高考非谓语动词用法总结

高考非谓语动词用法总结

非谓语动词用法总结 非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一，也是较难掌握的难点之一。它贯穿于英语学习和考试过程的始终。但是，只要认真分析、透彻理解、看透本质、准确把握，就一定能在高考中运筹帷幄，游刃有余。‎ 一．非谓语动词区别简表 ‎ 类别 区别 to do doing done 含义 主动被动同位或将来 主动或（正在）进行 被动或完成 成分 ‎（名词）主语、宾语、表语 ‎（不定式）定语、状语、补语 ‎（动名词）主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途）‎ ‎(现在分词)定语、状语、补语 ‎（过去分词）作定语、状语、补语、表语（多表状态）‎ 否定 ‎（not）to do ‎(not)doing ‎(not)done 时态 一般：to do 进行：to be doing 完成：to have done 完成进行:to have been doing 一般:doing 进行:本身 完成:having done（只作状语）‎ 完成进行:无 一般：done 进行：无 完成：本身 ‎ 语态 一般被动：to be done ‎ 进行被动：无 完成被动：to have been done 完成进行被动:无 一般被动:being done ‎ 进行被动:本身 完成被动:having been done 完成进行被动:无 本身 作用 作目的状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语 ‎ 作时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语、伴随状语、让步状语 作时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、方式状语、伴随状语、让步状语 二．不定式的用法 ‎ 不定式不可作谓语，但它可以有自己的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途）、状语或补足语。高考对不定式的考查主要有不定式的时态、语态、作用、否定、省略、连词＋不定式等。‎ ‎1.作主语 不定式作主语表示具体的动作，通常指一件已知的事或目的。‎ 不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎ eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(说是一回事，做是另外一回事。)‎ ‎（2）不定式短语较长时，通常放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。‎ eg:①It is important to learn English well.(学好英语是重要的。)‎ ‎②It is necessary for us to do the job well.(我们做好这项工作是必要的。)‎ ‎③It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.(被邀请在这儿发表演讲是一个极大的荣幸。)‎ ‎2.作宾语 ‎（1）常只用不定式作宾语的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。‎ ‎ eg:①He refused to help me.(他拒绝帮助我.)‎ ‎②She has agreed to come tomorrow.(他已同意明天来.)‎ ‎(2) 不定式较长时，作宾语，也可用it代替，放在后面。‎ ‎ eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.‎ ‎(3) “特殊疑问词﹢不定式to do结构”具有名词特征，可作宾语。‎ eg:①She didn’t know whether to go or not.‎ ‎ ②They haven’t decided when and where to build the school.‎ ‎（4）不定式可作介but,except,besides“除……之外”的宾语，介词前有实义动词do的任何一种形式，后边的不定式就无to,否则必带to。‎ eg:①I want to do nothing but play the computer games。‎ ‎ ②I have no choice but to wait。‎ ‎3.动词不定式作表语 ‎（1）不定式作表语放在be和其他系动词后，说明主语的内容。同样，“特殊疑问词＋不定式”具有名词特征，也可作表语。‎ eg:①My job is to sweep the floor.‎ ‎ ②His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing.‎ ‎③The first question is how to find a better way to learn English well. ‎ ‎(2)不定式作主语时，表语也必须为不定式，结构必须保持一致。‎ eg:To see is to believe.‎ ‎(3)如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实义动词do的某种形式，那么作表语的不定式可以省去to.‎ eg:①The first thing to do is find her.‎ ‎ ②The only thing he could do was tell the truth.‎ ‎4.不定式作定语 不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。‎ eg:①I have something important to tell ‎ you.(不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系。)‎ ‎ ②His wish to be an artist has never come true.( 不定式与被修饰名词构成同位关系。)‎ ‎ He is the right man to do the job. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。)‎ ‎ The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends to play with. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。)（注：若不定式为不及物动词，其后须加上相应的介词。)‎ ‎5.不定式作状语 不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果，可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗号隔开。‎ eg:①We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.（目的）‎ ‎ ②To get a good result,she worked very hard.（目的）‎ ‎ ③I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.(条件)‎ ‎ ④She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因)‎ ‎ ⑤He worked hard only to fail.(结果)‎ ‎(注：1.不定式常用在so as 或in order后,与它们一起作谓语，表示目的，但so as引起的不定式不可置于句首。‎ eg:In order to avoid mistakes,check your homework. ‎ ‎2.不定式表目的常和only连用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不愿得到的结果。‎ eg:He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.)‎ ‎3．“形容词＋enough＋不定式”和“too＋形容词或副词（不表情感）＋不定式” 也可作结果状语。 ‎ eg:①He is old enough to go to school.‎ ‎② He is too weak to raise the stone.‎ 但“too＋表情感形容词（pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等）＋to do”表示肯定意义，too前面可用only,but等词修饰。‎ eg:①They were (only) too anxious to leave.(他们只是太急于离开了。)‎ ‎ ②She is (only) too pleased to go home.(她非常高兴可以回家了。)‎ ‎6.不定式作补语 不定式作补语表示动作的完成。宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系。‎ ‎（1）后接动词不定式作宾补的常见动词有：want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send,callon,wouldlike/love,arrange for,depend on等。