2019届二轮复习语法专题特殊句式课件（37张）

2019届二轮复习语法专题特殊句式课件（37张）

考点一  倒装句 　　通常情况下句子的自然语序为“主语+谓语”,但有时为了强调句 子的某一部分,或出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要,将这种比 较固定的语序加以颠倒,就形成了倒装。倒装分为完全倒装、部分倒装 和形式倒装。 一、英语句子语序概述 考点 清单 语序 自然语序 主语+谓语动词 The boy came in.这个男孩进来了。 倒装语序 完全倒装 谓语动词+主语 Suddenly in came the boy.突然这个男孩进来了。 部分倒装 助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+谓语动词的其他部分 Never shall we forget them.我们永远不会忘记他们。 2019 届二轮复习语法专题 特殊句式 二、完全倒装 谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有 两种: 1. 一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语,如:here,there,now, then,up,down,in,out,away,off,in the room,on the wall等,置于句首,且主语 是名词时。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrella. 下雨了,伞撑起来了。 Then followed three days of heavy rain. 接下来下了三天大雨。 Out rushed the children laughing loudly.孩子们大笑着冲了出去。 Away flew the plane.飞机飞走了。 In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor. 在英格兰一所大学的一个讲堂里坐着一位教授。 注意:如果主语是人称代词,不能使用完全倒装。 Here it is.它在这儿。 2.such置于句首时。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century ' s greatest scientist. 这就是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,一个质朴的人,也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。 [点津]①此句型中的such多被认为是表语,所以such后的be动词应与其 后真正的主语保持一致。 Such are the facts;no one can deny them. 这些就是事实,没有人能否定它们。 ②此类倒装一般只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。 三、部分倒装 只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词、情态动词或be动词)置于主语之前的 句子,叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有下面几种: 1.so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语,意为“ …… 也是如此”。 They love making lots of friends;so do I. 他们喜欢交很多朋友,我也是如此。 2. neither/nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语,意为“ …… 也不这样”。 Lily can ' t ride a bicycle;neither/nor can Lucy. 莉莉不会骑自行车,露西也不会。 3. 否定词never,seldom,nor,not,little,hardly,scarcely等或表示否定意义的 介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condition等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He didn ' t make a single mistake. 他一个错误都没犯。 4. only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且都放在句首时。 Only then did I begin to understand him. 就在那时,我才开始理解他。 Only in this way can we solve the problem. 只有用这种方法,我们才能解决这个问题。 Only after the war did he learn the sad news. 直到战争结束后,他才知道那个让人难过的消息。 5.so...that...和such...that...句式中,so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首 时,主句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself under- stood. 他英语说得如此清楚,以至于别人都能听懂。 Such progress did he make that he won much respect. 他取得了如此大的进步,以至于赢得了很多尊敬。 四、形式倒装 形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是只把强调的内容提至句 首,主谓并不倒装。这样的结构非常多,但有几个重要的句型需要特别 注意: 1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they had! =How interesting a talk they had! 他们进行了一次多么有趣的谈话! 2.the+比较级...,the+比较级...句型 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 你听英语听得越多,它就变得越简单。 3.whatever+ n .或however+ adj ./ adv .引导的让步状语从句 Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise.无论你有 什么理由,你都应当履行诺言。 However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 不管这个问题多难,我们今天晚上必须把它解决。 4.as引导的让步状语从句中,一般把所强调的信息放在句首;though引导 的让步状语从句中也可以这样倒装。 Young as/though he was, he was successful. 尽管他很年轻,但他获得了成功。 Child as/though he is, he knows much. 尽管他是个孩子,但他知道很多。 题组训练·用倒装句完成句子 ①From opposite the street 　come two kids     (冲出了两个孩子), scream- ing in panic. ② 　Such is the kindness of the nurse     (那位护士是如此的善良)that the patient can never be enough grateful to her. ③Only in this way 　can you pass the test     (你才能通过这次测试). ④Never before 　have I had such a nice meal     (吃过这么好的饭). ⑤Only when you can find peace in your heart 　will you keep good rela- tionships with others     (你才能和别人相处的好). 考点二  强调句 一、强调句型 1.强调句型的陈述句形式: It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分。 