高考英语阅读理解专题练习主旨大意题

高考英语阅读理解专题练习主旨大意题

英语阅读理解专题指导－主旨大意题 ‎　　主旨大意题在阅读理解试题中所占比例及难度都相当大。主旨大意是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心，作者在文章中努力通过各种细节信息来阐明中心话题。因此，把握主旨大意对于正确理解全文具有重要意义。要找出主旨大意，应采用快速阅读法浏览全文，阅读时要注意抓住表达中心思想的句子。文章不同，中心句在文章中的位置也就不同，但一般情况下阅读时应特别留意文章的开头、结尾及各个段落的首句和尾句，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。　　常见的命题方式：‎ ‎　　What is the main idea of this passage?‎ ‎　　What dose this passage mainly concern?‎ ‎　　The main theme of this passage is_____________‎ ‎　　The main point of the passage is___________‎ ‎　　Which of the following is the best title for the passage?‎ ‎　　The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is______‎ ‎　　The purpose of the writer writing this passage is_____‎ ‎　　Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?‎ ‎　　文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下几种情况：‎ ‎　　1。题句位于句首。主题句出现在文首，开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎写作法。2。主题句位于段末。主题句出现在文章结尾是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。这是英语中最常见的归纳写作法。3. 主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方法也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。4。主题句位于段落的中间。主题句出现在文章的中间，通常前面只提出问题，文章的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、说明或发展。5。主题句隐含在段意之中。全文没有明确的主题句。其中心思想包含在各个句子中，在这种情况下，读者要把所有已知的细节综合起来，进行逻辑推理，概括归纳出主题句。‎ ‎　　【典例1】 The global energy crisis is approaching. What can we do? Here are some steps you can take。‎ ‎　　Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid(电网). Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage, a yearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort. Clean or replaces filters monthly or as needed。‎ ‎　　……‎ ‎　　Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than one vehicle. If you drive 12,500 miles a year, switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than ￡65 per year。‎ Carpool. The average U.S. commuter(乘车上班族) could save about ￡‎260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in a car that gets 20.1 mpg—assuming the three passengers share the cost of gas.                                       ‎ ‎　　This passage is mainly about ________。‎ ‎　　A. energy-saving tips        B. fuel-saving tips ‎ ‎　　C. do-it-yourself tips    D. environment-protecting tips ‎　　【解析】 本文主要介绍了如何节约能源。本文是一篇科普文章，主题很明显，文章一开始就点明了主题，接下来整篇文章都是围绕如何save energy展开，而save fuel仅仅只是其中的一部分。故选A。针对主旨大意类题目，应采用快速阅读法(Skimming)浏览全文。在阅读时，应特别注意文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因为他们往往名包含文章的中心议题。‎ ‎　　【典例2】 Domestic (驯养的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses weren’t tame (驯服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today。‎ ‎　　Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication。‎ ‎　　……‎ ‎　　The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world.              ‎ ‎　　The passage is mainly about _______。‎ ‎　　A. why humans domesticated horses ‎　　B. how humans and horses needed each other ‎　　C. why horses came in different shapes and sizes ‎　　D. how human societies and horses influenced each other ‎　　【解析】 本文以时间为顺序，记叙了人类对马的驯化以及马对人类的生活所产生的重要影响。本题考查主旨大意。前四段说明，人类驯养了野马，使得马的种类繁多，这是人类社会对马的影响；最后一段说明，马作为交通工具加速了人类文化传播的进程。故文章的主题应是D所说的内容。此主题句出现在文章的最后一段。如果文章没有明确的主题句，文章的中心思想往往包含在各个段落中，考生可采取提纲挈领的方法，通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来，概括出全文的中心思想。‎ ‎　　选择标题属主旨大意题，是阅读理解题常考的题型之一。那么怎么样选择文章的标题？ 选择文章标题属深层次理解题，它要求考生在通读全文的基础上，认真分析主人公的特定心态、文章大意及作者写作意图，在此基础上，所选出的标题还应做到概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合。‎ ‎　　1。概括性原则  要求标题应在最大限度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨。标题实际上是文章主题的一种确认方式。前面我们提到，通过寻找主题句，往往很容易确定短文的标题。但大多数文章的主题句并不明显，需要我们通过体会字里行间蕴含的意思从整体上把握文章的主旨，从全局的角度概括归纳出文章的标题。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点代面，以偏概全。‎ ‎　　2。针对性原则  针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则、针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即标题不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。‎ ‎　　3。醒目性原则  标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂。标题的好坏往往会影响文章的可读性。读者往往从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。所以在标题选择的过程中，在满足概括性和针对性的条件下，还要考虑标题的醒目性。‎ A.主题句呈现的形式 ‎1）文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.‎ 例1.The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.‎ 例2.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at ‎ the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.‎ ‎2).文尾，在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式 例3.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Man’s games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.‎ ‎3).文中，通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.‎ 例4.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.‎ ‎4).首尾呼应，为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。‎ 例5.（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.“she said…‎ ‎&O1472;（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”Shu said.‎ ‎5).无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。‎ 例6.Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.‎ Q: What is the main idea of the passage?　＿＿＿＿‎ A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.        B. Bingham is a diligent student.　‎ C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.‎ ‎[分析]此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 Ｃ 除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词 ‎    文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus…..I agree with the opinion that….;Given all these points above, I would support the idea that….; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer…. ‎ Reading comprehension---Main idea ‎1. The easy way out isn’t always easiest. I learned that lesson when I decided to treat Doug, my husband of one month, to a special meal. I glanced through my cookbook and chose a menu which included homemade bread. Knowing the bread would take tine, I started on it as soon as Doug left for work. As I was not experienced in cooking, I thought if a dozen was good, two dozen would be better, so I doubled everything. As Doug loved oranges, I also opened a can of orange and poured it all into the bowl. Soon there was a sticky dough (面团) covered with ugly yellowish marks. Realizing I had been defeated, I put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so I wouldn’t have to face Doug laughing at my work. I went on preparing the rest if the meal, and, when Doug got home , we sat down to Cornish chicken with rice. He tried to enjoy the meal but seemed disturbed. Twice he got up and went out side , saying he thought he heard a noise. The third time he left, I went to the window to see what he was doing. Looking out , I saw Doug standing about three feet from the rubbish bin, holding the lid up with a stick and looking into the container. When I came out of the house , he dropped the stick and explained that there was something alive in our rubbish bin . Picking up the stick again, he held the lid up enough for me to see. I felt cold. But I stepped close and looked harder. Without doubt it was my work. The hot sun had caused the sough to dough to double in size and the fermenting yeast (酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as thought it were breathing . It looked like some unknown being from outer space. I could see why Doug was shaken. I had to admit what the “living thing” was and why it was there. I don’t know who was more embarrassed (尴尬) by the whole thing –Doug or me.‎ The writer’s purpose in writing this story is ___________‎ a. to tell an interesting experience.‎ b. To show the easiest way out of a difficulty.‎ c. To describe the trouble facing a newly married woman ‎ d. To explain the difficulty of learning to cook from books ‎2 Decision thinking is not unlike poker--- it of ten matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. The mental process () is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.‎ The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games of “perfect information”, games like chess where the players can’t hide anything or play tricks; they don’t win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of “ imperfect information”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.‎ One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quit the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors () which would even puzzle() best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker.‎ The subject discussed in this text is _____‎ a. the process of reaching decision b. the difference between poker and chess c. the secret of making good business plans d. the value of information in winning games ‎3 Most people feel lonely sometimes, but it usually only lasts between a few minutes and a few hours. This kind of loneliness is not serious, In fact, it is quite normal. For some people, though, loneliness can last for years. Now researchers say there are three different types of loneliness.