中考英语复习专题-被动语态巧学妙记+中考英语复习之句子五大成分+动词

中考英语复习专题-被动语态巧学妙记+中考英语复习之句子五大成分+动词

英语巧学妙记 被动语态巧学妙记 英语动词有两种 语态 ： 主动 语态和 被动 语态。 1. 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者, 2.或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用 被动语态 。 时态： 1. 一般现在时： 2. 一般过去时： 3. 一般将来时： 4. 情态动词的被动语态： 被动语态 结构： ■ ■ ■ be + 过去分词 ( PP ) + ( by … ) am/is/are + pp was (were) + pp will (shall) /be going to + be + pp must (can, may 等 ) + be + pp 在改写中应注意： 1. 把 原 来的 宾语 提到前面作被动语态的 主语 ; 2. 把动词变成“ be + 过去分词 ” ; 3. 主动语态中的 主语 变为介词 by 的 宾语 。 典型题例 将下列句子改为被动语态。 We clean our classroom every day. Our classroom is cleaned (by us) every day. 一般现在时的被动语态： am/are/is + 过去分词 People play football all over the world. 2. Mr. Green teaches us this term. Football all over the world We this ter m. is played by people are taught (by Mr. Green) 一般过去时的被动语态： was/were + 过去分词 1. People built the Great Wall long ago. 2. Two years ago we used the machines to make shoes for children. The Great Wall long ago. Two years ago those machines shoes for children. was built (by people) were used (by us) to make 一般将来时的被动语态： will / be going to + be + 过去分词 1. We will write a diary next class. 2. Tom is going to hold a birthday party. A diary next class. A birthday party . will be written (by us) is going to be held (by Tom) 情态动词的被动语态： must/have to/can 等 + be + 过去分词 1. You must throw the broken pottery away at once. 2. We have to finish our homework on time. The broken pottery at once. Our homework on time. must be thrown away (by you) has to be finished (by us) 现在完成时的被动语态的结构 have / has ＋ been ＋过去分词 1.We have made a key ． by us. A key has been made 2.We have finished our compositions . Our compositions have been finished by us. 现在进行时的被动语态的结构 is / am / are + being ＋过去分词 1.Some workers are painting the rooms now ． by some workers now. The rooms are being painted 2.He is watching TV. TV is being watched by him. 小 结 1： 不管哪一种时态的被动语态，它的谓语动词都具有 be + 过去分词 一般现在时的被动语态： am/are/is + 过去分词 一般过去时的被动语态： was/were + 过去分词 一般将来时的被动语态： will / be going to + be + 过去分词 情态动词的被动语态： must/have to/can 等 + be + 过去分词 现在完成时的被动语态： 现在进行时的被动语态： has/have +been+ 过去分词 am/is/are+being+ 过去分词 思考 1 ： 将下列的主动句变为被动语态： 1. We gave him some books. (him 是间接宾语，some books 是直接宾语。) →He . →Some books . was given some books (by us) were given to him (by us) 2. My mother bought me a new bike.(me是间接宾语 , a new bike 是直接宾语.) →I . →A new bike . was bought a new bike(by my mother) was bought for me (by my mother) 小 结 2： 双宾语 （宾语既有人又有物） 被动结构是 : （ 1 ） 将间接宾语 ( 人 ) 变为主语，直接宾语 ( 物 ) 不变。 （ 2 ） 将直接宾语 ( 物 ) 变为主语，一般要在间接宾语 前加介词 to 或 for . 2. He makes her horse work all day. Her horse all day. 3 . My father let me go out for a picnic. I out for a picnic. is made to work was let to go 思考 2 ： 1 . I usually hear her sing English songs in the morning. She . in the morning. is usually heard to sing English songs 小 结 3： 使役动词(let, make等)和感观动词(hear, see等)，在主动语态中，常用 动词原形 作宾语补足语，而改被动语态时要补上“ to ” 被动语态用法口诀 被动语态不难记，一变二套三注意。 主宾倒置 by 上， be过分词谓来当。 套用时态和形式，注意主谓要一致。 使意感观要记住，主动语态不用to, 被动语态to要补。 双宾改被动，介词要使用。 若要改直宾，be done 后面to/for跟。 总 结 即时练习： 把下列句子改为被动语态 1. People use metal for making machines. Metal _______ _______ _______making machines. 2. He made me do that for him. I ______ ______ _______ ______ that for him. 3. Did they build a bridge here a year ago? ________ a bridge _______ here by them a year ago? 4. The children will sing an English song. An English song ______ ______ _____ by the children. 5. They are watching the football match. The football match _____ _____ ________ by them. is used for was made to do Was built will be sung is being watched 即时练习： 单选 1 ( ) 1 Our room must ___ clean. A. keep B. be kept C. to be kept D. to keep ( ) 2 New computers ___ all over the world. A. is used B. are using C. are used D. have used (  ) 3 His new book___ next month. A. will be published B. is publishing C. is being published D. has been published ( ) 4 Who was the book___? A. write B. wrote C. written D. written by ( ) 5 The coat___her sister. A. made to B. were made for C. was made for D. was made to B C A D C 即时练习： 单选 2 ( ) 6 The boy_____ streets without pay in the old days. A. was made to clean B. made clean C. made to clean D. was made clean ( ) 7 You can go out if your homework ______. A. is done B. will do C. will be done D. are finished ( ) 8 This old machine _____ the room wet. A. used to keep B. was used to keeping C. used to keeping D. was used to keep ( ) 9 Tom !  