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2018届二轮语法专题复习动词和动词短语课件(70张)
2018 届二轮复习 动词与动词短语 (一) 连系动词 连系动词又称系动词,本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后面必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 知识梳理 类别 概念 例词 例句 状态系 用来说明主语的性质或状态。 be (am , is , are , was, were) China is definitely able to become the strongest in the world. 持续系 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度。 keep , rest , continue , hold, remain , stay , lie , stand No one can remain youthful forever. 表像系 用来表示“看起来像”这一概念。 seem, appear, look Well , it doesn’t seem quite true to me that I am fascinating. 感官系 用来说明主语“感觉上”的状况。 feel, smell, sound, taste, look I felt awkward as everyone except me was in evening dress. 变化系 说明主语变成什么样。 become, grow, go, get, turn, come, fall The girl has become skillful in reading and writing. 终止系 表示主语已终止动作。 prove, turn out I think it would prove impossible for me to mend the broken vase. 温馨提示 有些动词,如 feel , look 等,既可用作实义动词,又可用作系动词。 系动词常跟形容词作表语;实义动词则常用副词作状语 。 e.g. The newly-invented drink tastes quite unique . (taste 系动词,后接形容词作表语 ) The chef is tasting the fish carefully . (taste 实义动词,后用副词作状语 ) 2) 系动词一般不用进行时,但在表示探询口气,使语气显得客气、生动、亲切时,可用进行时 。 e.g. I hope you’ re keeping well. ( 语气委婉 ) 我希望你保持健康。 Are you feeling any better? ( 语气亲切 ) 你感觉好些了吗? 3) 系动词不用被动语态 。 e.g. The apple tastes good. (taste 是系动 词,“尝起来好”指苹果的性质,不用 被动语态 ) (二) 助动词 协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫做助动词,其自身没有词义,不可单独使用。它与其他词一起构成时态、语态、疑问和否定等形式。 助动词 用法 例句 be 构成进行时态 ( be + doing ) They were discussing something about climate change. 构成被动语态 ( be + done ) English is spoken all over the world. 表将来、命令、征求意见、约定等 ( be to do ) We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. have “ have +过去分词 ”构成现在完成时态 She hasn’t bought a new pair of shoes since 2006. “ have been +现在分词 ”构成现在完成进行时态 He has been working in this factory for twenty years. do 构成 疑问句 Do you want to pass the TOEFL ? “ do + not ” 构成否定句 In the past, many students didn’t know the importance of English. don’t 构成否定祈使句 Don’t be so absentminded. do 放在 动词原形前 ,用来加强语气 I did lose my temper. 用于 倒装句 Never did I hear of such a thing. 用于 替代动词 — Do you like Beijing? — Yes , I do . shall/ will 作为助动词与动词原形一起构成 一般将来时 I shall study harder at English. He will go to Hainan during the Spring Festival. should/would should 为 shall 的过去式,接动词原形构成 过去将来时,只用于第一人称 ; would 为 will 的过去式,后接动词原形构成 过去将来时,用于第二、三人称 I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. He said he would come to my birthday party. 温馨提示 现在,尤其是在口语中, will 常用于第一人称,但 shall 只用于第一人称,如用于第二、三人称,就失去了助动词含义,已变成情态动词。 e.g. He shall come. 他必须来。 (shall 有命令的意味 ) (三) 常用动词短语及其构成 1. 不及物动词+副词 该结构在句中直接作谓语, 后不加任何宾语 。常见副词有 away, along, back, down, in, off, on, out, up 等。