‎ The first kind of loneliness is temporary(暂时的) . This is the most common type. It usually disappears quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situation—for example a family problem, the death of a loves one, or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year.‎ The third kind of loneliness is the most severe. Unlike the second type, chronic(长期的) loneliness usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and becoming close to others. Unfortunately, many chronically lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their condition.‎ Psychologists agree that one important factor in loneliness is a person’s social contacts, e.g. friends, family members, co-workers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. For instance, our families give us emotional support, our parents share similar interests and activities. However, psychologists have found that, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question their own popularity.‎ Psychologists are trying to find ways to help habitually lonely people for two reasons: they are unhappy and unable to socialize and there is a connection between chronic loneliness and serious illness such as heart disease. While temporary and situational loneliness can be a normal, healthy part of life, chronic loneliness can be a very sad, and sometimes dangerous condition.‎ 1. The topic of the 4th paragraph is that _________.‎ a. one problem of loneliness is a person’s social contacts ‎ b. we depend on various people for different reasons c. lonely people don’t have many social problems d. lonely people don’t have many friends ‎ 2. What is the best title for the passage?‎ a. Three Kinds of Loneliness. b. :Loneliness and Diseases c. Loneliness and Social Contacts d. Chronic Loneliness.‎ ‎4．Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute (垃圾道)? You won’t be for long. Miami’s Mark Shantzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and cycle, too.‎ In Shantzis’ Hi-Rise Recycling system, a chute leads to a pip-shaped container with six boxes that can turn around when operated. The system, which fits in the same space as the chute and container now in use, enables ,glass, plastics, paper, metal, and other rubbish to go into separate boxes.‎ The system is controlled from a board foxed next to the chute door. The board has a button for each class of recycling materials (). At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors’ chute doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute. The computer also counts the loads and gives a signal by phone when the box is full. And a particular piece of equipment breaks up the nonrecyclables.‎ ‎ Sorting(分类) recyclables before they are collected saves the use of expensive materials recovery equipment which otherwise has to do the sorting. Such equipment often makes recycled materials very expensive, so expensive that tones of recyclables remain wasted. Shantzis believes his system could help recycled materials become more cost-effective. ‎ The purpose in writing this text is _________.‎ A to encourage people to recycle their rubbish. ‎ B. to introduce a recycling system for high rises C to describe the use of computer technology in recycling ‎ D to explain the need for rubbish collection in high rise ‎5 Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment() friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastics, and these are difficult to get rid of.‎ However, today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the environment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these, “Will this shampoo damage the environment?” “Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?”‎ A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it, this means that companies must now changed the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are “green”, that is, friendly to the environment.‎ Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels (标签) to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.‎ The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business. No longer will the pubic accept the old attitude of “buy it, use it , throw it away, and forget it.” The public pressure is on , and gradually business is cleaning up its act. ‎ ‎ NMET2001 C What would be the best title for the text?‎ a. Business and People b. Business Goes Green ‎ c. Shopping Habits Are Changing d. Supermarkets and Green Products ‎ ‎ 6 If you ask people to name the one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare,” “Samuel Johnson,” and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English ----William the Conqueror.‎ ‎ Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups. In the west-central region lived the Welsh, who spoke a Celtic language, and in the north lived the Scots, whose language , though not the same as Welsh, was also Celtic. In the rest of the country lived the Saxons , actually a mixture of Anglos, Saxons, and other Germanic and Nordic peoples, who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon (or Old English ), a Germanic language. If this state of affairs had lasted, English today would be close to German.‎ ‎ But this state of affairs did not last. In 1066 the Normans led by William defeated the Saxons and began their rule over England. For about a century, French became the official language of England while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of politics and the law come from French rather than German. In some cases, ,modern English even shows a distinction () between upper-class ‎ French and lower-class Anglo-Saxon in its words. We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the field or at ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating. ‎ ‎ When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more “foreign” than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of one man’s ambition. NMET2001 D ‎ What is the subject discussed in the text?‎ a. The history of Great Britain. b. The similarity between English and French.‎ c. The rule of England by William the conqueror d. The French influences on the English language.‎ ‎7 Britain’s oldest man made his first visit to London yesterday at the age of 110. Mr. John Evans had never found the time or the money to make the trip from his home near Swansea. But, when British Rail offered him an all-expenses-paid birthday trip to the capital, he just could not refuse.‎ ‎ Until yesterday he had never been far from home, except for one trip to Aberdeen. Mr.Evens, who spent 60 years working as a miner in South Wales, almost made the journey to London once before, at the turn of the century. “There was a trip to the White city but it was ten shillings (1shilling =1/20 pound ) return from Swansea-too much I thought. All my money went to the family then,” he said.‎ ‎ During the nest two days Mr. Evens will be taken on a whistle-stop tour of London to see the sights. Top of his list is a visit to the Houses of Parliament()‎ ‎ The only arrangement he does not care for is the wheelchair provided to move him about if he gets tired. “ I don’t like the chair business-people will so think I am getting old,” he said.‎ ‎ Hi secret for a long and healthy life has been well publicized—no alcohol, no cigarette and no anger. Before setting off from Swansea with his 76-year-old son, Amwel, he quipped, “ I’m glad to see they’ve given me a return ticket.” 2003shanfhai C ‎ ‎ ‎ What might be the best title for this passage?‎ a. 100-year-old Tourist b. Secret for Long and healthy life c. Free Return Ticket d. Sightseeing in London ‎8 BEING –set of by the April 1 Sino-us plane collision(相撞) and US official agreement of the biggest arms sale to Taiwan in decade (ten years) as well as remarks by US president Bush on Defending Taiwan, there have been increasing hacker attacks on websites of the two countries in the past weeks.‎ An American group of hackers （黑客) which calls itself Poison Box had begun ruining Chinese websites after the April1 spy plane incident, top Chinese portal sina.com said.‎ The Chinese soon attacked back.‎ On April 2, Chinese hackers invaded two Government websites over the weekend, forcing the Department of labor and the Department of the Health and Human Services to shut down their sites for a short time.‎ The US Department of labor went off line for a few hours after a page in its website was changed to display a picture of Wang Wei, the Chinese pilot who died in the collision.‎ The page was titled “China back!” and read, in English, “the whole country is so sorry for losing ‎ the best son of China ---Wang Wei forever. We will miss the end of the day.”