2021届新高考英语人教版一轮考评训练：：话题十八　灾害防范（A）

2021届新高考英语人教版一轮考评训练：：话题十八　灾害防范（A）

www.ks5u.com 话题十八　灾害防范(A)‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎[2020·贵阳市高三摸底考试] Many of us think, wrongly, that the moon doesn't change. For example, the Tang dynasty poet Zhang Ruoxu once wrote that “Generations have come and passed away; From year to year the moons look alike, old and new.”‎ However, a new study published in the journal Nature Geoscience shows that the moon is in fact slowly shrinking over time. For the study, a group of US scientists examined and analyzed thousands of photographs taken by the NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (月球勘测轨道飞行器照相机). They found that there were lots of faults(断层) on the surface of the moon. These faults were formed by recent movement on the moon.‎ According to NASA, the moon is made up of pieces of rocks with a hot core. The moon continued to expand as it was born. But in this process, it released energy and cooled down. Then it began to shrink, in a way comparable to the shrinking of a grape into a raisin. Over the past several hundred million years, it has become 46 meters “skinnier”. But due to its hard and rocky layer, the moon's surface continues to push up. “Some of these quakes can be fairly strong, around five on the Richter scale (里氏震级)，” said Thomas Watters, a senior scientist at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum in the US.‎ But does that mean the moon is a dangerous place that human shouldn't try to explore and live on in the future? Maybe not, reported The Telegraph. “This isn't anything to worry about. The moon may be shrinking, but not by much. It's not going anywhere，” Watters comforted us.‎ The new discovery proves that the idea that the moon is a dead, boring place is wrong. “We have been to the moon and we've done some great science, but there is still a lot we don't know. The moon is shrinking－we didn't really realize that until recently. It's a much more active and interesting place than we thought and we should explore that，” NASA scientist Nathan Williams said.‎ ‎1．Which point of view about the moon may the writer agree to?‎ A．It stays the same as before.‎ B．It is becoming slightly smaller.‎ C．It is getting older and older.‎ D．It has passed away.‎ ‎2．What can we learn about the moon from the third paragraph?‎ A．It has become 46 meters fatter due to expanding.‎ B．It has changed from a grape into a raisin in recent years.‎ C．It quakes even at seven on the Richter scale.‎ D．It has a hot core and releases energy during expanding.‎ ‎3．Who thinks that we needn't worry about the moon?‎ A．Zhang Ruoxu. B．Thomas Watters. ‎ C．Nathan Williams. D．The journalist.‎ ‎4．What does Nathan Williams think of the moon?‎ A．It is a dead and boring place.‎ B．It has lots of faults on the surface.‎ C．It is valuable to do more science.‎ D．It isn't a place where we can live.‎ B ‎[2019·昆明市高考模拟考试] Finding fish is going to get harder as climate change continues to heat the world's oceans. A new study finds that warming seas over the past 80 years have reduced the sustainable catch of 124 species of fish and shellfish. A sustainable catch refers to the amount that can be harvested without doing longterm damage to the health of populations of some species.‎ Overfishing has made that decline worse, researchers say. Overfishing refers to catching so many fish that the size of the papulation falls. In some parts of the world, such as the heavily fished Sea of Japan, the decrease is as high as 35 percent. That's a loss of more than one in every three fish.‎ ‎ Researchers examined changes in 235 populations of fish and shellfish between 1930 and 2010. Those fish populations spread far apart across 38 ocean regions. Temperature changes vary from one ocean site to another. But on average over that time, Earth's seasurface temperatures have risen by about half a degree Celsius.