人教版下册初一英语语法

人教版下册初一英语语法

1 初一下册英语语法 一.要点分析 1. be from 的用法。 ① be from＝come from “来自…”，“从…来”，表示某人来自某一 个地方。但 be 是系动词，come 是实意动词，两个短语的否定和疑 问形式不同。介词 from 后接地点。 ② 应用： a. -- Where’s your pen pal from ? 你的笔友来自哪里？ -- He’s from Australia. 他来自澳大利亚。 b. He is from China. →He isn’t from China. → Is he from China? c. He comes from China. →He doesn’t come from China. →Does he come from China? 2. live vi. “居住”，“生活” ① live in+地点名词，意为“住在…地方” ② live +地点副词(here,there,near here 等) ，意为“住在…地方” ③ 当其做 vt.用时，意为“过…样的生活” ④ 与 stay 的区别：stay 表示在旅馆或朋友家暂住几天。 ⑤ 应用： a. He lives in Beijing. 他住在北京。 b. I have lived here for ten years. 我在这儿住十年了。 c. We live a happy life. 我们过着幸福的生活。 d. They stay at a hotel. 他们住在旅馆。 e. Live on 以…为生，靠…生活 ⑥ 问居住地： -- Where does she live? -- She lives in Hangzhou. 3. speak vt.&vi. “讲话”，“说话”，“发言”等。 2 ① speak +语言 做及物动词(vi.)时只能接语言做宾语。 ② speak to sb. “与某人谈话” ① say:说/讲着重说的内容,它的宾语只能是 “话” 不是人. ② tell:告诉某人某事. a. tell sb sth. b. tell sb. about sb. /sth. c. tell sb to do sth. ④ talk: 交谈、聊天 (不及物动词：后面不能直接跟宾语) a. talk to sb. b. talk with sb. c. talk about sth. 谈论 ⑤ 应用： a. Can I say "Hi" to Jeff, too? b. I have something important to tell you . c. She can speak three languages now . d. He is talking with his pen pal now . e. I want to talk to her. 我想和她说话。 f. I can say it in English. g. Tell him to give me some chalk. h. Don’t speak in class. ⑥ 问会什么语言？ -- What language does she speak ? 她讲什么语言？ -- She speaks English. 她讲英语。 4.how about 的用法：=what about how about“你认为...怎样”，表示建议等，后接动词 ing、名词或代 词。但多使用 How about doing sth. ?。 ① 向对方提出询问时。 I’d like a cup of tea. How about you? ② 向对方提出建议或请求，语气很委婉。 How about going out for a walk? 出去散散步好吗？ ③ 寒暄时用作承接上下文的转折语。 I’m a teacher. How about you? 二.词组 be from = come from 来自… pen pal=pen friend 笔友 3 live in… 在…居住 in school 在学校 speak English 讲英语 play sports 做体育运动 a little French 一些法语 go to the movies 去看电影 an action movie 一部动作片 on weekends 在周末 Excuse me 对不起，打扰 write to sb. 给…写信 My favorite subject 我喜欢的科目 三.句型 1. Where +be+主语＋from? (问出生地) 回答：主语＋be＋from＋地点. -- Where is your pen pal from? -- He’s from China. 2. Where do/does+主语＋live? (问居住地) 回答：主语＋live/lives in… -- Where does she live? -- She lives in Tokyo 3. What language do/does +主语+speak? (问会什么语言) 回答：主语＋speak/speaks… -- Does she speak English? (一般疑问句) -- Yes, she does/No, she doesn’t. -- What language does she speak?(特殊疑问句) -- She speaks English. -- What language does she speak，English or Chinese?(选择疑问句) -- She speaks Chinese. 注意：三种句型的回答方式。 4. 主语＋like/likes＋doing… I like going to the movies with my friends. 一.要点分析 1. hope[həʊp] v. 希望；盼望；期待 ① 近义词: hope, wish 与 want，这三个词都表示“希望”,都可 以用作动词和名词。 4 a. hope 既有主观愿望，又相信这愿望是能实现的。 b. wish 只表示主观愿望，不考虑这种愿望是否能实现。 c. want 是一个常用词，尤其在口语中非常活跃。want 后接不 定式，表示“想要做什么”，比 hope to do 和 wish to do 的口气 更随便，所表达的主观愿望并不十分强烈。want 之后可接名词或 代词，表示“想要得到某物”，而 wish 和 hope 后面不可接名词， 需加介词 for 再接名词。 I want a pair of glasses. 我想要一副眼镜。 We are hoping for fine weather for your trip. 我们希望此次旅行能有个好天气。 He wished to see his daughter again before he died. 他希望在死之前能够再见一次女儿。 ② 常用词组 hope for 希望；期待 2. arrive[ə´raIv] v. 到达；抵达 ① arrive 作“到达”解时，只表示一时的动作。 a. arrive 表示到达某地，后面要接介词，到达的地方范围大时 用 in，地方小时多用 at。若地点为地点副词或后面没有地点时, 则省掉介词。 They will arrive in Florida at midnight. 他们将在午夜到达佛罗里达(美国的一个城市)。 They arrived at the station in the afternoon. 他们下午到达车站。 [╳]She has arrived for a month. (不能用一段时间) [√]She arrived a month ago. 她一个月前到了。 b. arrive home 作“到家”解，但“到某人家”必须与 at 连用。 I guess he will arrive home in the evening. 我猜他将在晚上到家。 I guess he will arrive at his parents’ home in the evening. 5 我猜他将在晚上到他父母家。 ② 近义词: get to 与 reach a. get to 也表示“到达”之意，可与任何地点连用。 b. reach[ri:tʃ] 是及物动词(后面可以直接跟名词)，意为“到 达”，其后直接接到达的地点，而不用任何介词。 My father arrived in Shanghai. 我爸爸到达上海了。 He arrived at the station . 他已到达火车站。 He got to the hospital this morning. 他上午到了医院。 Li Ming reached Beijing the day before yesterday. 李明前天到达北京。 ③ 反义词 leave[li:v] v. 离开 ④ 常用词组 arrive home 到家 arrive here 到达这里 arrive there 到达那里 3.across[ə´krɒs] prep. 横过，在…对面。 There is a theater across the street. 街对面有一家戏院。 ① 用法提示 a. 表示“从(某物)的一边到另一边”。 She swam across the river. 她从河的这边游到那边。 b. 表示“横过；在对面”，后面可接 from。 Their school is across the street. 他们的学校在街道的对面。 Susan lives across the road. 苏珊住在路的对面。 Across from the park is an old hotel. 公园的对面是一个老饭店。 c. 表示“与……交叉”。 At one point the railway line goes across the road. 在一个地方铁路与公路交叉。 6 ② 近义词：through a. through 意为“通过,从…穿过”,表示从某物中间穿过。 We walked through the market to the track park. 我们穿过市场到了卡车停车场。 A river flows through the city. 一条河流流经这个城市。 b. across 意为“横过,穿过”,表示从一边横穿到另一边。 A boy ran across the street. 一个男孩跑过了街道。 4. 方位介词的用法。 ① across from 在…的对面。 ② next to 靠近，在…的旁边 ③ near 在…的附近 ④ between…and… 在…之间 ⑤ in front of 在…前面：表示“在某一空间外的前面” ⑥ in the front of 在…前面：表示“在某一空间里的前面” ⑦ behind 在…后面 ⑧ 应用： a. The pay phone is across from the library. b. The supermarket is next to the library. c. There is a post office near here. d. The library is between the post office and the super market. e. He stands in front of the building.他站在大楼前面。(屋外) f. He sat in the front of the classroom.他坐在教室前面。(屋里) g. The hotel is behind the library 【提醒】介词后的人称代词需用宾格形式， 5. A with B 结构的用法。 ① with 为介词，在句中常做后置定语，对被修饰语的特征进行 描述。意思接近于 have 和 wear，但 have 和 wear 在句中常充当谓语。 ② 试对比： 7 (√)The girl with long hair is my sister. (做 girl 的后置定语) (╳)The girl has long hair is my sister. (句子结构错误) (√)I’m tall and I wear glasses. (wear 在句中做谓语) (√)I’m tall with glasses. (with 在句中对 I 进行解释说明) (╳)I’m tall and I with glasses. (with 不能做谓语，故该句子错误) 二.短语 post office 邮局 pay phone 投币式公用电话 next to 在…隔壁、紧挨着 across from 在…对面 in front of 在…前面(外) between…and… 在…和…之间 on a street 在街上 in the neighborhood 在附近 take a walk 散步 have fun 玩得开心 the way to… 去…的路 take a taxi 打的/乘出租车 go straight 一直向前走 arrive in/at 到达 go down(along)… 沿着…走 go through… 穿过… turn right/left 向右/左转 have a good trip 旅途愉快 at the end of… 在…结束时 at the beginning of 在……初期 from the beginning 从一开始 from beginning to end 从头到尾 in the beginning 开始时，起初 beginning of… 在…开始时 on one’s right/left 在某人右/左边 on the right/left 在右/左边 in the neighborhood 在附近 =near here =around here come over to 从一个地方来到另一个地方，过来 四.句型 1. Is there a ....? (问是否有、是否存在；have 表示“拥有”) --Excuse me. Is there a hotel in the neighborhood. --Yes, there is. /No. there isn’t 2. Where is ...? (问地点) --Where is the park, please? --It’s behind the bank.(肯定回答) --I’m sorry, I don’t know. (否定回答) 3. Which is the way to +地点? (问路) 8 How can I get to +地点? Can you tell me the way to +地点？ 例如： Which is the way to the library. How can I get to the restaurant? Can you tell me the way to the post office? 4. enjoy 后接名词或动词-ing 形式. Do you enjoy(=like) your work? Do you enjoy(=like) living in the city? 五.日常交际用语 1. Bridge Street is a good place to have fun. 2. I hope you have a good trip. 3. If you are hungry, you can buy food in the restaurant. 4. Take a walk though the park.. 5. Let me tell you the way to my house. 6. Just go straight and turn left. 7. Across from the park is an old hotel. (倒装句: an old hotel 是主语) Next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden. 8. This is beginning of the garden tour. 二.要点分析 1. like 的用法 ① 作及物动词，后接名词或代词，表示对事物的兴趣或爱好。 ② 与 would, should 连用，表示“想要、愿意、希望”，语气委婉。 ③ like to do sth. 表示偶尔喜欢做某事、或者突然喜欢干某事。 ④ like doing sth. 强调喜欢和爱好的是一般性的行为或事实。 5 How do you like…? 用来询问对方，意为“你觉得…怎么样?” 6 What do you like…? 询问对方的爱好，意为“你喜欢什么? ⑥ like 作介词，意为“像”、“和…一样”。 ⑦ 应用： a. I like fish and vegetables very much. 9 b. Would you like something to drink? 你想要喝点什么吗? c. Do you like to play basketball? d. The girl doesn’t like doing housework. e. How do you like the city?你觉得这座城市怎么样? f. What do you like? I like swimming. g. She looks like her mother. The boy jumps like a monkey. We don’t need a man like him 2. smart，clever 和 cute：都是形容词。 cute 意思是"聪明的，伶俐的，惹人喜爱的’’，常用于口语当中， 同义词是 clever，在口语中有时也可以通用。但 cute 多用来指动物 的聪明、漂亮及惹人喜爱。 clever 主要用来形容人或动物的脑子灵活，理解事物快。 smart 意思也是"聪明的"，既可以修饰人也可以修饰物，与 clever 是同义词。 3. 使役动词 let 的用法：let’s = let us。let’s 后面用动词原形，意为“让 我们做……吧”，表示一种建议。 ① let sb. do sth. 表示“让某人做某事” ② 应用 a. Let me help you. 让我来帮你吧。 b. Let him have a try. 让他试一试。 c. Let’s see the pandas first. 咱们先看熊猫吧。 ③ 使役动词还有：make 和 have make sb. do sth. 表示“叫某人做某事” = have sb. do sth. 4. kind of 与 a kind of 的区别 ① kind of 是口语化的表达方式，意思是“有点儿，稍微”，用来 修饰形容词。 ② a kind of 是指“一种……”，用来修饰名词。 ③ 应用： 10 a. She is kind of shy. 她有点害羞。 b. Tiger is a kind of animals. 老虎是一种动物。 5. 否定疑问句： ① 常用来表示反问，意思是“难道……”，其结构是： “否定词+主语+谓语或表语” 回答时常用 Yes/No, 但这时的 Yes 意思是“不”，No 意为“是的”。 ② 应用： a. -- Doesn’t he have a brother? 难道他没有个兄弟吗？ -- Yes, he does. 不，他有。 -- No, he doesn’t. 是的，他没有。 b. -- Isn’t he cute? 难道他不可爱吗？ -- Yes, she is. 不，她是。 -- No, she isn’t. 是的，她不是。 三.短语 want to do sth .想要做某事 want sb. to do sth.想要某做某事 want sth. 想要某物 want to be … 想成为… Let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 get up 起床 kind of 有几分种类 a kind of 一种... years old ...年龄 be quiet 安静 like to do sth. 喜欢做某事 like doing sth. 喜欢做某事 play with ... 与...一起玩 have a look at… 看… during the day 在白天 at night 在夜间 四.句型/日常交际用语 1. --Why dose he like koalas? (问原因) --Because they are kind of interesting. 2. --What animals do you like? (what color…、what size…等) --I like elephants. 3. --Let’s see the lions. 二.要点分析 1. work[wЗ:k] 工作 11 ① n.工作，与 job 意识相近。 两者均可表示“工作”，但 job 主要指雇佣有报酬的工作，是 可数名词；而 work 指“工作”、“劳动”，是一个含义极广的常用 词，它的基本意思指需要付出努力的工作或劳动，是不可数名词。 He has a good job in the bank. 他在银行有份不错的工作。 we have a job for you as a waiter. It took a lot of work to build a house. 造一座房子花很多劳动。 ② v.工作 a. work hard 努力工作 Do you like to work hard? 你愿意努力工作吗？ b. work for 为…做事，为…尽力 DO you want to work for a magazine. 你想为杂志社工作吗？ c. work as 作....的工作 Come and work for us as a reporter. 来为我们工作，做一名记者。 d. work with 和…一起工作 Do you like to work with other young people? 你喜欢和其他年轻人一起工作吗？ 2. meet[mi:t] 相遇、遇见、经历 ① meet 可以表示有目的的去见；meet with 往往表示偶遇 You meet so many interesting people. Nice to meet you ② meet with 遇到，碰到。强调偶然性；还常表示“遭遇；经历； 遭到”此时不能只用 meet. I met with a friend on the bus. 我在车上遇到一个朋友。 3. What about (对于)…怎么样 12 这是常用的一句口语。实际上是一个省略句，既 What is it about ...?“（关于）...怎么样”。这个句子一般情况下是不单独使用得， 一定得有上文的，在述说了某一事情之后，转向另一事物时，才用 到这一句式。后接名词、代词或动名词。 A: My father is tall and handsome. 我父亲高大而英俊。 B: What about your mother? 你母亲呢（怎样）？ A: We’re going out for a trip. 我们准备去旅行。 B: What about going to Museum? 去看博物馆如何？ How about going out for a walk? 出去散散步好吗？ I am from Beijing. What about you? 我是北京人，你呢？ 另外，这个句式还常用 How about 替换。 4. want vt.&vi. 想要、想 ① want＋sth. 想要… ② want to be＋表示职业的名词 想要从事……，想要成为… ③ want to do sth. 想要做… ④ What do you want to be ?(问理想) ⑤ 应用： a. I want a book. 我想要一本书。 