‎ eg:①She wanted me to arrive there early. ‎ ‎ ②Our headmaster call on us to work hard.‎ ‎（2）动词不定式可作感官动词（五看二听一感觉即：‎ see,look at,watch,observe,notice，hear,listen to，feel）和使让动词（let,make,have等）后面的宾补时，不定式符号to要省略，但如果句子变被动结构，必须带to.表示动作的完成。‎ eg:①He made them climb the hill. ‎ ‎②They were made to climb the hill.‎ ‎(3)动词不定式可作形容词的补足语 动词不定式可作形容词的补足语，句型为：‎ ‎(一)主语＋系动词＋表语（adj为convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等）＋to do.(注：to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)‎ ‎（二）主语＋find/think/consider/believe等＋宾语＋adj＋to do.(注：其中to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)‎ eg: ①He is easy to fool.‎ ‎　　　② The woman is easy to work with.‎ ‎　　　③ He found the job is difficult to work out.‎ ‎（４）“特殊疑问词＋不定式to do”具有名词特征，可作宾补。(谓语动词多为show,know,teach,tell等。)‎ eg:I’ll tell you how to get there ‎7不定式作评注性状语或插入语 不定式可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。常见的有to be frank,to be honest,to tell the truth,to begin with，to start with,to be short等。‎ eg:To begin with,I think you are wrong.‎ 三．动名词用法 动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.否定形式在其前面加not.‎ ‎（1）动名词作主语 动名词作主语表示抽象动作，指一件已知的事或经验。‎ eg:①Driving a car on the crowded road is boring.‎ ‎ ②Reading is my hobby.‎ ‎（2）常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。‎ eg:①I can’t imagine marrying her.‎ ‎②She managed to escape being punished.‎ 以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语：give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have ‎ difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful time (in)等。‎ eg:①I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.‎ ‎ ②He gave up smoking three years.‎ ‎(3)动名词可作表语 动名词可作表语，一般为主语的内容.表示一般性或习惯性的动作。在概念上可以和主语划等号。把主语和表语倒过来，句子的基本含义不变。‎ eg:His hobby is painting.‎ ‎(4)动名词可作定语 动名词可作定语，表示所修饰事物的功能或用途。‎ eg:He often studies in the reading room.‎ 四．现在分词 现在分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语。‎ ‎1作定语 现在分词作定语，单个v-ing放在被修饰的名词前；如果短语作定语，则放在所修饰词的后面。v-ing作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系，表示动作正在同时进行或经常性发生。‎ eg:①the falling leaves＝the leaves which are falling ‎ ②the rising sun＝the sun which is rising ‎ ③I saw him go into the house facing south.‎ ‎2作状语 动词-ing或其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的动词-ing短语可由连词while或when引出。‎ eg:①Hearing the news,they got excited.(时间)‎ ‎②Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground.(原因)‎ ‎③Studying hard,you are sure to get the first prize.(条件)‎ ‎3作补语 现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，宾语与作补语的现在分词之间是主动关系。‎ 后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词（五看二听一感觉see,look at,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel）使让动词（have,get）以及其他类动词leave,keep,catch,set等。表示动作正在进行。‎ eg:①I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday.‎ ‎ ②Don’t leave him waiting outside the room.‎ ‎４作表语 现在分词作表语相当于形容词，常表示主语所具有的特征，含有主动意味。大多数使动词的现在分词通常可作表语，常见的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,exciting,moving,disappointing,surpring,encouraging等。‎ eg:①His story was very moving.‎ ‎ ②The speech is really boring.‎ ‎５作评注性状语或插入语 可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。‎ 注：“连词+doing短语”一般情况下，分词作状语时，只能根据逻辑关系而不能根据语法特征来判定它是时间状语、条件状语或让步状语等。因此，有时会遇到很难判断其归属的情形。但如果在其前加上when,if,once,since等连词，就会很清楚地表明状语的性质。对于这种结构，也可作另外的解释，即在连词与现在分词之间省略了主语和be动词。‎ 五．过去分词 过去分词既有副词的特征又有动词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、补语、表语等成分。‎ ‎（1）作定语 过去分词作定语，它和被修饰词之间是被动、完成关系，单个过去分词作定语放在前，过去分词短语作定语放在后。其中及物动词的过去分词表示完成或被动概念，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成概念，没有被动的意味。‎ eg:①the risen sun ＝the sun which has risen ‎ ②fallen leaves＝leaves which has fallen ‎ ③This is the house built several years ago.＝This is the house which was built sveral years ago.‎ ‎(2)作状语 过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状语。‎ eg:①Tired out,they stopped to have a rest.(原因)‎ ‎ ②Taken around the city,we were impressed by the city’s new look.‎ ‎ ③Though warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice. ‎ ‎(3)作补语 及物动词的过去分词作补语，和宾语之间构成被动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表状态和完成。‎ ‎(1)可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有感官动词（五看二听一感觉），使役动词have,get,make等，以及其他类动keep,leave,like,want,wish等。