‎ On May1, hackers exchanged bad remarks (脏话) in which the official White House website was defaced (毁容) by a huge amount of e-mail garbage. On May5, the White House website fell victim (受害者) to a denial (拒绝) of serviced attack that blocked access (通道) to the site for more than two hours.‎ The Computer Network and Information Security Management Office told web operators an average of 100 sites a day had seen “some more form of attack.”‎ The best title of the passage is _____.‎ a. Sino-US plane collision. b. Sino-US Hackers Fighting Cyber () war c. Cyber war continuing d. Wang wei, our best son ‎9 There were two interesting news items () in the paper a few years ago . One was about a man who received a bill from the telephone company for £999,999—for three month! The other was about a man who received £2,000 a month ---for doing nothing.‎ The connection between the two news items is simple: computer – the best invention of the 20th century. The telephone bill came from a computer which made a terrifying mistake , that was only £23.36. The other item was not so amusing . A man walked into the unguarded () computer room of a large packaged food company (袋装食品生产公司) and expectly programmed the computer (给计算机编程序) to pay him £2,000 a month for raw meat which he “supplied” to the company. Of course he never sent the meat, but he certainly received the money. The computer wrote out a bill, and even “signed ”it . It was only a random (随便的) check that uncovered the trick. It could be happening in thousands of other companied all over the world.‎ Computers are not the magical workers that some people say they are. They make mistakes, they’re sometimes slower than human beings and they’re easily fooled. The US used to conscript (征兵) people with the help of a computer.The army sent out a card, which had to be filled in and sent back. It was easy to avoid being called up simply by spreading candle-waxon on the card. The computer couldn’t read the card and did nothing with it.‎ It’s in our everyday life that computers cause many problems. Let’s get back to using people instead of computers, before a mistake that we can’t put right.‎ ‎ The writer’s main idea is __________.‎ A we’d better use people instead of computers in our everyday life.‎ B. We should not use computers because they always make mistakes C. computers are widely used in our everyday life D. if we want to work well, don’t use the computers.‎ ‎10 During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. When the crops were good, the economy on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat with almost as much felling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasingly favorite topic of conversation.‎ ‎ War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, but farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debts were coming due, only to see prices rising ‎ and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producer groups asked for farmer controls, but governments had no wish to become involved, at least not until wartime wheat prices threatened to run wild.‎ ‎ Anxious to check inflation and rising living costs, the federal government appointed a board of grain supervisors to handle deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle the crop of 1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with full authority to buy, sell and set prices.‎ ‎ What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To explain how wheat is marketed today B. To justify suspension of trading on the Grain Exchange.‎ C. To describe the origins of the Canadian Wheat Board.‎ D. To argue for further reforms on the Canadian Wheat Board ‎11. April 27 is Take Our Daughters to Work Day in Britain. Started at first in the United States and brought to Britain in 1994, Take Our Daughter to Work Day has become a special day for girls between 11 and 15. On that day thousands of girls take a day off school and go together with one of their parents to their work places. The purpose of this day is to broaden girls’ horizons(视野) and raise their self-confidence.‎ ‎ For many years people have thought that boy can do better than girls in society. But actually, “Girls can be whatever they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot , a nurse or a chief executive (主管),” says the chairman of the Our Sons and Daughters Charitable Trust, an organization which supported the activity of the Day. “ Now the girls have a close look at what their parents are doing and this may help them to be more self-confident when they are faced with a choice of work.”‎ Schools and many companied support the activity, too. Palmers Green High School for girls , in north London, has made the day a necessary of careers education.‎ Zarina Bart,15, from Palmers Green, went with her mother Gwen to her lawyer’s office on this year’s Take Our Daughters to Work Day. “I learned how to fill in a legal aid form and I read details of a case. Then I went to see the actual trail,” she said.‎ Zarina found it interesting to see her mother at work . “It’s really strange seeing Mum at work-running around, getting serious and telling people what to do.” She has always liked this idea of going into law and thinks it likely that she will follow in her mother’s footsteps. Having a chance to see how her mother works has given hr more self-confidence.‎ Experts believe that girls with higher self-confidence aim higher and are more likely to be successful in life. Parents have more important effert on the confidence of teenage girls. If parents believe in their daughter and show examples both at work as well as at home for them, this will give a lot of help to girls. Take Our Daughters to Work Day is surely a step in the right direction.‎ The writer’s purpose in writing this text is to _________‎ A introduce to us a special day for girls B broaden girls’ view and raise their confidence C show us that girls can do as well as boys D tell how the special day for girls came into being ‎12 To swim the English channel takes at least nine hours. It’s hard work and it makes you short of ‎ breath. To fly over the channel takes only twenty minutes as long as you’re not held up at the airport, but it’s an expensive way to travel. You can travel by hovercraft(气垫船) if you don’t mind the noise and that takes forty minutes. Otherwise , you can go by boat, if you remember sea-sickness pills. All these means of transport (运输) have their problems, and the weary (厌烦的) traveler often dreams of being able to drive to France in his own car. “Not possible, you say. Well, wait a minute people are once again considering the idea of a Channel tunnel or bridge.” This time , the great London Council(议会) is looking into the possibility of building a channel link straight to London. A bridge would cost far more a tunnel, but you would be able to go by rail or by car on a bridge, whereas (然而) a tunnel would provide a rail link only.‎ Why is this idea being discussed again? Is Britain realizing the need for links with Europe as a result of joining EEC(欧共体)? Well, perhaps. The main reason , though, is that a tunnel or bridge would reach the twenty square kilometers of London’s discussed stimulate(刺激) trade and revitalise (使…..具有活力) the port, and would ,make London a main trading center in Europe. With a link over the channel, you could buy your fish and chips in England and be able to eat them in France while they are still warm!‎ The main idea of the passage is ______ A how to develop the trade of London B crossing the Channel is difficult ‎ C how to get to Europe more conveniently D what to do in the development of traveling ‎13 Believe it or not, optical illusion(错觉) can cut highway crashes(撞毁)‎ Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent strips, called cheverons (人字形), painted on the roads make drivers think that they are faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.‎ Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C. is planning to repeat Japan’s success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint cheverons and other patterns of strips on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.‎ Excessive speed plays a major role in as much a one fifth of all fatal(致命) traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will carry its tests in areas where speed-related hazards(危险) are the greatest –curves(弯), exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges.‎ Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars(水平障碍物)painted across roads can initially(最初) cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.