2019届二轮复习语法专题谓语动词课件（90张）

2019届二轮复习语法专题谓语动词课件（90张）

考点一 动词的时态和主谓一致 一、动词的时态 (一)一般体 一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、 习惯性动作或状态;一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将 来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态;过去将来时表示从过去 某一时间看将要发生的动作。所谓一般体,表示既不“进行”,又不 “完成”。 考点 清单 2019 届二轮复习 谓语动词 He is always ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态) When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park. 我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯) 1.一般现在时 (1)一般现在时的构成 1)一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一 般在动词原形后加 -s或 -es,其变化规则如下表所示: 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加 -s eats,rises 以s,sh,ch,x,o,z结尾的动词 加 -es discuss→discusses teach→teaches 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为i加-es carry→carries fly→flies 2)be动词的变化:am,is,are。 3)have的变化:has,have。 (2)一般现在时的用法 1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作。 We have meals three times a day. 我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯) 2)表示现在的特征或状态。 We always care for each other and help each other. 我们总是互相关心、互相帮助。 3) 表示客观真理 。 The sun rises from the east.太阳从东边升起 。 4) 某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情,这种用 法常常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息安排等 。 We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 o ' clock. 我们必须快点。第一节课将在8点开始。 5) 在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作 。 If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the West Lake. 如果明天天气好,我们就去西湖。 2.一般过去时 (1)一般过去时的构成 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加 -ed pack→packed 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为ied carry→carried 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词 双写辅音字母加 -ed plan→planned 以不发音的e结尾的动词 直接加 -d like→liked provide→provided 1)一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,其规则动词变化方法如下表所示: 2)was用于第一、三人称单数,were用于其他人称。 3)注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词,直接加 -ed。如:play→played。 (2)一般过去时的用法 一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或状态外,还有以 下用法: 1)want,hope,think,intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原 …… ” 之意。 I thought he was an honest man. 我原以为他是个老实人。 He didn ' t intend to hurt you.他没打算伤害你。 2)wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为,但语气要比用一般现 在时更加委婉、客气。 I wondered if you could do me a favour. 我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。 3)“used to+动词原形”表示过去的习惯性动作(现在已经不再发生 了)。 We used to spend our vacation in the mountains. 我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了) 3.一般将来时 一般将来时是比较复杂的时态, 有多种表达形式 。 构成 意义 例句 will do 表示(偶然,临时)将要发生的事情 —Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town? —No. I will go and visit him right now. ——你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗? ——不知道。我现在就去看他。 表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势 Fish will die without water.离开水,鱼就会死。 be going to do 多用在口语中,表示“计划、打算要做某事”,此外,be going to do还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。注意:was going to do还可表示“过去本打算做某事,但未做”的意思 He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在电视上讲话。 Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看这些乌云,要下雨了。 —Tom,you didn ' t come to the party last night? —I was going to,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. ——汤姆,你昨天晚上没来参加聚会吗? ——我本打算要来的,但是我突然记起来我有 作业要做。 be to do 表示“按计划或安排要做的事”。这种结构也可用于过去时。was/were to do sth.表示曾经计划要做某事,但不表明计划是否被执行,或表示命运(即命中注定要发生的事) When are you to leave for home?你什么时候回家? She is to get married next month.她将于下个月结婚。 I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.我感到紧张,因为我很快就要首次离开家了。 We were to have told you,but you were not in. 我们本来想告诉你的,但是你不在家。 表示“应该”,相当于should,ought to You are to report it to the police.你应该报警。 表示“想,打算”,相当于intend,want . If we are to be there before ten,we ' ll have to go now.如果我们要在10点前到那儿,我们现在就得走。 be about to do 表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”,不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可以和并列连词when(=and at that time)引出的分句连用 The train is about to start.火车就要开了。 进行时表示将来的动作 有些动词如come,go,arrive,leave,begin,start等,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作 I ' m leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我 要去北京。 (二)进行体 1.进行体的构成 (1)考纲对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在进行时、过去进行时、 将来进行时。它们的形式分别为: 现在进行时:am/is/are+现在分词 过去进行时:was/were+现在分词 将来进行时:will/shall+be+现在分词 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加-ing try→trying 以一个辅音字母结尾 的重读闭音节动词 双写辅音字 母加-ing regret→regretting ban→banning 以不发音的e 结尾的动词 去掉e, 加-ing hate→hating date→dating (2)现在分词的构成形式: 2.进行体的用法 (1)进行体表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有 暂时性和未完成性的特点。 