2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三)　如何概括句意

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三)　如何概括句意

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三)　如何概括句意 概括能力要求较高，不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，还考查能从文中提炼要点、并对要点进行归纳、加工的能力。在高考试题中大多会问及短文主题、标题、作者的写作意图、短文的学科分类及读者对象等。‎ ‎[高考典例1]　2016•浙江卷•C篇 Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort — the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world — is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution (进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive (认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something 该段谈到要从科学研究的角度看待儿童的发展，说我们追求科学的态度其实源于我们的儿童时代。由此概括出该段主旨是B项“研究婴儿的游戏或许有助于更好地理解科学”。‎ ‎ out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”‎ Q：What is the main idea of the last paragraph?‎ A．The world may be more clearly explained through children's play.‎ B．Studying babies' play may lead to a better understanding of science.‎ C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.‎ D．One's drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.‎ ‎[高考典例2]　2016•江苏卷•C篇 The most recent powerful Nino　～， in 199798, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos　～ come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ), however, just 12% of disasterrelief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on riskreduction saves at least two on reconstruction.‎ ODI的数据分析 Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and coauthors, civil conflict is related to El Nino　～'s harmful effects — and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino　～， reducing their losses needs to be the priority. 如何防止厄尔尼诺带来次生灾害 Q：What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?‎ A．To introduce El Nino　～ and its origin.‎ B．To explain the consequences of El Nino　～.‎ C．To show ways of fighting against El Nino　～.‎ D．To urge people to prepare for El Nino　～.‎ 作者从上面两个方面鼓励人们以正向心态积极应对厄尔尼诺现象。故选D项。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 40分钟 Ⅰ.阅读理解 Though the harmful effects of plastic on wildlife and human health are welldocumented, this material is hard to avoid.Nearly everything we touch, from grocery bags to drink bottles, to food packaging, contains plastic.Now, Amsterdam's Ekoplaza supermarket is making it a little easier for consumers to reduce consumption of singleuse plastic bags and containers, which are blocking our landfills at alarming rates, with a special plasticfree aisle (通道)．Believed to be the world's first, the aisle has 700 products on sale including rice, beans, yogurt, chocolate milk, cereal, snacks and meat.‎ While items still require packaging, everything is housed inside reusable or recyclable containers made of glass, metal or cardboard.The unique idea was given to the grocerychain officials by UKbased environmental group A Plastic Planet, which takes the lead to advocate for at least one plasticfree aisle in supermarkets around the globe.The nonprofit has even created a signature “plasticfree” mark to help consumers identify ecofriendly packaging. “This is a consumerled campaign，” said a group cofounder Sian Sutherland. “We're a grassroots organization.So obviously we're working with industry and the government, but most importantly, we represent the public.”‎ Ekoplaza, which plans to roll out the plasticfree aisles across its 74 stores by the end of the year, is not the only company trying to reduce plastic waste.In Berlin, the Original Unverpackt grocery store has been trying to change customer habits since 2014 by selling everything, from grain to produce and even soaps without plastic packaging.The supermarket, which requires customers to bring their own reusable containers, even sells chewable toothpaste that needs no tubes.‎ Though it is encouraging to see companies trying to make a difference, for real change to happen, consumers have to avoid products encased in plastics, even if it means giving up their favorite food or drink.As Sutherland put it, “Plastic food and drink packaging remains useful and yet a destructive presence on the earth for centuries afterwards.”