b. I want to be a police officer. 我想当一名警官。 c. He wants to play football. 他想要踢足球。 d. -- What do you want to be? 你想要从事什么职业？ -- I want to be a teacher. 5. It’s an exciting job. 这是一项令人兴奋的工作。 interesting 令人感兴趣的 be interested 对…有兴趣 boring 令人感到无聊的 be bored 对…感到无聊 surprising 令人吃惊的 be surprised 对…感到吃惊 exciting 令人激动的 be excited 对…感到兴奋 worrying 令人担心的 be worried 对…感到担心 ① 以-ed 结尾的形容词通常用于说明人，不用于说明事物。 ② 以-ing 结尾的形容词用于说明事物，表示事物的性质或特征， 13 ③ 以-ing 结尾的形容词说明人，则表示此人具有此性质或特征。 ④ 应用： a. He told me the news in a very excited voice. b. I’m interested in this kind of movies. c. I am surprised at what he said. d. He feels bored on Sundays. e. The story is very interesting. f. It’s an exciting job. g. The man is very interesting. 三.短语 want to be+职业 想要成为 shop assistant 店员 bank clerk 银行职员 movie actor 电影演员 in the day 在白天 at night 在夜间 talk to /with 与…讲话 go out to dinners 外出吃饭 in a hospital 在医院 newspaper reporter 报社记者 四.句型 1. 英语中询问职业的几种表达方式：(问职业) What do/does ...do? 例：What dose he do? -- He’s a teacher. What is...? 例：What is your father? What’s one’s job? 例：What’s your father’s job? 2. What do/does+某人+want to be? (问理想) --What do you want to be? --I want to be a teacher. --What does she want to be ? --She want to be a nurse. 3. --Where does your sister work? (问工作地点) --She works in a hospital. 4. --Does he work in the hospital？ --Yes, he does /No, he doesn’t 5. --Does she work late? (她上班迟到了吗？) 14 --Yes, she does /No. she doesn’t 7. We also want a music teacher to teach guitar, piano, and violin. 8. Do you want a busy but exciting job?(表示转则) 五.日常交际用语 1. That sounds interesting. 那听起来挺有趣。 2. I want to be a doctor. 我想成为一名医生。 3. You mean my cousin, Mike? 你是指我表哥迈克吗？ 4. Saturday is busy for him. 周六对他来说很忙。 5. He always has a lot of new things to learn.他总有许多新东西要学。 6. Please call Karen at 555-8823. 请拨打 555-8823 联系凯伦。 二.要点分析 1. watch 的用法: ① watch sb. do sth 观看某人做了某事，表示结果 ② watch sb. doing sth 观看某人正在做某事 ③ watch TV 看电视 ④ n.手表、钟表 ⑤ 练习： The teacher is watching them playing football. I often watch her play football. I love the watch. 他喜欢这只手表。 2. wait 一般用作不及物动词，意为“等；等候”。 ① wait 可单独使用。 ② wait 后接所等的人、物的名词或代词时，应与介词 for 连用。 ③ wait to do sth. ④ wait for sb.(sth.) to do，表示“等某人(物)进行某动作”。 5 应用： a. I’m waiting at the bus stop. 我正在公共汽车站等候。 b. I’m waiting for the bus at the bus stop. c. They are waiting to have dinner．他们正等着吃饭。 d. We are waiting to go there．我们等着去那里。 15 e. The students are waiting for their new teacher to come in． 学生们正在等候新老师的到来。 3. sound ① sound 是系动词，后面直接跟形容词或者名词。 ② sound like 后面只能跟名词短语。 ③ 应用： a. It sounds a good idea. 那听起来是个好主意。 b. That sounds good. 那听起来很好。 c. That sounds like a good idea. 那听起来是个好主意。 3. thank 感谢、道谢 ① thank sb. ② thanks for sth. 感谢… 3 thanks for doing sth. 感谢某人做某事 4 thankful adj. 感谢的、感激的； a. be thankful to sb. 感谢某人 b. be thankful to sb. for sth. 因某事而感谢某人 ⑤ 应用： a. thank you very much.= Thanks a lot. b. No, thanks=No, thank you. 不，谢谢。 c. Thanks for your letter and the photos. 感谢你的来信和照片。 d. Thanks for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学英语。 e. I’m thankful to your mother for washing my clothes. f. I’m thankful to you for your help. = Thank you for your help. 三.短语 eat dinner 吃饭；就餐 clean the room 打扫房间 watch TV 看电视 talk to/about 谈论… write a letter 写信 wait for 等待；等候 take photos 拍照 TV show 电视节目 Some of… …中的一些 in the tree 在树上 at school 在学校 be with sb. 和…人一起 16 stay with sb. 和…人呆在一起 a photo of my family 我的家庭照 play basketball/soccer 打篮球踢足球 read newspaper/a book 看报纸／看书 go to the movies 去看电影=go to the cinema 四.句型 1. --What＋be＋主语+doing? …正在做什么？ --主语＋be＋doing …正在做某事 --what are you doing? --I’m doing my homework. 2. Here are/is... Here are some of my photos. Here is a photo of my family. 3. --Do you want to go to the movies? /--Sure. 4. --When do you want to go? /--Let’s go at seven. 5. --Where do people play basketball? /--At school. 6. --What’s he waiting for? --He’s waiting for a bus. 五.日常交际用语 1. That sounds good. 2. This TV show is boring. 六.现在进行时 1. 现在进行时表示现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行 或发生的动作。 2. 表示现阶段正在进行，但此刻不一定在进行的动作。 She is translating a novel these days. 她最近正在翻译一本小说。 3. 有些动词，如：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stay 等的现在进 行时。可表示正在进行的动作，一般跟时间状语，表示动作发生的 时间。 The train is arriving soon.火车就要到了。 17 I’m leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. 我明天动身去上海 4. 现在进行时时间状语及标志性词： now 现在 at this time 在这时 at the moment 现在 these days 最近 look 看（后面有明显的“！”） listen 听（后面有明显的“！”） 5. 现在进行时的肯定句形式:主语+be(am,is,are)+现在分词 I’m watching TV. 6. 现在进行时的否定句形式:主语+be(am,is,are)+not+现在分词 They are not playing soccer. 7. 现在进行时的一般疑问句形式及回答: Is(am,are)+主语+动词现在分词? Yes, 主语+is/am/are. No, 主语+isn’t/aren’t/am not. -- Are you reading? -- Yes, I am. /-- No, I am not. 8. 现在进行时的特殊疑问句形式: 特殊疑问词+is/am/are+主语+现 在分词? What is your brother doing? 9. 动词+ing 形式(现在分词)的构成. ① 一般情况下在动词词结尾加-ing. eat—eating do-doing clean-cleaning play-playing ② 以不发音的元音字母 e 结尾的动词,先去掉 e 再加-ing. take—taking write-writing have-having come-coming dance--dancing ③ 词尾如果是以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词.应该先双写 这个辅音字母,再加-ing. run-running sit-sitting cut-cutting 18 swim-swimming shop-shopping begin-beginning put-putting, sit-sitting plan-planning set-setting get-getting forget-forgetting stop-stopping down there 在那里 =there right now 现在、立刻、马上 =now as usual 像往常一样 好天气 fine / clear / nice weather 坏天气 bad weather 雨季 rainy season 下雪天 snowy（day） 小雨 light rainy 中雨 moderate rain 大雨 heavy rain 二.