如: break out 爆发; break down 坏掉,失败,中止, ( 身体等 ) 垮掉; come up ( 计划等 ) 被提出; die away 渐渐消失; get along 进展; give in 屈服; look ahead 向前看; pass away 去世; run out 被用光; start off 出发; stay up 熬夜。 2. 不及物动词+介词 该结构 后需带宾语 。常见的此类介词有 for, about, over, after, into, at, to, on, across, with 等。如: account for 作出解释,说明; break into 破门而入; call for 去叫 ( 人 ) ,需要,呼吁; care for 喜欢,关心; care about 在乎; come across 偶然碰到; deal with 处理,对付; get over 克服; go about 着手做; laugh at 嘲笑; look after 照顾; look into 调查; run into 碰到,偶然遇上; stand for 代表; stick to 坚持; wait for 等候; wait on 伺候。 3. 及物动词+副词 该结构有的必须加宾语,宾语如果是人称代词的宾格形式 ( 如: it, them, us, me, you, him, her 等 ) ,需将其放在动词和副词中间;如果是名词或 nothing , everything 等代词时,可以放在动词和副词中间,也可以放在副词后面。有的不能加宾语,相当于一个不及物动词。如: add up 加起来; break off 折断,中止; bring in 引进,赚取; bring up 抚养,提出,呕吐; call off 中止,叫停; carry out 实施,执行; drink up 喝光; find out 查明,查出; get in 收割; give away 暴露,捐赠; hold up 举起,阻止,抢劫; point out 指出,指明; put off 推迟; put on 穿上,上演; put out 使熄灭; put up 举起,张贴; pick up 捡起,接某人,加快; take off 起飞; take down 声音调小,拒绝; turn in 上交; turn up 出现,找到; wear out 磨损,使筋疲力尽; work out 计算出。 4. 动词+副词+介词 get away from 逃离; get along with 进展; get away with 逃脱处罚; get down to 开始认真做; get through to 与 …… 通话; keep away from 远离; keep up with 与 …… 保持同步; keep on with 继续做; live up to 不辜负; look down upon/on 蔑视,瞧不起; look forward to 盼望; look out for 警惕; make up for 弥补; settle down to 开始做某事; run out of 用光; put up with 容忍; come up with 提出; go in for 喜欢; hold on to 抓住; look around for 到处寻找。 5. 动词+名词 make sense 讲得通; make the bed 整理床铺; make a bet 打赌; make a bow 鞠躬; make faces 扮鬼脸; make fashion 做样子; lose courage 丧失勇气; lose heart 灰心; lose interest 失去兴趣; lose patience 失去耐心; lose weight 减肥; take action 采取行动; take advice 征求意见; take aim 瞄准; take breath 歇口气; take care 当心; take charge 看管; take one’s time 慢慢来; take courage 奋勇; take effect 生效; take exercise 做运动; take place 发生; take power 取得政权; take office 就职。 6. 动词+名词+介词 make contributions to 对 …… 作出贡献; make friends with 与 …… 交朋友; make fun of 取笑; make peace with 与 …… 讲和; make preparations for 为 …… 作好准备; make progress in 在 …… 取得进步; make room for 为 …… 腾出空; make sense of 理解,弄明白; make way for 让路给; make use of 利用; take advantage of 利用; take care of 照顾; take charge of 负责,看管; take command of 开始控制; take delight in 乐于; take hold of 握住; take notice of 注意到; take part in 参加; take pride in 以 …… 为自豪。 7. 动词+介词+名词 bring... to an end 使 …… 结束; bring... under control 使 …… 在掌控下; have... in mind 牢记; keep... in mind 牢记; keep... in touch 使保持联系; bear... in mind 牢记; put... at ease 使 …… 放松; put... into effect 使 …… 生效; learn... by heart 背熟; know... by heart 熟记; take... by surprise 使吓一跳; set... on fire 点火烧; take... into account 把 …… 考虑在内; take... into consideration 把 …… 考虑在内。 