‎ ‎ On average, that warming has caused the sustainable catch to drop by 4.1 percent, the study found. About 8 percent of the fish and shellfish populations the team studied saw losses as a result of the ocean warming. However, about 4 percent of some populations increased. That's because certain species have thrived in warmer waters. One example is a kind of black sea fish. It lives along the northeastern U．S. coast. As warming continues, these fish will reproduce faster until they reach their limit.‎ About 3.2 billion people worldwide rely on seafood as a source of food. That means it's urgent for commercial fishing fleets and regulators to consider how climate change is affecting the health of all of those fish in ‎ the sea.‎ ‎5．What does the new study discover?‎ A．Overfishing is to blame for fish health.‎ B．Warming seas cause fewer fish and shellfish.‎ C．Seafood matters to people's health worldwide.‎ D．The living regions of fish and shellfish are different.‎ ‎6．What does the underlined word “thrived” in paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A．Survived narrowly. B．Disappeared soon.‎ C．Decreased sharply. D．Developed quickly.‎ ‎7．What do we know about species of fish and shellfish?‎ A．About 8 percent of them suffered from a great loss.‎ B．About 35 percent of them survived in the Sea of Japan.‎ C．About 3.2 billion species have been saved up to now.‎ D．About 80 species have died out because of warming seas.‎ ‎8．From which is the text probably taken?‎ A．A cooking guide. B．A science magazine.‎ C．A news review. D．A health brochure.‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 Heroes come in different shapes and sizes. Some are born to give others a __1__. Then there are the people who just happen to be in the right place at the right time. That was the __2__ for John Underwood.‎ On a cold evening, a storm __3__ near his home. Underwood was heading over to help his sister when the roads were __4__. He saw some other drivers get stuck, so he got out of his truck to help.‎ Underwood wasn't out of his __5__ long before he heard a cry. Moments later, a 12yearold boy ran up to Underwood, saying his parents were __6__ and asked for help.‎ The Hammonds went to get things from the basement when the walls __7__ to bear the weight of rain and fell down, and they couldn't __8__. Worse still, the water was rising fast. __9__ was of extreme significance, so Underwood took action at once. Any inappropriate action could add more dangers. Luckily, Underwood had __10__ as a contractor (承包商). “Digging a hole in the living room floor, I knew it's a __11__ way，” he said.‎ With physical strength, patience, and a lot of __12__， Underwood saved their lives. He said he did what anyone would do, but that's not necessarily true. It's __13__ to put yourself in a dangerous way to rescue another. That's why the American Red Cross __14__ him. Ann Otto, who was in charge of the 23rd Annual Acts of Courage Awards, said the ‎ Awards should __15__ heroes like Underwood.‎ ‎1．A.lesson B．direction C．hope D．hand ‎2．A.role B．concern C．case D．behavior ‎3．A.broke B．disappeared C．returned D．changed ‎4．A.cleared B．completed ‎ C．repaired D．flooded ‎5．A.power B．sense ‎ C．house D．vehicle ‎6．A.ignored B．trapped C．injured D．missed ‎7．A.managed B．failed ‎ C．tried D．struggled ‎8．A.speak B．reunite C．escape D．survive ‎9．A.Time B．Relief ‎ C．Success D．Action ‎10．A.attitude B．potential C．confidence D．experience ‎11．A.difficult B．safe ‎ C．creative D．quick ‎12．A.bravery B．encouragement C．anxiety D．responsibility ‎13．A.impossible B．reasonable ‎ C．hard D．special ‎14．A.invited B．honored C．interviewed D．helped ‎15．A.go to B．come to ‎ C．turn to D．pass to 话题十八　灾害防范(A)‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 体裁：说明文　主题语境：人与自然——科学研究——月球正在缓慢收缩 ‎ 【文章大意】　月球并非如唐代诗人张若虚在诗中描绘的那样是亘古不变的。一项最新的科学研究表明，月球正在随着时间慢慢地缩小。此外，这项研究还表明月球还有许多我们不了解的东西，它是一个比我们认为的更活跃、更有意思的地方，我们应该探索它。‎ ‎1．答案与解析：B　考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句“However，a new study... shows that the moon is in fact slowly shrinking over time”可知，一项新的发表在《自然·地球科学》上的研究表明，月球正在随着时间慢慢地缩小，据此可知B项正确。‎ ‎2．答案与解析：D　考查细节理解。根据第三段前三句中的“the moon is made up of pieces of rocks with a hot core”“The moon continued to expand as it was born”“But in this process, it released energy”可知，月球由带有一个热核的岩石块组成，当它形成时月球在持续膨胀，在这个过程中它会释放能量，故D项正确。