You _____on the phone just now,   but you _____in.  A. wanted , were             B. are wanted , are  C. were wanted , weren’t      D. called , aren’t ( ) 10 Mary ____ some songs in her room in the morning. A.heard sing B. heard to sing C. was heard sing D. is heard to sing A A D C D 英语基本句型 5 20 The priest: Do you take this woman to be your lawful wedded wife? The bridegroom: Of course. I do( ) . The bride: You look handsome( ). I love you( ). The bridegroom: I love you,too. I will give you a kiss( ).I will make you happy ( )all the life. The bride: Me, too. 主谓 主系表 主谓宾 主谓双宾 主谓宾宾补 22 一个句子一般由两部分构成 ｛ 句子的次要成分： 宾语，定语，状语，表语，补语 英语句子成分 7 主语 谓语 → 主要部分 23 1 ）主语（ subject ）： 是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用 名词，数词或代词 担任，一般放于句首。如： Students study. 学生学习。 We are friends. 我们是朋友。 24 2 ）谓语： 是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用 动词或者动词词组 担任，放在主语的后面。如： Students study. 学生学习。 We are friends. 我们是朋友。 这两句话中单词 study 和 are 都是动词， study 叫做实意动词， are 叫做 be 动词，它们在句中作谓语。 25 3 ）宾语（ object ）： 表示行为的对象，常由 名词或者代词 担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如： They are teachers. 他们是老师。 I play with him. 我和他一起玩。 26 4 ）定语： 是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用 adj. 或者相当于形容词的短语 或 从句 担任。如： The little boy needs a blue pen. The boy in red is Harry. a deserted car park a smiling policeman The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 27 ５）状语： 是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由 副词 担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如： The students study hard . 这些学生学习努力。 I often write to him. 我常给他写信。 The bag is too heavy. 这个书包太重了。 28 ６）表语： 用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由 担任。如： His face turned red. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. Our well has gone dry. 名词或形容词 7) 补语： 补语是起 补充说明作用 的成份。 常见的补语有 和 。 如： I found this classroom empty . He was seen playing basketball yesterday. 宾语补足语 主语补足语 30 通常情况下： 主语和宾语前的成分是定语， 谓语前的成分是状语， 时间词作状语放在句子后面。 句子的成分分布如下： （定语） 主语 （状语） 谓语 （定语） 宾语 （状语） 如： (The tall) boy (often) goes (to the big) zoo. (The happy) child went (his) home （ yesterday ） . 31 英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在； 补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。 状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。 浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞。（ RAP ） 英语句子成分歌 五种基本句型 （１） 主＋谓 Every day he gets up early in the morning . （２） 主＋谓＋宾 I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. （３） 主＋谓＋宾＋宾 He gave me a new bicycle . （４） 主＋系＋表 He is a university student. （５） 主＋谓＋宾＋宾补 Karl Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work. 32 英语基本句型 -1 主谓结构 33 34 Ｓ Ｖ （不及物动词） 1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man 4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He 10.They flies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink. laughed? woke. talked for half an hour. walked yesterday . is playing. have gone. 35 主谓结构总结 1. 结构 : 主语加不及物的谓语动词构成 , 常用来表示主语的动作。 2. 特点： 即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意 思。 ( 主语 + 不及物动词 ) 扩展和修饰 The boy spoke to his teacher. The little boy spoke loudly to his teacher. The boy named Tom spoke to his math teacher in a low voice . The little boy called Tom spoke to his Chinese teacher. 36 37 yesterday evening . two hours . in the past ten years. in 1919. 1 ．她昨天回家很晚。 2 ．会议将持续两个小时。 3 ．在过去的十年里，（在）我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 4 ． 1919 年，（在）北京爆发了“五 . 四”运动。 She went home very late The meeting will last Great changes have taken place in my home town The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing 巩固练习： 英语基本句型 -2 主谓宾结构 38 39 Ｓ Ｖ（实义动词） Ｏ ( 宾语 ) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 4. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 8. He knows laughed at understands enjoys ate admitted has refused said the answer? her. English. reading. what was left over. that he had made a mistake. to help her. "Good morning." 40 特点： 谓语动词都具 有实义 ，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达 完整的意思 ，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做 及物动词 。 41 作 宾语 的词： 1. 名词 I don’t know him. 2. 代词 He refused to support us. 3. 反身代词 Please express yourself in your own words. 4. 不定式 We managed to put the fire out in time. 5. 动名词 She avoided answering their questions. 6. 从句 She found that she was in prison the next morning. 7. wh- 词 + to do I don’t know what to do with this issue . 42 宾语成分的多样化 使得这一结构异常复杂。 1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow . 3. They haven’t decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 5. It took them ten years to build the dam. 6. Mother promises to give me a present . ( 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 ) 扩展和修饰 I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. Unfortunately , I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. Unfortunately , I forgot to mail the letter yesterday, which disappointed my mum so much. 43 44 1 ．昨晚我写了一封信。 2 ．今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3 ．这本书他读过多次了。 4 ．他们成功地完成了计划。 5 ． 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 I wrote a letter last night. I want to talk with you this afternoon. He has read this book many times. They have carried out the plan successfully. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 巩固练习： 45 6 ．我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 7 ． Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 8 ．我们大家都相信 Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 9. 他不知道说什麽好。 10. 我开窗户你在意吗？ I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia. Jim can not dress himself. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. He did not know what to say. Do you mind my opening the window? 英语基本句型 -3 主谓 双宾语结构 46 47 主语 + 及物谓语动词 + 间宾（人） + 直宾（事物） He brings me cookies every day. 若要 先说出直接宾语（事物）， 后说间接宾语 （人），则要借助于介词 to 或 for 。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me . 用 to 侧重指动作的方向，表示 朝着，向着，对着 某人。 用 for 侧重指动作的受益者， 表示为了某人，替某人 。常跟双宾语的动词有： （ 需借助 to 的 ） bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask 等； （需借助 for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare 等。 ( 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 ) 扩展和修饰 Grandma told me a story. As expected , Grandma told me a story . Grandma told me a story for the purpose of cheering me up. Grandma told me one story after another in the hope of cheering me up . 48 49 1 ． Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2 ．奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3 ．请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4 ．他把车票给列车员看。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma told me an interesting story last night . Would you please pass me the dictionary ? He showed the ticket to the conductor . 50 5 ．我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ 6 ．新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。 7 ．他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。 Shall I call you a taxi? The new machine will save you a lot of labour. He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary. It was _____ weather that they decided to go out for a picnic. A. such fine B. such a fine C. so fine D. so fine a 英语基本句型 -4 主系表结构 52 53 本结构是由 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 组成，主要用以说明主语的 特征，类属，状态，身份 等。系动词有 : 1. 表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound ; 2. 表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand; 3. 表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; 54 Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes delicious. We feel used to living in big cities. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Their boss seems satisfied with the work. Deep water stays still. ( 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 ) 扩展和修饰 The soup tastes good. To our surprise , The soup tastes good. The soup tastes good, which is beyond our expectation. Frankly speaking , The soup tastes good. To be honest , The soup tastes so good as to surprise everyone. 