要点分析 1.talk 交谈 say /tell /speak /talk 的区别: ① say:说/讲着重说的内容,它的宾语只能是 “话” 不是人. ② tell:告诉某人某事. a. tell sb sth. b. tell sb. about sb. /sth. ③ speak:表示讲何种语言/打电话中 speak to sb. ④ talk: 交谈、聊天 (不及物动词：后面不能直接跟宾语) a. talk to /with sb. b. talk about sth. 谈论… ⑤ 练习： Can I say "Hi" to Jeff, too? I have something important to tell you . She can speak three languages now . He is talking with his pen pal now . I want to talk to her. 我想和她说话。 2. weather n. “天气”，不可数名词，其同音异形词是 whether(是否) fine weather 好/晴天 cloudy weather 阴天 19 What fine weather! 多好的天气啊！ What is the weather like today? 今天天气怎么样？ **weather 也可以作定语。 a weather bureau 气象局 weather forecast 天气预报 三.短语词组 around the world 世界各地 on vacation 度假 take photos 拍照 take a photo 拍照 on the beach 在海边 In a park 在公园里 a group of people 一群人 look like… 看起来像… be surprised 惊讶的 in this heat 在酷暑中 be relaxed 放松 have a good time 玩得很痛快 have a party 参加宴会 some…others…一些…另一些… play beach volleyball 打沙滩排球 be surprised at sth./sb. 对某人或某人感到惊讶 四.句型 1. How’s the weather(+地点)? (问天气) How’s the weather today? What’s the weather like today? --It’s raining/ cloudy/ sunny/ snowing/ cold. 3. --How’s it going? 表示问候对方，意思是“怎么样？/还好吗？” =How are you? = How’s it going with you? --Great./Not bad. 不错、不坏。 5. --Is Aunt Wang there? (注意:不是 there be 句型) --Yes, she is /No, she isn’t 二.要点分析 1. stop n. 车站 v. 停止、中止; 过去式 stopped，现在分词 stopping at the bus stop 在公共汽车站 ① stop doing sth 停止正在做的事情。 20 ② stop to do sth 停下(正在做的事情)来做另一件事。 ③ stop sb. from doing sth 阻止某人干某事。 ④ 练习： a. She never stops talking . 他总是不停说话。 b. They are very tired, but they didn’t want to stop to rest . 他们太累了，但他们不想停下来休息。 c. The heavy snow stopped him from coming to our party. 那场大雪使他未能前来参加我们的宴会。 d. When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking; when the teacher went out, the students stopped to talk. 老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；老师走出去时，学生们 又停下来开始说话了。 2. remember 记得、记住、想起 ① remember to do sth. 记住要做某事(事没做)。 ② remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事(事已做)。 ③ remember sb. 记得/认识某人。 ④ 练习 a. Remember to invite Tom to your birthday party. 记住邀请汤姆参加你的生日聚会。 b. I remembered inviting him this morning, but he was too busy to come. 我记得今天上午邀请过他了，可他太忙不能来了。 c. Do you remember Johnny Dean? 你记得约翰尼吗? 3. look[lʊk] n. 名词：看、外表、神态、脸色; vi. 不及物动词: 意为“看,望,瞧”。 Link v.连系动词,意为“看起来”。 ① 单独使用时,后不跟介词。 ② look at 看 ③ look for 寻找 21 ④ look after 照看,照料 ⑤ has a new look “有一个新面貌”,指外表。 ⑥ have a look “看一看”后面不接宾语，接宾语要用 at。 ⑦ 应用： a. I looked but saw nothing.我看了,但什么也没看见。 b. Why are you looking at me? c. He is old enough to look after himself. d. Old Henry looked for his dog. e. You look well/fine/healthy.你看起来很健康。 f. What dose he look like? 他长什么样？ g. He has a new look. 他换新面貌了。 h. Let me have a look. 让我看看。 i. He wanted to have a look at the outside world. 4. tell 的用法及辨析。 ① tell 常用于以下词组中，表示“说/讲（故事、笑话等）” tell jokes 讲笑话 tell stories 讲故事 tell lies 说谎 tell the truth 讲实话 ② tell 还有“告诉”的意思，常用于词组“tell sb (about) sth”中。 Can you tell me the way to your school? 你能告诉我去你们学校的路吗？ Let me tell you about my life in New York. 让我告诉你我在纽约的生活情况。 ③【辨析】tell, speak, talk 与 say a. tell 为及物动词 vi.，后必须直接跟宾语。 b. speak vt. 意思是“说话”； vi. 后跟语言。 c. talk vt. 意思是“讲话；谈话”。 d. say vi. 意思是“说；讲”，表示说话的内容。 e. 应用： Would you please tell us about your family? 你能告诉我们你的家庭情况吗？ 22 Can I speak to Mike? 我能和迈克通话吗？ Can you speak French? 你会讲法语吗？ They are talking about music. 他们正在讨论音乐。 My math teacher talked with me about my homework. 我的数学老师和我谈了我的作业情况。 What did your father say about your English test? 关于你的英语测试你爸爸说什么了？ You should say “Thank you” when someone helps you. 当有人帮助你时，你应该说一声谢谢。 5. 结构 go + v.-ing 的用法 go shopping 去购物 go swimming 去游泳 go fishing 去钓鱼 go hiking 去远足 go boating 去划船 go skating 去滑冰 6. a little bit、 a little、 a bit ① a little bit 意思是“有点儿”，后跟形容词，程度较弱。 ② a little 跟不可数名词，表示数量；跟可数名词时意思是“小的”。 ③ a bit 修饰不可数名词时，后要加 of，即 a little = a bit of。 ④ 应用： a. She’s tall but she’s a little bit heavy. 她个子很高但有点儿胖。 b. There is a little water in the glass. 玻璃杯里有一点儿水。 c. I have two little goldfish. 我有两条小金鱼。 d. There is a bit of water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点儿水。 7. 不定代词 nobody 没有人（= no one） 【拓展】nobody 为不定代词，主要有以下几种形式： everybody somebody anybody nobody （指人） everyone someone anyone no one （指人或物） everything something anything nothing （指物） Nobody knows him because he has a new look. 没有人认识他因为他换了副新形象。 He is lazy. Nobody wants to make friends with him. 23 他人很懒，没有人想和他交朋友。 Nobody is in the classroom. The students are on the playground. 教室里没有人，学生们都在操场上。 【提醒】 ① 不定代词本身没有复数形式； ② 不定代词做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 三.词组 look like 看起来像… a little bit 一点儿 a pop singer 一位流行歌手 wear glasses 戴眼镜 have a new look 呈现新面貌 go shopping 去购物 long straight hair 长直发 long curly hair 长卷发 short straight hair 短直发 short curly hair 短卷发 medium height 中等身材 medium build 中等身材 the captain of the basketball team 篮球队队长 四.句型 1. -- What does he look like? (问长相) -- He’s really short. He has short hair. -- He’s tall. / He’s thin. -- He’s medium height.( =medium build) 2. She has beautiful, long black hair. 3. I don’t think he’s so great . 