被强调部分为“人”时可用who/that,被强调部分是“事物”时用that。 It is I who/that am right.(强调主语) It was him that/who we met at the school gate.(强调宾语) It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(强调状语) 2.强调句型的一般疑问句形式:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他成 分? Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? 第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗? Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English? 教你们英语的是王教授吗? 3.强调句型的特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+is/was it that+其他成分? Who was it that broke the window?打破窗户的是谁? When was it that you called me yesterday? 你昨天给我打电话是什么时候? What is it that you want me to do?你想要我干什么? 4.有时可用It might be...that/who...,It must have been...that/who...句型表 示强调。 It might be his father that/who you ' re thinking of. 你牵挂的可能是他父亲。 It must have been his brother that/who you saw. 你看到的一定是他的弟弟。 5.not...until...结构的强调句型。 其强调句式为:It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他成分。 He didn ' t go to bed until ten o ' clock. →It was not until ten o ' clock that he went to bed. 直到10点他才上床睡觉。 I didn ' t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. →It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 直到她摘掉墨镜我才认出她是一个著名影星。 二、对谓语动词的强调 It is/was...who/that...结构不能强调谓语动词。 如果需要强调谓语动词, 用助动词do,does或did。 Do come this evening.今天晚上一定要来啊。 He did write to you last week.上周他的确给你写信了。 Tom does study hard now.现在汤姆的确学习很努力。 三、特殊疑问句中以“the devil”“on earth”“in the world”表“究 竟;到底”之意来起到强调的作用 What on earth are you doing?你究竟在做什么? 题组训练·用强调句翻译下列句子 ①我确实通知了他这件事情。 　I did inform him of this thing.     ②她终于明白了是她的丈夫Tom救了她。 　She finally understood it was her husband Tom who saved her.     ③Smith先生生气是因为Jack上学迟到吗? 　Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr Smith got angry?     ④他想知道究竟是谁拿走了他的钥匙。 　He wondered who it was that took away his keys.     ⑤直到读了那封信,他才完全明白发生了什么。 　 It was not until he read the letter that he fully realized what had hap- pened.     考点三  其他特殊句式 一、省略与替代 (一)定语从句中的省略现象 限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略。如: She is the girl(whom/who/that)I would like to work with. (二)状语从句中的省略现象 1. 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句中的谓语部分含be动词 时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词,这时从句中可出现下列结构: (1)连词(though,if,when等)+形容词 Work hard when(you are)young,or you ' ll regret. 年轻的时候要努力学习,否则你会后悔。 (2)连词(as if,while等)+介词短语 He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something. 他四处看,好像在找什么。 (3)连词(when,while,though)+现在分词 While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called. 沿着街道散步时,我听到有人喊我的名字。 (4)连词(when,if,unless,once,than等)+过去分词 The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected. 展览比预想的更有趣。 (5)连词(as if,as though等)+不定式 He opened his mouth as if(he were)to say something.他张开嘴像要说什么。 注意: 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,有时也有这样的省略。如: Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street. 2. 当从句中的主语是it,谓语部分又含有be动词时,可以把it和be动词一起 省略,构成“连词(if,unless,when,whenever等)+形容词”的结构。 Make a careful plan if(it is)possible. 如果可能的话,制订一个周密的计划。 Unless(it is)necessary, you ' d better not refer to the dictionary. 除非有必要,否则你最好不要查词典。 (三)不定式的省略,单独使用不定式符号to 1.代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常用在be afraid,expect,forget,hope, intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后面。 I asked him to see the film, but he didn ' t want to. 我叫他去看电影,但是他不想去。 2.在have,need,ought,be going,used等后面。 I didn ' t want to go there, but I had to. 我不想去那里,但是我不得不去。 3. 在某些形容词,如glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后面。 —Will you join in the game?你愿意加入这个游戏吗? —I ' d be glad to.我很高兴加入。 4.否定形式的省略用not to。 —Shall I go instead of him?我可以替他去吗? —I prefer you not to.我希望你别替他去。 (四)用so或not代替上文内容 1. 在if条件从句中,常用so/not代替前面提到的句子。 