55 56 巩固练习： 1 ．冬季白天短，夜晚长。 2 ．十五岁他 就成为 有名的钢琴家了。 3 ．孩子们很少 保持 安静。 4 ．她的工作 是 在幼儿园里照看儿童。 In winter , the days are short and the nights are long. At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist. Children seldom keep quiet. Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 57 5 ．他失业了。 6 ．树叶 已经变 黄了。 7 ．这个报告 听起来 很有意思。 He is out of work. The leaves have turned yellow. The report sounds interesting. ---Ann has made great progress recently. ---_____ and _______. A. So has she; so have you B. So has she; so you have C. So she has; so you have D. So she has; so have you 英语基本句型 5 主谓宾宾补 59 60 主语 + 及物的谓语动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语” 宾语与宾语补足语之间有 逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，构成符合宾语。若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。 可以用做宾补的有： 名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词 等。如： They made Tom monitor. The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut. My mother asks me to close the door. He used to do his homework with his radio on . 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即： 主语 + 谓语 +it+ 宾补 + 真正宾语 。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family . 61 巩固练习： 1 ．我们叫她 Alice. 2 ．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3 ．他们把小偷释放了。 4 ． 我要你把真相告诉我。 5 . 卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7 ．他每个月理一次发 8 ． 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest. They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut once a month. We won’t let her go out at night. 62 9 ．那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了。 10 ． 她正在听人家讲故事。 11 ．我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 12 ．他感到很难跟你交谈。 13 ．我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 14 ． 学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 The terrible sound made the children frightened. She is listening to someone telling stories. I have never seen the word used that way before. He felt it very difficult to talk with you. I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. _____ generous _____ the little girl to share her toys with the other kids. A. It's; of B. That's; of C. It's; for D. That's; for Exercise on the paper 中考英语语法复习 动 词 动词的考点 一 . 动词的分类 三 . 动词的语态 二 . 动词的时态 四 . 非谓语动词 一、动词的分类 动词分类 概念 能独立作谓语的动词 本身有意义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。 本身无意义或意义不完整，不能单独作谓语。 有一定词义，本身不表示动作和状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度。 实义动词 系动词 助动词 情态动词 二、动词时态 一般现在时 用法 练习 I usually ___ at six in the morning. A. get up B. gets up C. go to bed The earth __ around the sun. A. go B. move C. moves 3. 时间、条件状语从句的从句部分（ ） He will give you the book as soon as he ___ you. A. will see B. sees C. see 主 + V 原 / V-(e)s 1. 经常性或习惯性的动作 时间标志： every …; always; often; sometimes; at… ; never on Sundays; once a week usually; 2. 客观真理 , 客观存在 , 科学事实 主将 从现 单数第三人称： 肯定句：主语 + 动词 s/ es 否定句：主语 +doesn’t + 动词原形 疑问句： Does+ 主语 + 动词原形 其他人称： 肯定句： 主语 + 动词原形 否定句： 主语 +don’t+ 动词原形 疑问句： Don’t + 主语 + 动词原形 类型 构成 例词 一般情况 read use 以 sh ， ch ， s,x 和 o 结尾 finish watch ; go miss ; fix 以辅音字母 + y 结尾 stud ; tr ; 第三人称单数的构成 规则变化 不规则变化 have has -s s s -es es es es es es 变 y 为 i 再加 -es i es i es 肯定 : 否定 : 疑问 : 她经常在回家前完成作业 . She often finish es her homework before she goes home She doesn’t finish her homework before she goes home Does she often finish her homework before she goes home? 谓语是行为动词时 , 否定和疑问句要借助助动词 do 或 does , 原来的行为动词要用原形 . 1. A: How often__ she exercise? B: Twice a week. A. do 　 B. does 　 C. doing 　　 2. I ___ like to drink milk. A. not 　 B. doesn’t 　 C. don’t 　 3. Good food and exercise __ me to study better. A. help B. helps 　 C. helping 4. I will let you know about it as soon as I ___ the news. A. will get B. gets C. get 5. He always___ school early and___ home late. A.go to; comes back to B.goes to; come back C.goes to; comes back 6. __she__ eating mooncakes? A. Is; like B.Do; like C.Does; like 7. “Does Wang Li___ English well?” A. speak B.speaks C.say 一般过去时 用法 练习 He ___ the countryside when he was young. A. lives B. lived C. lived in 1. He ____ last year . A. stops to write B. stopped write C.stopped writing 2. 