8. 带宾语的动词短语 burst into tears 突然大哭起来; come into being 形成;被运用; come to the point 言归正传; come into power 执政; come into use 开始; come into effect 生效; go to bed 上床睡觉; fall into pieces 崩溃; put on weight 长胖; keep in touch 保持着联系; get in touch 取得联系。 动词及其词组的灵活运用是英语的特色,也是难点,每年均为重点。历年高考试题中动词所占的比例最大,设题时都是给出不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词 ( 短语 ) 意义的理解和运用。考点主要包括: 1. 动词词义辨析。 包括常见动词用法辨析、近义词辨析、词形相近词辨析和用法相近词辨析。 考点归纳 2 . 动词短语辨析。 主要包括同根动词短语的辨析、同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析、 不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析以及 “ 动词+副词+介词 ” 短语的辨析。在动词词组的测试中,绝大多数为基础动词,出现频率较高的词有: get, turn, make, put, go, give, break, cut, come, look, keep, bring, show, pick, hold, fall, carry, pull, catch, call, take 等。 除了考查其基本含义辨析外,更注重动词 ( 短语 ) 的新义和引申义,如: polish 抛光, 磨光 ( 本意 )→ 修正,文饰 ( 引申 ); sniff 嗅,闻 ( 本意 )→ 鄙视地说 ( 引申 ); break down 发生故障,失灵,失效 ( 本意 )→ 坍塌,崩溃,瓦解,中断,中止 ( 引申 ) ; look into 向里面看 ( 本意 )→ 调查, 研究 ( 引申 ) ,同时还有 “ 浏览 ” 之意; work out 基本意思为 “ 解决, 算出, 制订出 ” ,还有 “ 锻炼 ” 的意思。 3. 系动词、半系动词用法。 动词作系动词用时,后面常接形容词、名词、分词和不定式等,此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有: appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, stay, grow, turn, go, come, fall, stand, lie, exist 等。一些无被动语态形式的动词 ( 短语 ) 也是学习的重点,如 belong to, witness 等。 高考命题仍然会坚持结合语境考查考生对意义的理解和运用能力,尤其是动词短语的新义、动词的一词多义等。 1. ( 2013 · 浙江 ) When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to ____ it with important points. A. conclude B. lead C. avoid D. hold 解析 :当小组讨论接近尾声时,一定要以重点而结束。 conclude 结束; lead 指导 , 指引; avoid 避免; hold 抓住 , 握住。 真题自测 2. (2013 · 新课标全国卷 Ⅰ) Try not to cough more than you can ____ since it may cause problems to your lungs. check B. allow C. stop D. help 解析: 尽量能控制咳嗽就别咳嗽,因为会伤到肺。 check 检查; allow 允许; stop 停止; help 帮助。 can help (doing) sth . “ 阻止或避免 ( 做 ) 某事”。 3. (2013 · 新课标全国卷 Ⅱ) The watch was very good, and he ____ 20 percent down for it. paid B. cost C. bought D. spent 解析: pay+ money+ for sth . 为某物付多少钱; cost“ 花费”时,主语是物不是人; buy sb. sth./ buy sth . for sb. 为某人买某物; spend +money+ on sth./ in doing sth . 在某物 / 做某事上花多少钱。 4. (2013 · 湖北 ) While intelligent people can often ____ the complex, a fool is more likely to complicate the simple. sacrifice B. substitute C. simplify D. survive 解析: 智者经常能够简化复杂的问题,而愚人更可能把简单的事情复杂化。 sacrifice 牺牲; substitute 替代,顶替; simplify 简化; survive 幸存下来。 5. (2013 · 新课标全国卷 Ⅱ) Would you like to _____ with us to the film tonight? A. come along B. come off C. come across D. come through 解析: 今晚你愿意和我们一起去看电影吗? come along 一起来,出现,进展,赶快; come off 实现,举行; come across 被理解,偶然碰到; come through 传出,恢复。 6. (2013 · 天津 ) I had hoped to take a holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to _____. A. get away B. drop in C. check out D. hold on 解析: 我原本希望今年去度假的,但是我没能休假。 