【英语】2018届二轮复习英语阅读题型分析和解题顺序学案（9页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习英语阅读题型分析和解题顺序学案（9页）

‎2018届二轮复习 英语阅读题型分析和解题顺序 在国内考试题型千变万化的今天，唯独高考是任凭风浪起，稳坐钓鱼台——始终未变。高考英语中阅读理解占到了整个考试的三分之一，35分钟的时间做五篇文章，20道题目，总共40分。下面我将针对高考英语阅读理解进行如下的分析与总结：‎ 一、 分析背景：‎ 要想在高考英语阅读中取得好的成绩，就一定要做到知己知彼，方能百战不殆；首先我们要了解，为什么每门英语考试都会有阅读理解这个科目，命题委员会考它的目的是什么，意义何在？其次分析一下并不难发现，原来高考阅读理解主要考查的是学生的词汇量、语法和逻辑（在国外考试中体现的尤其明显）。‎ 二、 分析题型：‎ 因为高考阅读中几乎没有长难句，所以语法在高考阅读里体现的不是很明显，而主要出现在四选一、完型和改错当中；其次高考逻辑题也很少出现，一旦出现也相对来说比较简单，因此我们重点阐述词汇。这已是我们老生常谈的话题了，正所谓巧妇难为无米之炊，词汇关不过，一切皆为妄想；课上我经常会告诉大家只有站得更高，才能看的更远；如果你对高考阅读的话，你发现，你会从原来仰视阅读变为俯视。比如说：2002年北京高考卷的第67‎ 题是一道词汇题，考查的单词是review，然而很多同学都不认识这个单词；再纵观四个选项：A. observation B. description C. discussion D. re-examination 如果大家本身就知道这四个单词的含义的话，根本不需要再看文章答案就浮出水面了。所以我经常会在课堂上讲，高考阅读的词汇题考的就是单词的“熟词熟义”，只是看你的词汇量是不是足够大而已。高考阅读除了有词汇题之外，还有主旨题、数字题、图画题、表格题、推理题、细节题、判断题等等；‎ 三、 分析文章构架：‎ 单词是点，句子是线，文章是面；要想在高考阅读中取得好的成绩，考生对高考文章的写作手法就一定要非常熟悉。比如说有一种常见的文章结构———以小见大。９９年高考Ｄ篇讲的是人们开车不系安全带的问题，通过文章开头的一个主人公，而引出一个较大的社会现象———在美国有７５％的人开车时不系安全带。 2001年高考Ｅ篇中，通过一个家庭夫妻间的困惑作为背景铺垫，而引出男男女女同性之间的友谊，这样一个大的主题。两篇高考文章的写作手法几乎是一致的，而这在高考的阅读理解中随处可见。‎ 四、 解题顺序：‎ 除了对于各种高考题型和文章构架的熟悉之外，高考考场上的解题顺序也至关重要，大家可以按照这样的顺序来解高考题：1‎ ‎．扫描题干，画出关键词；２．回高考原文定位关键词；３．仔细分析选项。那什么才是高考阅读老师经常讲的关键词呢？“时间、数字、百分比；人名、地名、国家名；引号内容和专有名词。”‎ 五、 总结：   ‎ 在最后三个月的高考冲刺阶段，最重要的就是重新对我们已经学习过的高中知识进行归纳与总结；不需要再盲目的进行题海战术，提升高考阅读理解并不在于你每天做了多少篇文章，而在于你对于每篇文章的理解有多深，能否找到文章之间的内部联系，盲目做题是没有用的。所以在高考最后复习阶段一定要将以前考试的历年高考真题重新回顾，看这道题究竟为什么选Ａ而不选Ｂ，Ｃ又错在哪里，Ｄ的定位点在什么地方，只有这样才能将高考阅读一举拿下。‎ 问题二：推理判断题常见问题 问题描述与分析 推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。学生在此类问题上失分较多，主要是无法准确找到答案的位置点，很难进行正确推理。‎ 典例精析：‎ ‎【例1】 (2016×全国Ⅰ卷C篇)We have met the enemy, and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkeypox，a disease.usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings. “Most of the infections (感染)we think of as human infections started in other animals”， says Stephen Morse，director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.‎ It’s not just that we’re going to where the animals are; we’re also bringing them closer to us. Popular foreign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country. A strange illness killed Isaksen’s pets and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea. “‎ I don’t think it’s fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them, ”says Isaksen.‎ ‎“Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing，”says Peter Schantz. Monkeypox may be the wakeup call. Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners. We know very little about these new diseases. A new bug(病毒)may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful(有害的). Monkeypox doesn’t look a major infectious disease. But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person.‎ ‎(D)1.We learn from Paragraph l that the pet sold at the shop may ________‎ A．come from Columbia B．prevent us from being infected C．enjoy being with children D．suffer from monkeypox ‎(A)2.The text suggests that in the future we ________.‎ A．may have to fight against more new diseases B．may easily get infected by diseases from dogs C．should not be allowed to have pets D．should stop buying pets from Africa ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎1．选择D。推理判断题。根据第一段的第一、二句话可知，我们从宠物商店购买的动物身上携带疾病，能传播给人类。下面以猴痘为例说明作者的观点。‎ ‎2．选择A。推理判断题。根据最后一段的最后两句A new bug may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful. Monkeypox doesn’t look a major infectious disease.But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person可知，人类今后可能面临更多疾病的挑战。‎ ‎【例2】 (2015×山东卷A篇)A year ago August, Dave Fuss lost his job driving a truck for a small company in west Michigan. His wife, Gerrie, was still working in the local school cafeteria, but work for Dave was scarce, and the price of everything was rising. The Fusses were at risk of joining the millions of Americans who have lost their homes in recent years. Then Dave and Gerrie received a timely gift—$7,000，a legacy (遗产) from their neighbors Ish and Arlene Hatch, who died in an accident. “It really made a difference when we were going under financially.”says Dave.