I don ' t really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary ar- rives. 我并不真的在这里上班,我只是来帮忙,直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂 时性) (2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事,虽然当时动作不一定正在 进行,常与these days,this week等时间状语连用。 We are making model planes these days. 这些天我们在做飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做) (3) 表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情 绪,常与always,continually,constantly,forever,all the time等连用 。 He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。 He is always making the same mistake. 他总是犯同样的错误。 (4)有些动词的进行体可以表示将来。(见一般将来时的用法) (5)有些动词不用于进行时态,常见的有: 1)感觉类:look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等。 The soup tastes good.(不可说:The soup is tasting good.) 这汤尝起来不错。 Your hands feel cold.(不可说:Your hands are feeling cold.) 你的手摸起来很凉。 2)情感类:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore等。 I love my dad and mum.(不可说:I am loving my dad and mum.)我爱爸爸 妈妈。 3)心态类:wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,agree,know,remember, forget等。 I don ' t believe my eyes.(不可说:I am not believing my eyes.) 我不相信我的眼睛。 4)存在状态类:appear,lie(位于),remain,belong,have等。 Those books belong to Mr.Li.(不可说:Those books are belonging to Mr. Li.)那些书是李先生的。 (三)完成体 1.完成体的构成 (1)考纲对完成体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在完成时、过去完成时、 将来完成时。形式分别为: 现在完成时:have/has+过去分词 过去完成时:had+过去分词 将来完成时:will/shall have+过去分词 (2)规则动词的过去分词的构成方法同过去式的构成方法,详见一般过 去时部分“规则动词变化方法”。 (3)不规则动词的过去式和过去分词构成详见“附录二”。 2.完成体的用法 (1)现在完成时 1)表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从 过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有:lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里),since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。 In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过 去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 He has written 8 books so far. 到目前为止,他已经写了8本书。 2) 表示发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,注意这时说话者说话的重 心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响上 。 He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.) 他已经关掉灯了。 The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.) 音乐会已经开始了。 I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.) 我已经看过那部电影了。 3)在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is+the first/second...time”之后的定语 从句中,谓语动词用现在完成时。 This is the first time(that)I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。 This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。 4) 瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成 时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语;若要接表示一段时间的状语,需 要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状 语 。 ( ✕ )He has come to Beijing since last year. (√)He has lived in Beijing since last year. ( ✕ )He has joined the army for 3 years. (√)He has served in the army for 3 years. (√)He joined the army 3 years ago. (√)He has been a soldier for 3 years. (√)It is 3 years since he joined the army. (√)He has joined the army. 常见的瞬间动词(词组)有:come,go,get to/reach/arrive at/in,leave,buy,sell, open,close,get up,join/take part in,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,be- come/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hear from,marry,break,lose, jump 等。 部分非延续性动词(词组)和延续性动词(词组)的转换: 买buy—have　　借borrow—keep 结婚get married—be married 认识get to know—know 离开leave—be away　　回来come back—be back 生病fall ill—be ill　　死亡die—be dead 关闭turn off—be off　　打开turn on—be on 动身leave for—be off to　　变成become—be 返回return—be back　　开始begin—be on 睡觉go to bed—sleep　　穿put on—wear 来/去come/go—be in/away　　参加join—be a member of 感冒take/get/catch a cold—have a cold 入睡go to sleep—be asleep 到达get to/arrive in/reach—be in (2)过去完成时 1) 一件事情发生在过去,而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过 去”),那么发生在前的动词要用过去完成时 。 She had learned some English before she came to the institute. 她在来这个机构前已学过一些英语了。 He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. 他说他在国外待了3年了。 2) 表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用 的时间状语有:by/until/before/by the end of+表过去的某一时间 。 By then he had learned English for 3 years. 到那时,他已学了3年英语了。 Until then he had known nothing about it yet. 到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。 3)表示愿望、打算的词,如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,suppose 等,其 过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿) I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at that moment. 我本打算帮你的,但当时我太忙了。 I had thought you would come the next day. 我原以为你第二天会来。 4)用于某些固定句型中: ① Hardly/Scarcely/Barely...when...和No sooner...than...句型 中, when和 than 从句用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚 …… 就 …… ”。 Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down. 我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。 Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre. 我们才刚刚开动,汽车的轮胎就瘪了。 ② It was/had been+一段时间+since 从句中,since 从句的谓语用过去完成 时 。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们有10年没这么高兴过了。 ③ That/It/This was the first/second...time+that 从句中,that 从句的谓语要 用过去完成时 。 It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake. 那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。 That was the first time that I had passed the exam. 那是我第一次考试及格。 (3)将来完成时 将来完成时表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为 “by+将来的某个时间”。 By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students. 到明年的这个时候,你们大家就都成为大学生了。 (四)完成进行体 1.考纲对完成进行体所要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时,其形式为: have/has+been+doing。 2.现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合,因此,它既具备现 在完成时的特征,又具备现在进行时的特征,如:它具备进行体的“未完 性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。 He has been learning English for 6 years. 他学英语已经六年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语, 强调到现在还在 学 ) It has been raining for 3 days. 已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩) (五)动词时态的呼应 1. 主将从现 所谓“主将从现” , 即主句表将来 ( 不一定为一般将来时 , 祈使句、“情 态动词+动词原形”也可表将来),从句(包括时间、条件、让步状语从 句)用现在时(不一定是一般现在时,现在进行时、现在完成时也可在这 类从句中表示将来) 。 Whatever you say,I will not change my mind. 无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。 If she is still waiting,tell her to go home. 如果她还在等,就让她回家。 I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 我干完了工作就和你一起去。 2.含宾语从句的句子的时态一致问题 宾语从句中的动词时态常受主句谓语时态的制约,如果主句谓语为现在 时或将来时,宾语从句中的谓语可以不受影响。 He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他说他父亲现在是/过去是/将会成为老师。 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某 种时态,即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、 过去将来时、过去将来进行时等。 I was sure he was in bed.我确信他在床上睡觉。(be in bed与was sure同 时发生) He thought he was working for the people.他认为他正在为人民工作。 (表示thought发生时work正在进行) I wondered if she had got well.我想知道她是否痊愈了。(get well先于 wondered发生) He wanted to know what she had been doing.他想知道她一直在做什么。 (do从过去发生,直至wanted且在wanted时还在进行) I hoped I ' d find a job soon.我希望我不久就会找到工作。(find在hoped 之后发生) I thought she ' d be going by bus.我以为她会乘公交车去。(go在thought 之后发生) 注意: (1)当主句为过去时,宾语从句有明确的表过去的时间状语时,可不必用 过去完成时而用一般过去时。 I knew he was born in 1991.我知道他生于1991年。 (2)当宾语从句表达永恒的真理时,谓语动词不必变为过去时,而继续采 用一般现在时态。 This proved that the earth is round.这证明地球是圆的。 3.含虚拟语气的句子中的时态一致问题 (1)在“would/should/ought to/could/might/needn ' t/would like to...+have done sth.,but...”句型中,but后面的分句表示的不是虚拟语气而是陈述 事实,所以谓语动词需用一般过去时或过去进行时。 He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor. 他本应该到场,但他那里来了一个不速之客。 (2)在“But for the fact+that从句”中,that从句的谓语动词时态要根据后 面句子谓语动词所表示的时间而定。 But for the fact that he is busy now,he would be here. 要不是他现在很忙,他就在这里了。 But for the fact that you were ill,I would have had you print the papers.要 不是你生病了,我就让你去打印这些文件了。 (3)It is time+that从句,that从句中谓语动词需用一般过去时或should+动 词原形。 It is time that we went to bed. 我们该睡觉了。 一般过去时 所表示的动作发生在过去,与现在无联系。常有表示过去的时间状语 现在完成时 表示过去的动作对现在的影响或动作持续到现在 (六)易混时态的区别 1.一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别 2.一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别 一般过去时 指过去的动作或情况。有时候有表示一段过去的时间状语 He lived in Hangzhou for 10 years.他在杭州生活过10年。 He went to Ningbo yesterday.他昨天去了宁波。 过去完成时 指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。过去完成时的时间状语常 用by或before 引导的短语或句子表示,如by that time,by the end of,be- fore 2010,by the time+句子(一般过去时)等 He had learned 3,000 English words before he came to this school.他来 这个学校之前就已经学了3,000个英语单词了。 He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.到上个月月底 为止,他已经写完这本书了。 3.过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别 比较下面的说法:   题组训练·用所给动词的正确时态填空 ①The supermarket 　keeps     (keep)some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. 现在完成时 表示的是过去的动作延续到现在或过去的动作对现在有影响 过去完成时 表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作 ②Her study shows Americans 　made     (make)61 billion visits to restau- rants last year. ③Jane can ' t attend the meeting at 3 o ' clock this afternoon because she     will be teaching   (teach)a class at that time. ④The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody 　has seen    (see)them since. ⑤—Hi,let ' s go skating. —Sorry,I ' m busy right now.I 　am filling     (fill)in an application form for a new job. ⑥He 　buried     (bury)himself in mathematics and began developing a mathematical theory that would later become calculus(微积分). ical fitness programs 　has increased  (increase)sharply. ⑧The men said they 　had heard     (hear)a tiger growling(低声吼叫) somewhere nearby,but they didn ' t know from which direction the noise had come. ⑨They made up their mind that they 　would buy    (buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs. ⑩Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she     had seen     (see)most of the guests before.   Close the door of fear behind you,and you 　will see    (see)the door of faith open before you. ⑦During the last three decades,the number of people participating in phys-   The three of us 　traveled     (travel)around Europe for about a month last summer.   At that time yesterday, he 　was working     (work)in his office.   This time next Friday, we 　will be studying     (study)in school together. 二、主谓一致 主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。一般可 根据三个原则来确定:语法一致原则(主语的单复数决定谓语动词的单 复数)、意义一致原则(形单意复的名词或形复意单的名词,要根据其意 义来决定谓语动词的单复数)、就近一致原则(谓语动词的单复数取决 于离它最近的主语)。 (一)语法一致 1.主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。 The results of the research are to be published soon. 研究结果不久将被发表。 His suggestion has been accepted.他的建议被接受了。 2.many a(许多)+单数名词/more than one(不止一个)+单数名词作主语, 谓语动词用单数。 Many a student comes into the classroom.很多学生进了教室。 More than one student wants to join the army.不止一个学生想参军。 3.复合不定代词anyone,somebody,everything,nothing等作主语,谓语动词 用单数。 If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me. 如果有人看到Lisa,让她给我打个电话。 (二)意义一致 1.形式为单数但意义为复数的police,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复 数。 The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。 2.表示一类人的the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded等作主语时,谓语动 词用复数。 The rich are to help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。 3.表示某国人的总称的the Chinese,the British,the Irish等作主语时,谓语 动词用复数。 The Chinese are hard-working.中国人民是勤劳的。 4.以-s结尾但意义为单数的news,maths,physics,politics等作主语时,谓语 动词用单数。 The news is exciting.这则消息激动人心。 5.单复数同形的名词sheep,deer,means等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与 实际意义一致。 3 sheep are eating grass there.3只羊正在那里吃草。 A sheep is lying there.一只羊正躺在那里。 Not every means is useful.不是每种方法都好使。 6.表示时间、距离、金额等的复数名词作主语,通常看作整体,谓语动词 用单数。 Twenty years is a long time in one ' s life. 二十年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。 20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money. 两万美元不是一笔小数目。 (三)就近一致 either...or..., neither...nor...,not only...but also...,whether...or...在句子中连 接并列主语的时候或者在there be句型中,谓语动词的单复数形式要和 就近的主语的单复数保持一致。 Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错。 There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table. 桌上有一杯茶和一些苹果。 Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday. 不仅是学 生,老师也盼望假期。 (四)主谓一致的几个难点 1.并列主语的主谓一致 (1)两个单数名词或不可数名词用and连接,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语 动词用复数。 Steam and ice are different forms of water. 蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。 (2)两个单数名词用and连接,表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念,或表示 不可分的整体时,谓语动词仍用单数。 Trial and error is the source of our knowledge. 反复尝试是我们获得知识的源泉。 (3)被every,each,many a,no等限定的名词由and连接作主语时,谓语动词 仍用单数。 Each boy and each girl has an apple. 每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。 Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film. 许多老师和学生都看过这部电影。 (4)一个单数名词或不可数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时, 可以指一件事或几件事,这种名词作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决 定谓语动词的单复数形式。 English and American literature are appealing to her. 英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。 Simple and plain living is a fine quality. 简朴生活是一种优良的品质。 2. 单数名词作主语,后跟with,along with,together with,as well as,rather than,but,except等加其他名词时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。 Dr.Smith,together with his wife,is to arrive on the evening flight.史密斯博 士及其夫人将乘夜班飞机抵达。 Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.只有一个 老师和三个学生在实验室里。 3.某些名词作主语时的主谓一致 (1) 集体名词family,class,crew,team,group,public,audience,crowd,govern- ment,committee等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的 意义而定 。当把集体名词作为一个整体来看待时,谓语动词常用单数形 式;如果指其中各个成员时,谓语动词常用复数形式。 The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls. 这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。 The class are doing experiments. 全班学生正在做实验。 (2)由两部分构成的表示物体的名词,如trousers,pants,jeans,compasses, glasses,shoes等作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前 用了a pair of或two/three...pairs of来修饰,谓语动词的单复数往往取决于 pair的单复数形式。 These trousers need cleaning.这些裤子需要洗了。 This pair of trousers is mine.这条裤子是我的。 4.数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致 (1)分数和百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形 式还是复数形式取决于它们所表示的意义。试比较: Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只干了60%的活。 About 20 percent of the students are absent today. 今天大约有20%的学生缺席。 (2)“a number of(许多)”和“a variety of(各种各样的)”修饰名词作主 语时 , 谓语动词用复数形式。但是“ the number of( …… 的数目 )” 和 “the variety of( …… 的种类)”修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形 式。试比较: A number of students are from the south.许多学生来自南方。 The number of students from the north is small. 来自北方的学生人数很少。 题组训练·用所给词的适当形式填空   The tourism of Hangzhou 　has seen     (see)a rapid growth over the last decade.   Either you or one of your students 　is     (be)to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.   There 　is     (be)also a lovely cafe and restaurants. 考点二  动词的语态 一、被动语态 1.被动语态的构成 英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态 由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句 子的时态、语气的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式见下表: 时体 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 is/am/are done was/were done will/shall be done would/should be done 进行 is/am/are being done was/were being done — — 完成 has/have been done had been done — — 完成进行 — — — — 2.被动语态的用法 被动语态主要有以下几种情况: (1)不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。 The window hasn ' t been cleaned for weeks. 窗户有好几周没擦了。 (2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。 These heroes are respected by everybody in the country. 这些英雄人物受到全国人民的尊敬。 The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in 1921.中国共产 党是1921年在上海成立的。 A new teaching building is being built in our school. 我们学校正在建一幢新教学大楼。 3.注意动词短语的被动语态和含有情态动词的被动语态。 That old man was often laughed at.那位老人常被人嘲笑。 The plan will be given up.这项计划就要被放弃了。 Bad habits have been done away with. 坏习惯已经被改掉了。 (在被动结构中,切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词) He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。 The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 这项计划应该尽早执行。 (谓语结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词) 4. “get+过去分词”可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化 。 The patient got treated once a week. 那位病人一周治疗一次。 He fell off the car and got killed. 他从汽车上掉下来,摔死了。 二、主动形式表被动意义 1.“系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove等+形容词/名 词”构成系表结构。 The steel feels cold.钢摸起来很凉。 It has gone bad.它已经变质了。 2.表示开始、结束、运动类的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop, end,shut,run,move 等。 Work began at 7 o ' clock this morning. 今天早上7点钟开始工作的。 The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day. 这个商店每天下午6点关门。 3. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如read,write,cut,drive,sell,wash, clean,wear,lock,dry等。这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一个修饰语 。 This coat dries easily.这件外套容易干。 Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。 Your article reads very well.你的文章读起来很不错。 This material has worn thin.这个材料已经磨薄了。 4. “介词in,on,under 等+名词”构成介词短语表被动意义 。 表示方位或目的的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之意,其意义 相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有: under control 受控制　　　　under treatment 在治疗中 under repair 在修理中　　under discussion 在讨论中 under construction 在施工中 beyond belief 令人难以置信 beyond one ' s reach 够不着 beyond one ' s control 无法控制 for sale 待售　　for rent 出租 in print 已出版　　in sight 在视野范围内 on sale 出售　　on show 展出 on trial 受审　　out of control 控制不了 out of sight 在视野范围外　　out of one ' s reach 够不着 out of fashion 不流行 The rumor is beyond belief(=can ' t be believed). 那个谣言令人难以置信。 Today some treasures are on show(=are being shown)in the museum.今天 一些珍宝正在博物馆展出。 5.不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:fit,have,wish,cost,date back to,agree with,arrive at/in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,take part in,walk into/enter,belong to等。 This key just fits the lock.这把钥匙正好开这把锁。 6.be to blame(该受责备,对某件坏事应负责任)与be to let(待出租)两种结 构中,用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 Which driver is to blame for the accident? 这次事故是哪个司机的责任? This house is to let.这座房子要出租。 题组训练·用所给动词的适当形式填空 ①Shortly after he finished the work in his lab, he 　was called     (call)to London to continue his research. ②Researchers say that the human personality 　is formed     (form)during the first two years of life. ③After school we went to the reading room to do some reading,only to be told that we couldn ' t get in because it 　was being decorated     (decorate). ④At the end of the meeting,it was announced that an agreement 　had been reached     (reach). 考点三  情态动词和虚拟语气 一、情态动词 (一)情态动词的意义 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,没有人称和数的变化,不能单独作 谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语表示说话人的观点、态度或语气的 词。如: You may use my dictionary.你可以使用我的词典。 We can be there on time tomorrow.明天我们能按时到那儿。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗? Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗? You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。 (二)情态动词的种类及其意义 情态动词 词义 过去式 否定式 can 能、会、可能 could can ' t, cannot, couldn ' t,could not may 可以、可能 might may not, mayn ' t might not,mightn ' t must 必须、非要 / mustn ' t, must not shall 应该、应当 should shall not, shan ' t should not, shouldn ' t will 愿意、想、会 would will not, won ' t, would not wouldn ' t, ' ll not, ' d not need 需要 needed need not,needn ' t dare 敢 dared dare not,daren ' t (三)情态动词的具体用法 1.can和could (1)can表示能力、许可、怀疑及可能(用于否定句及疑问句)。 能力:I can speak English well.我的英语讲得很好。 请求许可:Can I come in? 我可以进来吗? 怀疑:Can that be our new teacher? 那是我们的新老师吗? 否定推测:She can ' t be our new teacher.她不可能是我们的新老师。 (2)could既可以是can的过去式,又可以代替can,婉转地提出请求、想 法、建议等。 I could swim when I was only six years old. 我六岁时就会游泳了。 Could I use your computer? 我可以用你的电脑吗? 2.may和might (1)may表示同意、请求许可、可能或祝愿。 同意:You may take the book home.你可以把书带回家去。 请求许可:May I come in? 我可以进来吗? 可能:She may be in the classroom now.她此刻可能在教室。 祝愿:May you have a good journey!祝你旅途愉快! (2)might可以是may 的过去式,表示过去,也可代替may,谈现在的情况,语 气更加委婉、客气。 He told me he might be here on time.他说他能按时来。 Might I borrow some money now? 现在我可以借点儿钱吗? (3)may和might的特殊用法 1)may/might as well 不妨 Well, now you ' re here, you may as well make yourself useful.哎,既然你 在这里,不妨做点事(让你自己有用)。 Since it is fine, we might as well walk there.既然天气好,我们不妨走到那 里。 2)may well 非常可能 His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him. 他的外表变化如此大以至于你很可能认不出他来。 The team may well have won the football match, but I don ' t know because I wasn ' t there.那个球队很可能赢得了足球赛,不过因为我没去,所以我 不知道。 3.will和would (1)表决心、愿望。would 为 will 的过去式, 可用于各个人称,但是语气 更加礼貌、委婉。 I ' ll do my best to catch up with them.我会尽全力赶上他们。 I ' ll never do it again. That ' s the last time.我再也不会做那件事情了,那是 最后一次。 He said he would help me.他说他会帮助我。 (2)will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求, would 比 will 更 婉转、客气。 It ' s hot. Will you open the windows? 天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗? Will you help me to work it out? 你能帮我解决它吗? Would you like some coffee?给你来些咖啡怎么样? (3)will可以用来表示“总是”“习惯于”等。 John will fall asleep in church.约翰做礼拜时老睡觉。 (4)would 可以表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。比used to 正式,并 没有“现在无此习惯”的含义。 During the summer vacation, he would visit me every day.在暑假的时候, 他总是每天来看我。 (5)will/would表拒绝,用于否定句,若主语为物,则意为“不起作用”。 The doctor knows I won ' t be operated on.大夫知道我不想做手术。 This machine won ' t work.机器坏了。 The window wouldn ' t open.窗户打不开了。 注意: won ' t,can ' t,doesn ' t的区别 The window won ' t open.这扇窗户怎么都打不开。 (强调实施者执意要打开) The window can ' t open.这扇窗户打不开。 (这扇窗户原来设计时就不能打开,是固定死的) The window doesn ' t open.这扇窗户坏了。 (强调这扇窗户质量有问题) 4.must must无过去和将来形式,表示过去用had to。 (1)表示“必须,一定要”。 I must finish my work today.我今天一定要完成我的工作。 Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天把书还了吗? (2)否定形式表示“不得,一定不要”。 You mustn ' t work all the time.你千万不要一直工作。 (3)表示比较有把握的推测。 After such a long walk, you must be tired.走了这么长的路,你一定累了。 He must be the man I am looking for.他一定是我在找的人。 (4)表示“非要”。 Must you play the piano at such a late time? 你非要在这么晚的时候弹钢 琴吗? The machine must break at this busy hour! 机器非要在这么忙的时候坏 掉! (5)must 和have to 在应用上的区别 must 强调主观愿望,have to 强调客观要求。 I must do it now.我一定要现在做这件事。 The report is to be handed in tomorrow, so I have to work on it now. 报告必须明天交上去,所以,我不得不现在开始工作。 (6)注意问句的回答 在回答由must引起的问题时(在否定句中,并不强调主观或客观),否定回 答一般不用mustn ' t,而是用needn ' t或don ' t have to。 —Must I finish it now?我现在必须完成它吗? —No, you needn ' t./No, you don ' t have to.不,你不必。 在表示推测的时候,用can ' t。 —He must be our new teacher.他一定是我们的新老师。 —No, he can ' t be.不,他不可能是。 5. shall, should 和 ought to (1) shall用于第一、第三人称,表示征询对方的意见 。 Shall I get some chalk for you? 我去给您拿些粉笔? Shall he wait for you at the school gate? 让他在学校门口等你吗? (2)shall 用在第二、第三人称的陈述句中,表示对对方的承诺、命令、 要求、警告等。 承诺:You shall have my answer tomorrow.你将在明天得到我的回答。 警告:He shall be sorry for it one day.有朝一日,他一定会为此而后悔。 命令:You shall do as you see me do.你照我的样子办。 (3)should常用来表示“应该”。 You should work harder.你应该工作更加努力些。 (4) should也可以表示推测,暗含很大的可能 。 They should be there by now, I think.我想他们现在应该到那里了。 You may come at 12.The photos should be ready by then.你可以在12点 来。照片那个时候应该好了。 (5)should也可以表示吃惊、意外的语气。 I am shocked that she should wear such a coat.我很吃惊她居然穿这样一 件外衣。 (6)ought to基本等于should,但ought to常指特殊情况。 You ought to go back.你应该回去。 He ought not to do that.他不应该做那件事。 6.need用作情态动词时,后跟不带to的动词不定式,多用于否定句和疑问 句。 Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 明天我需要参加会议吗? You need not hand in the paper this week. 这周你不必交论文。 need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时 need 就像其他动词一样,有第三人称 单数形式,后面加带 to 的动词,可以用于各种句子结构。 He needs a bike to go to school.他上学需要一辆自行车。 Do you need a dictionary? 你需要词典吗? I need to get some sleep.我需要睡一会儿。 7.dare作情态动词时,意为“敢”,过去式为dared,多用在否定句或疑问 句中。 The little girl dare not speak in public.那个小女孩不敢在公开场合说 话。 Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓这只小猫吗? No one dared speak of it.没有人敢说这件事。 dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是作实义动词,要考虑人称、单复数、 时态等。 Do you dare to walk in the dark? 你敢在黑暗里走路吗? He doesn ' t dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。 情态动词+have done 用法 例句 must have done 过去想必/准是/一定做 了(表推测),否定式为 can ' t/couldn ' t have done It must have rained last night,for the road is quite muddy.昨晚一定下雨了,因为路很泥泞。 can/cannot have done 过去可能会做/不可能 做了(表推测),can have done用于疑问句 There is nowhere to find them.Where can they have gone? 到处找不到他们,他们可能到什么地方去呢? He cannot have forgotten it.他不可能忘了那件事。 could/could not have done 1.过去可能/不可能做 (表推测) 2.过去本来能够做/没 能够做(表虚拟) She could have gone out with some friends.她可能跟几个朋友出去了。 We could not have heard them because of the noise from the river.由于河水的声音我们当时不可能听到他们的谈话。 You could have done btter,but you didn ' t try your best.你本可以做得更好,但是你没有尽力而为。 If it hadn ' t been for your help,we couldn ' t have succeeded in the experiment.要是没有你的帮助,我们不可能在实验上获得成功。 8.情态动词+have done的用法 may/may not have done 过去也许已经做了/没做(表推测),一般不用于疑问句 It ' s too late.I think he may have gone to bed.太晚了,我想他或许已经睡了。 He may not have finished the work.他也许还没完成那项工作。 might have done 1.过去也许做了(表推测) 2.过去本可能做(表虚拟) He might have missed the train.他可能没有赶上火车。 But I think you might have told us half an hour ago.但是我认为你本来可能在半个小时前告诉我们。 might not have done 过去也许没做(表推测),相当于may not have done,用might则表示语气更加不肯定 They might not have regarded me as their friend.他们可能没有把我当朋友看待。 should/ought to have done 本该做,而实际上未做 You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。 should not/ought not to have done 本不该做而做了 You shouldn ' t have told her the truth.你本不该告诉她真相。 needn ' t have done 本不必做而做了 You needn ' t have taken a taxi here,for it was near my home.你本来不必打车来这里的,因为这里离我家很近。 would rather have done/would rather not have done 宁愿当时做了/没做(表虚拟)(有“后悔”之 意) I raised objections at the meeting,but now I would rather not have done that.我在会上提出 了反对意见,但现在我宁愿没那么做。 would like/love to have done 过去愿意做但未做成(表虚拟) I would love to have gone to the party last night,but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.昨晚我本来很想去参加聚会的,但我得 加班完成一个报告。 9.情态动词的其他用法要点 (1)cannot but do sth.表示“不得不/只好做某事”。 I could not but admit that he was right. 我不得不承认他对了。 注意: 表示“不得不/只好做某事”的其他句型:   (2)can ' t help(doing)sth.=can ' t help but do sth.忍不住做某事。 I can ' t help thinking about the past.我不禁回想起过去。 She couldn ' t help but wonder what he was thinking. 她不禁琢磨他在想些什么。 (3)cannot(can+never等否定词)与enough,too连用表示“再 …… 也不为 过”。 You cannot be careful enough.你再细心也不为过。 题组训练·用所给词的适当形式填空 ①She 　might/could/would have helped     (help)you, but you didn ' t tell her you were there. ②The tree is dead. Maybe I 　should have given     (give)it more water. 翻译句子 ③明天我需要参加运动会吗? 　Need I attend the sports meeting tomorrow?     ④我再怎么感谢你的帮助也不为过。 　I can ' t thank you enough for your help.     二、虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示一种主观愿望或假设的情况。 主要用于条件状语从句、 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和其他的一些句子结构 中 。 If I had more time,I would help you with your English.如果我有更多的时 间,我就会帮你学英语了。(表示与现在事实相反的假设) I wish I were as young as you.我要是像你一样年轻就好了。(表示一种 愿望) It is strange that he should not have been invited to the meeting.很奇怪,竟 然没有人邀请他去参会。(用于主语从句) He insisted that we(should)adopt this teaching method. 他坚持认为我们应该采用这个教学方法。(用于宾语从句) His idea is that we(should)speak more English in class. 他的建议是我们应该在课上多说英语。(用于表语从句) The young man followed his doctor ' s advice that he(should)give up drink- ing.那个年轻人接受了医生让他戒酒的建议。(用于同位语从句) 从句 主句 例句 与现在事实相反的假设 If+主语+动词的过去式(be动词用were) 主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形 If I were you,I would seize the chance to go abroad.如果我是你,我就会抓住这次出国的机会。 与过去事实相反的假设 If+主语+had+过去分词 主语+should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 If you had taken my advice,you would not have failed in the exams. 如果你早听了我的建议,你考试就能通过了。 与将来事实相反的假设 1.If+主语+动词的过去式(be动词用were) 2.If+主语+were to+动词原形 3.If+主语+should+动词原形 主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形 If he should not come tomorrow,we would put off the meeting till next Monday.如果明天他不来的话,我们就会把会议推迟到下周一。 (一)虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用 使用虚拟条件句时要注意以下几点: 1.错综时间条件句 当条件状语从句表示的动作或行为和主句表示的动作或行为所发生的 时间不一致时,被称为“错综时间条件句”, 动词的形式要根据它所表 示的时间作出相应的调整 。 If you had just followed my advice,you would be better now. 如果你刚才听了我的建议,你现在就好多了。 If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now.如果你 以前努力学习的话,你现在就是大学生了。 2.if省略句 在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首,变为倒装 句式 。 If I were at school again,I would study harder. →Were I at school again,I would study harder. 