get away 离开,逃脱,休假; drop in( 顺便 ) 拜访; check out 检查,结账离开; hold on 坚持,别挂断。 7. (2013 · 陕西 ) My uncle hasn’t been able to quit smoking, but at least he has _____. A. cut out B. cut down C. cut up D. cut off 解析: 我叔叔一直没能把烟戒掉,但是至少他抽烟少了。 cut out 停止运转,删去; cut down 砍倒,缩减; cut up 切碎; cut off 切断,切除。 8. (2013 · 辽宁 ) Briggs will _____ as general manager when Mitchell retires. A. get away B. take over C. set off D. run out 解析: Mitchell 退休后 Briggs 将接替她任总经理。 get away 离开,脱身,逃掉; take over 接替,接管; set off 动身,出发; run out 用光,用尽。 热点考向 1 动词词义辨析 1. 主要考点 : 考查常见动词词义辨析。强调语言的情境化 , 把动词放在语境中进行考查。 2. 突破技巧 : 这类试题的选项往往结构相同 , 词形或意义相近。要做好这类试题 , 必须从各个动词的语意差别、用法特点等方面入手 , 然后结合题意选用合适的动词。 热点预测 热点考向 2 高频动词短语意义辨析 主要考点 : 考查主要集中于高频的动词短语 , 如 break, bring, call, come, get, go, make, take, turn, put, pick, hold, keep, look, carry, set, cut, show, pull 等构成的短语。需要特别关注 : 1. break break away from 放弃 , 打破 ; 脱离关系 break down 发生故障 ; ( 计划等 ) 失败 ; ( 精神、身体 ) 垮掉 ; 分解 break in 闯入 , 插嘴 break into 闯入 break out ( 战争、瘟疫等 ) 爆发 , 突然发生 break up 打碎 , 分手 , 分开 , 关系破裂 2. bring bring about 导致 , 造成 , 引起 bring down 使倒下 , 使降低 bring in 引进 ; 带来 ; 赚得 ; 收获 bring forward 提出 ; 提前 bring out 出版 ; 生产 ; 使显现 bring up 抚养 , 教育 ; 提出 ; 呕吐 3. call call for 要求 ; 需要 ; 去取或去接 call back 回电话 ; 回忆起 call in 召集 ; 请 ; 召来 ; 顺便来访 call up 打电话给 ; 召集 ; 使想起 call off 取消 call on 号召 , 拜访 4. come come about 发生 come to 苏醒 ; 总计 come across 偶遇 ; 无意中发现 come true 实现 , 成为现实 ( 不及物 ) come out 出版 ; 结果是 come up ( 建议、计划等 ) 被提出 come up with 提出 ( 建议、计划等 ) come on ( 催促 ) 快点 ; ( 鼓励 ) 加油 ; ( 不耐烦 ) 得了 , 算了吧 ! 5. get get across 解释清楚 ; 使 …… 被理解 get away from 避免 ; 摆脱 , 逃离 get away with 侥幸成功 ; 侥幸做成 get around 四处走动 ; 传播开来 get down to 开始认真做某事 get along/on with 进展 ; 与 …… 相处 get over 克服 ; 恢复 get rid of 摆脱 ; 除去 get through 通过 ; 完成 ; 接通电话 6. give give away 赠送 ; 泄露 ; 分发 give back 归还 give in 屈服 ; 让步 ; 投降 ; 认输 give out 分发 ; 发出 ; 公布 ; 用尽 give up 放弃 7. go go against 违背 ; 不利于 ; 反对 go ahead 开始 ( 做某事 ); ( 表同意 ) go around 参观 ; ( 消息 ) 传播 go by 过去 ; 经过 go down 下降 ; 下沉 go on 继续 ; 发生 ; 进行 go over 复习 , 仔细检查 go through 穿过 ; 经历 ; 仔细检查 go with 与 …… 相配 go without 没有 …… 也行 8. hold hold back 犹豫 ; 隐瞒 ; 阻止 hold on=hang on 别挂断 ; 等一会儿 ; 坚持 hold out 坚持 ; 伸出 hold up 举起 ; 阻挡 , 使耽搁 hold on to 紧紧抓住 ; 保留 ; 不放弃 9. keep keep away from 远离 ; 避开 keep back 留下 ; 隐瞒 ; 克制 ( 感情 ) keep on 继续 ; 坚持下去 keep out of 置身于 …… 外 ; 避开 keep up 保持 ; 继续 ; 不低落 keep up with 跟上 ; keep an eye out for 密切注意 ; 留心 ; 警惕 keep an eye on 照看 ; 密切注视 10. leave leave alone 不打扰 ; 不理 , 不管 leave behind 留下 ; 丢下 , 丢弃 leave out 遗漏 , 忽略 11. look look around 环顾四周 look away from 把目光从 …… 移开 look into 调查 ; 窥视 look back on/upon 回忆,回顾 look up 查找 , 查询 ; 向上看 look up to 尊敬 ; 