‎ eg:①I can’t get the car going.‎ ‎ ②I had my leg broken last week. ‎ ‎（4）作表语 过去分词作表语表示被动意义，主语常是人，一般用来表示感受和状态，可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有：astonished,delighted,disappointed,excited,experienced,exhausted,frightened,interested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语。如：be interested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等。能用这些分词作表语的系动词有be,get,remain,stay等。‎ eg:①The door remained locked.‎ ‎ ②We were greatly encouraged when we heard the speech.‎ 六．非谓语动词的独立结构 非谓语动词的独立结构为“名词或代词＋非谓语动词” 或“with＋名词/代词＋非谓语动词”。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子（即：非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，须保留之后所构成的结构）。可放在句首或句尾。‎ ‎(一) 名词或代词＋非谓语动词 ‎（1）名词/代词＋不定式 名词或代词通常为动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，可位于句首或句末。‎ eg:He will send me ﹩100 first,the rest to follow in a year.‎ ‎(2) 名词/代词＋现在分词 名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。‎ eg①:Time permiting,we finish the work.(表条件)‎ ‎ ②Spring coming on,the trees turns green.(表时间)‎ ‎（3）名词/代词＋过去分词 名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。‎ eg: ①The sigal given,the bus started. ②Their strength exhausted,they sank down one by one.(表原因)‎ ‎（二）with＋名词/代词＋非谓语动词 ‎（1）with＋名词/代词＋不定式 不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作尚未发生。‎ eg:With nothing to do,they went out for a walk.（表原因）‎ ‎ (2)with＋名词/代词＋现在分词 宾语和动词-ing之间是主动关系，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。‎ eg:The boy slept with the light burning.（表伴随）‎ ‎(3) with＋名词/代词＋过去分词 不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。‎ eg:They stayed inside with the door locked.（表伴随）‎ 七．非谓语动词的区别问题 ‎（一）动词后接to do不定式还是doing动名词的情况：‎ ‎（1）只能接to do不定式的动词有：‎ want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。‎ ‎（2）常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider（考虑）dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。‎ ‎（3）动词后二者都可跟，意义不同的有：‎ remember to do sth 记起要做某事 remember doing sth 记起做过某事 forget to do sth 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 regret to do sth 后悔要做某事 regret doing sth 后悔做过某事 go on to do sth 接着做另外一件事 go on doing sth 接着做同一件事 stop to do sth 停下来开始做另外一件某事 stop doing sth 停止做正在做的某事 try to do sth 尽力做某事 try doing sth 试着做某事 mean to do sth 打算（意欲，企图）做某事 mean doing sth 意味着做某事 can’t help （to） do sth 不能帮忙做某事 can’t help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事 ‎ ‎（4）动词后二者都可跟，意义相同的有：begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate等。但是区别在于：后接动名词时表示经常性的动作，后接不定式时表示的是具体的特定的动作。‎ eg:I like playing football,but I don’t like play now.‎ 重点提示：在下列情况下begin和start后只接不定式：‎ Ⅰ.主语是物不是人。‎ eg:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.‎ Ⅱ.二者用于进行时 eg:It’s begin to rain.‎ Ⅲ.二者后接表示心理活动或状态的动词。 ‎ eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.‎ Ⅳ.二者后接不定式的被动式。 ‎ eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980’s.‎ ‎（二）“感官动词＋宾语＋宾补（to do sth/doing sth）”的区别 感官动词＋宾语＋宾补（to do sth）表示事实或全过程 感官动词＋宾语＋宾补（doing sth）表示片段或进行 eg:The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.‎ ‎ Did you see a pencil-box lying on the ground just now.‎ ‎(三)个别“使让动词＋宾语＋宾补”的特别词的用法 ‎1）have＋宾语＋宾补 ‎ have＋宾语＋do“让…做某事”，不定式作宾补可以指现在、将来或可能发生的动作。‎ eg:①They had me repeat the message.‎ ‎ ②I won’t have you say such things.‎ ‎ ③I won’t have you blame it on me.‎ have＋宾语＋doing “让…一直做某事”，现在分词作宾补可以表示主语有意让别人去做或无意引起某人可能去做或表示遭遇。‎ eg:①Tom tried to have her talking.But no use.‎ ‎ ②I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that. (注：have＋宾语＋doing 用于否定句，have有容忍之意。) ‎ ‎③Why should we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.‎ have＋宾语＋done “使…被做”过去分词作宾补可表示主语有意识的行为或表示“遭遇”、“经历”（动作违背主语的意愿）‎ eg:We ought to have her examined by a doctor.‎ ‎ The old woman had her handbag stolen.‎ ‎2）get＋宾语＋宾补 get＋宾语＋to do(＝have＋宾语＋do) “让…做某事”有时则是“说服/劝说某人做某事”‎ eg:I will get the publisher to illustrate(加上插图) the book. ‎ get＋宾语＋doing“使…（静的物体）动起来”，具有进行含义。‎ eg:I shall soon get the machine working.‎ ‎3）get＋宾语＋done“让…被做”用法与have＋宾语＋done基本相同。‎ eg:He got his wrist broken.‎ 习题练习：(2011全国卷I) 27. The next thing he saw was smoke ______ from behind the house. A. rose B.rising C. to rise D. risen ‎（2011全国卷II）15. The island, ______ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.