‎ 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了超市在减少塑料包装上的努力。‎ ‎1．What does Ekoplaza want to do by setting up a plasticfree aisle?‎ A．Cut down managing cost.‎ B．Reduce plasticpackaging.‎ C．Make shopping much easier.‎ D．Increase the amount of sales.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“Now, Amsterdam's Ekoplaza supermarket is making ... with a special plasticfree aisle (通道)．”可知，Ekoplaza设立无塑料通道是为了减少塑料包装，故选B。‎ ‎2．Which of the following can make a real difference?‎ A．Consumers.　　　　　　 B．Supermarkets.‎ C．Organizations. D．Companies.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可推知，尽管公司正在尽力发挥作用，但是 只有作为塑料包装消费主体的消费者行动起来才会减少塑料垃圾，故选A。‎ ‎3．What does Sutherland think of plastic packaging in the future?‎ A．It will be of no use to consumers.‎ B．It will exist for a long time.‎ C．It will disappear in this century.‎ D．It will replace other containers.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“Plastic food and drink packaging remains useful and yet a destructive presence on the earth for centuries afterwards.”可知，塑料包装还会存在很长一段时间，故选B。‎ ‎4．What might be the title of the passage?‎ A．Plastics Are Harmful to the Environment B．Nonprofits Can Help the Supermarkets C．Consumers Should Change Shopping Habits D．Supermarkets Take Action for a Cleaner Planet 解析：选D　标题归纳题。根据第一段的导入和最后一段的总结可知，本文主要介绍了超市在减少塑料包装上的努力，故选D。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 John Carpenter didn't like to buy toys that somebody else had made.He liked the fun of __1__ them himself.The thought that they were his own work __2__ him.‎ Tom, one of his playmates, thought a toy was worth nothing __3__ it cost a great deal of money.He never tried to make __4__， but bought all his toys.“Come and look at my horse，” said he, one day，“it __5__ a dollar, and it is such a beauty！” John was soon __6__ his friend's horse, and he was examining it __7__ to see how it was made.The same evening he tried to make a __8__ one for himself.He went into the wood shed and __9__ two pieces of wood — one for the head of his horse, the other for the body.It took him two or three days to shape them to his __10__.But what about the wheels? This __11__ him.With great efforts, he finally got some __12__ pieces of wood which could suit his __13__.Proud of his great __14__，he ran to his friend Tom, crying，“Now then, Tom, here is my horse — look！”‎ ‎“Well, that is a __15__ horse，”said Tom，“ Where did you buy it？”‎ ‎“I didn't buy it，”__16__ John, “I made it.”‎ ‎“You made it yourself! Oh, well, it's a good horse for you to make.__17__ it is not as good as mine.Mine cost a __18__， and yours didn't cost anything.”‎ ‎“It was real fun to make it, though，” said John, and away he ran with his horse __19__ after him.‎ Does it really cost nothing and all his efforts are __20__？ Of course not, I will tell you.John Carpenter now is a master workman, and will soon have a shop of his own.‎ 语篇解读：你是喜欢自己亲手制作玩具，还是花钱买玩具呢？很多人会觉得花钱买的才有价值。其实当你发现自己亲自动手制作玩具的乐趣时，你才能了解其真正的意义。‎ ‎1．A.collecting B．making C．doing D．inventing 解析：选B　根据上一句可知，约翰不喜欢别人做的玩具，喜欢自己制作(making)玩具的那份快乐。‎ ‎2．A.concerned B．annoyed C．amazed D．delighted 解析：选D　根据上文“He liked the fun of __1__ them himself.”可知，他喜欢制作玩具的乐趣，可见这个自己制作玩具的想法让他非常高兴(delighted)。‎ ‎3．A.since B．in case C．unless D．as if 解析：选C　根据上下文可知，他的一个玩伴汤姆，认为除非(unless)花很多金钱买来的玩具，否则一文不值。‎ ‎4．A.anything B．something C．nothing D．everything 解析：选A　根据后半句“but bought all his toys”可知，他只是买玩具，从不试着自己做任何东西(anything)。‎ ‎5．A.used B．cost C．wasted D．needed 解析：选B　此处指马花了一美元。cost意为“花费”。‎ ‎6．A.searching B．feeling C．admiring D．attending 解析：选C　根据下文约翰仔细观察，研究如何做的，然后自己做了一匹马可知，当约翰看到他朋友的马，很快就欣赏(admiring)起这匹马来，看看是怎么做出来的。‎ ‎7．A.patiently B．casually C．willingly D．hurriedly 解析：选A　从空后的“to see how it was made”以及下文所做的玩具马可知，他耐心地(patiently)观察着。‎ ‎8．A.vivid B．common C．similar D．rare 解析：选C　根据上文可知，他非常喜欢汤姆的马，试着给自己做一个类似的(similar)马。‎ ‎9．A.picked out B．took up C．picked up D．