‎ But the Fusses weren’t the only folks in Alto and the neighboring town of Lowell to receive unexpected legacy from the Hatches’ Dozens of other families were touched by the Hatches.generosity. In some cases, it was a few thousand dollars; in others，it was more than $100,000.‎ It surprised nearly everyone that the Hatches had so much money, more than $3 million—they were an elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farm.‎ Children of the Great Depression，Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of saving.They thrived on (喜欢) comparison shopping and would routinely go from store to store, checking prices before making a new purchase.‎ Through the years, the Hatches paid for local children to attend summer camp when their parents couldn’t afford it. “Ish and Arlene never asked if you needed anything，” says their friend Sandy Van Weelden, “They could see things they could do to make you happier，and they would do them.‎ Even more extraordinary was that the Hatches had their farmland distributed. It was the Hatches’ wish that their legacy—a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents—should enrich the whole community (社区) and last for generations to come.‎ Neighbors helping neighbors—that was Ish and Arlene Hatch’s story.‎ ‎(B)1.Why would the Hatches routinely go from store to store?‎ A．They decided to open a store B．They wanted to save money C．They couldn’t afford expensive things D．They wanted to buy gifts for local kids ‎ ‎(A)2.According to Sandy Van Weelten, the Hatches were ________.‎ A．understanding　　B．optimistic　　C．childlike　　D．curious ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎1．选择B。推理判断题。第四段提到他们有节约的习惯，买东西前喜欢一个商店一个商店地比较价格，显然是为了省钱，所以答案为B。其他各项明显与文意不符。‎ ‎2．选择A。从第五段Sandy Van Weelden的话可推知，the Hatches从来不问你需要什么，而是能够发现你需要的东西，然后就来帮助你，这说明他们非常善解人意，所以A项正确，其他选项均不符合文意。‎ ‎【例3】 (2015×陕西卷D篇)Every year about 80,000 people worldwide travel as air couriers. The number of tickets for courier travel is growing by about 10 percent a year. However, aircourier travel isn’t for everyone. But if you have very little money, can be flexible(灵活的)‎ ‎ about your travel plans, and don’t mind wearing the same clothes for a week, it can be a great way to take a vacation!‎ ‎(A)One of the disadvantages of traveling as an air courier is that he ________.‎ A．cannot decide when and where to travel B．cannot take any luggage with him C．has to wear two pairs of jeans D．saves little money from the travel ‎【答案解析】 选择A。推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知这个旅行计划随意性、灵活性很大，所以本题选A。‎ ‎【例4】 (2016×重庆卷A篇)I was waiting for a phone call from my agent. He had left a message the night before, telling me that my show was to be cancelled. I called him several times, but each time his secretary told me that he was in a meeting and that he would call me later. So I waited and waited, but there was still no call. Three hours passing by, I became more and more impatient. I was certain that my agent didn’t care about my work, and he didn’t care about me. I was overcome with that thought. I started to shout at the phone, “Let me wait, will you? Who do you think you are？”‎ ‎(B)Why did the author shout at the telephone?‎ A．He was mad at the telephone.‎ B．He was angry with his agent.‎ C．He was anxious about his wife.‎ D．He was impatient with the secretary.‎ ‎【答案解析】 选择B。推理判断题。根据文中第一句内容可知，我给经纪人多次打电话都没有打通，等了三个小时之后还要继续等，我认为这是经纪人不关心我的工作，不在乎我的感受，最终导致了我情绪的爆发。‎ ‎【例5】 (2016×安徽卷C篇)Sometimes, the simplest ideas are the best. For example, to absorb heat from the sun to heat water, you need large, flat, black surfaces. One way to do that is to build those surfaces specially, on the roofs of buildings. But why go to all that trouble when cities are full of black surfaces already, in the form of asphalt (柏油) roads?