敬仰 look down upon 歧视 , 看不起 look forward to 盼望 ; 期待 look through 浏览 ; 快速查看 look out (for) 当心 , 留意 , 小心 look on 旁观 12. make make use of 利用 make up 组成 ; 编造 ; 化妆 ; 和解 make up for 补偿 ; 弥补 make for 走向 ; 有助于 ; 促成 , 导致 make sense 有意义 ; 有道理 ; 讲得通 make sense of 理解 ; 弄明白 make out 理解 ; 分辨出 , 辨认出 make it 成功 13. put put aside 撇开 ; 暂不考虑 ; 储蓄 put away 收拾 , 整理 ; 储存 put back 把 …… 放回原处 ; 推迟 put forward 提出 ; 拨快 put down 记下 , 写下 , 镇压 put out 伸出 ; 扑灭 ; 生产 ; 出版 put up 建造 , 张贴 ; 提供住宿 put up with 忍受 ; 容忍 put on 穿上 , 增加 , 上演 14. set set aside 划出 ; 留出 ; 拨出 set about doing sth . 着手做某事 set out 出发 , 动身 set out to do sth . 着手做某事 set off 动身 ; 引起 ; 使爆炸 set up 建立 , 创立 15. turn turn away 走开 ; 转过脸去 turn down 拒绝 ; 关小 , 调低 turn up 开大 ; 出现 , 到场 turn out 结果是 , 证明是 ; 生产 turn over 翻转 ; 翻阅 , 仔细考虑 turn against 反对 ; 背叛 turn to 转向 ; 求助于 16. take take after 长得像某人 take apart 拆开 ; 拆卸 take back 收回 , 撤销 take down 记下 ; 拆卸 ; 取下 take away 带走 , 拿走 , 剥夺 take up 从事 ; 占据 ( 时间、空间 ); 着手处理 ; 接着做 take in 吸收 ; 接受 ; 理解 , 欺骗 take off 起飞 ; 脱下 ; 成功 , take on 呈现 ; 具有 ; 承担 ; 雇用 take over 接管 , 接收 take advantage of 利用 take it easy 放松 , 别紧张 take your time 慢慢来 , 别着急 take measures to do sth . 采取措施做某事 take action 采取行动 热点考向 3 常见的系动词的用法 1. 表示 变化类 的系动词,如 become, go, turn, grow, get, fall, make 等。 2. 表示 感觉类 的系动词,如 feel, smell, taste, look, sound 等。 3. 表示 状态类 的系动词,如 keep, remain, stand, stay, lie 等。 4. 表示 “像”类 系动词,主要有 seem, appear, look, 表示“看起来,似乎,显得”。 5. 此类系动词的 特点 : ① 只适用于主动语态; ② 只用于一般时态 ( 一般现在时和一般过去时,不能用于进行时态 ) 。 热点考向 4 动词的一词多义用法 很多动词在不同的语境中有不同的意义,因此要进行专门复习,常见的有: 1. act ( v . & n . 行动 ) e.g. It will take several hours before the drug really acts . ( vi . 起作用 ) 2. address ( n . 地址; vt . 写地址 ) e.g. President Obama was scheduled to address the American people on the evening of May 7. ( vt . 向 …… 做演说 ) 3. appreciate ( vt . 欣赏,感激,感谢 ) e.g. They soon appreciated that it must be a well-designed trap. ( v . 意识到 ) 4. attend ( vt . 参加,出席 ) e.g. With several patients to attend that night, the nurse felt very tired. ( vt . 照料,照顾 ) With three kids attending high school in the town, the couple had to work day and night to earn more money. ( vt . 上学 ) 5. count ( n . & v . 计数,数 ) e.g. It is not what you are thinking but what you are doing that counts . ( v . 重要,有价值 ) 6. escape ( vi . 逃跑,逃脱 ) e.g. I saw a familiar face in the crowd. However, his name escaped me for the moment. ( vt . 被忘掉 ) The harmful gases are escaping from the pipe. ( vi . 泄漏,漏出 ) 7. fail ( vi . 失败 ) e.g. Fresh vegetables used to fail in winter. ( vi . 不足,缺乏 ) With time passing by, his memory is failing . ( vi . 衰退 ) Try as the family might, they failed to find the lost child in the town. ( vi . 未能 ) 8. introduce ( vt . 