‎ ‎3．答案与解析：B　考查细节理解。根据第四段中Thomas Watters说的话“This isn't anything to worry about...It's not going anywhere”可知，Thomas Watters认为我们不必担心月球，尽管月球在缩小，但它并没有缩小很多，故B项正确。‎ ‎4．答案与解析：C　考查推理判断。根据尾段中Nathan Williams说的话“We have been to the moon and we've done some great science... we should explore that”可知，Nathan Williams认为月球有许多我们不了解的东西，值得我们去探索，据此可推知，他认为研究月球是有价值的，故C项正确。‎ B 体裁：说明文　题材：自然生态　主题：气候变暖导致鱼类和水生有壳动物减少 ‎【文章大意】　研究发现，随着气候变化继续让海洋升温，世界上可持续捕获的鱼类和水生有壳动物在不断减少，这在一定程度上影响了渔业的产量。‎ ‎【难句分析】　That means it's urgent for commercial fishing fleets and regulators to consider how climate change is affecting the health of all of those fish in the sea.(Para.5)‎ ‎ 分析：句中“it's urgent for commercial fishing fleets and regulators to consider how climate change is affecting the health of all of those fish in the sea”为省略了that的宾语从句，作动词means的宾语；其中“how climate change is affecting the health of all of those fish in the sea”为how引导的宾语从句，作consider的宾语。‎ 译文：这意味着，商业捕鱼船队和监管机构迫切需要考虑气候变化如何影响海洋中所有鱼类的健康。‎ ‎5．答案与解析：B　考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句“A new study finds that warming seas over the past 80 years have reduced the sustainable catch of 124 species of fish and shellfish”可知，新的研究发现，海水升温导致鱼类和水生有壳动物减少。故选B。‎ ‎6．答案与解析：D　考查词义猜测。根据画线词下文“One example... As warming continues, these fish will reproduce faster until they reach their limit”可知，随着升温继续，这些鱼将快速繁殖直到它们的极限，据此可推知，画线词的含义与“reproduce faster”相近，故选D。‎ ‎7．答案与解析：A　考查细节理解。根据第四段第二句“About 8 percent of the fish and shellfish populations the team studied saw losses as a result of the ocean warming”可知，大约8%的鱼类和水生有壳动物数量上遭受了重大损失。故选A。‎ ‎【干扰项分析】　根据第二段第三句“In some parts...the decrease is as high as 35 percent”可知，B项表述错误；根据第五段第一句“About 3.2 billion people worldwide rely on seafood as a source of food”可知，C项表述错误；文章没有提到D项所表述的内容。‎ ‎8．答案与解析：B　考查文章出处。通读全文可知，一项最新研究显示，随着海洋变暖，鱼类和水生有壳动物的数量正在减少。这在一定程度上影响了渔业的产量和这些生物的健康。由此可推知，本文属于科学类文章。故选B。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 体裁：记叙文　题材：灾难　主题：暴风雨中救人 ‎【文章大意】　文中讲述了暴风雨降临时约翰·安德伍德营救遭遇险境的Hammonds夫妇的故事。‎ ‎【核心词汇】　1.trap v．困住，使陷于危险中；使陷入圈套 n．陷阱；诡计；困境 We became trapped by the rising floodwater.我们被上涨的洪水困住了。‎ He felt he had been trapped into accepting the terms of the contract.他觉得自己是中了圈套才接受这合同条款的。‎ A trap was laid，with fresh bait.陷阱设置好，还投放了新诱饵。‎ ‎2．honor v．给……荣誉，表彰，表扬；尊敬 We all honor heroes for different reasons.因为不同的原因，我们都敬仰英雄。‎ I felt very honored to be included in the team.能加入这支球队，我深感荣幸。‎ He was honored with an award for excellence in teaching.他因教学出色而获表彰。‎ ‎3．go to...归于，被给予；面临，开始做某事；进入某种状态 I lay down and went to sleep.我躺下来睡觉了。‎ Britain and Cermany went to war in 1939. 1939年，英国和德国开战。‎ All the money raised will go to local charities.募集的所有钱款都将捐给当地慈善机构。‎ ‎1．答案与解析：D　根据下文中多次出现的help及文章第一句可知，作者认为有人天生乐于助人，所以用hand。give sb. a hand“帮助某人”为固定搭配。‎ ‎2．答案与解析：C　结合下文安德伍德帮助被困夫妇的事件可知，此处意为约翰·安德伍德就是这样的例子。case“事例，实例”。‎ ‎3．答案与解析：A　结合上文内容可知，此处指暴风雨在他家附近降临(broke)了。‎ ‎4．答案与解析：D　安德伍德正在去帮助他的妹妹的路上，这时道路被洪水淹没了。下文中的“the water was rising fast”是提示。clear“清除，疏通”；complete“完成，结束”；repair“修理，修补”；flood“为水所淹，被淹没”。‎ ‎5．答案与解析：D　根据上文中的“He saw some other drivers get stuck, so he got out of his truck to help”可知，此处vehicle符合语境。‎ ‎6．答案与解析：B　根据下文的“when the walls... fell down”可知，一个12岁的男孩跑向安德伍德，说他的父母被困住了。trap“困住，使陷于危险中”。‎ ‎7．答案与解析：B　Hammonds夫妇去地下室拿东西，墙壁不能够承受雨水的重量，倒塌了，两人无法脱身。fail“未能(做到)”。‎ ‎8．答案与解析：C　参见上题解析。reunite“重逢，再次相聚”；escape“逃脱，摆脱”；survive“生存，存活”。‎ ‎9．答案与解析：A　根据上文中的“the water was rising fast”和下文中的“so Underwood took action at once”可知，时间(Time)至关重要，于是他立即行动起来。‎ ‎10．答案与解析：D　在这种情况下，任何不当的操作都会增加危险。幸运的是，安德伍德有承包商经验(experience)。‎ ‎11．答案与解析：B　安德伍德认为在客厅地板上挖一个洞是一个安全的(safe)方法。此处safe与前面的dangers形成对比。‎ ‎12．答案与解析：A　根据下文中的“Underwood saved their lives”和“Ann Otto, who was in charge of the 23rd Annual Acts of Courage Awards... Underwood”可知，安德伍德因勇敢的行为获奖。他凭借体力，耐心和勇气救了Hammonds夫妇。bravery“勇敢，勇气”；encouragement“鼓舞，鼓励”；anxiety“焦虑，忧虑”；responsibility“责任，负责”。‎ ‎13．答案与解析：C　根据空前的“He said he did what anyone would do, but that's not necessarily true”可知，要把自己置于危险的境地去救别人是很难做到的(hard)。‎ ‎14．答案与解析：B　这是美国红十字会把奖项授予他的原因。honor“给……荣誉，表彰”符合语境。‎ ‎15．答案与解析：A　这个奖应该颁给像安德伍德那样的英雄。go to“归于，被给予”；come to“突然被某人意识到”；turn to“向……求助(或寻求指教等)”；pass to“转移给，遗留给(继承人等)”。‎