,故选 B。 知识点-10 watch out 注意;当心 【拓展归纳】 watch out(for)= look out (for) 密切注意;留神 take care 留神,注意 be careful 仔细,留神 watch it 当心,小心 watch over 照看;看守 keep a close watch/eye on 密切注视 look out for sth 当心 【典例 10】 单项选择 1. Watch out ______ cars when you cross the road. A. at B. to C. of D. for 【答案】D 【解析】固定短语:watch out for“留心,注意”。选 D。 2. ________ the dog or you may be bitten. A.Watch out B.Look out C.Watch out for D.Look out of 【答案】C 【解析】watch out for 当心,后跟宾语。watch out 当心,后不跟宾语;look out 当心;look out of 向……外看。 【变式】 完成句子 (1)______ ______! There is a car coming!当心!有车来了! (2)______ ______ ______ cars while crossing the road.过马路时要当心车辆。 (3)______ ______ not to catch a cold.=______ ______ not to catch a cold. 当心别着凉。 【答案】(1)Watch out(2)Watch out for(3)Take care; Be careful 【考点精析】 考点-1 it 做形式宾语 【教材原句】This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. 这就形成一个连锁反应,使生命发展成为可能。 【句法分析】本句中 it 做形式宾语,真正的宾语为不定式短语 for life to develop。it 做形式 宾语还可以代替动名词或从句。 【考点聚焦】考查 it 做形式宾语 常用句型:find / think / make/ feel/ consider +it + adj / n. + to do /doing /that 从句 【例句解读】 I found it hard to persuade him to go with us .我发现说服他和我们一起去很难。 I think it my duty to help them .我认为帮助他们是我的责任。 I felt it puzzling to find him in such a place . 我觉得在这样一个地方发现他很让人困惑。 【拓展】it 还可以做形式主语,代替真正的主语——不定式(或不定式复合结构)、动名词(或 动名词复合结构)或从句。 (1)It’s+adj.+for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是……的。 (2)It’s+adj.+of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事…… (3)It’s/was/...who/that...是某人/某物做…… (4)It is/was the+序数词+time+that...+主语+have/had done...这是某人第……次做…… (5)It is (high) time that...+主语+did/should do...是……该做……的时候了。 (6)It’s said/reported/believed/announced that... 据说/据报道/据猜测/据称…… (7)It’s a pity/a shame/a wonder...that... 可惜/遗憾/奇怪……的是…… (8)It happens/appears/seems that... 恰巧/看来/好像…… 【典例 1】 语法填空 1.(2020·天津高三三模)How would you like ______ if the power went out when you were watching your favorite TV program? 【答案】it 【解析】考查 it 作形式宾语。句意:如果你在看你喜欢的电视节目时停电了,你会怎么想? it 作形式宾语。在一些表示“喜好、厌恶”的动词之后,如 enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, appreciate 等,后接 if 从句或 when 从句,通常先在动词后接 it 作形式宾语。故填 it。 2.(2020·安徽省高三学业考试)We thought ______necessary to invite Professor Smith to give us a lecture on how to learn English. 【答案】it 【解析】考查形式宾语。句意:我们认为,邀请史密斯教授来给我们就怎样学英语做讲座, 很必要。分析句子可知,句子用了“think+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,从句子结构看,to invite Professor Smith to give us a lecture on how to learn English 是真正的宾语,前面应该用 it 作形 式宾语。故填 it。 3.(2020·江苏省高三月考)To win the trust of the employees, your factory should see to ________that accounts and operations are as transparent as possible. 【答案】it 【解析】考查 it 做形式宾语。句意:为了赢得员工的信任,你的工厂应该确保账目和操作 尽可能透明。see to 意为“确保,务必”,此处 it 是形式宾语,真正的宾语是 that accounts and operations are as transparent as possible,故填 it。 【变式】 单项选择 1.( 2019·天津静海一中期中)The two girls are so alike that strangers find ________ difficult to tell one from the other. A.it B.them C.her D.that 【答案】A 【解析】考查代词的用法。句意:这两个女孩长得如此相像,以致于陌生人觉得很难把她们 区分开。本句中 it 用在 find 后作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式短语 to tell one from the other。them,her,that 等词均不能作形式宾语或形式主语。故选 A。 2.I'd appreciate ______ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. A.that B.it C.this D.you 【答案】B 【解析】固定句型:appreciate+ it +if 从句,意思是“如果……会非常感激”。it 做形式宾语, 代替 if 从句。 考点-2 倍数表达法 【教材原句】But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. 而当我试着向前迈步时,我发觉我被送出很远,步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍,因而我摔 倒了。 【句法分析】 倍数的表达方式有: (1)“A+倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than+B”,表示“A 比 B 大(长、高、宽等)多少倍”。 (2)“A+倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+B”,表示“A 是 B 的多少倍”。 (3)“A+倍数+the size/height/length/width, etc.+of+B”,表示“A 是 B 的多少倍”。 (4)“A+倍数+what从句”,表示“A是……的多少倍”。 