高考全攻略之备战2018年高考英语考点一遍过-专题47+阅读理解议论

高考全攻略之备战2018年高考英语考点一遍过-专题47+阅读理解议论

考点47 阅读理解议论文 高考频度：★★★★★‎ 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。‎ ‎ 议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：‎ 写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为…… ‎ 写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。‎ 写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。‎ 议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。‎ ‎　　注意事项：‎ ‎　　1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)‎ ‎　　2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)‎ ‎　　高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。‎ ‎　　3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：‎ ‎　　(1)标志类、指示类的信息。‎ ‎　　①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；‎ ‎　　②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；‎ ‎　　③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；‎ ‎　　④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等；‎ ‎　　⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。‎ ‎　　以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。‎ ‎　　(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。‎ ‎　　4. 常见问题：‎ ‎　　(1)读不懂怎么？‎ ‎　　问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。‎ ‎　　unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；‎ ‎　　conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；‎ ‎　　conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；‎ ‎　　unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。‎ ‎　　从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。‎ ‎　　(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？‎ ‎　　(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？‎ ‎　　(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？‎ ‎　　能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。‎ 在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。‎ ‎【命题分析】‎ 议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点： ‎ ‎1. 题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特点。具体说来：‎ ‎(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。‎ ‎(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。 ‎ ‎(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。‎ ‎2. 侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑联系的审视。‎ ‎3. 深层理解题的主要表现形式：‎ ‎(1)主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式：‎ a. What would be the best title for the text? ‎ b. The text is mainly about _________. ‎ c. From the passage we know that _________. ‎ d. The main idea of the paragraph is _________. ‎ e. The writer’s purpose of writing this text is _________. ‎ f. The passage could be titled _________. ‎ g. The passage deals with _________. ‎ h. What’s the subject discussed in the text?‎ ‎(2)推理判断题：此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握，通常有以下出题方式：‎ a. 回答对why和how的提问。‎ b. According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong? ‎ c. From the text, we can infer that _________. ‎ d. Where can this text be selected from? ‎ e. What can you imagine will be dealt with/written in the following passage? ‎ f. 以短语according to the writer of the text或 in the writer’s opinion等引出的其他问题。‎ ‎(3)词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学过的词义，三是某个代词it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。‎ ‎【应试策略】‎ 议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略 解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：‎ 作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。‎ 这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。‎ 考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。‎ 解题方法： ‎ ‎1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。 ‎ ‎2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。 ‎ ‎3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。 ‎ 二、解题技巧 历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：‎ ‎1. 主旨大意型 干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。‎ 干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。‎ 干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。‎ 正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。‎ 主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。‎ ‎ 选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：‎ ‎1. What is the main / general idea of this text? ‎ ‎2. What is mainly discussed in this passage? ‎ ‎3. What is the text mainly about? ‎ ‎4. This text mainly tells us _________.‎ ‎5. This passage mainly deals with _________.‎ ‎6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.‎ ‎7. The topic of this passage is _________.‎ 标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：‎ ‎1. What would be the best title for the text? ‎ ‎2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text? ‎ ‎3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.‎ 不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。‎ ‎2. 事实细节型 细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。‎ 做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。‎ ‎(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。‎ 文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。‎ 提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。‎ 在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：‎ ①Which of the following statements is true?‎ ②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?‎ ③The author (or the passage) states that __________.‎ ④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?‎ ‎(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。‎ 阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：‎ ①包含项原则 ‎ 在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。‎ ②正反项原则 ‎ 所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。‎ ③委婉项原则 ‎ 所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。‎ ④同形项原则 命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。‎ ⑤常识项原则 ‎ 议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。‎ ⑥因果项原则 ‎ 阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。‎ 解题方法：原文定位法。 ‎ 查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。‎ ‎ (2)细心!‎ ‎3. 词义猜测型 阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。‎ 除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。‎ ‎(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。‎ ‎(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。‎ ‎(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。‎ ‎(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。‎ ‎(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。‎ ‎(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。‎ ‎(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。‎ 常见的问题形式有：‎ ‎(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …‎ ‎(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…‎ ‎(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /means…‎ ‎(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …‎ ‎ 常用应对方法：‎ 同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。‎ 反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。‎ 释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。‎ 此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。‎ 做题要领 ‎(1)从文中找线索或信息词；‎ ‎(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思； ‎ ‎(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。‎ ‎(4)要特别注意熟词新意！‎ ‎4. 推理判断型 做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：‎ ‎(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.‎ ‎(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.‎ ‎(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?‎ ‎(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author?‎ ‎(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?‎ ‎(6)The passage is intended to _________.‎ ‎(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?‎ 题组一（2017年高考真题）‎ Passage1(2017·天津卷，D)‎ I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let’s take a look at three types of ＂waits＂.‎ ‎ The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. ‎ A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. ＂Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.＂ I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience. ‎ Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, ‎ waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen. ‎ Turning one’s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn’t come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody. ‎ We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you’re standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don’t be desperate. You’re probably just as busy as the next guy.‎ ‎51. While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to ___________.‎ A. keep ourselves busy B. get absent-minded C. grow anxious D. stay focused ‎52. What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?‎ A. The Forced Wait requires some self-control.‎ B. The Forced Wait makes people passive.‎ C. The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.‎ D. The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain. ‎ ‎53. What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?‎ A. It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.‎ B. It doesn’t always bring the desired result. ‎ C. It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.‎ D. It doesn’t give people faith and hope.‎ ‎54. What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?‎ A. Take it seriously.‎ B. Don’t rely on others.‎ C. Do something else.‎ D. Don’t lose heart.‎ ‎55. The author supports his view by _________.‎ A. exploring various causes of ＂waits＂‎ B. describing detailed processes of ＂waits＂‎ C. analyzing different categories of ＂waits＂‎ D. revealing frustrating consequences of ＂waits＂‎ Passage2(2017·浙江卷，B )‎ Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.‎ How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.‎ ‎＂More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,＂ says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown‎ University Medical ‎School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.‎ Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina‎, ‎Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.‎ ‎25. What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ A. American kids’ sleeping habits. B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.‎ C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.‎ ‎26. How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?‎ A. 7 hours. B. 8 hours. ‎ C. 10 hours. D. 18 hours.‎ ‎27. Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?‎ A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.‎ B. They tend to do things that excite them.‎ C. They follow their parents’ examples.‎ D. They don’t need to go to school early.‎ 题组二（2016年高考真题）‎ ‎ Passage 1(2016·浙江，A)‎ ‎＂Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori.‎ ‎ With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.＂‎ ‎ Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton‎ ‎High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ ‎ An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.‎ ‎ If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).‎ ‎ Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through ‎ gossip will never show up in any student handbook.‎ ‎ The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have.‎ ‎41. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.‎ A. introduce a topic ‎ B. present an argument ‎ C. describe the characters ‎ D. clarify his writing purpose ‎42. An important negative effect of gossip is that it __________.‎ A. breaks up relationships B. embarrasses the listener C. spreads information around D. causes unpleasant experiences ‎43. In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.‎ A. gives them a feeling of pleasure B. helps them to make more friends ‎ C. makes them better at telling stories D. enables them to meet important people ‎44. Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can __________.【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ A. provide students with written rules B. help people watch their own behaviors C. force schools to improve student handbooks ‎ D. attract the police’s attention to group behaviors ‎45. What advice does the author give in the passage?‎ A. Never become a gossiper.‎ B. Stay away from gossipers.‎ C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies.‎ D. Think twice before you gossip.‎ Passage 2 (2016·新课标全国卷III，D)‎ ‎ Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎ ＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂‎ ‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.‎ ‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂‎ ‎32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?‎ A. News reports. B. Research papers. ‎ C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations. ‎ ‎33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?‎ A. They’re socially inactive.‎ B. They’re good at telling stories. ‎ C. They’re inconsiderate of others.‎ D. They’re careful with their words. ‎ ‎34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?‎ A. Sports news. B. Science articles. ‎ C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews. ‎ ‎35. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.‎ B. Online News Attracts More People. ‎ C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.‎ D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks. ‎ Passage 3(2016•北京卷)‎ Why College Is Not Home ‎ The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.‎ ‎ For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.‎ ‎ To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on＂ ‎ new ways of thinking about oneself bother intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.‎ ‎ Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.‎ Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.‎ ‎ It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.‎ Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student ‎ autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.‎ ‎67. What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?‎ A. Sympathetic. B. Disapproving. C. Supportive. D. Neutral.‎ ‎68. The underlined word ＂passage＂ in Paragraph 2 means _________.‎ A. change B. choice C. text D. extension ‎69. According to the author, what role should college play?‎ A. To develop a shared identity among students.‎ B. To define and regulate students’ social behavior.‎ C. To provide a safe world without tension for students. ‎ D. To foster students’ intellectual and personal development.‎ ‎70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?‎ A.      B. C.    D.‎ I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion Passage 4(2016•四川卷，B)‎ If you could have one superpower, what would it be?‎ ‎ Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life.‎ ‎ Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.‎ They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.‎ We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older. But why not start now?‎ Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.‎ ‎24. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. Your life style. ‎ B. Your life value.‎ C. Your trouble in life. 【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ D. Your life experience.‎ ‎25. Why does the author say they are inspired every day?‎ A. They possess different kinds of superpowers.‎ B. They have got the power to change the world.‎ C. Some people around them are making the world better.‎ D. There are many powerful people in their life and work.‎ ‎26. What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?‎ A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause.‎ B. Rising above self and acting to help others.‎ C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.‎ D. Trying your best to help the poor.‎ ‎27. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?‎ A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.‎ B. Much more progress will be made in the near future.‎ C. The work on health is the most valuable experience.‎ D. People’s efforts have been materially rewarded. ‎ 题组三（2017年名校模拟题）‎ Passage 1(2017届山西省太原市高三第三次模拟)‎ ‎ Aging brings wrinkles, sagging bodies and frustrating forgetfulness. But getting older is not all bad for many people. Mounting evidence suggests aging may be a key to happiness. There is conflicting research on the subject, however, and experts say it may all boil down to this: Attitude is everything.‎ Older adults tend to be more optimistic and have a more positive outlook on life than their younger and stressed opposites. The big question is why seniors are happier. A recent study suggests one reason: Older adults remember the past through happy memories. Aging can bring more cheer as people become more comfortable with themselves and their roles in society. The older adults said they were enjoying more time with their family, spending more time on hobbies and having greater financial security and did not have to work.‎ But others are doubtful about the link between happiness and growing older.‎ ‎＂The notion that those in old age are happiest is misleading,＂ said Richard Easterlin, a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. ＂It is based on comparing people of different ages who are the same in terms of income, health, family life.＂ Easterlin added, ＂When you take account of the fact that older people have lower income than younger, are less healthy, and more likely to be living alone, then you will find it hard to accept that they are happier.‎ In fact, scientists have found that as people age, their health declines and social networks disappear as their friends die, which can make the elderly less happy.‎ Even if one does give in to age's dark side, health and happiness don't always go hand-in-hand. It's all about attitude. Research by the University‎ of ‎Chicago’s Yang suggests that attitude about life and happiness, is partly shaped by the era in which a person was born. It turns out that individuals who adapt the best to changes also have the highest expected levels of happiness.‎ Despite the conflicting findings about aging and happiness, the good news is that there doesn’t appear to be a limit to how much happiness one can achieve in one’s life. ＂Most people desire happiness,＂ Easterlin said. ＂To my knowledge, no one has identified a limit to attainable happiness.＂‎ ‎1.What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?‎ A. The key factor to older adults’ happiness B. There is a conflict between aging and happiness C. No one can define the limit to happiness.‎ D. The relationship between health and happiness.‎ ‎2.Why are some seniors happier according to some experts?‎ A. They focus on what makes them feel good.‎ B. They have their own circle of friends.‎ C. They have better income after retirement.‎ ‎3. What can we learn from the passage?‎ A. People of the same age have the same sense of happiness.‎ B. Attitude may play a very important role in happiness.‎ C. People who adapt the best to changes are more likely to be unhappy.‎ D. Older adults who have more valuable life experience are more optimistic.‎ ‎4.What’s the topic discussed in the passage?‎ A. Whether aging or attitude brings happiness.【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ B. Why seniors adapt the best to changes in society.‎ C. What the limit to an elder person’s happiness is.‎ D. How older people feel compared with younger people.‎ Passage 2(2017届山西省太原市高三第三次模拟)‎ ‎ Nowadays, especially in China, everything seems to favor social intercourse, such as gatherings of friends, KTV, group travel, dining tighter, playing cards and Mahjong, plus the Chinese-style ＂street-crossing group.＂ Back home, discussions can still be boisterously carried on within the ＂circle of friends＂ of WeChat.‎ However, these scenes cannot always ease a sense of loneliness. Zhu Ziqing, a well-known professor of Tsinghua University, signed with emotion: ＂My loneliness increases as scene becomes much busier.＂ One popular song today is also called ＂A lonely man in crowds.＂ Actually, engaging in social intercourse requires ability, while being alone involves the whole character.‎ These days, it is not easy to calm down totally and return to one’s true self. Willpower, intellect and discipline are required. Einstein said: ＂It is not your working time but your spare time that determines the possibility of whether you will be successful or not.＂ The ＂spare time＂ he referred to could be taken as ＂spending time by yourself.＂‎ Lonely life could be either dull, boring and tasteless or abundant, interesting and colorful, depending on one’s quality, ambition and inspiration.‎ Just as the body constantly requires energy, the mind and soul also demand unceasing inputs. However, information, to processed and integrated(融入)into knowledge, thoughts and feelings, instead of bustle (忙碌)seems to be the right condition. Successful careers in all walks of life worldwide have proved that ＂the soul grows in peace and talent is nurtured in loneliness＂. In a sense, it may be reasonable to say that ＂Happiness tends to be shallow while loneliness involves profundity＂.‎ Man, in fact, needs loneliness more than happy time, and only abundant loneliness can produce quality happiness.‎ ‎1.Which of the following can replace the underlined the word ＂boisterously＂ in paragraph 1?‎ A. surprisingly B. sadly C. busily D. peacefully ‎2.What can we infer from the second paragraph?‎ A. Being alone marks people depressed.‎ B. Social intercourse improves our happiness.‎ C. One may feel lonely even when surrounded by people D. We should attend social intercourse to decrease our loneliness.‎ ‎3.What can we know from Einstein’s words?‎ A. You should be successful if you spend all your time by yourself.‎ B. You should exercise more if you want to keep your minds healthy.‎ C. You will not become successful if you join in more social intercourse.‎ D. You will be more successful if you can make your lonely time meaningful.‎ ‎4.Which may be the best title for this passage?‎ A. Live On Your Own B. Happiness and Loneliness C. The secret of success D. Practice Your Social Ability Passage 3(2017届天津市和平区高三三模 )‎ ‎ There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, so it’s not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us go through difficult times in out lives. Putting a smile on someone’s face when you know they are feeling depressed, as the saying goes, makes me feel good and warms my heart.‎ How would you feel if you could not joke around with wife, husband, child, co-worker, neighbor, close friend, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is a common manner to speak to others that are around you.‎ I know of a few people that don’t have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their faces. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh. I ‎ am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke?‎ Laughing is essential to keep your stress levels under control. Without humor, we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness and bring a little light into our lives.‎ Therefore, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together.‎ ‎1.According to the passage, humor is necessary and essential because ______.‎ A.it can pick up people’s spirit B.it can help people get on well with others C.it can help get rid of the cruelty in the world D.it makes people more confident ‎2.The author answers the questioning the second paragraph with _______.‎ A. facts and descriptions B. evidence and argument C. examples and conclusion D. stories and persuasion ‎3.The underlined phrase ＂busting a gut＂ in the third paragraph can replaced by ________.‎ A. keeping silent B. speaking loud C. laughing hard D. explaining carefully ‎4.In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to ________.‎ A. talk about his own understanding of humor B. encourage people to be humorous in daily life C. introduce a practical way to get through daily life D. convince people of the power of being optimistic about life ‎5.What is the author’s attitude towards the present world?‎ A. Indifferent B. Positive ‎ C. Satisfied D. Critical Passage 4(2017届河北省衡水中学高三下学期第三次摸底考试 )‎ ‎ Parents play an important role in determining the educational success of their children. Their expectations for how well their children do at school and the environment at home are important determinants of achievement. Family influence is great in helping a child to realize academic ‎ accomplishment.‎ Children who live in homes in which the parents are academically successful, once they become parents, often feel that their job is to prepare their children to do likewise in school. They take their kids on vacation, but they spend time learning about local history at museums. They also may ensure that their kids have time to study and understand the importance of school attendance. School is a priority for these families, and children who live in them grow up with a focus on learning.‎ Parents who have high academic expectations and those who adopt a more authoritarian parenting style for their children often have children who do well in school. However, it can be dangerous to set expectations too high, such that a child feels overly pressured to perform. These types of expectations should be balanced with those that relate directly to the child, so that they will be able to personally set and reach goals, work hard and to enjoy being curious.‎ Parents who support their children in their academic work also positively influence their performance. This takes different forms for families. Some parents might help with homework, or volunteer at school. Others provide a quiet study space, a consistent bedtime or a positive example of hard work and discipline. How parents show support for their child's academic career varies by family and by culture. No matter how it is shown, it is a vital part of a child's academic success to know their parents are behind their efforts.‎ A love of reading in a household can also positively affect a child's academic attainment. Learning new vocabulary, and how to predict, understand and respond to a text are just some of the skills children can learn at home that are important in an academic environment. Reading books, newspapers, magazines and websites with children on a regular basis sets them up for success at school.‎ ‎1.According to the text, parents have an important effect on children's      .‎ A. family life B. next generation C. academic achievement D. expectations of their jobs ‎2.What may a family with academically successful parents put first?‎ A. Family travel. B. Attending school.‎ C. Historic knowledge. D. Going to museums.‎ ‎3.How may academically successful parents influence their children's academic achievement?‎ A. They can offer help to their children in different ways.‎ B. They may ask teachers to their houses to teach.‎ C. They put great pressure on their children.‎ D. They ask their children to solve problems alone.‎ ‎4.What could be the best title for the text?‎ A. How to improve the relation in a family B. Benefits of academically successful parents C. What parents can do to help their children D. Family influence on children's academic achievement 题组一 ‎ ‎ Passage1‎ ‎【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来等待而且说明作者自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。‎ ‎52.A 【解析】根据第三段内容，尤其是This one requires a bit of discipline. 及After all, Forced Waiting requires patience. 可知选A。‎ ‎53.B 【解析】根据第四段的句子Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.可知选B。‎ ‎54.D 【解析】根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰心、绝望。故选D。‎ ‎55.C 【解析】通读全文可以知道，作者通过二、三、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断出作者是通过分析不同种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选C。zx*xk Passage2‎ ‎【文章大意】本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着 告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。‎ ‎25.A 【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 本文属于议论类短文，所考查的三道题均为细节题中的直接理解题。细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。‎ ‎ 在阅读中可以使用定位法与跳读法解决直接理解题。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后和选项进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行分析和推理等找出正确答案。‎ ‎ 以本文26题为例，我们根据题干中＂How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day＂(11岁的孩子每天需要多少小时的睡眠时间)直接定位到第二段第四句For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的)，由此可知上学的孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选择C项。‎ 题组二 ‎ Passage 1‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。‎ ‎41.A 【解析】目的意图题。根据文章第三段中的Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题， 故选A。‎ ‎42.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。‎ ‎43.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us可知人们散播传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选A。‎ ‎44.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第六段中的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。‎ ‎45.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。‎ ‎【方法点拨】‎ 这是一篇议论文，题目设置以细节理解题为主。学生可以带着题目回到原文，能够在短文中画出解题依据是正确解题的关键，各位考生要谨记，在做阅读理解时要做到＂不见依据不做题＂。理由充分，依据凿实，这是不仅＂知其然＂，而且＂知其所以然＂的超高境界，是阅读水平提高的最大见证。那么如何能快速准确回到原文找到依据呢?‎ ‎1. 关键词定位法。‎ 这里说的关键词并不一定是中心词，而是在理解题干所问之后，在题干中能帮助你迅速回到原文的＂特征词＂。如43题的信息句是The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us,可知人们散播传言是因为它会带来满足感，和选项A里面的a feeling of pleasure对应。还有44题，题干中的Professor David Wilson可以定位到第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviours in a group.可知，他认为传言能帮助人们观察自身的行为，所以答案是B。‎ ‎2. 自然段定位法。‎ 即命题者往往按照信息点在文中出现的先后来依次命制各个小题，也就是说，各题的答案信息常常在短文中依次出现，排在后面的小题，文中对应的信息点也在后面。例如，第1题往往位于一、二自然段，第2题会在第1题的答案信息之后且与第一题的位置最接近，第3题会在第2题的答案信息之后，往往在文中较为中间的地方，而第4题则位于文 中较后的位置。最后一题(偶尔可能是第一题)一般是主旨题(包括给文章加标题、归纳写作目的)，这时，可能涉及全文内容。如41题，题目问文章的开头的作用，自然定位到第一段的内容，结合下文可以快速解答。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎【文章大意】人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂。类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体，在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。‎ ‎32.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media＂可知，像＂it bleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。‎ ‎33.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据＂you care a lot more how they react＂可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事后的反应，根据＂You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂可知，你不想被当作一个＂Debbie Downer＂，说明Debbie Downer指的是＂一个不为他人考虑的人＂，故选C。‎ ‎34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选B。‎ ‎35.D 【解析】标题选择题。根据第一段中的＂By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.＂可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远，说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎【文章大意】大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。‎ ‎68.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据＂from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility＂可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。