4. I can go shopping and nobody knows me. (没有人认识我) 二.要点分析 1. week[wi:k] 星期、周 ① 星期名词前一般用介词 on, 但在美国英语中常可省去；但是 若其前用了 this, last, next, every 等词，则不用任何介词。 He’ll arrive (on) Monday. 他将于星期一到。 We go there every Sunday. 我们每周星期天都去那儿。 He went home last Friday. 他上周星期五回家去了。 ② 询问星期几，有以下表达: 24 今天是星期几? 正：What’s today? 正：What day is it today? 正：What day of the week is it today? 问日期: What is the date? ③ 与月份名词连用时，通常是星期名词置前面。如： They got married on Friday, September 10. 他们于 9 月 10 日(星期五)结婚。 2. also, too 和 either 的用法：都表示“也”，但用法不同。 ① also 常位语句中，用在 be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为 动词之前。 ② too 常用于肯定句末，之前用逗号隔开。 ③ either 用于否定句中，常位于句末。 ④ 应用： a. We also have orange juice and green tea. b. He can speak English. He can also speak French. c. She is beautiful. And she’s also friendly. d. My father is a teacher, too. 我爸爸也是个老师。 e. He doesn’t like meat. I don’t, either. f. They can’t stand soap opera, either. 他们也不喜欢肥皂剧。 3. would like would like 意为“想，想要”，与 want、like 意义相同，但语气更委 婉。would like 可与任何人称连用，没有人称和数的变化，肯定句中 would 常在主语后面缩写为’d。否定句在 would 后加 not，缩写成 wouldn’t 基本句型： 肯定句：主语 + would like … 特殊疑问句：疑问词 + would + 主语 + like …? 一般疑问句：Would + 主语 + like …? 基本用法： 25 ① would like sth. “想要某物”。 -- Would you like a cup of tea? -- Yes, please. / No, thanks. ② would like to do sth. “想要做某事”。 -- Would you like to go shopping with me? -- Yes, I’d like to. / I’d like to, but I have to do my homework. -- Sorry, I’m too busy.对不起，我很忙。 (不能用 would 直接回答) ③ would like sb. to do sth. “想要某人做某事”。 Jim would like his friend to help him with his English. 4. and 和 or 的用法： ① and、or 都用作并列连词，连接句子中的并列成分，意思是“和”。 但是，and 常用在肯定句中，而 or 常用在否定句和疑问句中。 ② or 用作并列连词时，还可表示选择关系，意思是“或者；还是”。 ③ or 还可以当“否则”的意思讲。 ④ 应用： a. I like dumplings, fish and orange juice. b. I don’t like onions, green tea or porridge. (和) c. Is your mother a teacher or a doctor? (或、还是) d. Work hard, or you will lose the job.(否则) 5.可数名词与不可数名词 ① 可数名词 countable nouns Potato tomato egg Apple strawberry orange ② 不可数名词 uncountable nouns Beef mutton broccoli milk 牛奶 bread 面包 beer 啤酒 coffee 咖啡 cream 奶油 glass 玻璃 gold 黄金 hair 头发 ice 冰 information 消息 jam 果酱 juice 饮料 26 knowledge 知识 mince 肉馅 money 金钱 oil 油 paper 纸 soap 肥皂 stone 石头 tea 茶 water 水 wine 葡萄酒 wood 木头 work 工作 ③ 不可数名词数量表达： a piece of news 一件消息 a box of milk 一盒牛奶 a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a drop of oil 一滴油 a grain of sand 一粒沙子 a sheet of paper 一页纸 ④ 一些名词加 s 后，意思不同。 snow 雪 snows 积雪 water 水 waters 海水或河水,湖水 green 绿色 greens 青菜 time 时间 times 时代 work 工作 works 著作 iron 铁 irons 镣铐 people 人民 peoples 民族 三.词组 would like 想要 a bowl of rice 一碗米饭 what size 什么尺寸 orange juice 桔汁 green tea 绿茶 phone number 电话号码 as well as 而且 what kind of 表示....的种类 a kind of 一种… Anything else 别的东西 kind of 某种… (一种) some kinds of 某些种类 (多种) a bottle of orange juice 一瓶桔子汁(不可数) three oranges 三个桔子(可数) some chicken 一些鸡肉(不可数) three chickens 三只小鸡(可数) a large/medium/small bowl 大碗/中碗/小碗 四.句型/日常交际用语 1. -- Can I help you? 27 -- I’d like some noodles. please. 2. -- what kind of noodles would you like? (问种类) -- I’d like mutton and potato noodles. Please. 3. -- Would you like a cup of green tea? -- Yes, please. /No, thanks 4. -- What size bowl of noodles would you like? (问尺寸) -- I’d like a large bowl of noodles. 二.要点分析 1. spend 的用法:Spend 意思是“度过；花费（时间、金钱）”，过去式 为 spent。 ① spend...(with sb.) (和某人一起)度过… ② spend time/money on sth. 在某事物上花费时间/金钱 ③ spend time/money (in) doing sth 在做某事上花时间/金钱 ④ 应用： a. My father is busy. He has little time to spend with me. 我爸爸很忙，他很少有时间陪我。 b. He spends too much money on clothes. 他在衣服上花了太多钱。 c. I spend a long time on TV every day. 我每天花费很长时间看电视。 d. How much did you spend buying the big house? 你买这所大房子花了多少钱？ e. My father spends all his free time reading newspapers. 我爸爸的所有空闲时间都用来看报纸了。 2. visit ① v. 访问,拜访,探望,参观,游览,视察,巡视 ② n. 访问,往来,参观,游览 ③ visitor (访问者，来宾，游客，参观者) ④ 应用： a visit to an island 一次岛屿游览 28 a visit to the UN 一次联合国访问 We often visit our grandma. 我们经常探望奶奶。 He is an English visitor. 他是一名英国游客。 3. play n. 玩耍、比赛、戏剧 v. 参加比赛、玩、演奏 ① 单独使用 ② play +运动、游戏或棋类：不加定冠词 ③ play +乐器：加定冠词 ④ play with… 和…一起玩 ⑤ 应用： a. Do you want to be in the school play?(学校表演) b. I am surprised they can play in this heat.(玩耍) c. play soccer 踢足球；play computer games 玩电脑游戏 play chess 下棋 d. play the guitar 弹吉他 e. She likes to play with her friends and eat grass. 5. It is time to do sth 的用法。 ① It’s time to do sth.意思为“是做某事的时间了”。 ② =It’s time for sth. ③ 应用： a. It was time to go home. 到了回家的时间了。 b. It’s time to go to bed. 该睡觉了。 c. It’s time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。 4. read 的用法: vt.&vi. 意思是“读；阅读；朗读”, 其过去式为 read。 I read a book about history. 我读了一本有关历史的书。 She usually reads a book before going to sleep. 她通常在睡觉之前看书。 His father likes to read newspapers before dinner. 他爸爸喜欢在晚饭前看报。 do some reading 阅读 29 【辨析】read, look at, see 与 watch 动词 常跟宾语 意义 read a book, a newspaper, a magazine, a story, English 读；看 look at the blackboard, the picture, the teacher (动作)看 see a movie, a doctor 观看；看见 watch TV, a football match, a program on TV 观看 6. no 和 not 的用法辨析。 ① no 此处用作形容词，做定语，后跟单数名词，复数名词，或 不可数名词，意思是“没有”，相当于 not a 或 not any。 ② not 常用来完成否定句，用在 be 动词、助动词、情态动词后。 ③ 应用： a. He is unfriendly. So he has no friends. 