我们尽了全力，终于成功了。 We ____________ and we made it at last. 主 + V-ed tried our best 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况 时间标志： yesterday; the day before yesterday; last … ； …ago 等表示过去时间的词语 肯定句：主语 + 过去式动词 否定句：主语 +didn’t+ 动词原形 疑问句： Did+ 主语 + 动词原形 类型 构成 例词 一般情况 join ; work 以字母 e 结尾 like ; live 以辅音字母 + y 结尾 stud i ed ; tr i ed ; 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 stop ; drop 动词过去式的构成 规则变化 不规则变化见 BOOK 3 ed d 变 y 为 i 再加 ed 双写尾词加 ed ed ed d d p ed p ed 肯定 : 否定 : 疑问 : Tom 刚才打了电话给她 . Tom rang her just now. Tom didn’t ring her just now. Did Tom ring her just now? 谓语是行为动词时 , 否定和疑问句要借助 助动词 did , 原来的行为动词要用原形 . 1. It was too dark. So he ___ the lights and began to read books. A. turned off B. turns on C. turned on 2. The children __ at their uncle’s last night. A. are B. were C. was 3. I am sorry that you have missed the train. It __ ten minutes ago. A. left B. leaves C. will leave 4. —These farmers have been to the United States. —Really? When _____ there? A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go 5. —Jim is not coming tonight. —But he _______! A. promises B. promised C. will promise 一般将来时 用法 例句 There ___ a sports meeting here next month. A. will have B. will be C. is going to I don’t know if the train ___ soon.but I ___ for you if you want to know. A. will arrive; will look it up B. arrives; will look up it C. will arrive; look it up 主 + is / am / are going to + V 原 主 + will + V 原 1. 表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态 . 2. 时间、条件状语从句的主句部分（ 主将 从现） 1. —Do you know when the World Cup ___ next week? —Next Friday. When it __ , I’ll ring you. A. begins; begins B. begins; will begin C. will begin; begins 2. —Jimmy is leaving for a holiday. —Really? Where _____ he _____? A. does; go B. will; go C. did; go 3. —Shall we go to the Sand Lake tomorrow? —Yes. We’ll go unless it _____ heavily. A. will rain B. rained C. rains 现在进行时 用法 例句 We ___ an English lesson now. A. are having B. having C. were having 学生们正在为考试做准备 . The students __________________ the exam. 主 + is / am / are +V-ing are getting ready for 表示说话者说话时正在发生的动作 表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作 . ( 说话时动作不一定正在进行 ) 类型 构成 例词 一般情况 read watch 以不发音的 e 结尾的词 take make 重读闭音节字母结尾 put 现在分词的构成 - ing ing ing 去掉 e - ing 先双写最后一个辅音字母 - ing t ing ing ing 1. Where is James ? He ___ with his brother. A. runs B. will run C. is running 2. Who ___ in the next room ? Mary is. A. is singing B. is sing C. sings 3. Jimmy ____ for a holiday tomorrow. A. is leaving B. leaves C. left 4. Look at the children over there ． What __ ？ A ． is he doing B ． are they doing C ． they are doing 5. Look! The boy students are ___ football while the girls are ___. A. playing, dance B. playing, dancing C. play, dancing 6. Mr. Smith __ short stories, but he __ a TV play these days. A. is writing, is writing B. is writing, writes C. writes, is writing 7. I __ to the cinema. I __ there every Sunday. A. go. go B. am going, go C. go. am going 过去进行时 用法 例句 我叔叔来看我的时候我正在做作业 . I ____________ my homework when my uncle came to see me. was doing 主 + was / were +V-ing 表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作 . 1. The last time I __ Jane she __ cotton in the fields.   A. see, was picking B. saw, picked C. saw, was picking 2. I don ' t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.   A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared 3. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.   A. has worked B. was working C. had been working 4. ---Hey, watch the flowers!    ---Oh, I ' m terribly sorry. ________.   A. I ' m not noticing B. I wasn ' t noticing C. I don ' t notice 5. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.   A. was traveling B. traveled C. was to travel 6. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.   A. had B. was having C. have been having 现在完成时 用法 例句 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响 . 1. I _ lunch yet. I am so hungry. A.haven’t had B.have had C.didn’t have 2. She asks me for money.She __ her purse at home. A.had left B.has left C.left 表示过去开始的动作一直延伸到现在 , 还有可能继续下去 . 