‎ ‎ A. joining B. to join C.joined D. having joined ‎（2011全国卷II）18．Sarah pretended to be cheerful, ______nothing about the argument.‎ ‎ A. says B: said C. to say D.saying ‎（2011北京卷）25. It’s important for the figures _________ regularly.‎ ‎ A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated ‎（2011北京卷）33. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, ________ on your feet.A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept ‎(2011上海卷) 27. It’s no use ____________ without taking action.‎ ‎ A. complain B. complaining C. being complained D. to be complained ‎(2011上海卷) 32. The rare fish, _____ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.‎ ‎ A. saved B. saving C. to be saved D. having saved ‎(2011上海卷) 33. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ____ that he could do nothing to help.‎ ‎ A. to realize B. realized C. realizing D. being realized ‎(2011上海卷) 40. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem _____ the art of communicating face-to-face.‎ ‎ A. losing B. to be losing C. to be lost D. having lost ‎（2011山东卷）27. Look over there—there’s a very long, winding path______ up to the house. A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead ‎（2011江西卷）32. On receiving a phone call from his wife _____ she had a fall, Mr Gordon immediately rushed home from office.A. says B. said C. saying D. to say ‎（2011江苏卷）31. Recently a survey _____ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. ‎ ‎ A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared ‎（2011安徽卷）30. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _____ into small pieces.A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break ‎（2011浙江卷）14. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. ‎ ‎ A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost ‎（2011浙江卷）19. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters. ‎ ‎ A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered ‎（2011福建卷）23. Tsinghua University, ____ in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded ‎（2011福建卷）27.The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable ____. A.held B. holding C.be held D.to hold ‎（2011四川卷）2. Lydia doesn’t feel like_____ abroad. Her parents are old. ‎ ‎ A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study ‎（2011四川卷）11. Simon made a big bamboo box _______ the little sick bird till it could fly. A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep ‎（2011四川卷）16. _________ an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous. A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer ‎（2011辽宁卷）30. ______ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. ‎ ‎ A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering ‎（2011天津卷）7.Passengers are permitted _____ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried ‎（2011天津卷）12.______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated ‎（2011陕西卷）14.Claire had luggage _______ an hour before her plane left. ‎ A.check B. checking C. to check D. checked ‎（2011陕西卷）20.More highways have been built in China, ___________it much easier for people to travel form one place to another. ‎ A. making B. made C. to make D. having made ‎（2011重庆卷）29.More TV programs, according to government to officials, will be produced _______people’s concern over food safety.‎ A.to raise B.raising C.to have raised D. having raised ‎（2011重庆卷）33. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ________ of his own dreams.A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. renmind ‎(2011湖南卷)21 . The ability _____an idea is as important as the idea itself. ‎ A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed ‎(2011湖南卷)23.The players______from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected ‎(2011湖南卷)29 .Do you wake up every morning __________ energetic and ready to start a new day? A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt ‎25. （10福建）Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.高考资源网 A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent ‎ ‎25. ‎ ‎34. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck ‎ ‎33. （10上海）Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused ‎35. the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.