他很不友好，所以他没有朋友。 b. I have no time to talk to you. 我没有时间和你讲话。 c. The boy has no father. 那个男孩没有父亲。 d. She doesn’t like watching TV. 她不喜欢看电视。 e. I can’t speak French. 我不会说法语。 7.介词 on, in, at 表示时间的用法。 ① 在具体某一天，或具体某一天的上午、下午及晚上用介词 on， 如星期，日期及节日。 on Monday 在星期一 on Sunday morning 在星期天早上 on July 1 在 7 月 1 日 on the evening of September 10 在 9 月 10 日晚上 on Children’s Day 在儿童节 on Teachers’ Day 在教师节 ② 在早上、下午、晚上，月份、年份、季节之前用 in。 30 in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早上/下午/晚上 in March/May/October 在三月/五月/十月份 in 2008 在 2008 年 in summer/winter 在夏天/冬天 in a week 一周里 in a year 一年里 ③ 在中午、夜晚及时间点前用 at。 at night 在晚上 at noon 在中午 at midnight 在午夜 at lunch 在午饭时间 at 9:00 am 在上午九点钟 三.短语 stay at home 呆在家里 do some reading 阅读 go to the movies 去看电影 go to summer camp 去夏令营 go to the mountains 去爬山 go shopping 去购物 go for a walk with 和…一起散步 go home 回家 visit sb. 拜访某人 look for 寻找 last month 上个月 three days ago 三天前 sit down 坐下 talk show 访谈节目 on Saturday morning clean my room do one’s homework 做某人的家庭作业 study for the (math) test 准备(数学)考试 四.句型 1. -- How was your weekend? -- It was great./OK 2. It is time to do sth 该…的时候了 It was time to go home. 是回家的时候了。 3. -- What did you do last weekend? -- On Saturday morning, I played tennis. 五.日常交际用语 1. I visited my aunt last weekend. 2. I had lots of things to do. 31 3. I stayed at home. 4. I studied for the math test. 5. Sounds like you had fun. 六.一般过去时态 1. 一般过去时的用法。 ①表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和以下表示过 去的时间状语连用： a. 和 yesterday 构成的词组： yesterday morning yesterday afternoon yesterday evening the day before yesterday (前天) b. 和 last 构成的词组： last night (昨晚) last Sunday (上星期天) last weekend (上个周末) last week(上周) last month (上个月) last year (去年) c. 和 ago 构成的词组: an hour ago (一小时以前) two days ago (两天前) d. 过去年份： in 2000 (在 2000 年) in October, 1990 e. 过去的时间从句 when I was five years old (当我五岁的时候)等 ② 表示过去的习惯，即经常或反复发生的动作。句中常出现 often；always；usually；sometimes；every day；never 等。 ③ 除动词 be 的过去式 was/were 有人称变化,其他都没人称的 变化 2. 一般过去时的谓语构成为：动词过去式 ① 一般情况下在动词词尾加-ed. stay-stayed help-helped ②词尾是 e 的动词加-d. like-liked live-lived ③以一个元音字母加一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节应双写该辅音 32 字母,再加-ed. stop-stopped plan-planned ④以辅音字母+y 结尾的动词,要将 y 改为 i 再加-ed. study-studied worry-worried ⑤不规则动词的过去式(更多见附录) am/is-was are-were have/has-had go-went find-found do/does-did 二.要点分析 1. find 的用法: 寻找，过去式 found ① find sb. 找到某人 look for 寻找 ② find sb. + 名词 发现某人怎么样。 ③ find sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事(偶然的) ④ find it +形容词+ to do sth. 发现做某事怎么样。 ⑤ 应用： a. He is looking for his pen, but he can’t find it. 他在寻找他的钢笔，但他却没有找到 b. I found a small boy crying in the corner. 我发现一个小女孩正在角落里哭。 c. I find her a good teacher. 我发现她是个好老师。 d. I find it interesting to read these stories. 我发现读这些故事很有趣。 2. decide v. 决定、断定、判定。决定是一个瞬间动作，所以一般不 用现在式。 ① decide to do sth. 决定做某事 ② 应用： a. we decided to play tennis. 3. feel 的用法: 感觉，过去式为 felt ① “feel + 形容词”表示 “感到……”。 ② 应用： a. That made me feel very happy. 那让我感到很开心。 33 b. I feel very sad today. 今天我感到很伤心。 4. make 的用法：使役动词，过去式是 made。 ① make sb. do sth. 意思是“让某人做某事” ② let sb. do sth. “让某人做某事”。 ③ have/has sb. do sth. “让某人做某事”。 ④ 应用： a. He often makes me laugh. 他经常使我大笑。 b. Don’t let her do that.别让她做那件事。 c. He often has us read English books in the morning. 我们英语老师经常让我们在早上读英语书。 5. have fun doing sth.的用法。 ① have fun doing sth.愉快地做某事，相当于 have a good time 或 enjoy oneself。其中，fun 为不可数名词。 ② 应用： a. We had great fun playing in the water. 我们在水里玩得很愉快 b. We have fun playing sports every day. = We enjoy ourselves playing sports every day. 我们每天愉快地做运动。 6. exam, test 与 quiz ① exam 指正式的“考试”，比如“期中考试，期末考试”等。 ② test 一般指小考或测验。 ③ quiz 指事先没做好准备，随时进行的问答或测验。 ④ 应用： a. We are studying for the math exam. 我们正在为数学考试而学习。 b. We have a history exam today. 今天我们考试历史。 c. He passed the English test. 他通过了这次英语测验。 d. The boss gave me a 10-minute quiz. 这个老板给我进行了一次 10 分钟的测验。 34 7. enjoy 的用法。 ① enjoy 意为“喜欢，享受”，后跟名词、代词、动词-ing 形式。 ② 但 enjoy 侧重 “欣赏，享受”。like 侧重对某人或事物发生兴趣， 并积极参加。 ③ enjoy doing sth. ④ 应用： a. My mother enjoys healthy foods. 我妈妈喜欢健康食品。 b. …so I didn’t really enjoy it. 所以我并不真的喜欢那里。 c. Tom enjoys living in Paris. Tom 喜欢在巴黎生活。 d. They all like English and history.他们都喜欢英语和历史。 e. She enjoys listening to light music. 她很爱听轻音乐。 三.短语 pretty good 相当好；不错 in the corner 在角落 kind of boring 有点无聊 be lost 迷路 feel happy 感到高兴 be fun 很有趣 on vacation 在度假 Central Park 中央公园 the Great Wall 长城 the Palace Museum 故宫 Tian’an Men Square 天安门广场 walked back to 步行返回到… 四.句型 1. --Where did you go on vacation? --I went to the breach. 2. --How was the weather? (问天气) --It was hot and humid. 3. It was kind of boring. 4. That made me feel very happy. 5. We had great fun playing in the water. have great fun doing sth 表示"愉快地做某事"，"做某事很有趣" 6. I helped him find his father. That made me feel very happy. help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事(to 可省) 35 make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 let sb. do sth. Let me help you carry(搬动) it. 7. I found a small boy crying in the corner. 二.要点分析 1. mind 意为"介意；在乎"，主要用于疑问句和否定句。 ① I Don't mind … 我不介意，我不在乎 ② Would you mind+sb./one’s+doing? 你介意某人做某事吗？ ③ Do you mind…? 你介意…吗？ ④ 句型:Would/Do you mind …?