如果我还有上学的机会,我会更加努力地学习。 If you had come earlier,you would have caught the bus. →Had you come earlier,you would have caught the bus. 如果你来得早些,你就能赶上那辆公共汽车了。 If it should rain tomorrow,we would not go climbing. →Should it rain tomorrow,we would not go climbing. 如果明天下雨的话,我们就不去登山了。 注意: 若省略的条件状语从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,不能用动词 的缩略形式。如 : 我们可以说 Were it not for the expense,I would go abroad now. 但不能说 Weren ' t it for the expense,I would go abroad now. 3.含蓄条件句 有时为了表达的需要,在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件从句,而 是通过其他手段来代替条件从句。 Without your help,we couldn ' t have finished the work ahead of time. =But for your help,...=If it had not been for your help,...=Had it not been for your help,... 没有你的帮助,我们不可能提前完成这项工作 。 I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meeting. (副词) 我那天病了。否则,我就参加运动会了。 He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would have known noth- ing about it.(连词) 他打电话通知了我你的生日,否则,我对此一点都不知道。 A few hours earlier(=If you had come a few hours earlier),you would have been able to meet the famous writer. 要是你早来几个小时,你就能见到那位著名的作家了。 4.even if,even though 也可用于虚拟语气,其形式与if从句在虚拟语气中 的形式相同。 题组训练·单句填空 ⑤If he 　had caught     (catch)the morning train,he would not have been late for the meeting. ⑥ 　Without     his help, we would not have finished the work on time. (二)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用 1.用于宾语从句中 (1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,表示一种不可能实现的愿 望。其谓语动词构成形式为:   I wish(that)I were a bird.我希望我是只小鸟。 I wish(that)I had met that film star yesterday. 我希望昨天见到那个影星了。 此外,If only+句子=How I wish+that从句(that可省略)。 If only I were a flying bird!=How I wish I were a flying bird!我要是一只 飞鸟该多好啊! If only I had seen the film!=How I wish I had seen the film!我要是看了那 部电影该多好啊! (2)用于表示建议、命令、要求等动词后的宾语从句中,常见的动词有 insist,order,command,require,request,demand,advise,suggest,propose,rec- ommend等。宾语从句中的谓语为“should+动词原形”,should可以省 略。 He suggested that we(should)start off early the next day. 他建议我们第二天早点出发。 They insisted that the boy(should)go with them. 他们坚决要求那个男孩子跟他们一起去。 此类动词记忆小窍门: 一坚持(insist) 二命令(order,command) 三要求(require,request,demand) 四建议(advise,suggest,propose,recommend) 注意: 当suggest表示“暗示,表明”之意,insist表示“坚持说”之意时, suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气,应使用陈述语气。 The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上 的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。 The man insisted that he had never stolen money. 那个人坚持说他从没有偷过钱。 (3)在would rather后的宾语从句中,若谓语动词用一般过去时(be用 were),表示对现在或将来的虚拟;若宾语从句谓语动词用过去完成时,表 示对过去的虚拟。 I would rather they didn ' t hear of the news. 我宁愿他们没听到那个消息。(对现在或将来的虚拟) I would rather I had not told him the bad news. 我宁愿没告诉他那个坏消息。(对过去的虚拟) 2.用于主语从句中 在It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/ strange/natural/a pity/essential+that从句中,从句的谓语动词用“should+ 动词原形”,should可以省略。 It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off till next week.人们建议 将会议推迟到下周。 It is strange that he (should)have treated his parents like that.(从句谓语动 词的动作在主句谓语动词的动作之前发生时,要用“should have+过去 分词”,should可以省略) 真奇怪,他竟然那样对他父母。 注意: 以上句式也可以用陈述语气。 It ' s a pity that you can ' t dance.真遗憾你不会跳舞。 3.用于表语从句和同位语从句中 在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语从句 和同位语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。 My idea is that we(should)think it over before accepting it. 我的意见是在接受它之前我们要仔细考虑。 We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should)go to Dalian for sightsee- ing.他的建议是我们去大连观光,我们都同意这个建议。 (三)虚拟语气在as if/as though引导的状语从句中的运用 as if/as though引导方式状语从句,有时从句的谓语部分要用虚拟语气形 式,其形式为:   He looks as if he were an artist.(同时) 他看起来像个艺术家。 She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America.(先 于) 她讲英语如此流利,好像她在美国学过英语。 He learns English so hard as if he would go to the U.S.A.(后于) 他如此努力地学英语,好像他要去美国。 (四)虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用 It is(high)time(that)...句型中,定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,或用 “should+动词原形(其中should不能省略)”。此句型意为“(现在)该 … … ”,用来表示提建议。 It is(high)time that you went to school. 你该去上学了。 It is(high)time that we should start out. 我们该出发了。 题组训练·用所给词的适当形式填空 ⑦I wish you 　were     (be)a little more careful. her choice,and she is not a child any longer. ⑨He speaks Chinese so fluently as if he 　were     (be)a Chinese. ⑩It is high time that we 　should pay/paid     (pay)attention to the envi- ronment protection.   If you 　had listened     (listen)to your teacher in high school, you     would be working     (work)in the beautiful office now.   He talked about the gun shooting in Alaska as if he 　had been     (be) there. ⑧We would rather our daughter 　stayed     (stay)at home with us,but it is