‎ A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached ‎40. Thai is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students' bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce ‎30. （10安徽） He had a wonderful childhood, _____with his mother to all corners of the world A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling ‎21. （10湖南） Listen! Do you hear someone for help?‎ A. calling B. call C. to call D. called ‎ ‎26. Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle ‎ ‎30. So far nobody has claimed the money in the library.‎ ‎ A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered ‎ ‎24 （10江西）The lady walked around the shops, _______ an eye out for bargains.‎ A keep B kept C keeping D to keep ‎32 There were many talented actors out there just waiting ______.‎ A to discover B to be discovered C discovered D being discovered ‎23. （10山东） I have a lot of readings _____ before the end of this term.‎ ‎ A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed ‎12. （10天津） It rained heavily in the south， serious flooding in several provinces. A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause ‎ ‎4. （10四川） A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano. A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning ‎17．The lawyer listened with full attention， to miss any point．‎ ‎ A．not trying B．trying not C．to try not D．not to try ‎27. （10全国Ⅰ）Mrs.White showed her students some old maps ______ from the library.‎ A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing ‎34. With Father’s Day around the corner ,I have taken some money out of the bank ______ presents for my dad. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought ‎28. （10江苏） The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the ‎ earthquake in Yushu ,________the students to return to their classrooms. ‎ A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled ‎16. （1010陕西）_____ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees . A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. To see ‎19. His first book next month is based on a true story. ‎ ‎ A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published ‎11. （10全国Ⅱ）Though_________to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.‎ A. urprising B. as surprised C. urprised D being surprised ‎ ‎72. （10湖北） ________（油漆成）red, the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive. (paint)‎ ‎25. （10辽宁）We were astonished _______ the temple still in its original condition.‎ A．finding B．to find C．find D．to be found ‎35. （10辽宁）Alexander tried to get his work _______in the medical circles.‎ A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized ‎ ‎21. （10北京） at my classmates' faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.‎ A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked ‎25. I'm calling to enquire about the position in yesterday's China Daily.‎ A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised ‎ ‎30. （10重庆） The news shocked the public, _______to great concern about students’ safety at school. A. having led B. led C. leading D. to lead ‎34. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ______first is the library.‎ A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired ‎20. （10浙江）The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ___ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighedD.‎ ‎ weighing ‎1.(2009全国I)Now that we’ve discussed our problem,are pople happy with the decisions ? A.taking B.take C.taken D.to take ‎ ‎2. (2009全国I)The children all turned the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A.looked at B.to look at C.to looking at D.look at ‎3. (2009全国Ⅱ)They use computers to keep the traffic smoothly.‎ A.being run B.run 　　C.to run D.running ‎4.(2009北京)For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit on his own farm. A.grown B.being grown 　C.to be grown D.to grow ‎5. (2009北京) twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.A.Being bitte B.Bitten C.Having bitten D.To be bitten ‎6.(2009湖南)Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .A.reusing B.reused 　　C.reuses D.to be reused ‎7.