【考点聚焦】考查倍数表达法 【例句解读】 Asia is four times as large as Europe. =The size of Asia is four times that of Europe. =Asia is four times the size of Europe. =Asia is three times larger than Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大(比欧洲大三倍) 【典例 2】 1. You’d better go there by train. The train ticket is _______the airplane ticket. A. as cheap three times as B. as three times cheap as C. three times cheaper than D. cheaper three times than 【答案】C 【解析】本题考查倍数表达法。表达倍数时应把表示倍数的词放在比较级的前面,由此可判 断此项正确,此处是“倍数词+比较级+than”结构。 2. Now my hometown is ___ it used to be . A. three times larger as B. as three times larger than C. larger as three times as D. three times as large as 【答案】D 【解析】考查倍数表达法。倍数表达法:A + 谓语+倍数+the +n.(size/ height/ length……)+of B; A + 谓语+倍数+as + adj. + as B; A + 谓语+倍数+adj. 比较级+than B。句意:现在我的家 乡是过去的 3 倍大。 考点-3.do 强调谓语动词 和 now that 从句 【教材原句】...walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed. ……既然重力 改变了,行走的确需要一些练习 【句法分析】 (1) 句中 does need 是一种强调句式。 do (does, did)常用来强调谓语动词的语气,译为“真的”“的确”“确实” “千万,务必”等。 He did helped me .他的确帮助过我。 Tom said he would come and that he did come.汤姆说他要来,他果真来了。 Do be careful next time. 下次千万要小心 (2) now that 在句中引导原因状语从句,相当于 since,意为“既然,由于”。 Now that you have finished your work, you‘d better have a rest. 既然工作已经做完了,你最 好休息一下。 辨析:now that/because/since/as/for now that 说明已经成为事实的原因,常译为“既然”。 because 语气最强,回答的是用 why 提问的问句,表示直接的或为人所不知的原因。 since 与 as 语气较 because 弱,表示显而易见或已为人所知的原因。since 侧重主句,as 主 从并重,语气比 since 弱。 for 是连词,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释,不一定是真正的原因,不能放在主句前面。 例句: —Why did you do this? 你为什么这么做? —Because it is good for you. 因为这对你有好处。 Since you have known it, I won‘t repeat it. 既然你已经知道了,我就不重复了。 Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking. 穿上结实的鞋子,因为我们要走不少路。 It rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚下雨了,因为地面是湿的。 【考点聚焦】考查强调和原因状语从句 【典例 3】 1.In my opinion, what Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng ______ good to our country's international positions. A.did do does B.did does do C.does did do D.do do did 【答案】B 【解析】第一个 did 是 what 主语从句中的谓语动词;第二个 does 强调谓语 do good to, 故选 B。 2.Why not stay at home the road is so slippery after the heavy snow? A. when B. unless C. even if D. now that 【答案】D 【解析】词义辨析. A. 当……时候 B. 除非…… C. 即使;虽然 D. 既然;由于。句意: 既然雪后道路是如此滑,为什么不呆在家里面?选 D。 考点 5 话题写作——探索宇宙( 人与自然 ) 【典例 4】 (2019·山东高)假设你是李华,你打算向你的外国朋友 Eric 推荐一部最近刚刚看过的中文 电影《流浪地球》,要点如下: 1. 观影时间和地点; 2. 电影亮点(科幻电影、保护地球……); 3. 推荐观影。 注意: 1. 词数 80 词左右 2. 可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 参考词汇: 推荐 recommend 科幻电影 science fiction film 流浪地球 The Wandering earth _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 Dear Eric, How’s everything going? I’m writing to recommend a film The Wandering Earth to you. I watched the film at the local theatre last weekend, which is regarded as the best science fiction film in Chinese film history. And I was deeply impressed with the films theme which is about protecting the earth. The earth is our common home and we should spare no effort to protect it. 【变式】 请结合以下要点,写一篇有关史蒂芬·霍金(Stephen Hawking) 的文章。要点: 1. 他于 1942 年 1 月 8 日出生于英国。 2. 他在 20 多岁的时候,患上了一种无法治愈的疾病; 3. 1988 年,他出版了《时间简史》(A Brief History of Time) ;迄今为止这本书已销售逾 1 亿册; 4. 他于 2018 年 3 月 14 日去世,享年 76 岁; 5. 人们因他在物理学上作出的巨大贡献而尊重他。 注意:1. 词数 80 左右;2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ __ 【参考范文】 Stephen Hawking, 1._____________________(出生在)England on January 8,1942, is one of the most famous physicists in history. 2._____________________(二十几岁就忍受不治 之症的痛苦), he faced his misfortune bravely, overcame all difficulties and concentrated on his scientific research. Hawking worked as a professor at the University of Cambridge for 30 years. In 1988, he published A Brief History of Time,3._____________________(卖了 10 亿多本)all over the world up to now and offers people a new idea of the universe. Hawking died on March 14 , 2018 4._____________________ ( 76 岁). But he 5._____________________(受到尊敬)for his great contributions to physics.110 【答案】 1.who was born in 2.Having suffered from an incurable disease in his twenties 3.which has sold more than 100 million copies 4.at the age of 76 5.is respected查看更多