介绍 ) e.g. When tomatoes were first introduced into Europe, they didn’t accept them at all. ( vt . 引入 ) 9. make ( vt . 制造 ) e.g. New laws have been made to protect the interests of the farmers. ( vt . 制定 ) He is making his own trouble by doing this. ( vt . 引起,导致,造成 ) She will make a great teacher. ( vt . 成为,使形成 ) 10. observe ( vt . 观察 ) e.g. Having lived abroad for many years, he still observed the old traditions and customs. ( vt . 遵守 ) Every year, we will observe the traditional Spring Festival in different ways. ( vt . 庆祝 ) 11. work ( v . & n . 工作 ) e.g. The medicine will soon work . ( vi . 起作用 ) The machine works very well. ( vi . 运转 ) 1. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature was to Chinese writer Mo Yan , whose novel Red Sorghum was successfully filmed in 1987. A. returned B. distributed C. abandoned D. awarded 解析: 2012 年度诺贝尔文学奖被授予了中国作家莫言 , 他的小说 《 红高粱 》 在 1987 年被成功拍成了电影。 return 归还 ; distribute 分布 , 分配 ; abandon 放弃 , 遗弃 ; award 授予 , 奖给。 巩固练习 2. Many pupils said they were not happy because varieties of classes _____ their playtime. A. occupied B. wasted C. covered D. divided 解析: 许多学生说他们不快乐 , 因为各种各样的课占用了他们做游戏的时间。 occupy 占用 , 侵占 ; waste 浪费 ; cover 覆盖 , 涉及 , 包括 ; divide 划分 , 使产生分歧。 3. My best friend, Amy, is always supportive, so her friendship undoubtedly_____ a great deal to me. (2013 · 合肥模拟 ) A. devotes B. contributes C. means D. submits 解析: 我最好的朋友 , 埃米 , 总是支持我 , 她的友谊对我来说无疑是非常重要的。 devote to 专心于 , 致力于 ; contribute to 贡献 , 有助于 ; mean (a lot) to sb. ( 某事 ) 对于某人而言非常重要 ; submit to 顺从 , 听命于 …… 。 4. We are disappointed that the rainy weather has _____ a picnic for the weekend. A. ruled out B. turned out C. brought out D. taken out 解析: 阴雨天气让周末的野餐成为了泡影 , 我们感到很失望。 rule out 阻止 …… 的发生 , 使 …… 成为不可能 ; turn out 结果是 , 生产 ; bring out 出版 , 使显现 ; take out 取出 , 去掉。 5. Tom received a promotion to the role of assistant manager and was the youngest person to _____ that post in this international company. A. adopt B. occupy C. acquire D. seek 解析: 汤姆受到提拔担任了助理经理的角色。他是这家跨国公司中最年轻的担任这一职位的人。 adopt 采纳 , 收养 ; occupy 占据 , 担任职务或处于某一地位 ; acquire 获得 ; seek 寻找。 6. A yellow taxi _____ alongside a truck at the traffic lights when an elderly woman was crossing the road. (2013 · 苏州模拟 ) A. brought up B. took up C. pulled up D. put up 解析: 正当一位老太太穿越马路时 , 一辆黄色的出租车在交通灯处停在了一辆卡车旁边。 bring up 抚养 , 提出 , 吐出 ; take up 从事 , 占据 ( 时间、空间 ); pull up 停下 , 停车 , 拔掉 ; put up 举起 , 张贴 , 建造。 7. The US President Obama ____ unity and hoped to do things as one nation and one people at the ceremony for his second term. (2013 · 内江模拟 ) A. called in B. called off C. called up D. called for 解析: 美国总统奥巴马在第二届任期的庆祝会上要求团结 , 并且希望以一个国家和一个民族的身份行事。 call in 召集 ; call off 取消 ; call up 打电话 ; call for 要求 , 需要。查看更多