的回答: 不介意: Certainly not / Of course not / Not at all/ No, please 介意: I’m sorry ,but I do / Yes, I do mind / Better not . ⑤ 应用： a. I can’t stand him. But I don’t mind his brother. 我不能忍受他，但我不介意他兄弟。 b. I don’t mind what young people think of me! 我不在乎年轻人怎么看我! c. --Would you mind my closing the window? -- Certainly not.(不介意) -- Better not.(介意) d. -- Would you mind me opening that door? -- I'm sorry, but it's not allowed. e. --Do you mind if I smoke? --Not at all, please. 2. break vi. 意思为“违背，违反，不依从，不服从，不遵守”，后常 接法律、规则、诺言等做宾语。其过去式为 broke。 Which rules are these students breaking? 这些学生在违反哪些规章制度? He always breaks the rules of schoo1．他总是违反校规。 He broke his words．他失言了。() 36 Don't break the law! 别犯法! 3. 情态动词 can 的用法 ① 情态动词 can 可用来表示请求许可或提供帮助。 ② 含有情态动词 can 的一般疑问句应将 can 置于主语之前。 ③ 一般疑问句回答时应用 can／can't。 ④ can 的肯定句变否定句时，可直接 can 后加 not，可缩写为 can't。 ⑤ 应用： a. --Can I have a look? 我可以看一看吗? --Yes，you can．／No，you can't． b. I can't do it.我不会做。 c. I can't help you．我帮不了你。 4. 情态动词 have to 的用法 ① have to do “不得不做某事”，侧重于客观上的“必须，不得不”， 和其他情态动词的区别在于它具有人称的变化。 肯定句：主语+have／has to+动词原形+其他。 否定句：主语+don't／doesn't／didn't + have to+其他。 疑问句：Do/Does/Did+主语+have to+动词原形+其他? ② 应用： a. I have to go there with her．我不得不和她一起去那儿。 b. He has to work on Sunday．他不得不在周日工作。 c. We have to go and help him．我们得去帮帮他。 d. He doesn't have to tell me this．他不必告诉我这件事。 e. Does she have to do every thing 什么事都得她做吗？ 5. can’t stand 的用法 ① stand up 起立 2 can’t stand sth /sb 不能忍受某事/某人 3 can’t stand doing sth 不能忍受干某事 ④ 应用： a. Don't slouch! Stand up straight! 别没精打采的! 站直了！ b. It's boiling hot today! I can hardly stand it. 37 今天天气像蒸笼一样热！我简直受不了。 c. I can't stand you biting your fingernails. 你咬手指甲的习惯真让我受不了。 6. 介词短语 ① in bed 表示“在床上，卧床”的意思，in 和 bed 之间不能用冠词， bed 也不用复数。 Don't read in bed．不要躺在床上看书。 He's ill in bed．他卧病在床。 ② by ten o'clock 介词 by，表示“不迟于，在……之前(时间)”。 You must finish your homework by twelve o'clock． 你必须在 12 点钟以前完成你的作业。 Please do it by tomorrow．请在明天之前做此事。 7. What do you think of ...? 你认为…怎么样？ ① What do you think of +名词？ ② =How do you like +名词/doing? ③ 不能简单地用"yes"或"no"来回答，而要具体说明理由。/ 4 应用： a. -- What do you think of the picture? -- Great! I like it./ I love it. (肯定回答) b. How do you like the picture? c. --How do you like playing tennis? --I don’t mind./I can’t stand./I don’t like. (否定回答) 三.词组 talk show 访谈节目 soap opera 肥皂剧 sports show 体育节目 game show 比赛节目 think of 认为 in fact 事实上 talk to(with)… 跟…谈话 thanks for… 为…感谢 each student 每个学生 key ring 钥匙链 baseball cap 棒球帽 the school magazine 校刊 can’t stand 不能忍受 don’t mind 不介意/不在乎 38 like and dislike 好恶；爱憎 how about… …怎么样？ ＝what about… a thirteen-year-old boy 一个十三岁的男孩 ＝ The boy is thirteen years old 四.句型/日常交际用语 1. --What do you think of situation comedy? -- I love them. 2. I asked students about fashion. 3. This is what I think. 4. I don’t mind what young people think of me! 5. Can you please put my letter in next month’s magazine? 6. How about you? 二.要点分析 1. have to 通常指由于客观原因则不得不做某事，意思为“不得不”。 后面必须跟动词原形。 ① 否定形式要借助 do。(don’t /doesn’t /didn’t) ② have 和 has 的过去式为 had。 ③ must/ have to 的区别 a. must 表示说话人的主观看法,没有时态,人称变化 b. have to 表示客观方面的必须,外界迫使某人不得不做某事. 有人称和时态的变化. c. must 的否定形式 mustn’t 不容许,禁止 d. have to 的否定形式。= needn’t ④ 应用： a. He doesn’t have to study English. 他没有必要学习英语。 b. He had to study English last night. 他昨晚不得不学英语。 c. You don’t have to come early. = You needn’t come early. 他不需要早来。 2. too many, too much 和 much too ① too many + 复数名词(可数) ； “太多”，与 many 类似 39 ② too much + 不可数名词： “太多”，与 much 类似 ③ much too + 形容词或副词；much too 是 too 的强势语。 ④ 应用： a. I have too many rules in my house. 我家有很多规矩。 b. There’s too much water. 水太多了。 c. This one is much too big. 这个确实太大了。 This kind of computer is much too expensive. 这种电脑太贵了 2. make ① 做,制作,制造。 I have to help my mom make dinner. 我不得不帮妈妈做晚餐。 ◆make 后可跟双宾语，间接宾语后移时一般用 for 引导。 My uncle will make me a kite. = My uncle will make a kite for me. 叔叔将为我做一只风筝。 ② 使、迫使：“make sb. +形容词”使某人怎么样 That makes the teachers really unhappy. 那使老师很生气。 His words made me sadly. ③ make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事。 That made me feel very happy. ④ make sb. +名词 使某人成为…… Son, I will make you a angel, 儿子我将让你成为天使 ⑤ make +oneself +过去分词 使自己被干某事 ⑥ be made to do sth 被迫干某事(被动语态) He raised his voice to make himself hear. 3. other /else 的区别：else, other 都可以表示“别的”、“其他的”。 40 ① other 用作形容词，修饰单、复数名词或代词 one, 位于所修饰 的词之前。 ② else 作形容词时，用在 who, whose, what 等疑问代词或 something, anything, nothing, anybody, nobody等不定代词后作定语是 个副词，常与不定代词、疑问代(副)词、否定代词或副词连用。 ③ other 用作代词时，意为“别的人”、“别的东西”。 ④ else 作副词时，用在 when, where 或副词后等词后作状语。 ⑤ 应用： a. What's that in your other hand? 你的另一只手里拿着什么？ b. Other people may not think that way. 别人可能不这样想。 c. The story is more interesting than the other one. 这个故事比 那个更有趣。 d. One of them is a boy and the other is a girl. 其中的一个是男 孩,另一个是女孩。 e. Do you have anything else to say? 你还有别的事情要说吗？ f. I went nowhere else this afternoon. 今天下午我哪也没去。 g. Where else are you going to stay? 你们还要在什么地方停 留？ 三.词组 school rules 学校制度 break the rules 违反制度 in the hallways 在过道 listen to music 听音乐 sports shoes 运动鞋 gym class 体育课 after school 放学后 have to do 不得不做 too many 太多 get up 起床 by ten o’clock 十点之前 make dinner 做饭 the children’s palace 少年宫 in the dining hall 在餐厅 in the music room 在音乐教室里 hang out with sb.“和某人闲逛” 四.句型 1. Don’t arrive late for class. 