自从 1999 年以来 , Tom 一直住在中国 . Tom _____________ China since 1999. 主 + have / has +PP has lived in 1. I ___ Enghish in this school since 1999. A.taught B.have taught C. would teach 2. Lilei ___ the pen for five years A.has had B.bought C have bought 3. He ___ finished his homework yet A.doesn’t B.haven’t C.hasn’t 4. — Peter lost his bike yesterday. — ___ he ___ it yet? A. Has; looked for B. Does; find C. Has; found 5. Who is he? I ____ before. A. haven’t heard of B. didn’t hear of C. haven’t heard from 6. —Have you ever been to Guangzhou? —No, I’ve __ been there. A.never B. ever C. already 7. We haven't finished our homework___. A.already B.ever C.yet 8. —Have you___learned English? —Yes, I've ___ learned a lot. A. already; ever B.ever; neve C.ever; already 9. I ____ him these days. A. haven’t hear from B. didn’t hear of C. haven’t heard from 10. I have __ 5,000 words so far. A.learnt B. learn C. learning 11. The old man ______ China several times in the past 10 years. A.has been to B.wen to C.goes to just 刚刚 already 已经 before 之前 ever 曾经 never 从来没有 so far 到目前为止 yet 还（没有） [ 否定句 ] these days 这些天 in the past …years / months 在过去的 … 年 / 月里 for 时段 since 时点 现在完成时的标志词 for + 时段 since + 时段 + ago since + 时点 It’s / It has been + 时段 + since + 一般过去时句子 1. It’s ten years since she . A.has left B.has been away C.left 2. I have been here __ 4 years. A. since B. for C. from 3. We have learnt English __ six years ago. A. since B. for C. from 4. __ has been 5 years since we came here. A. There B. It C. That 5. It’s three years since he the army . A.has joined B.has been in C.joined 6. How many years is it ___ you graduated from junior high school? A. since B. for C. from 短暂性动词和延续性动词 短暂性动词 延续性动词 borrow buy arrive/ come / go leave begin finish / end join die open      close marry 不 与 时 间 段 连 用 可 与 时 间 段 连 用 be (in) here / there be a member of be dead be on have be away keep be over be open (adj.) be closed be married 1. —How long can I ____ this book? —Two weeks A.borrow B.keep C.lend 2. Her father___in 1990 and her husband___for more than five years. A. has died, has died B. has died, dead C. died, has been dead 3. I have___ this nice watch for two years. A. had B. bought C.borrowed 4. He___his home for ten years. A. has left B. was away from C.has been away from 5. He___a League member for three years. A. is B. has been C.has became 6. Lihua's brother has___for two years. A. joined the army B. been in the army C. became a soldier 7. He hasn't____from Guangzhou ever since he left school A.left B.been away C.been left 8. Betty ___ here for two hours. She ___ here at 8:00 this morning. A. has been; came B. has been; has come C. was; came 8. The film ___ for five minutes. A. began B. has been on C. has begun 6. You are too late. The shop ___ for many hours. A. closed B. has been closed C. has closed 7. Mary ___ Tom in 2000. They ___ for 8 years. A.married; have been married B.married; have married C.marries; have been married 短语辨析 短语 have (has) been in have( has) been to have (has) gone to 意义 例 句 他来上海已经有 10 年了 . 他去过上海 3 次 . 他去了上海还没有回来 . He has been to Shanghai three times. He has been in Shanghai for ten years . He has gone to Shanghai and haven’t come back yet. 在某地（多长时间） 现在仍在那里。 常与时段连用。 曾去过某地（ … 次） 现在已不在那里。 可与 just, ever, never 等连用， 去了 … 还没有回来 1. —May I speak to Ken? —Sorry, he is out. He ___ see his teacher, A. goes to B. has been to C.has gone to 2. Our teacher __ here since 2004. A. has been in B. has been to C. has been 3. —Have you ever ___ Huang shan? —Yes, I’ve been there twice. A. been to B. been in C.gone to 4. — Where’s Daming? — He ____ the teachers’ office. A. has been to B. have gone to C. has gone to 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 时态 用法 例句 一般过去时 我昨天丢了我的自行车 . I _____ my bike yesterday. 现 在 完 成 时 我的自行车已经丢了 . 我要买部新的 . I ________ my bike. I have to buy a new one. lost have lost 表示动作发生的时间在过去 没有说明现在的情况 表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去 或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响 1. — I have seen the film “Titanic”already. —When ___ you __ it ？ —The day before yesterday. A. have ； seen B. will ； see C. did ； see 2. Mr Black __ in China since five years ago. A. lived B. has lived C. lives 3. We ___ trees last Sunday. So far we ___ over 3,000 trees there. A. planted ； planted B. planted ； have planted C. have planted ； planted 过去完成时 用法 例句 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或者完成的动作 . 即 : 过去的过去发生或完成的动作 . 到上个星期为止 , 我们已经学了 5 首歌 . We _________ five songs _____________ last week. 我到的时候你已经开始玩了 . You ____already ______ playing when I got there. 主 + had +PP had started had learnt by the end of 1 ． I lost the book I  ＿＿＿＿．　　 A ． have bought  B ． had bought  C ． had been  bought   2. The bus had gone when I__the bus stop ．   A ． have arrived  B ． arrived  C ． had arrived 3 ． Tom  ＿  of visiting his grandmother ， but the bad weather made him change his  mind ．   A ． has thought  B ． thought  C ． had thought  4 ． —Did you meet Tom at the airport ？  —No ， he  ＿  by the time I  ＿  there ．  　　 A ． has left ； got  B ． had left ； arrived  　 C ． left ； arrived  5 ． I  ＿  to come to help you ． But you didn’t  come  A ． have meant  B ． had meant  C ． meant  6 ． Finally Mary was admitted by Beijing  University for which she  ＿  five times ．　 A ． had tried  B ． was trying  C ． has tried  时态总结 三、动词的语态 构成 被 动 语 态 用 法 be + 动词的过去分词 动作谁做的不知道； The watch is made in China. 2. 说出谁做的没必要； More trees must be planted. 3. 动作承受者很重要。 Chinese is spoken by many people . 主动语态和被动语态的转换 We asked him to sing a song. He was asked to sing a song (by us). 2. She gave me a book. I was given a book (by her). A book was given to me (by her). 考点一 主动语态和被动语态的转换 4. He makes the girl stay at home. The girl is made to stay at home by him. （省略的 to 要还原） 3. We should speak to old men politely. Old man should be spoken to politely. （介词不可省略） 考点二 考点三 不使用被动语态的情况 系动词 用主动结构表被动意义。 Moon cakes taste delicious . 2. write, read, sell 等词作不及物动词 时，他们的主语为物，可用主动语 态表被动意义。 The pen writes smoothly. The shirt sells well. 3. My bike needs mending . My bike needs to be mended . 考点四 考点五 考点六 They won’t be back until the work ______. A. do B. does C. is done D. will do 2. More than one answer _____ to the question. A. have given B. had given C. were given D. has been given 3. ---How do you like the material （材料）？ ---Very much. It _____ soft. A. feels B. is felt C. is feeling D. felt 4. Mr Green is very angry with you. He says you _____ away if you’re late again. A. are sending B. has been sent C. are going to send D. will be sent 5. The old should _____ in our country. A. take good care of B. be taken good care of C. are take good care of D. be take good care of 6. The guide said that much attention must ____ these details. A. pay B. be paid C. pay to D. be paid to 7. –Did you go to the concert yesterday? --No, I ______. A. didn’t invite B. haven’t invited C. wasn’t invited D. am not invited 8. –How many cakes can I have, Mum? --None, dear. They ____ for your father. A. prepare B. prepared C. have prepared D. were prepared 9. It’s said that the Olympic Torch Relay will _____ in July in Baotou. A. hold B. be held C. holding D. to hold 10. Things should _____ here before you enter the Great Museum. A. keeps B. keep C. be kept D. are kept 11. –How clean the window is! --Yes. It _____ just now. A. has been cleaned B. was cleaned C. is cleaned D. will be cleaned 12. It’s said in the newspaper that 215 more new schools ____ in Zhengzhou by 2020. A. are building B. were built C. have built D. will be built 13. –Do you often clean your classroom? --Yes, our classroom ______ every day. A. clean B. cleaned C. Is cleaned D. cleans 14. –David, turn off the TV ____ no one is watching it. --But it _____ off already! The music is from the radio. A. so that, has been turned B. when; has turned C. if; has been turned D. because; has turned 15. When you leave the room, make sure the door ____. A. was locked B. is locked C. will be locked D. should be locked 四、非谓语动词 种类 构成 功能 例句 动词不定式 动名词 分词 to do doing doing done 名词 形容词 副词 名词 形容词 副词 To see is to believe . He likes to play . He asked me to go . I have a lot to do . I’m here to meet you . Seeing is believing . I like playing . an interesting book a broken cup They came in, singing . Seeing from the hill, our school looks nice. 