‎ Cheverons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are, but also make a lane(车道) appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.‎ The passage mainly discusses ________.‎ A a new way of highway speed control B a new pattern for painting highways C a new way to training drivers D a new type of optical illusion ‎ ‎14 Farmer ED Rawlings smiles as he looks at his orange trees. The young oranges are growing well in Florida’‎ s weather. Warm sunshine and gentle rains, along with ED Rawlings expert care, will produce a good crop of oranges this year.‎ ‎ But ED has to fight against Florida’s changeable winter weather. In January and February, temperature can destroy ED’s entire orange crops. Having farmed in Florida for the past 35 years, Ed Rawlings is prepared for the frosts(). When temperatures drop below freezing, Ed tries to save his crop by watering his orange trees. The water freezes and forms a thin layer() of ice on the trees. Strange as it may sound, this thin layer of ice actually keep the fruit warm..‎ ‎ What happens is simple. When the trees are watered, the water loses heat and becomes ice. The warmth of the heat it loses is sicked in by the fruit and keeps its temperature at a safe level.Ed Rawling has effectively used this method to save many orange crops.‎ ‎ But Ed still faces some difficulties. The trees should be watered at the exact moment the temperature drops to the freezing point. Also, just the right quantity of water must be used. Too much water can form a thick layer of ice that will break the trees branches. Another difficulty is that wind blows away the heat. So Ed has to worry about not only when but also how often his trees should be watered, and how much water should be used.‎ Computer technology may help Ed with some of these worries. With equipment, air and soil temperatures and wind speed can be measured. The information is fed into a computer which can tell when temperatures drop to freezing. The computer can correctly decide the quantity of water to be used and how frequently the trees should be watered. Ed will find looking after his orange trees a lot easier with the help of a computer, and we’ll all have the benefits(or advantages) of computerage oranges.‎ The passage is mainly about_______.‎ A a farmer’s expert care for his orange trees B the different uses of computers C growing oranges in Florida’s changeable weather D different way of frost protection ‎15 RALOALTO, California—“Switching off the television may help prevent children from getting fatter—even if they do not change their diet or increase the amount they exercise,” US researchers said last week.‎ A study of 192 third and forth grades, generally aged eight and nine, found that children who cut the number of hours spent watching television gained nearly two pounds (0.91kg) less over a one-year period than those who did not change their television diet.‎ ‎“The findings are important because they show that weight loss can only be the result of a reduction in television view and not any other activity,” said Thomas Robison, a pediatrician() at Stanford University.‎ In the study, presented this week to the Pediatric Academic Societies’ annual meeting () in San Francisco, the researchers persuaded about 100 of the students to reduce their television viewing by one-quarter to one third.‎ Children watching fewer hours of television showed a pretty smaller increase in waist size and had less body fat than other students who continued their took part in any extra exercise.‎ ‎“One explanation for the weight loss could be the children unstuck to the television may simply have been moving around more and burning off calories,” Robinson said.‎ ‎“Another reason might be due to eating fewer meals in front of the television. Some studies have suggested that eating in front of the TV encourages people to eat more,” Robison said.‎ ‎ The author tried to tell us in the first two paragraphs that _____ A children will get fatter if they eat too much ‎ B Children will get thinner if they eat less ‎ C children will get fatter if they spend less time watching TV ‎ D children will get fatter if they spend more time watching TV ‎ ‎16 During the summer you should be even more careful than usual of the foods you prepare. Foods spoil faster in hot weather than in cold weather. When you are shopping , purchase frozen and refrigerated foods, don’t make long stops on your way home because frozen foods could become soft or warm. Using insulated (密封的) bags helps keep food cold until you arrive home. Mild or milk products should be refrigerated immediately. When camping or picnicking or at any time when refrigeration isn’t available, use special dry foods. Above all , if a food doesn’t seem to be normal in odor(气味) or appearance, discard (抛弃) it immediately. Don’t taste it.‎ ‎ What is the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎ A How to store frozen and refrigerated foods ‎ B How to keep keep food from spoiling (变坏) during the summer?‎ ‎ C How to select fresh food? D How to prepare summer food ‎17 A new era(纪元) is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It all translates to be a basic change in the way we work. Already we are there now. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen fortunately in the Western World. Today the major of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number in on the rise. More women are in the workforce than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the wildness of the economic change can’t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical(根本的、彻底的) new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held views about jobs and careers, the skills to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers—all these are being challenged.‎ We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possible could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip(芯片), would change our world thanks to its use in personal computers, digital biotechnology(数码生物技术), artificial (人工的) intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of unexpected changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more important ,and the people who have it , whether they work in manufacturing (制造业) or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by using information instead of performing regular work will be valued above all else. If you look forward 10 years, information services will be predominant(占优势). It will be the way you do your job. ‎ ‎ ‎ Which of the following can be the vest title of the passage?‎ a. Computer and Knowledge Society. b. Service Industry in the Modern Society c. Characteristics of the new Era d. Fast Development of Information Technology ‎18 It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The difference between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.‎ Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows not limits. It can take place anywhere, whether in the school or on the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning . The agent(doer) of education can vary from respected grandparents to the people arguing about politics on the radio, from a child to a famous scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability（可预料性）, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a strange may lead a person to discover how little is know of other religious (宗教) . People receive education from infancy(婴幼儿) on. Education, then , is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process ,a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be a necessary of one’s entire life.‎ Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive school at about the same time, take the assigned () seats, are taught by the adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The pieces of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have been limited by the subjects being taught. For example, high school students know that they are likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their society or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are clear undoubtful conditions surrounding the formalized of schooling.‎ What is the main idea of this passage?‎ A. The best schools teach a variety of subjects.‎ B. Education and schooling are quite different experiences.‎ C. The more years students go to schools, the better their education.‎ D. Students benefit from schools, which require bong hours and homework..‎ ‎19 Since the beginning of time, man has invented many interesting things. Some of these inventions, like numbers , the alphabet and the radio, have certainly changed history. Since 1946, one of the most important inventions has been the computer. It will change all our lives.