41 2. --What else do you have to do? --We have to clean the classroom. 3. --Can we wear hats in school? --Yes, we can/ No, we can’t. 4. --Do you have to wear a uniform at school? --Yes, we do /No, we don’t. 五.祈使句 通常用来表示命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告等语气。它的主语 you(听话人)通常省略。为表示礼貌，祈使句中经常在句前或句后加 please。句末用 please 时，前面通常加逗号。其构成通常有以下几种 形式。 1. Be 型：即系动词原型 be+表语＋其他 Be quiet, please. 否定句 Don’t + be+表语+其他。 Don’t be angry. 2. Do 型：即系动词原形＋宾语＋其他 Open you books, please. 否定句 Don’t +实义动词原形+宾语+其他。 Don’t eat in the classroom. 3. Let 型：即 Let+宾语+动词原形+其他 Let me help you. Let’s go at six o’clock. 否定句一般在宾语后加 not。 Let’ not watch TV. 4. No+V-ing 型(此种形式通常用于公共场合的提示语中，意为"禁止 做某事") No smoking! 严禁吸烟！ No talking! 不许交谈！ No passing! 禁止通行！ No parking! 不许停车 1. 名词所有格 名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系，通常用名词所有格的形式， 42 意为"……的"。一般有以下几种形式： ① 一般情况下在词尾加"‘s"。例如： Kate’s father Kate 的爸爸 my mother’s friend 我妈妈的朋友 ② 如果复数名词以 s 结尾，只加"’"。例如： Teachers’ Day 教师节 The boys’ game 男孩们的游戏 ③ 如果复数名词不以 s 结尾，仍加"‘s"。例如： Children’s Day 儿童节 Women’s Day 妇女节 ④ 表示两个或几个共有时，所有格应加在后一个名词上。 Lucy and Lily’s room Lucy 和 Lily 的房间 Kate and Jim’s father Kate 和 Jim 的爸爸 ⑤ 动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加"‘s"，而常 常用介词 of 的短语来表示。 a map of China 一幅中国地图 the name of her cat 她的猫的名字 a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片 the door of the bedroom 卧室的门 2. There be 句型：There be 是一个"存在"句型，表示"有"的意思。 ① 肯定句形式：There be +名词(单数或复数)+地点状语。 ② 否定句形式：There be + not + (any) +名词+地点状语。 ③ 疑问句形式：Be there + (any) +名词+地点状语？ 肯定回答：Yes, there is / are. 否定回答：No, there isn’t / aren’t. ④ 特殊疑问句： How many +可数名词+are there (+地点状语)？ 回答用 There be … 有时直接用数字回答。One. / Two… How much +不可数名词+is there (+地点状语)？ 43 回答用 There is much./none. ⑤ 当 be 动词后接两个以上主语时，be 与最近主语保持一致。 ⑥ 应用： a. There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. b. There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. c. There is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。 d. -- Is there a dog in the picture? 画上有一只狗吗？ -- Yes, there is. 有。 /-- No, there isn’t e. -- How many students are there in the classroom? -- There is only one. / --There are nine. f. -- How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水？ -- There is much. /-- None. ⑦ There be 和 have 的区别: a. There be 表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have 表示“某人拥有 某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。 b. 当 have 表示“包括、存在”时，There be 句型与其可互换。 c. 应用： He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。 There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。 A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。 ⑧ There be 句型变化： a. 对主语提问：当主语是人时， "Who’s+介词短语? 当主语 是物时， "What’s + 介词短语? 注意：无论原句的主语是 单数还是复数，一般都用 is(回答时却要根据实际情况来决 定)。 There are many things over there. →What’s over there? There is a little girl in the room.→Who is in the room? b. 对地点状语提问： Where is / are+主语? There is a computer on the desk. → Where is the computer? 44 There are four children on the playground. →Where are the four children? c. 对数量提问：一般有两种句型结构： How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语？ How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语？ d. 肯定为否定句： There is some water in the bottle, too. →There isn’t any water in the bottle, either. 3. 常用动词用法 ① 动词＋doing Like doing sth. enjoy doing sth. find sb. doing sth. have fun doing sth stop doing sth. Thanks for doing sth. What about doing sth. How about doing sth. be busy doing sth mind doing sth. practice doing sth ② 动词＋do（原形） Watch sb. do sth. help sb. do sth. make sb. do sth. let’s do sth. ③ 动词 to do tell sb. to do sth. want to do sth. decide to do sth. have to do sth. write to sb. It’s time to do sth. stop to do like to do sth. would like to do sth. remember to do sth. 常见动词过去式 动词 过去式 词意 cut cut 切、割 45 shut shut 关、闭（门窗） put put 放置 set set 设置 let let 让 hit hit 撞击 hurt hurt 受伤、疼痛 cost cost 值…钱、花费 beat beat 击败 read read 阅读、读 run→ran 跑步；逃跑 come→came 来 become→became 变得；成为 buy→bought 买 fight→fought 打架；打仗 think→thought 想；认为 seek→sought 寻找；探究 bring→brought 带来 catch→caught 抓住； 接住 teach→taught 教；教书 lend→lent 借出 send→sent 送；派遣 spend→spent 花费（时间、金钱）build→built 建设；建立 feel→felt 感觉；摸起来 leave→left 离开 keep→kept 保持；保留 sleep→slept 睡觉 sweep→swept 打扫 mean [mi:n] →meant [ment] 意思是 learn→learnt 学；学会 burn→burnt 燃烧；烧伤 hear [hiE] heard [hE:d] 听见 lead→led 领导；致使 feed→fed 喂养；喂食 meet→met 遇见；碰到 shoot→shot 射击 get→ot 获得；得到 win→won 获胜； 赢得 sit→sat 坐下 sell sold 出售 tell→told 告诉 smell→smelt 闻；嗅 spell→spelt 拼写 hold→held 拿着；握住 find found 找到；发现 stand→stood 站立 understand→understood 理解 pay→paid 付款 say [sei] →said [sed] 说 have /has→had 有 make→made 制作 lose [lu:z] lost [lRst] 丢失 begin→began 开始 drink→drank 喝；饮 ring→rang 铃（响）；打电话 sing→sang 唱歌 swim→swam 游泳 blow→blew 吹；刮风 fly→flew 飞；放（风筝）know→knew 知道； 懂得 grow→grew 种植；生长 throw→threw 扔；投 draw→drew 绘 画 show→showed 出示；给…看 break→broke 打破；不服从 speak→spoke 说话 steal→stole 偷 choose→chose 选择 freeze→froze 冻结 wake→woke 醒来；唤醒 forget→forgot 忘记 take→took 拿走 46 eat→ate 吃 fall→fell 落下；摔倒 rise→rose 上升；上涨 drive→drove 驾驶 give→gave 给 see→saw 看见 ride→rode 骑（车、马）hide→hid 躲藏 write→wrote 书写 wear→wore 穿、戴（衣帽等）am / is→was 是 are→were 是 do / does→did 做 go→went 去 lie→lay 躺；卧 情 态动词的过去式 must→must 必须 can→could 能够；会 shall→should 应当 will→would 将；会