came over 解析：选A　根据常识可知，他走进木棚，挑选(pick out)出两块木头，一块做马头，另一块做身体。‎ ‎10．A.surprise B．regret C．relief D．satisfaction 解析：选D　根据下文他对所做的马感到骄傲可知，他花了两、三天时间才做出令他满意的(to one's satisfaction)形状。‎ ‎11．A.excited B．cheered C．puzzled D．amused 解析：选C　根据前一句“But what about the wheels？”及后一句“With great efforts, he finally got some ...”可知，他不知用什么做轮子，因此这让他很困惑(puzzled)。‎ ‎12．A.flat B．rough C．sharp D．round 解析：选D　根据常识可知，轮子是圆形的，肯定要用圆的(round)木头。‎ ‎13．A.approach B．curiosity C．concern D．purpose 解析：选D　根据常识可知，他挑选这几块圆木是为了满足他做轮子的意图(purpose)。‎ ‎14．A.dream B．work C．house D．wood 解析：选B　根据下文他让汤姆来看他自己做的马可知，这是他的作品(work)。‎ ‎15．A.delicate B．horrible C．royal D．dull 解析：选A　根据下文“it's a good horse for you to make”可知，John做的是一匹精致的(delicate)马。‎ ‎16．A.asked B．replied C．reminded D．insisted 解析：选B　根据上文汤姆问约翰的话可知，此处表示约翰回答(replied)道。‎ ‎17．A.So B．As C．But D．After 解析：选C　这匹马对你来说是匹好马，但是它不如我的好。根据前后意思可知，是转折关系。‎ ‎18．A.pound B．bill C．note D．dollar 解析：选D　根据第5空中的“a dollar”可知，汤姆说他的马是花一美元买的。‎ ‎19．A.rolling B．slipping C．passing D．marching 解析：选A　约翰做的是有轮子的马，所以轮子是滚动(rolling)的。‎ ‎20．A.for sure B．in vain C．in order D．in case ‎ 解析：选B　根据空前“Does it really cost nothing(这真的没有什么价值吗？)”和空后的内容可判断这里是问“他所有的努力都白费了(in vain)吗”？‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.__1__ (surround) the Forbidden City, many were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing __2__ (dynasty)．In order to establish the strongest power, emperors planned the city and arranged the residential areas.__3__ center of the city Beijing was the royal palace — the Forbidden City.‎ At the end of the Qing Dynasty, after __4__ (close) China came under the influence from abroad, many old hutongs lost __5__ (they) former neat arrangement.‎ After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, hutong conditions __6__ (improve)．But in recent years, the houses in many hutongs have been pulled __7__ and replaced by modern buildings.And the hutong today is fading into the shade for __8__ tourists and local people.‎ However, in the urban district of Beijing houses along hutongs still occupy one __9__ (three) of the total area, providing housing for half population, so many hutongs __10__ (survive)．In this respect, we see the old in the new in Beijing as an ancient yet modern city.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了北京胡同的发展历史、建造作用以及当前的状况等。‎ ‎1．Surrounding　考查非谓语动词。胡同环绕着紫禁城，它们中的许多建造于元、明、清时期。分析该句结构可知，many前面的部分为状语；主语many代指“胡同”，和动词surround之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词。‎ ‎2．dynasties　考查名词复数。根据该句中的“Yuan, Ming and Qing”可知，该处指三个朝代，且dynasty为可数名词，故用复数形式。‎ ‎3．The　考查冠词。北京城的中心是皇宫——紫禁城。根据该句中的“of the city Beijing”‎ 可知，该处特指“北京城的中心”，故用定冠词The。‎ ‎4．closed　考查形容词。根据句子结构和空后的名词“China”可知，空处修饰该名词，表示“闭关自守的”，故用形容词。‎ ‎5．their　考查代词。根据空后的名词短语“former neat arrangement”可知，空处修饰该名词短语，故用形容词性物主代词。‎ ‎6．were improved　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。1949年中华人民共和国成立以后，胡同的状况得到了改善。该句主语为“hutong conditions”，和动词improve之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；因为主语“hutong conditions”为复数，且根据该句中的时间状语可知，该句介绍过去发生的事情，故用were improved。‎ ‎7．down　考查介词。但是近年来，许多胡同中的房子被拆毁，取而代之的是现代化的建筑。pull down为固定搭配，意为“拆毁”。‎ ‎8．both　考查连词。both ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“两者都……”。‎ ‎9．third　考查序数词。该处指“在北京市区的胡同中的房子占整个地区的三分之一”，分数的分母用序数词，故用third。‎ ‎10．have survived　考查动词时态。根据该句中的“still occupy”可知，该空表示过去的动作对现在产生的影响，故用现在完成时。‎ Ⅳ.短文改错 ‎(2019•山东滨州第二次模拟)In most cases, almost everyone visit a café or friend's house asks for the WiFi password first.The Internet seems have become one of your basic needs.And 60% of the world's populations still doesn't have Internet access.The situation is even more worse in some countries — only one in 10 people have regular access to the Internet.That's why in the recent survey, many people think of Internet access as a privilege instead of a human right.‎ However, the UN has made it clearly since 2011 that the Internet, that should be accessible to everyone, is a human right.‎ 答案：第一句：visit→visiting 第二句：seems后加to; your→our 第三句：And→But; populations→population 第四句：去掉more; have→has 第五句：the→a 第六句：clearly→clear；第二个that→which