Get up early tomorrow. If not(=If you don ' t get up early), you will miss the first bus. 明天早起,如果不那样,你会错过第一班公共汽车。 He may not be at home then. If so(=If he is not at home),leave him a note. 那时他可能不在家,如果那样,给他留个便条。 2.think,hope,suppose,believe,imagine,be afraid,expect,guess等词后常用 not代替否定句,so代替短语或从句。 —She must look like a pretty girl. 她看起来一定是个漂亮的女孩。 —Yes, I imagine so.是的,我想是这样。 —Is Professor Smith very sick?史密斯教授病得很重吗? —I ' m afraid so.恐怕是这样。 —I slipped on the stairs. I think my arm is broken. 我在楼梯上摔倒了。我想我的胳膊摔断了。 —Oh!I hope not.噢!我希望别那样。 He wanted to go with us, but he didn ' t say so. 他想和我们一起去,但他没这么说。 题组训练·用省略句改写下列句子 ①If it is necessary, please call on us. 　If necessary, please call on us.     ②Whatever the cost is, we must carry out this plan. 　Whatever the cost, we must carry out this plan.     ③We invited them to go for a picnic this Sunday, but they didn ' t want to go out. 　We invited them to go for a picnic this Sunday, but they didn ' t want to.    ④We must start right now. If we don ' t start right now, we will miss the train.     We must start right now. If not, we will miss the train.     二、祈使句 1.否定式和强调式 Don ' t be so sure.不要这么肯定。(否定式) Do be careful!千万要小心!(强调式) 2. 祈使句+and+陈述句=If...,+主句 祈使句+or+陈述句=If...not...,+主句 Work hard and you will succeed.(=If you work hard,you will succeed.)努 力学习,你就会成功。 Hurry up or we will be late.(=If you don ' t hurry up,we will be late.)快点 儿,否则我们就迟到了。 题组训练·句型转换 ⑤Work hard and you will be admitted to a key university. 　If     you work hard,you 　will     　be     admitted to a key university. ⑥If you don ' t hurry up,you will be late for the bus. 　Hurry     　up     　or     you will be late for the bus. 三、感叹句 1. What(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! 2. How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语! 3. How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语! What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is! 他是一个多聪明的男孩呀! What beautiful flowers they are!多么美丽的花呀! What sweet water it is!多么甜的水呀! How high the mountain is!这座山真高呀! How fast he runs!他跑得真快呀! 题组训练·用what或how填空 ⑦ 　What     an interesting book it is! ⑧ 　How     interesting a book it is! ⑨ 　What     interesting books they are! ⑩ 　What     delicious food I had!   　How     kind of you to help!   　How     I wish I were a bird! 四、there be句型 1.there be句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物”。 在这种结构中,be后面的名词是主语,句子的结尾是地点(时间)状语。 There is a big tree in front of the classroom. 教室前有棵大树。 There will be a meeting in the conference room at 8 o ' clock tomorrow morning. 明天上午8点会议室有个会。 2.如果有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词be的使用要遵循就近一致原 则。 There is a pen, two books, and many pencils on the desk. 桌子上有一支钢笔,两本书和许多铅笔。 3.there be结构有不同的时态形式,而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连 用。 There was a meeting in our school yesterday. 昨天在我们学校召开了一次会议。 There will be a new film show on Sunday. 星期日将上映一部新电影。 There have been many great changes in our country since then. 从那时起,我们国家发生了很多巨大的变化。 There can ' t be any mistakes in his passage. 他的文章里不可能有什么错误。 4.there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be, happen to be, be like- ly to be,remain, stand, lie, go, exist, follow, live,come,occur等替换。 There is likely to be something wrong with his computer. 他的电脑可能出了些问题。 Once upon a time there lived a monk in the temple. 从前那座庙里住着一个老和尚。 五、反意疑问句 (一)陈述部分含有must/may(might)的反意疑问句 1.当must 作“必须”讲时,其反意疑问部分(又叫附加问句)用needn ' t; 当含有mustn ' t(不允许、禁止)时,其反意疑问部分用must/may。如: You must go now, needn ' t you? 你现在必须走,是吗? You mustn ' t smoke here, must/may you? 你不可以在这里吸烟,行吗? 2.当must/may(might)表示推测,即must作“一定,准是”讲,may/might作 “可能”讲时,可首先将句子改为“I am sure/guess+that从句”,反意疑 问部分的动词形式根据be sure/guess后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确 定。