不定式和动名词作宾语 通常加不定式作宾语 want to go 2. “ 磕破头死了也要爱父母啊” keep, practice, suggest, enjoy, finish, mind, avoid + doing 3. + to do (doing) remember, forget, stop, go on 不定式和动名词作宾语补足语 通常加不定式作宾补 want him to go 2. 使役动词 let ， make, have (sb. do ) have sb. do have sb. doing have sth. done 3. 感官动词 “五看两听一感觉” look (at), see, watch, notice, observe, listen (to), hear, feel (sb. do / doing) 4. keep , find (sb. doing) 1. Don’t let him ____ out alone at night. He is young and will be frightened. A. go B. goes C. to go D. going 2. My father is not good at cooking. He often asks my mother _____. A. to help him B. to be helped C. not to help him D. how to help him 3. In order to win the first place in the contest, he practiced _____ the English song, but he found it difficult ____ the lyrics. A. to sing; to remember B. to sing; remembering C. singing; to remember D. singing; remembering 4. Mr Green asked us to stop _____. So we stopped ____ to him at once. A. talking; listening B. to talk; listening C. talking; to listen D. to talk; to listen 5. –What should we do to fight H1N1 flu? --We should wash hands often, avoid ____ to crowded places and so on. A. go B. going C. gone D. to go 6. –John, my computer doesn’t work. --Why not ask Mr Liu ___ it? A. to buy B. not to buy C. to check D. not to check 7. –What’s your plan for the summer holidays? --I’ve no idea, but I’ve decided ____ at home and have a good rest first. A. stay B. to stay C. stayed D. staying 8. We are going for a picnic tomorrow. I’ll call Wendy to make sure _____. A. why to start B. when to start C. what to start D. which to start 9. –My brother’s ill in hospital. --I’m sorry _____ that. A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. to hear 10. She spends much time ____ English every day. A. read B. reading C. to read D. have read 11. –Would you mind me _____? --____. Do it as you like, please. A. to play the piano; Good idea B. playing the piano; Of course not C. playing the piano; Of course D. play the piano; All right 12. –Oh, terrible! I forgot ____ the window. It’s windy. --Really? Let’s go back home quickly. A. closing B. to close C. closed D. close 13. After the discussion, the students asked their teacher ______ next. A. which to do B. what to do C. how to do D. why to do 14. On her way home Lucy saw a thief ____ in a shop. She stopped ____110 at once. A. steal; call B. to steal; call C. stealing; to call D. stealing; calling 15. You’d better ____ too much time playing computer games. A. don’t pay B. not to pay C. to not spend D. not spend 16. –Do you know Armstrong? --Yes. He is the first man _____ on the moon. A. walk B. walks C. to walk D. walked 17. –Is Jack in the library? --Maybe. I saw him ____ out with some books just now. A. going B. go C. to go D. went 18. –Dad, why should I stop ____ computer games? --For your health, my boy, I’m afraid you _____. A. to play; must B. playing; have to C. to play; can D. playing; may 19. –How about ___ in the river with us? --Sorry, I can’t. My parents often tell me ____ that. A. swim; don’t do B. swim; to do C. swimming; not do D. swimming; not to do 20. –I’m tired these days because of studying for physics. --Why not ____ music? It can make you _____. A. listen to; to relax B. listen to; relax C. listening to; relax D. listening to; to relax 21. –Why did you buy a radio? --______English. A. Learn B. Learning C. To learn D. Be learning 22. Why not ____ your teacher for help when you can’t finish ____ it by yourself? A. ask; write B. to ask; writing C. ask; writing D. asking; write 23. If people ____ cutting down the forest, they will have no place ____. A. keep; to live in B. will keep; to live in C. keep; to live D. will keep; to live 24. Would you mind ____ the TV? Your father is working now. A. turning up B. turning down C. to turn up D. to turn down 25. It’s very nice ____ pictures for me. A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing