【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解解题指导教案

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解解题指导教案

二轮复习 阅读理解解题指导 分析对比近几年英语高考试题，我们发现阅读理解的命题有以下趋势：‎ ‎(一)体裁广泛，题材多样 从体裁和题材上看，阅读理解题所选文章涵盖记叙文、议论文和说明文等，题材广泛，词汇量适中；阅读材料原汁原味，文化含量加大，文章的风格更具英语语言的特点。‎ ‎(二)选材丰富，时代气息浓郁 涉及社会、历史地理、科普知识与现代技术、人生观与日常生活等领域。‎ ‎(三)信息密集，阅读量大 保持了较大的阅读量，材料含有较高的信息量，要求考生准确而迅速地从特定语篇中有目的地获取信息。‎ 一、高考英语篇章的结构与布局 英语文章有其特定的行文逻辑和布局方式，了解这些特点对于把握文章的整体结构和主旨大意，进而理清文章的细枝末节都有重要的意义。考生在解答阅读理解题时，往往只关注文章的细枝末节而缺乏宏观把握，实际上，了解文章的整体框架远比仅仅理解细节重要得多。‎ 记叙文一般会依据故事发生的线索行文，容易把握和理解，而说明文和议论文与记叙文相比，理解难度稍大一点，从篇章结构的总体特点来看，说明文和议论文这两种体裁的文章有极大的相似之处。下面主要介绍这两种体裁文章的结构与布局的一般规律。‎ 第一段作者通过人们观看流星却因城市灯光的亮度超过了星光从而影响了人们观看夜空一事，提出光污染问题。‎ ‎[典例]　 (2013·天津高考B篇)Last night's meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald‎ ‎Valley's mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.‎ ‎(第二段和第三段分别介绍了普通民众和科学家的反应。‎ ‎“My family was so frustrated，” admitted town resident Duane Cosby.“We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”‎ Astronomers — scientists who study stars and planets — have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.‎ 第四段和第五段描述了光污染对其他生物和人类的影响。‎ There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating (迁徙的) birds. According to the International DarkSky Association, “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”‎ Countless more animal casualties (伤亡) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person's chances of getting cancer.‎ 最后一段介绍了一些人的对策。‎ Emerald‎ ‎Valley‎ is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff‎, ‎Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night. ,‎ ‎2.现象——分析型 一般结构为：提出一个现象——分析其原因或特点——给出建议或提 ‎ 出看法。‎ ‎(第一段作者首先说明一个普遍都知道的现象：英国人见面谈话爱谈论天气。‎ ‎[典例]　 (2013·重庆高考E篇) It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather. Such a fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr. Johnson's famous comment that “When two English meet, their first talk is of weather.” Though Johnson's observation is as accurate now as it was over two hundred years ago, most commentators fail to come up with a convincing explanation for ‎ this English weatherspeak.‎ 第二和第三段分别阐述了Bill Bryson和Jeremy Paxman对这一现象的两种相反观点(即分析原因)。‎ Bill Bryson, for example, concludes that, as the English weather is not at all exciting, the obsession with it can hardly be understood. He argues that “To an outsider, the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.” Simply, the reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles. ‎ Jeremy Paxman, however, disagrees with Bryson, arguing that the English weather is by nature attractive. Bryson is wrong, he says, because the English preference for the weather has nothing to do with the natural phenomena. “The interest is less in the phenomena themselves, but in uncertainty.” According to him, the weather in England is very changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider. ‎ 最后一段提出了作者自己的观点：英国人见面谈论天气是设计的一种手段。‎ Bryson and Paxman stand for common misconceptions about the weatherspeak among the English. Both commentators, somehow, are missing the point. The English weather conversation is not really about the weather at all. English weatherspeak is a system of signs, which is developed to help the speakers overcome the natural reserve and actually talk to each other. Everyone knows conversations starting with weatherspeak are not requests for weather data. Rather, they are routine greetings, conversation starters or the blank “fillers”. In other words, English weatherspeak is a means of social bonding.,‎ ‎3．概括——详述型 即总——分模式，在英语篇章中非常普遍，广泛运用于自然科学 ‎ 与社会科学的说明文以及议论文中。这种类型有两种表达形式。‎ 第一段揭示了篇章的主题，即广告源自劳动分工的产生。‎ ‎(1)先揭示中心主题，再举例说明。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·浙江高考A篇) No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job. ‎ 支撑事例1：Mr.Fielder的事例 Let's take a man we'll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn't make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of the other hundreds, of things a farm needs. ‎ Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things. ‎ 支撑事例2：Mr.PlOwright的事例 Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows. ‎ How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plows.‎ 第一段总说，点明主旨：阶级(class)、权力(power)、地位(status)共同决定一个人的社会地位。‎ ‎ (2)先揭示中心主题，再将主题分成几个更具体的方面进行论述或说明。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·陕西高考C篇) According to sociologists (社会学家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification (阶层). Class,_power_and_status are important in deciding people's rank in society.‎ Class means a person's economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $‎500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $‎50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class! ‎ 分三段分别对阶级、权力、地位进行诠释。阶级权力地位 阶级 权力 权力 Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise (行使) big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的) economic class. Generally, ‎ however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there aren't too many people who aren't millionaires in the US Senate! ‎ 地位 Status is the honor or respect attached to a person's position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others. ,‎ 4．对比、比较型 有些篇章运用类比或对比的手段找出两个事物或一个事物在不同情况 ‎ 下的相同或,不同之处，从而说明一个观点。‎ ‎[典例1]　(2013·重庆高考E篇) …‎ Bill Bryson的观点。‎ Bill_Bryson,_for example, concludes that, as the English weather is not at all exciting, the obsession with it can hardly be understood.He_argues_that “To an outsider, the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.” Simply, the reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles.‎ Jeremy Paxman相反的观点。‎ Jeremy Paxman, however,_disagrees_with_Bryson,_arguing that the English weather is by nature attractive. Bryson is wrong, he says, because the English preference for the weather has nothing to do with the natural phenomena.“The interest is less in the phenomena themselves, but in uncertainty.” According to him, the weather in England is very changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider.,‎ ‎[典例2]　(2012·辽宁高考C篇)… ‎ 以前西方学习儒学和中国文化的情况。‎ In_the_past_two_decades,_the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More_recently,_the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses ofChinese_culture usually include Chinese art, history and philosophy (哲学). Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantage of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Western philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal ‎ power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. ‎ So the old thinker's ideas are still alive and well. ‎ 现在西方学习儒学和中国文化的情况。‎ Today_China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduceConfucius_and_Chinese_culture to the West. ‎ As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is. ,‎ 二、阅读理解8大常考处 下面主要介绍阅读理解的常设题处和考查重点，旨在帮助考生明确阅读时应该重点关注的内容，提高阅读的针对性，快速、准确锁定信息区间，为准确解题圈定信息源。‎ ‎(一)篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处常考 文章的主题句经常出现在首段，段落的主题句经常出现在段首。另外，首段的末句或第二段的首句也是文章主题句的常设处。文章的尾段或段落的结尾一般会是概括或总结性的陈述，经常会得出某种结论或提出某项建议。‎ 因此，文章的篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处经常被作为篇章阅读设题的主要题眼，而且大多是考查对文章或段落主旨的理解。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·北京高考C篇)The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages.In the 4th century B．C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers.When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his soldout readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain (抱怨) about his lack of privacy.Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about filmstars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.‎ Q：What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?‎ A．Great heroes of the past were generally admired.‎ B．The problem faced by celebrities has a long history.‎ C．Wellknown actors are usually targets of tabloids.‎ D．Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.‎ 分析：选B　本题是在段首处设题。本段第一句话是主题句，点明本段的主旨：追踪名人现象已经有很久的历史。下面三句进行了举例说明。‎ ‎(二)转折处常考 作者常常会借用转折连词或副词来引出某项重要的事实或观点，转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者真实的写作目的、观点或态度，因此出题人经常会围绕转折词前后内容来设题。 ‎ 常见的表示转折关系的连词或副词有however，but，yet，nevertheless，while，though，although，at the same time等。另外，indeed，in fact也常常用来表示前后语义的转折。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·浙江高考B篇)‎ Which works harder, your heart or your brain?‎ That kind of depends on whether you’re busy thinking or busy exercising.Your heart works up to three times harder during exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker.But, in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when you’re sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it takes four to five times as much blood to feed it.‎ Q：Which of the following statements about our brain is TRUE?‎ A．In the long run, our brain probably works harder than our heart.‎ B．When our brain senses the spinning, we will feel dizzy.‎ C．The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.‎ D．Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.‎ 分析：选A　本题是在转折处设题。本段的小标题：心脏和大脑，谁的工作强度大？对于此问题的解释是要看你是在思考还是在锻炼。本段前面指出，在进行体育锻炼时，心脏的工作强度大。接着通过转折句(But, in the long run ...)指出从长远来看，大脑的工作强度比心脏的工作强度大。‎ ‎(三)对比、比较处常考 篇章阅读中的对比常常为新老观点的对比、错误与正确观念的对比、新事物与旧事物的对比等；比较则常常为两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点的比较。‎ 常见的表示对比或比较关系的词或短语有while，whereas，than，compared with，in contrast to等。解题时要留意这些词或短语，并注意出现比较级、最高级的地方，另外要注意搞清对比或比较的对象。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·湖北高考E篇)The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction, while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older, however, were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would, the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.‎ Q：According to the study, who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?‎ A．Optimistic adults.‎ B．Middleaged adults.‎ C．Adults in poor health.‎ D．Adults of lower income.‎ 分析：选B　本题是在比较处设题。文中提到，研究发现18～39岁的年轻人对于未来生活的满意度估计过高。接着，通过对比(while middleaged ...)指出40～64岁的中年人对未来生活的满意度预测比较准确。‎ ‎(四)并列、列举、举例处常考 并列、列举是指用first(ly)；second(ly)；third(ly)；finally；not only ...but also；in addition；furthermore；moreover；above all；on the one hand ...，on the other hand等表示顺承或并列关系的词语列举出的一系列并列的事实情况。‎ 为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者还经常会使用举例的方法来进行论证，常由as，such as，for example，for instance，take ...as an example等引出。‎ ‎[典例]　(2012·北京高考C篇) “Stress affects how people learn，” says Professor Mara Mather.“People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”‎ For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images (影像) with either rewards or punishments.In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water.In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.‎ Q：We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to________.‎ A．keep rewards better in their memory B．recall consequences more effortlessly C．make risky decisions more frequently D．learn a subject more effectively 分析：选A　本题是在举例处设题。文章引用了一个观点“People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress”，即在压力之下人们更加关注好的结果而不是消极结果。接着举例说明，引出两项研究：In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately ...，即能够承受压力的被施压的参与者更加精确地记住奖励而非惩罚。‎ ‎(五)指代处常考 为了简洁明了地表达事物及其逻辑关系，作者常会利用各种代词、名词来代替前面提到过的人、物或事。当指代词前后的句子结构比较复杂、指代词与其代替的人、物或事相隔较远或指代词周围出现多个事物时，这种指代关系往往不容易区分清楚，因而常常受到出题人的青睐。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·四川高考B篇)Two 12yearold boys, Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search for a football.Once they’d rowed beyond the calm waters, a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water.The pair panicked and tried to row back to ‎ shore.But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.‎ Q：What does “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．The beach.　　　　　　　 B．The water.‎ C．The boat. D．The wind.‎ 分析：选D　本题是在指代处设题。根据画线词所在句“But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.”以及前面的“a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind”可知，it指代“风”。‎ ‎(六)观点态度处常考 文章中作者对于某人或某事物的观点或态度，以及文章中涉及的其他人或组织机构的观点或态度也常受出题人青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现doubt，appreciate，hate，against等表达观点态度的词语的地方，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式(祈使句、感叹句、反问句等)。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·新课标全国卷ⅠC篇) But when asked which authors they actually enjoy, people named J．K.Rowling, John Grisham, Sophie Kinsella (ah, the big sellers, in other words). Fortytwo percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story(I’ll come clean: I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so)．‎ Q：What is the author’s attitude to 58% of readers?‎ A．Favorable. B．Uncaring.‎ C．Doubtful. D．Friendly.‎ 分析：选C　本题是在观点态度处设题。根据文中“I’ll come clean: I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so”可知，作者对58%的人说的话感到吃惊，即他对这些话的真实性表示怀疑。‎ ‎(七)因果关系处常考 一般来说，考查因果关系的题目有两种形式，给出原因推结果或是给出结果找原因。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·重庆高考B篇)One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.This idea has inspired the awardwinning photographer Andrew Zuckerman.He interviewed and took photos of fifty oversixtyfiveyearolds all over the world.His project explores various aspects of their lives.The photos and interviews are now available on our website.‎ Q：Why did Andrew Zuckerman choose the fifty elders for his project?‎ A．Because their wisdom deserves to be passed on.‎ B．Because they are physically impressive.‎ C．Because their accomplishments inspired him.‎ D．Because they have similar experiences.‎ 分析：选A　本题是在因果关系处设题。根据文章第一句话“One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.”可知，这些老人的智慧是他们给下一代的礼物，所以值得传递下去。‎ ‎(八)引言处常考 作者为论证自己的观点，常会引用其他人或组织机构的论断或其发现，出题人常会在此处设题。高考英语微信公众号Englishtec ‎[典例]　(2013·重庆高考E篇) It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather. Such a fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr. Johnson’s famous comment that “When two English meet, their first talk is of weather.” Though Johnson’s observation is as accurate now as it was over two hundred years ago, most commentators fail to come up with a convincing explanation for this English weatherspeak.‎ Q：The author mentions Dr.Johnson’s comment to show that ________.‎ A．most commentators agree with Dr.Johnson B．Dr.Johnson is famous for his weather observation C．the comment was accurate two hundred years ago D．English conversations usually start with the weather 分析：选D　本题是在引言处设题。根据第一句话“It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather.”可知，英国人喜欢以谈论天气来开始一段对话，而下文Dr. Johnson的话证明了这一点。‎ 三、正确选项的4种设置规律 ‎(一)同义替换 在历年高考阅读题中，正确选项大都不会直接采用原文的表达方式，即使采用了原文的部分词句，关键词也一定会换用其他同义的表达方式。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·天津高考D篇) When asked about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, an absolute delight, which_seems_to_get_rarer_the_older_we_get.‎ Q：As people grow older, they________.‎ A．feel it harder to experience happiness B．associate their happiness less with others C．will take fewer risks in pursuing happiness D．tend to believe responsibility means happiness 分析：选A　选项A“觉得很难体验到快乐”是原文“which seems to get rarer the older we get”的同义替换，故为正确答案。‎ ‎(二)综合概括/合理推断 另一种最为常见的命题规律是：正确选项是对原文内容的概括、归纳或推断。主旨大意 题自然要遵守这一规律，观点态度题和推理判断题也大多符合这一规律，甚至事实细节题也常常通过这种方式给出正确答案。‎ 这一规律提醒我们：含义具体的选项一般不是正确答案，而概括、抽象的选项多是正确答案。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·新课标全国卷ⅠC篇) Asked why they lied, the most common reason was to “impress” someone they were speaking to.This could be tricky if the conversation became more indepth!‎ Q：By lying about reading, a person hopes to ________.‎ A．control the conversation B．appear knowledgeable C．learn about the book D．make more friends ‎[分析]　选B　根据第一句话可知，撒谎说读过某本书的人是为了给别人留下深刻的印象，由此可推知B项正确。‎ ‎(三)反向考查 反向考查主要有以下几种情况：‎ ‎①原文说“A是B”，问“非A是什么？”，答：“非B”。‎ ‎②原文说“A是非B”，问“非A是什么”，答：“B”。‎ ‎③原文说“A比B重要/大/好(或其他比较级)”，问“B和A相比怎样”，答：“次要/小/低劣(或其他)”。‎ ‎④原文说“A would rather B than C”或“A prefer B to C”，问“C如何？”，答：“不受A重视”。‎ ‎⑤题目使用与原文相反的句式，如原文用主动句，而题目用被动句等。‎ ‎⑥题目使用与原文相反的逻辑关系，如原文强调的是原因，而题目要求查找的是结果等。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·天津模拟C篇)No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. ‎ Q：The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________ of clothing. ‎ A．cost　　　　　　　 B．appearance C．comfort D．suitability 分析：选C　题干中的“placed more stress on”是原文“are rarely concerned with”的反义叙述，由句中的“like warmth, comfort and durability”可知选C。‎ ‎(四)合理猜测 语义理解题的设置主要测试考生对文中的关键词、短语或句子在特定语境下所表达的含义或其使用目的的理解能力。‎ 解答此类题目时须结合上下文提供的各种线索，找出句与句之间的内在关系。‎ 一般而言，选项中词形相近、含常规含义的词汇以及语气绝对的语句一般为错误选项。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·江西高考C篇)Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else.An essential part of listening well is the rule known as “bracketing”．Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping_into_his_or_her_shoes.Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person.Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener.True communication is under way. The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.‎ Q：The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”．‎ A．preparing a topic list first B．focusing on one’s own mind C．directing the talk to the desired results D．experiencing the speaker’s inside world 分析：选D　由画线部分前面的“... to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside ...”可推知画线部分应该是走进说话者内心世界的意思。‎ 四、错误选项的6种设置规律 ‎(一)张冠李戴 要起到干扰的效果，高考命题专家常用的一个手段就是张冠李戴。通过使用原文中出现的词汇甚至句式，把本来适用于一种情况的内容移用到其他情况，考生可能只看到了文中出现过的字词，却没有注意到选项是否针对提出的问题作出回答，是否符合题目的要求，造成误选。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·新课标全国卷ⅡC篇)Given that many people’s moods (情绪) are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate, it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine.Looking like a setting from the film Charlie & the Chocolate Factory, Singapore’s Chocolate Research Facility (CRF) has over 100 varieties of chocolates.Its founder is Chris Lee who grew up at his parents’ corner store with one hand almost always in the jar of sweets.‎ If the CRF seems to be a smart idea, that’s because Lee is not merely a seasoned salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big names such as Levi’s and Sony.That idea surely results in the imagination at work when it comes to making different ‎ flavored (味道) chocolates.‎ Q：What is good about chocolate?‎ A．It serves as a suitable gift.‎ B．It works as an effective medicine.‎ C．It helps improve the state of mind.‎ D．It strengthens business relations.‎ 分析：选C　A、B两项在文中未提及；文中提到CRF的创始人Chris Lee有广泛的商业人脉，但这并不能说明巧克力能加强商业关系，D选项属于典型的张冠李戴。由第一段第一句可知，巧克力能改善人的情绪，故选C项。‎ ‎(二)曲解文意 阅读理解题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能利用里面的字词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原句意思的曲解。‎ 另外，还指干扰项去掉原文信息中的某个或某些重要组成部分，导致剩下的信息不完整，歪曲原文的意思。‎ ‎[典例]　(2009·湖北高考A篇)My grandfather came from Hungary and was the only one in his family who settled down in the United States.The rest of his family remained in Europe.When World War Ⅰ broke out, he seemed to have become another man, downhearted. Such obvious change was not born out of concern for his welfare, but out of fear: if his only son, my uncle, had to go to war, it would be cousin fighting against cousin.‎ Q：What the grandfather was most worried about was________.‎ A．the spread of the world war B．the safety of his two cousins C．a drop in his living standards D．his relatives killing each other 分析：选D　文中grandfather担心的是他儿子和侄子的安全，结果B选项却是他的两个堂兄弟的安全，这是对原文意思的曲解。如果去掉his或将two cousins改为his son and nephew 就正确了。根据本段最后一句“it would be cousin fighting against cousin”可知D项正确。‎ ‎(三)无中生有 干扰项具有的一个特点是凭空捏造，但所“造”的内容通常与文章所谈论的问题相关，并且看上去很符合提出的问题，而事实上文章中根本没有谈及干扰项内容，选项不可能是正确选项。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·重庆高考A篇)The morning had been a disaster. My tooth was aching, and I’d been in an argument with a friend. Her words still hurt：“The trouble with you is that you won’‎ t put yourself in my place. Can’t you see things from my point of view？” I shook my head stubbornly — and felt the ache in my tooth. I’d thought I could hold out till my dentist came back from holiday, but the pain was really unbearable. I started calling the dentists in the phone book, but no one could see me immediately. Finally, at about lunchtime, I got lucky.‎ ‎…‎ The chair went back. Suddenly I smiled. There was a beautiful picture, right where I could enjoy it：on the ceiling. How considerate the dentist was! At that moment, I began to understand what my friend meant by her words.‎ What a relief!‎ Q：What did the author learn from her experience most probably?‎ A．Strike while the iron is hot.‎ B．Have a good word for one’s friend.‎ C．Put oneself in other’s shoes.‎ D．A friend in need is a friend indeed.‎ 分析：选C　根据文章倒数第二段最后一句以及第一段第三句可知，作者认识到了自己应该学会站在别人的角度去思考。其他三项均采用了“无中生有”的干扰项设置手法。A项意为“趁热打铁”；B项意为“不要说朋友的坏话”；D项意为“患难见真情”。‎ ‎(四)以偏概全 以偏概全一般是全文主旨题或段落主旨题中的选项，指的是用文章某个段落的论点来代替整篇文章的中心思想或者用段落的论据来概括段落论点。另外，阅读过程中，我们可能会发现文章中提到几点，在一个备选项中却只出现其中一种或两种情况，这样干扰项的特点是以偏概全，以部分代替整体，这样的干扰项通常在细节题中较多见。‎ ‎[典例]　(2012·新课标全国卷D篇)Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.‎ Q：What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?‎ A．People remember well what they learned in childhood.‎ B．Children have a better memory than grownups.‎ C．Poem reading is a good way to learn words.‎ D．Stories for children are easy to remember.‎ 分析：选A　根据本段的“Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember ‎ something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知：文章讲的是成年人常常惊叹他们非常好的记着儿时学过的东西。C、D两项采用了“以偏概全”的干扰项设置手法，断章取义，讲得太具体。‎ ‎(五)混淆视听 有些干扰项似乎与原文的意思很符合，但只是按照字面意思进行解释，并不能体现文章中作者想表达的意思，这样的干扰项常常混淆视听，造成理解错误和选择错误。特别对于推理判断题来说，当题目中出现imply，demonstrated，indicate，mean等词时，按字面意思解释的选项一定不是正确选项。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·江西高考B篇)More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster, it would be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times.A common proverb says, “Give_me_a_fish_and_I_eat_for_a_day,_teach_me_to_fish_and_I_eat_for_a_lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying, it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves.For example, a country could share its technology with another.This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites.Even a small country is able to help less developed nations.Sometimes what is taken for granted, like the setting up of a water purification plant or the administration of a school, could be useful for countries which are looking about to solve common problems.‎ ‎…‎ Q：What does the author try to express in the underlined sentence? ‎ A．Providing food is vital.‎ B．Learning to fish is helpful.‎ C．Teaching skills is essential.‎ D．Looking after others is important.‎ 分析：选C　画线部分意思为：授人以鱼，不如授之以渔。再结合其后的内容“If we follow this wise saying, it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves. For example, a country could share its technology with another.”可知教授技能的必要性。而A、B两项只是望文生义，对该句进行肤浅猜测，从而起到混淆视听的干扰效果。‎ ‎(六)颠倒是非 干扰项的内容常涉及原文中提及的一些内容或现象，但选项的意思可能与原文恰恰相反。命题者设计这样的干扰项主要是利用文章信息量大的特点，考生可能不一定有时间一一找到选项在原文的出处。‎ ‎[典例]　(2013·安徽高考A篇)2.How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday?‎ ‎·Finding：Seniors, on average, bathe fewer than 3 days a week.And nearly 30% wash their ‎ hands only 4 times a day — half of the number doctors recommend.‎ ‎·Step：We touch our faces around 3,000 times a day — often inviting germs (病菌) to enter our mouth, nose, and eyes.Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle.And, most important, wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds.‎ Q：Which of the following is true according to the text?‎ A．We should keep from touching our faces.‎ B．There are less than 300 types of bacteria in the mouth.‎ C．A kitchen sponge can carry more germs than a toilet.‎ D．We should wash our hands before touching a door handle.‎ 分析：选C　根据文中的“Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle.”可知，问题在于门把手上有大量细菌会传到手上，而不是手上的细菌传到门把手上，故D项属于颠倒是非。‎ 五、阅读理解解题流程