(2009陕西)I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.‎ A.to take B.to be taken C.taking D.being taken ‎ ‎8.(2009重庆)Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, with his old one. A.comparing B.compares C.to compare D.compared ‎9.(2009重庆)With the world changing fast,we have something new with all by ourselves every day.A.deal B.dealt C.to deal D.dealing ‎10.(2009山东)We are invited to a party　　　　　　　in our club next Friday.‎ A.to be held B.held C.being held D.holding ‎11.(2009福建) 　　　not to miss the flight at 15:20,the manager got out for the airport in a hurry.A.RemindingB.Reminded C.To remind D.Having reminded ‎12. (2009福建)In April,2009,President Hu inspectd the warships in Qingdao,　　　　the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.‎ A.marking B.marked C.having marked D.being marked ‎13.(2009安徽)The play next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A.produced B.being produed C.to be produced D.having been produced ‎ ‎14.(2009天津) by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.‎ A.Being encouraged B.Encouraging C.EncouragedD.Having encouraged ‎15. (2009天津) the project in time,the staff were working at weekends.‎ A.CompletingB.Having completed C.To have completed D.To complete ‎16.(2009辽宁)When we visited my old family home,memory came back.‎ A.flooding B.to flood C.flood D.flooded ‎ ‎17. (2009辽宁) ,you need to give all you have and try your best.‎ A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winnerD.Having been a winner ‎18.(2009江苏)Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers,almost three times the number hired last year, reduce unemployment pressures.‎ A.help B.to have helped C.to help D.having helped ‎19. (2009浙江)There is a great deal of evidence that music activities engage different parts of the brains.‎ A.indicate B.indicating C.to indicate D.to be indicating ‎20.（2009浙江） ，the pay isn’t attractive enough,though the job itself is quite interesting.‎ A.Generally speaking B.On the contrary C.In particular D.To be honest ‎21.(2009四川)He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.A.to have B.having C.have D.had ‎22. (2009四川)Ladies and gentlemen,please remain ,the plane has come to a complete stop.A.seated B.seating C.to seat D.seat ‎ ‎23.(2009四川) many times,he finally understood.‎ A.Told B.Telling C.Having told D.Having been told ‎24.(2009江西) the right kind of training,these teenager soccer players may one day grow into international stars.A.Giving B.Having given C.To give D.Given ‎25. (2009江西)The government plans to bring in new laws parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.‎ A.forced B.forcing C.to be forced D.having forced ‎26.（2008全国I）I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good .A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed ‎ ‎27．（2008江苏）—They are quiet,aren’t they?‎ ‎ —Yes.They are accustomed at meals.‎ A.to talk B.to not talk C.to talking D.to not talking ‎ ‎28.(2008江苏)To learn English well,we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.A.speak B.speaking C.spoken D.to speak ‎ ‎29.（2008湖南） the project as planned,we’ll have to work two more hours a day.A.Completing B.Completed C.Completed D.To complete ‎30.（2008辽宁）Please remain ;the winner of the prize will be announced soon.A.seating B.seated C.to seat D.to be seated ‎31.(2008山东)Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made in the ‎ restaurant.A.working B.work C.to work D.worked ‎32.(2008上海)Something as simple as some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.A.to drink B.drinking C.to be drinking D.drunk ‎ ‎33. (2008上海)Ideally for Broadway the theatres and Fifth Avenue,the New York Park hotel is a favorite with many guests.‎ A.locating B.being located C.having been located D.located ‎ ‎34.(2008浙江) that he was in great danger,Eric walked deeper into the forest.A.Not realized B.Not to realize C.Not realizing D.Not to have realize ‎35.(2008陕西) around the Water Cube,we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.‎ A.Having shown B.To be shown C.Having been shown D.To show ‎36.(2008福建) in the queue for half an hour,the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.