‎ At one time it was as large as a room, and quite difficult and slow to operate. But , since the invention of the silicon ship (),which is really a very very small electric circuit(), computers have been greatly improved. They have become smaller, easier to use, and faster; they can store a lot more information. ‎ Some computer are made as well as television sets. Simple computers can be made smaller than a book. And computers are getting smaller all the time.‎ There are several reasons why the computer is useful to us. Firstly, it can store a very very large quantity of information in its memory. Secondly, the computer can operate very quickly –thousands of times faster than a human—and it will not tire. Thirdly, modern computers can be built into other kinds of machines, like radios, cars, planes and so on. They can do many kinds of work.‎ Soon, almost everyone , either at home or at work, will use some kind of computer. the lives of all of us will be changed by this invention.‎ The main idea of this passage is ____‎ A how the computer came into being B that computers ate getting smaller and smaller all the time C that the computer will change the lives of all of us D that modern computers can be built into other machine ‎20 The computer is an electronic machine. It is a machine that solves problems as much as you do. As an example, Let’s trace the way you would add two numbers. Then, let’s see how a computer would do it.‎ Step1. You collect information. That is, you either see or hear the numbers to be added.‎ Step2. You find a method to solve the problem. In this case, you remember how to do addition.‎ Step 3 You bring together the information (the two numbers), and the method(addition)‎ Step 4 You perform the operation, adding the two numbers.‎ Step5 You report the results of your work, either by writing down the answer or by saying it aloud.‎ All computer go through five similar steps.‎ Step 1 The computer receives information, or data, from the outside. It changes the data into electric language, called input.‎ Step 2 The computer has been given a program contain instructions for solving the problem. The instructions ate found in the storage or memory.‎ Step 3 The computer bring together the data from the input and the instructions from the storage. This is done by the computer’s control.‎ Step 4 The computer goes through the steps of the instructions on the data; this is called processing.‎ Step 5 The computer changes the result from electric language to human language. It presents the results in print or sound, called output.‎ Sometimes the five parts of a computer –input, storage, control, processor , and output—are together in one large unit. Other times they are far apart and connected by wires. Often, large computers have one control and processing unit, with a number of separate memory, input, and output device.‎ What does the passage mainly tell us?‎ A The computer is an electric machine. B Computer solve problems in the same way as people do ‎ C How we add two numbers D Computers have five parts together in one unit.‎ ‎21 Astronomers have spent hundreds of years searching for signs of life on other planets, using telescopes. When they saw the geography of Mars (火星), they thought they could see canals and that this might be evidence of intelligent life on the planet. More recently, however, spacecraft have been sent there to analyse (分析) the soil for signs of life. The result were negative and astronomers now feel certain that no life exist on the surface of any craft far beyond our solar system （太阳系）I not realistic because of the huge distances.‎ Unless life comes and visit us, the only way we likely to know of its existence is from radio message. Listening for intelligent extraterrestrial (外星的) or E.T. life is not a new idea, but the techniques now being used offer a much better chance off success than before. Looking for evidence of life in other solar systems now means using special radio receivers called radio telescopes to listen out for message. The idea is that intelligent forms of life would have discovered radio waves and would, like us, be using them to communicate.‎ Through its research work, NASA(美国国家航空航天局) has develop two means of systematically searching ‎ for E.T. life. The first method is to select the closest 800 stars like our sun and to direct a radio telescope to scan each of one them for electromagnetic (电磁) wave. The second way is to survey the entire sky, listening for continuous signals which may come from extraterrestrial life. Scientists are looking in the 100-10,000 MegaHetz(兆赫) frequency range—a range where there are fewer natural radio signals which could interfere (干扰) with transmission (传输). By looking signals in these specific regions, scientists can avoid any confusion that might be caused by receiving a natural radio signal rather than one sent by intelligent life. ‎ NASA’s search in space has already resulted in some discoveries –including new equipment which may help in the development of new communication and medical technologies.‎ All this , as well as the chance of discovering, has made us feel confident that maybe we are not alone in the universe!‎ What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A Astronomers now feel certain that no life exists on the surface of any other planet in our solar system.‎ B It is realistic to send a spacecraft far beyond our solar system to search for E.T. life.‎ C There I no E.T. life on Mars.‎ D Using radio telescopes to listen out for message from E.T. life , scientists have discovered that the new equipment nay help in the development of new communication and medical technologies.‎ ‎22 It is burning hot in Mali, an island country in Africa, where the highest temperature even reach 55℃, while the average temperature of the whole year there maintains (维持) above 45℃. But to our great surprise, the tourism (旅游线) there is getting very well. Nearly all the year round the tourists can be seen coming and going.‎ That is because there are a large number of “In-the-Well Hotels” in Mali. It means that first of all, people have dug a thirty-metre-deep well under very hot land surface, then in the wall of the well several empty caves, about two metres high each, are made. In these caves beds are arranged.‎ Obviously, In-the-Well Hotel, not as hot as it is out of the well, remains only about 12~20℃. In the cave rooms, tourists can find all the daily necessaries.‎ It not only frees the guests of the country from the hot weather but also gives them a new and fresh experience. So it is appealing(吸引人的) to the tourists coming all parts of the world.‎ The best title for this passage should be ________.‎ A Mali, A Burning Hot Country B Tourism In Mali C The Well Hotel D A way to Develop Tourism ‎23 Imagine life as a game in which you are playing with some five balls in the air. You name them work, family, health, friends and spirit, and you’re keeping all these balls in the air.‎ You understand that work is a rubber ball.If you drop it, it will bounce back. But the other four balls are made of glass. If you drop one of these, it will be surely marked, broken, damaged or even shattered(粉碎). They will never be the same. You must understand that and strive for balance in your life. How?‎ Don’t undermine (低估) your worth by comparing yourself to others . It is because we are different that each of us is special. Don’t set your goals by what other people consider important. Only you know what is best for you. Don’t take for granted the things closest to your heart. Stick to them as you would ‎ to life, for without them, it’s meaningless. Don’t let life one day at a time, you live ALL the days of your life. Don’t run through life so fast that your forget not only where you’ve been, but also where you’re going. Don’t use time or words carelessly. Neither can be regained. Life is not a race, but a journey to be enjoyed each step of the way. Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, and today is a gift. That is why we call it---The Present.‎ Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?‎ A We should strive for balance in our life.‎ B We should not undermine our worth by comparing ourselves to others ‎ C We should not set our goals by what other people consider important.‎ D Words and time will never return once they are gone. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎24 Some people think they have an answer to the problems of automobile crowding and pollution in large cities. Their answer is the bicycle, or “bike”.