‎ Ten years ago, this thought came into the mind of Arian de Bondt, a Dutch engineer. He finally persuaded his boss to follow it up. The result is that their building is now heated in winter and cooled in summer by a system that relies on the surface of the road outside.‎ The heatcollector is a system of connected water pipes. Most of them run from one side of the street to the other, just under the asphalt ‎ road. Some, however, dive deep into the ground.‎ When the street surface gets hot in summer, water pumped through the pipes picks up this heat and takes it underground through one of the diving pipes. At a depth of 100 metres lies a natural aquifer (蓄水层) into which several heat exchangers (交换器) have been built. The hot water from the street runs through these exchangers, warning the groundwater, before returning to the surface through another pipe. The aquifer is thus used as a heat store.‎ In winter, the working system is changed slightly. Water is pumped through the heat exchangers to pick up the heat stored during summer. This water goes into the building and is used to warm the place up. After performing that task, it is pumped under the asphalt and its remaining heat keeps the road free of snow and ice.‎ ‎(D)1.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?‎ A．Arian de Bondt got his idea from his boss.‎ B．Large, flat, black surfaces need to be built in cities.‎ C．The Dutch engineer’s system has been widely used.‎ D．Heat can also be collected from asphalt roads.‎ ‎(D)2.For what purpose are the diving pipes used?‎ A．To absorb heat from the sun.‎ B．To store heat for future use.‎ C．To turn solar energy into heat energy.‎ D．To carry heat down below the surface.‎ ‎(B)3.From the last paragraph we can learn that ________‎ A．some pipes have to be rearranged in winter B．the system can do more than warming up the building C．the exchangers will pick up heat from the street surface D．less heat may be collected in winter than in summer.‎ ‎【答案解析】 1.选择D。推测判断题。由文章第二段最后一句内容可以得出“可以从外面的柏油马路上收集热量”。‎ ‎2．选择D。推测判断题。由文章第四段中“water pumped through the pipes picks up this heat and takes it underground through one of the diving pipes.”内容得出答案。‎ ‎3．选择B。推测判断题。由文章最后一段最后一句“it is pumped under the asphalt and its remaining heat keeps the road free of snow and ice.”内容可知，这一系统不只是给楼房加热，它还要使马路上的冰雪消融。‎ 解决方案与指南 ‎1．常用提问方式为：‎ ‎(1) It can be inferred that ________.‎ ‎(2)Which of the following conclusions can we draw/come to according to the passage?‎ ‎(3)We can conclude from the passage that ________.‎ ‎(4)According to the passage, we can infer that ________.‎ ‎(5)The passage implies, but doesn’t directly state that ________.‎ ‎(6)The tone of the passage is ________.‎ ‎(7)The author of the article is probably a ________.‎ ‎(8)The writer suggests that ________.‎ ‎(9)We can infer from the article that ________.‎ ‎(10)What is the writer’s attitude toward ________？‎ ‎2.解题方法 ‎(1)抓住特定信息逆向或正向推理。做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正向推理，推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。‎ ‎(2)整合全文(段)信息合理进行推断。做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目有关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论，忌“见树不见林”。‎ ‎(3)利用语境褒贬适当进行信息推断。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子对我们掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。‎ ‎(4)根据文章结论推断作者态度。作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。‎ ‎(5)根据上下逻辑大胆得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来描写。必须注意的是：①读者不可根据自己的主观臆断毫无根据地下结论；②所得结论必须符合作者的意图。‎ ‎(6)结合已有知识正确进行推断。知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都针对细节。解答此类题，不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识，而且需要对文章细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。‎ ‎(7)根据篇章结构进行判断推理。根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。‎ 直击高考与警示 此题型要求考生纵览全文，在汇集全文提供的各项信息的基础上，进行正确的逻辑推理，推断作者的情感态度，人物的动机、目的、性格特征；事件的前因后果以及作者写作的手法，此类题属于深层理解题，要把握这类题必须透彻理解全文，认真探究句意，注意逻辑关系及有关的生活常识。考生做题时一定要整体理解语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去把握作者的“弦外之音”。‎