如: You must/may(might)be hungry now, 　　     ?→I am sure/guess that you are hungry now,aren ' t you?→You must/may(might)be hungry now,aren ' t you? 你现在一定/可能饿了,是吗? You must have heard about it, 　　     ?→I am sure that you have heard about it, haven ' t you?→You must have heard about it,haven ' t you? 你一定听说过这件事了,是吗? You must have watched that football match last night, 　　     ?→I am sure that you watched that football match last night, didn ' t you?→You must have watched that football match last night,didn ' t you? 你昨晚一定看那场足球赛了,是吗?(陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语 last night) (二)陈述部分含有used to 的反意疑问句 其反意疑问部分用 usedn ' t或didn ' t均可。如: You used to sleep with the windows open,usedn ' t/didn ' t you?你过去经常 开着窗户睡觉,是吗? (三)陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句 其反意疑问部分用oughtn ' t或shouldn ' t均可。如: He ought to attend the lecture, oughtn ' t/shouldn ' t he? 他应该去听这个演讲,是吗? (四)陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句 当陈述部分带有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little,nothing,nobody等 否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如: He could hardly walk without a stick, could he? 没有拐杖他几乎不能走路,是吗? (五) 如果陈述部分含有由表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词,其反意疑 问部分一般用否定形式。 如: Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesn ' t he?汤姆不喜欢打网球,是吗? It ' s unfair, isn ' t it?那不公平,不是吗? (六)陈述部分含有宾语从句的反意疑问句 1.当陈述部分带有宾语从句时,反意疑问部分常和主句的主谓保持一 致。如: He said that he would come to my birthday party, didn ' t he? 他说他要来参加我的生日聚会,是吗? Tom doesn ' t believe Jane will succeed, does he? 汤姆认为简不会成功,是吗? 2.陈述部分的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine,且 主句主语为第一人称时,反意疑问部分与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一 致。若主句为否定句,则将否定转移到宾语从句中。如: I don ' t believe he will succeed, will he? 我认为他不会成功,会吗? (七)陈述部分为祈使句的反意疑问句 祈使句后的反意疑问部分不表示反意,而表示一种语气。其结构为: 1.否定祈使句,+will you? 2.肯定祈使句,+will/won ' t you? 3.Let ' s...,+shall we? 4.Let us...,+will you? 5.Let+第三人称...,+will you?如: Open the door, will/won ' t you? 打开门,好吗? Let ' s go out for a walk, shall we? 我们出去散步,好吗? Let us go home now, will you? 现在,(您)让我们回家,好吗? (八)there be句型的反意疑问句 其反意疑问部分用be/情态动词/助动词+there。如: There will be rain tomorrow, won ' t there? 明天要下雨,是吗? There should be no problem, should there? 应该没什么问题,是吗? (九)回答反意疑问句时应遵循的原则 1.不管是陈述部分为否定,还是反意疑问部分为否定,回答时只看 所提到 的事情是否已/会发生 。如果发生了,用肯定回答,否则用否定回答。如 当对方问你You aren ' t a teacher,are you?或You are a teacher,aren ' t you? 时,你只要听懂you和teacher两个单词即可,如果你是老师,回答Yes,I am. 否则,回答No,I am not. 2.要么肯定到底,要么否定到底,不会出现类似于Yes,I don ' t.或No,I do. 的形式。 陈述部分主语 反意疑问部分主语 例句 one(指人) one 或he One can ' t be careful enough, can he/one?一个人再小心也不为过,是吗? this,that或these,those it 或they This isn ' t a fast train, is it?这不是列快车,对吗? everything,anything,something,nothing it Nothing happened to him,did it?他没发生什么事,是吗? everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,no one,nobody,anyone,anybody he 或they(更常见) Nobody likes to be laughed at, 没人愿意被嘲笑,是吗? 不定式、动名词、其他短语 it Learning English well takes us a lot of time, doesn ' t it?学好英语要花费我们很多时间,对吗? ( 十 ) 反意疑问部分的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上保持一致的 几种情况 题组训练·完成下列句子   —You haven ' t been here long,have you? — 　No,I haven ' t     .I am a newcomer here.   Neither you nor I have done such silly things, 　have we     ?   What a long time we ' ve been waiting, 　isn ' t it     ?   Mrs.Black doesn ' t believe her son is able to design a digital camera,      does she     ?   It must have rained last night, 　didn ' t it     ?   John told you that there wasn ' t anyone in the room at that time, 　didn ' t he     ?   John,you mop the floor, 　will/won ' t you     ?   Let ' s have a break, 　shall we     ?   Mr.Smith,let us have a break, 　will you     ?   There is no doubt about it, 　is there     ?