‎ ‎ In a great many cities, hundreds of people ride bicycles to work everyday. In New York Cith, some bike riders have even formed a group called Bike fie a Better City. They claim that if more people rode bicycles to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city and therefore less dirty air from car engines.‎ For several years this group has been trying to get the city government to help bicycle riders. For example, they want the city to paint special lanes –for bicycles only—on some of the main streets, because when bicycle riders must use the same lanes as cars, there may be accidents. Bike foe a Better City feels that if there were special lanes, more people would use bikes.‎ But no bicycle lanes have been painted yet. Not everyone thinks it is a good idea. Taxi drivers don’t like the idea—they say it will slow traffic. Some store owners on the main streets don’t like the idea—they say if there is less traffic, they will have less business. And most people live too far from downtown to travel by bike.‎ The government has not yet decided what to do . It wants to keep everyone happy. On weekends, Central Park---the largest open space in New York –is closed to cars, and the roads may be used by bicycles only. But Bike for a Better City says that this is not enough and keeps fighting to get bicycle lanes downtown. Until that happens, the safest place to bicycles may be in the park.‎ The main idea of the passage is to show_________.‎ A the problems of automobile crowding and pollution in large city,‎ B bike for a Better City’s answer to the problems of automobiles C a great many bike riders in New York City.‎ D the city government’s decision about bicycle lanes. ‎ ‎25 In its country of Germany, the hot dog was called the frankfurter. It was named after Frankfurt, a German city. Frankfurters were first sold in the United States in the 1860s. Americans called frankfurters “dachshund sausages”. A dachshund is a dog from Germany with a very long body and short legs. Dachshund sausages first became popular in New York, especially at baseball games. At games they were sold by men who kept them warm in hot-water tanks. As the men walked up and down the rows of people, they yelled, “Get your dachshund sausages! Get your hot dachshund sausages!” People got the sausages on buns, a special ‎ bread.‎ One day in 1906, a newspaper cartoonist named Tad Dargan went to a baseball game. When he saw the man with the dachshund sausages, he got an idea for a cartoon. The next say at the newspaper office he drew a bun with a dachshund inside ---not a dachshund sausages, but a dachshund. Dorgan didn’t know to spell dachshund. Under the cartoon, he wrote “Get you hot dogs!”‎ The cartoon caused deep interest and excitement ,and so was the new name. If you go to a baseball games today, you can still see sellers walking around with hot-water tanks. As they walked up and down the rows they yell, “Get your hot dogs here! Get your hot dogs!”‎ The main purpose of the passage is to show_____.‎ A the home country of the hot dog B the origin of the hot dog C the selling of the hot dog D the cartoon of the hot dog ‎26 All of us eat every day, but most of us don’t understand nutrition. How much do you know about good nutrition? Are the following statements true or false?‎ ‎ 1. People who don’t eat meat can stay healthy.‎ True. As long as people eat enough milk, eggs and meat alternated () , they can get enough protein ().‎ ‎2. Fresh vegetables cooked at home are always more nutritious than canned vegetables.‎ False. The difference depends on how vegetables are prepared than whether they are fresh or canned. Vegetables cooked in too much water lose a great amount of vitamins.‎ ‎3 Food eaten between meals can be just as good for health as food eaten at regular meals.‎ True. Nutritional value depends on what type of food you eat, not when you eat them. Eating an egg or an orange between meals can contribute to a good diet.‎ ‎4. Taking extra vitamins beyond the recommended daily allowances won’t give you more energy.‎ True. It’s widely believed that extra vitamins provide more energy. But taking more than the body needs doesn’t make it function better, not more than overfilling your gas tank makes your car run better.‎ ‎5. Natural vitamins are better supplements (补充) for the diet than synthetic vitamins.‎ False. There is no difference. A vitamin has the same properties (性质) and specific chemical structure whether made in a laboratory or taken from plant or animal parts.‎ ‎6 Older people need the same amount of vitamins as younger people.‎ True. Older people need the same amount of vitamins as younger people although they need fewer calories (卡). Certain illnesses raise the requirements for some vitamins, but that is true for the young as well as the old.‎ ‎7 Food grow in poor soil is lower in vitamins than food grown in rich soil.‎ False. The vitamins in our food are made by the plants themselves. They don’t come from the soil. However, the minerals in a plant depend on the minerals in the soil.‎ ‎ If you have answered these questions correctly, You can say you know much about food and nutrition by today’s standards. But remember that nutrition is growing science and that it may be changed as new information is obtained.‎ The main purpose of the passage is _____.‎ A to list today’s standards of food and nutrition ‎ B to introduce what should be eaten and what not C to explain what is helpful to your health and what is not.‎ D to test our nutrition IQ by judging the problems listed ‎27 When we say that Cambridge us a university town, we don’t mean just that it is a town with a university in it. Manchester and Milan have universities, but we don’t call them university towns. A university town is one where there is no clear separation between the university buildings and the rest of the city. The university is not just one part of the town, it is all over the town. The heart of Cambridge has its shops, pubs (小酒馆), marketplace and so on, but most of it is university—colleges, faculties(各系部), libraries, clubs and other places for university staff(教职员工) and students. Students fill the shops, cafes, bands, and churches , making these as well part, of the university.‎ ‎ The town was there first. Two Roman roads crossed there, and there are signs of building before Roman times (earlier than A.D. 43). Cambridge became a center of learning, and the authority（权威) of the head of the university was recognized by the king in 1226.‎ ‎ With about 8,250 undergraduates and over 2,000 postgraduates, the city is a busy place in “full turn” (全体学生在校上课时). Undergraduates are not allowed to keep cars in Cambridge, so nearly all of them use bicycles. Don’t try to drive through Cambridge during the five minutes between lectures. Your bicycle must go through a boiling sea of other bicycles hurrying in all directions. If you are in Cambridge at five minutes to the hour any morning of full term , you know that you are in a university town.‎ What is the title of the passage?‎ A Cambridge --- A University Town B Cambridge ---A Centre of learning ‎ C Cambridge with Many Students D Cambridge with a Long History ‎ ‎28 Perhaps the most famous theory, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray Birdwhistell. He believes that physical appearance is often culturally (文化地) programmed. In other words, we learn our looks –we are not born with them. A baby has generally informed face features(特征). A baby, according to Birdwhistell, learns where to set the eyebrows by looking at those around –family and friends. This helps explain why the people of some areas of the United States look so much alike. New Englanders of Southerners have certain common face features that cannot be explained by genetics(遗传学). The exact shape of the mouth is not set at birth, it is learned after. In fact, the final shape is not formed until well after new teeth are set. For many, this can be well into grownup. A husband and wife together for a long time often come to look somewhere alike. We learn our looks from those around us. This is perhaps why in a single country there are areas where people smile more than those in other areas. In the United States, for example , the South is the part of the country where the people smile most frequently. In New England they ‎ smile less, and in the western part of New York still less. Many Southerners find cities such as New York are unfriendly, partly because people on Madison Avenue smile less than people on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia. People in large polluted areas also smile and greet each other in public less than people in small towns so.‎ This passage might have been taken out if a book dealing with_______.‎ A physics B chemistry C biology D none of the above 1. A 2. A 3. A.A 4. B 5. B. 