‎ A.Waiting B.To wait C.Having waited D.To have waited ‎37. (2008福建)Can those at the back of the classroom hear me.‎ A.seat B.sit C.seated D.sat ‎ ‎1.（江西卷22）_________ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into the international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given ‎ ‎2.（江西卷34）The government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. ‎ ‎ A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forced ‎ ‎3.（辽宁卷22）When we visited my old family home, memory came ______ back ‎ A. flooding B. to flood C. flood D. flooded ‎4.（辽宁卷27） , you need to give all you have and try your best. ‎ A Being a winner B To be a winner C Be a winner D Having been a winner ‎5.（湖南卷21）Every evening after dinner, if not from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired ‎ ‎6.（湖南卷25）At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, in a small apartment near Boston and ______ what to do about his future. ‎ A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering C. lived; wondered D. living; wondered ‎ ‎7.（湖南卷29）Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it . A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused ‎ ‎8.（山东卷22）We are invited to a party _________in our club next Friday. ‎ A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding ‎9.（山东卷25）The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ________ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been ‎10.（重庆卷29）With the world changing fast, we have something new _______with all by ourselves every day.A. deal B. dealt C. to deal D. dealing ‎11.（北京卷27）The way the guests ___ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service.A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated ‎12.（北京卷28）All of them try to use the power of the workstation ___ information in a more effective way.A. presenting B. presented C. being presented D. to present ‎13.（北京卷34）____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten ‎14.（天津卷4）______ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.‎ ‎ A. Competing B. Having completed C. To have completed D. To complete ‎15.（天津卷9）_____ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged ‎16.（浙江卷3）______ and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. A. To be tried B. Tired C. Tiring D. Being tired ‎ ‎17.（浙江卷7）There is a great deal of evidence that music activities engage different parts of the brain. A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate D. to be indicating ‎ ‎18.（全国卷II 6）It is often _____ that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.‎ A. said B. to say C. saying D. being said ‎25. (重庆卷)Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ______with his old one.‎ A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared ‎19.（四川卷）He told us whether _________ a picnic was still under discussion A. to have B. having C. have D. had ‎20.（四川卷4）Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________ until the plane has come to a complete stop.A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat ‎21．（四川卷10）________ many times, he finally understood it.‎ A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told ‎22.（江苏卷26）Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, reduce unemployment pressures.A. help B. to have helped C. to help D. having helped ‎ ‎23.（江苏卷32）Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school, the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.‎ A. Attend B. To attend C. Attending D. Having attended ‎24. （全国卷I 30）The children all turned the famous actress as the entered the classroom A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at ‎25.（全国卷I 35）Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions A. taking B. take C. taken D .to take ‎26.（福建卷32） not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded ‎27.（福建卷34）In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. ‎ A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked ‎ ‎28.（全国卷II 16）They use computers to keep the traffic ______ smoothly.‎ ‎ A. being run B. run C. to run D. running ‎29.（陕西卷12）I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there . ‎ A to take B to be taken C taking D being taken ‎