‎ ‎69.D 【解析】推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段＂If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing...＂可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是获得知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。‎ ‎70.C 【解析】篇章结构题。根据第四段＂Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.＂中的＂equally important＂和第五段的＂Moreover＂可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 一、 三类篇章结构题的出题方式 ‎1. 结构识辨: 此类组织结构题要求考生能够识别文章、段落的组织结构或行文方式。 结构识辨类组织结构题常见的题干表述方式如下： ‎ ‎●How is the text organized?‎ ‎●The author develops the passage mainly by________.‎ ‎●The text is mainly developed in the order of________.‎ ‎●Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? ‎ ‎2. 组织结构功能: 此类组织结构题要求考生判断文章或段落组织结构的功能、作用，其常见的题干表述方式如下：‎ ‎●The author quoted …words in... paragraph in order to make the article________.‎ ‎3. 结构推测: 此类组织结构题要求考生能够根据文章或段落的组织结构、行文方式或段落内容推测文章前后未呈现的写作内容。其常见的题干表述方式如下： ‎ ‎●What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?‎ ‎●Which of the following do you think has been discussed in the part before this selection?‎ 二、 解题策略 考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此，具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面的相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。‎ 议论文总体上可以分为四类：‎ 第一类 ＂提出论点—分论点1—分论点2—分论点3……—结论＂；‎ 第二类 ＂引入段—导出论点—分点论述—结论＂；‎ 第三类 ＂提出问题—分析问题—解决问题＂；‎ 第四类 ＂提出反面观点—批驳反面观点—提出正面观点＂。‎ Passage 4‎ ‎【文章大意】本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，那么穷人的生活将会变得更好。‎ ‎24.B 【解析】词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起来很荒唐，但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选B。‎ ‎25. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.＂可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一些特别的事情来改善世界。故选C。‎ ‎26.B 【解析】推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。故选B。‎ ‎27.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选A。‎ 题组三 ‎ Passage1‎ ‎【文章大意】随着年龄的增加变老，人们的幸福感也是不一样的。一些人认为老年人会更幸福些，而另一部分分则持有相反的观点。无论如何，幸福的关键在于一个人对生活的态度。‎ ‎1.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据此段中＂the good news is that there doesn’t appear to be a limit to how much happiness one can achieve in one’s life… no one has identified a limit to attainable happiness.＂可知，幸福是没有标准和限度的。故选C。‎ ‎3.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中＂It's all about attitude. Research by the University‎ of ‎Chicago’s Yang suggests that attitude about life and happiness, is partly shaped by the era in which a person was born. It turns out that individuals who adapt the best to changes also have the highest expected levels of happiness.＂可知，人们对生活和幸福的感觉主要取决于一个人的态度。故选B。‎ ‎4.A 【解析】主旨大意题。随着年龄的增加变老，人们的幸福感也是不一样的。一些人认为老年人会更幸福些，而另一部分分则持有相反的观点。‎ ‎ Passage2‎ ‎【文章大意】这是一篇议论文，讲述了幸福和孤独之间的关系。作者认为幸福是肤浅的，孤独是深刻的。人比快乐更需要孤独，只有丰富的孤独才能产生幸福。‎ ‎1.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据前面的＂Nowadays, especially in China, everything seems to favor social intercourse, such as gatherings of friends, KTV, group travel, dining tighter, playing cards and Mahjong, plus the Chinese-style ＂street-crossing group.＂＂可知，现代人忙于在各种场合应付，即使回到家里也是忙于在微信朋友圈＂讨论事情＂。故选C。‎ ‎2.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据 ＂One popular song today is also called ＂A lonely man in crowds.＂ Actually, engaging in social intercourse requires ability, while being alone involves the whole character.＂可知，即便是周围有人，之间忙碌于各种场合并不能总能缓解孤独感。故选C。‎ ‎3.D 【解析】推理判断题。爱伊斯坦的话说＂不是你的工作时间，而是你的业余时间决定了你是否会成功＂，所以可知，只有把业余时间或者说独自度过时光过得更加充实和有意义才会成功。故选D。全品教学网 ‎4.B 【解析】主旨大意题。这是一篇议论文，讲述了幸福和孤独之间的关系。故选B。‎ Passage3‎ ‎【文章大意】文章说明了在今天的世界仍然存在着残酷的战争、战斗和悲伤。我们不仅仅需要更有必要有幽默感帮助我们克服困难时期。‎ ‎1.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段中＂Laughing is essential to keep your stress levels under control. Without humor, we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy.＂可知，笑是控制压 力的关键。没有幽默感就会导致很多心理问题。故选A。‎ ‎2.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段中内容可知，作者经常和周围的人开玩笑，说笑话，认为这不仅缓解了任何情况下的压力，而且也是与周围的人交谈的一种常见方式。作者描写第二段用了举例和总结的方式。故选C。‎ ‎4.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段＂Therefore, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together.＂可知，＂我＂相信我们提高情绪最好的＂药物＂是聚在一起讲一些笑话，一起开怀大笑。故选B。‎ ‎5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段中＂There is too much sadness and bring a little light into our lives.＂可知，如今的世界有太多的悲伤。所以，作者对目前的世界持有批判的态度。故选D。‎ Passage4‎ ‎【文章大意】本文叙述了家庭影响在帮助孩子获得学业成功方面起着重要的作用。学业成功的家长重视孩子的教育，但是不要设置过高的目标，在学业上支持孩子的父母也影响这他们的表现，家庭的阅读爱好也积极地影响着一个孩子的学术素养。‎ ‎1.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Family influence is great in helping a child to realize academic accomplishment.可知，家庭影响有助于孩子学业的成功。故选C。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段二、三两句They take their kids on vacation, but they spend time learning about local history at museums. They also may ensure that their kids have time to study and understand the importance of school attendance.可知，学业成功的父母带孩子去度假，花费时间去博物馆了解历史，确保孩子有时间学习，理解上学的重要性。因此推断学业成功的父母用不同的方法帮助孩子。故选A。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】‎ 标题判断题。纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述家庭对孩子学习的重大影响，学业成功的父母重视学习，从各个方面给孩子提供帮助，支持孩子学习，家庭的阅读爱好也对孩子的学习起着积极地作用。因此推断D项＂家庭对孩子学业成功的影响＂为最佳标题。故选D。‎ ‎ ‎