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. A.‎ ‎15. D 16. B 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. D 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. D ‎ ‎ 阅 读 理 解 部分------各类题型的特点及解答技巧 (一)主旨题 1.文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首,文中,文尾,没有明确主旨,需总结. 2.主旨题的解题技巧 *不管它出现在文章的什么位置,都作为最后一道题去做,因为做完其他题以后会对主旨的理解有帮助 *着重理解首末段,首末句 *主旨在文章中间的情况(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思转折,提高警惕 3.主旨题的注意事项: *段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句 *作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨 *首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨 *提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等等 4.选项特点: 正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词 干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统 (二)作者观点和态度题 ‎ ‎ 1.作者态度题的解题技巧 *作者对某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反对,带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案 *漠不关心类词语一定不对,既然写文章就不会不关心 *不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度 *当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度 *作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联 [注]新趋势: *不仅局限于作者的态度,而发展到问文中某人对某事物的态度 *选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词语,而改为带有程度限制的词 *一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的表示必错,如:strong,complete,entire,enthusiastic等 *持有保留态度的比较客观,常常是正确选项,如:reserved,qualified,tempered,guarded,consent等 (三)词义/句义题 1.对词义考察的两种方式:超纲词义含义推断;熟词生义或是在特定场合的意思 2.词义题的解题技巧: *根据上下文进行推理猜测,两个原则 <1>不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思 <2>不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思 *正确选项不是熟词的常规含义 3.猜测词义的方法: *构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义 *词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测 *找同义词,同义解释,反义词,反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法,由此推断其含义 *找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测 4.句义题的解题技巧 *正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语,而是使用不肯定语气或意义解释深刻 *含原文词或短语越多,就越不可能是正确选项 (四)推理引申题 1.推理引申题的选项特点与答题技巧 干扰项的特点 *只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当作间接推理 *看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,如因果倒置,手段变目的等 *根据考生已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准 *推理过头,引申过渡 正确选项的特点 *不是文中明确说明的内容,没有引申推理就不是正确选项 *正确选项大多含义深刻,不是常识选项 [注意] *注意那些似乎话中有话的的间接表达句,它们往往采用说半句,打比喻,反着说的方式,让考生有推理的余地 *注意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子.考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看透,也是命题点所在 ‎ ‎ (五)事实细节题 1.事实细节题的选项特点 正确选项特点 *一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案,但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思 ‎ 题干+正确选项的信息值等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值 体现中心思想,一篇试题的细节与主旨直接关联 干扰选项的特点 *部分正确,部分错误 *是原文信息,但是不是题目要求的内容 *符合常识,但不是文章内容 *与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动 2.事实细节题的解题技巧 *主旨与细节是相辅相成的,确定了主题,才能深刻理解材料的作用.同样,对具体细节有较为全面的理解,就能更好的判明主题 *文章的事实细节内容不会孤立的出现,它与前后的内容密切相关,考生要善于利用因果,类比,时间,空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个有机整体 *看细节内容要"跳出来"看,即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识,然后判断这个细节为什么主题服务 *坚决遵循"本本主义",文章里有什么就用什么,不可凭感觉发挥做题  实战练习： 阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 A Early one morning, more than a hundred years ago, an American inventor called Elias Howe finally fell asleep. He had been working all night on the design of a sewing machine but he had run into a very difficult problem: It seemed impossible to get the thread to run smoothly around the needle. Though he was tired, Howe slept badly. He turned and turned. Then he had a dream. He dreamt that he had been caught by terrible savages whose king wanted to kill him and eat him unless he could build a perfect sewing machine. When he tried to do so, Howe ran into the same problem as before. The thread kept getting caught around the needle. The king flew into the cage and ordered his soldiers to kill Howe. They came up towards him with their spears raised. But suddenly the inventor noticed something. There was a hole in the tip of each spear. The inventor awoke from the dream, realizing that he had just found the answer to the problem. Instead of trying to get the thread to run around the needle, he should make it run through a small hole in the center of the needle. This was the simple idea that finally made Howe design and build the first really practised sewing machine. ‎ Elias Howe was not the only one in finding the answer to his problem in this way.‎ ‎ Thomas Edison, the inventor of the electric light, said his best ideas came into him in dreams. So did the great physicist Albert Einstein. Charlotte Bronte also drew in her dreams in writing Jane Eyre. To know the value of dreams, you have to understand what happens when you are asleep. Even then, a part of your mind is still working. This unconscious(无意识的), but still active part understands your experiences and goes to work on the problems you have had during the day. It stores all sorts of information that you may have forgotten or never have really noticed. It is only when you fall asleep that this part of the brain can send messages to the part you use when you are awake. However, the unconscious part acts in a special way. It uses strange images which the conscious part may not understand at first. This is why dreams are sometimes called “secret messages to ourselves”. 1..According to the passage, Elias Howe was________. A. the first person we know of who solved problems in his sleep B. much more hard-working than other inventors C. the first person to design a sewing machine that really worked D. the only person at the time who knew the value of dreams 2.The problem Howe was trying to solve was________. A. what kind of thread to use B. how to design a needle which would not break C. where to put the needle D. how to prevent the thread from getting caught around the needle 3.Thomas Edison is spoken of because________. A. he also tried to invent a sewing machine B. he got some of his ideas from dreams C. he was one of Howe’s best friends ‎ D. he also had difficulty in falling asleep 4.Dreams are sometimes called“secret messages to ourselves” because ________. A. strange images are used to communicate ideas B. images which have no meaning are used C. we can never understand the real meaning D. only specially trained people can understand them B Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners .Most children will“obey”spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child .Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight, pain, friendliness, and so on. But since these can’t be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate ,they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store. This ‎ self-imitation（模仿）leads on to deliberate（有意的）imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech. It is a problem we need to get out teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world .Thus the use at seven months of “mama” as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself, I doubt, however whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds . ‎ ‎5.Before children start speaking________. A.they need equal amount of listening B.they need different amounts of listening C.they are all eager to cooperate with the adults by obeying spoken instructions D.they can’t understand and obey the adult’s oral instructions 6.Children who start speaking late ________. A.may have problems with their listening B.probably do not hear enough language spoken around them C.usually pay close attention to what they hear D.often take a long time in learning to listen properly 7.A baby’s first noises are ________. A.an expression of his moods and feelings　　 B.an early form of language C.a sign that he means to tell you something　　 D.an imitation of the speech of adults 8.The problem of deciding at what point a baby’s imitations can be considered as speech________. A.is important because words have different meanings for different people B.is not especially important because the changeover takes place gradually C.is one that should be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with age D.is one that should be completely ignored（忽略）because children’s use of words is often meaningless 9.The speaker implies________. A.parents can never hope to teach their children new sounds B.children no longer imitate people after they begin to speak C.children who are good at imitating learn new words more quickly D.even after they have learnt to speak, children still enjoy imitating C The greatest recent changes have been in the lives of women. During the twentieth century there was an unusual shortening of the time of a woman’s life spent in caring for children. A woman marrying at the end of the 19th century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, chance and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer children. Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even while she has the care of children ,her work is lightened by household appliances（家用电器）and convenience foods. ‎ This important change in women’s way of life has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’ s economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age ,and though women tend to marry younger ,more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Many more after wads, return to full or part-time work.Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with both husband and wife accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfaction of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money and running the home, according to the abilities and interest of each of them. 10.We are told that in an average family about 1990________. A.many children died before they were five B.the youngest child would be fifteen C.seven of eight children lived to be more than five D.four or five children died when they were five 11.When she was over fifty, the late 19th century mother________. A.would expect to work until she died B.was usually expected to take up paid employment C.would be healthy enough to take up paid employment D.was unlikely to find a job even if she is now likely 12.Many girls, the passage says, are now likely to ________. A.marry so that they can get a job B.leave school as soon as they can C.give up their jobs for good after they are married D.continue working until they are going to have a baby ‎ ‎13.According to the passage,it is now quite usual for women to ________. A.stay at home after leaving school B.marry men younger than themselves C.start working again later in life D.marry while still at school D Any mistake made in the printing of a stamp raises its value to stamp collectors. A mistake on one inexpensive postage stamp has made the stamp worth a million and a half times its original value. The mistake was made more than a hundred years ago in the British colony of Mauritius, a small island in the Indian Ocean. In 1847 an order for stamps was sent to a London printer-Mauritius was to become the fourth country in the world to issue stamps. Before the order was filled and delivered, a ball was planned at Mauritius ‎’ Government House, and stamps were needed to send out the invitations. A local printer was instructed to copy the design for the stamps. He accidentally inscribed the words“Post Office” instead of“Post Paid” on the several hundred stamps that he printed. Today there are only twenty-six of these misprinted stamps left fourteen One Penny Orange-Reds and twelve Two Penny Blues. Because of the Two Penny Blue’s rareness and age, collectors have paid as much as ＄16 800 for it. 14.Over a century ago, Mauritius ________. A.was an independent country B.belonged to India C.was one of the British colonies D.was a small island in the Pacific Ocean 15. The mistake on the stamps was made ________. A.in Mauritius B.at Mauritius Government House C.in a post office D.in London 16. Stamp collectors have paid 16 800 for ________. A. fourteen One Penny Orange-Reds B. twelve Two Penny Blues C. one One Penny Orange-Red D. one Two Penny Blue ‎ E Personal computers and the Internet give people new choices about how to spend their time. Some may use this freedom to share less time with certain friends or family members, but new technology will also let them stay in closer touch with those they care most about. I know this from personal experience. E-mail makes it easy to work at home, which is where I now spend most weekends and evenings. My working hours aren’t necessarily much shorter than they once were but I spend fewer of them at the office. This lets me share more time with my young daughter than I might have if she’d been born before electronic mail became such a practical tool. The Internet also makes it easy to share thoughts with a group of friends. Say you do something fun see a great movie perhaps-and there are four or five friends who might want to hear about it. If you call each one, you may tire of telling the story. With E-mail, you just write one note about your experience, at your convenience, and address it to all the friends you think might be interested. They can read your message when they have time, and read only as much as they want to. They can reply at their convenience, and you can read what ‎ they have to say at your convenience. E-mail is also an inexpensive way stay in close touch with people who live far away. More than a few parents use E-mail to keep in touch, even daily touch, with their children off at college. We just have to keep in mind that computers and the Internet offer another way of staying in touch. They don’t take the place of any of the old ways. 17. The purpose of this passage is to ________. A. explain how to use the Internet B. describe the writer’s joy of keeping up with the latest technology C. tell the merits(价值) and usefulness of the Internet D. introduce the reader to basic knowledge about personal computers and the Internet 18. The use of E-mail has made it possible for the writer to ________. A. spend less time working B. have more free time with his child C. work at home on weekends D. work at a speed comfortable to him 19. According to the writer, E-mail has an obvious advantage over the telephone because the former helps one ________. A. reach a group of people at one time conveniently B. keep one’s communication as personal as possible C. pass on much more information than the later D. get in touch with one’s friends faster than the later 20. The best title for this passage is ________. A. Computer: New Technological Advances B. Internet: New Tool to Maintain Good Friendship C. Computers Have Made Life Easier D. Internet: a Convenient Tool for Communication 参考答案:CDBA BDABD DDDC CAD CBAD ‎ 标题类 标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信 bluestones ‎2010-05-27 05:25 PM 息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。 ‎ ‎ 文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 ‎ ‎【考例】 ‎ ‎(2009全国卷I，A篇) 59. What can be the best title for the text? ‎ A. A Mother’s Love B. A Brave Act ‎ C. A Deadly River D. A Matter of Life and Death ‎ ‎【解析】A。整篇文章叙述的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施来进行保护小牛， 体现了浓浓的母爱。文章最后一段点题：While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mother’s love. ‎ ‎(2009天津卷，D篇) 55. What would be the best title for the passage? ‎ A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships ‎ B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation ‎ C. Developing Better Drinking Habits ‎ D. Physical Sensations and Emotions ‎ ‎【解析】D。本文第一段中“The physical sensation（感觉） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.”就已点明本文的主题思想：身体对温度的感觉与情绪有关。 ‎ ‎(2009湖北卷，C篇) 62. Which would be the best title for the passage? ‎ ‎ A. Timex or Rolex? B. My Childhood Timex ‎ ‎ C. Watches? Not for Me! D. Watches — a Valuable Collection ‎ ‎【解析】C。文章通篇讲述在现代许多移动设备都能报时的前提下，还花费很多钱购买名表究竟是否合适，因此选择C“手表？我不要！”为标题较为形象生动，也很贴切。A“天美时还是劳力士”，B“我的孩童时代的天美时”，D“手表——昂贵的选择”都不符合文章主题。 ‎ ‎ ‎ 二、 文章标题的选择或拟定 　　标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。 　　文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮太阳却也遮了眼睛，太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？ 　　 1. 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系； 　　2. 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何； 　　3. 要注意题目是过大还是过小； 　　4. 要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③‎ 以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。 　　 要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。 　　比如某一文章的中心句子为： Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world． 　　话题：Coffee 　　控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world 　　标题：Coffee Around the World 标题类试题 ‎ 选择标题属主旨大意题，是阅读理解题常考的题目之一，每年都有1～3个小题，高考试题中涉及标题类试题的常用提问方式如下： ‎ The best headline (标题) for this newspaper article is . ‎ What would be the best title for the text? ‎ Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? ‎ The subject discussed in this text is . ‎ What is the subject discussed in the text? ‎ 文章的标题（title）是文章的眼睛，通过这双“眼睛”我们可以略知文章的大意。给文章加一个适当的标题，首先要把握好文章的大意。不能把文章某一段的大意看作整篇文章的大意，更不可把文章的细节看成文章的大意，从而给文章加上一个观点片面的标题。文章的标题实际上是对文章大意最简洁的概括，标题与文章大意息息相关。 ‎ 其次，给文章一个适当的标题还应抓住文章的主题句。本论文由无忧论文网www.51lunwen.com整理提供因为文章的大意和文章的主题句总是一脉相承的。主题句通常在文章的开头，也有在中间或结尾的。抓住了主题句就抓住了文章的灵魂。，给文章加标题应注意文章的体裁及写作目的。叙事类文章是为了记叙一件事或一个人物，表达作者的某种感情，所加标题应体现叙事类文章的特点。说明文是为了说明一个事物或过程，标题应体现说明的特点。对于一些幽默类的文章，应挖掘其深层含义，给文章加一个合适的标题，体现文章幽默的特点。 ‎