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初二上英语新目标各单元知识点总结
U1 where did you go on vacation? 1.短语: decide to do决定 decide on/upon feel like 2.语法:一般过去时 口诀:过去式之歌 过去式构成有方法,一般词尾加ed。 如果词尾有个e,直接加d就可以。 辅音字母y在尾,变y为i加ed。 “一辅重闭”作尾巴,双写之后ed加。 标准过去式加ed,少量不规则分别记。 am和is对was,are要变were没问题。 have和has用had,do和does变did。 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:last year, yesterday等;也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常和often, always等频率副词连用。 1.一般过去时的形式: 动词be: 第一人称单数和第三人称单数用was, 其余的人称一律用were。 动词have: 一律用had, 没有人称和数的变化。 行为动词:一律用过去式,没有人称和数的变化,行为动词的过去式有两类,一类是规则动词,另一类是不规则动词。 3. 复合不定代词 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。 (1)它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。 (2)something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几个语法特点: 特点1 其定语修饰语的位置:复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面。如: There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。 Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗? 特点2 复合不定代词与指示代词:指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their。如: If anybody comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用 it,而不用 they。如: Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切都准备好了,是吗? 特点3 其后是否接of短语:anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (分开写)。如: any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本) every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校) 4.enough 形容词副词前,to do 后 5. few, a few, little, a little 虽然都表示“少”,但 (1)few, a few是可数的, little, a little是不可数的。 (2)a few, a little含肯定意味,few, little含否定意味。这里所谓的“肯定意味”和“否定意味”应该这样来理解:同样是半杯水,口渴者会认为:There is little water in the glass. 而不口渴的人则会认为:There is a little water in the glass. 6. because 是连词,其后接句子; because of 是复合介词,其后接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等 Unit2 How often do you exercise? 一、本单元短语总结 1.hardly ever 几乎从不,很少2.how often 多久一次 3.twice a week 一周两次 4.the result of………的结果 5.as for 至于,关于 6.want sb to do sth想要某人做某事 7. be good for…对……有益 8.kind of 有点儿,有几分 9. try to do sth…尽力去做某事 10.look after 照看,照顾 11. the same as…同……一样 12.on weekends 在周末 13.go to the movies 去看电影 14.play soccer 踢足球 15.help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 a lot of 许多,大量 17.keep in good health 保持身体健康 二、重点知识详解 1.how often 多久一次,询问动作的频率, 答语always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never等, “多久几次” 答语every day, once a month, twice a week, three times a week等等。 how long 多长,提问一段时间或者物体的长度;hour、minute;cm how soon 多久以后,提问“in+一段时间”;in five days how far 多远 用来提问路程;km how many 多少,用来提问可数名词数量; how much 多少 用来提问不可数名词的数量或价格等。 2. Here are the results of the activity survey of Green High School. 本句为倒装句 here, there, out, in, up, down 等副词开头并起强调作用时,可采用倒装结构,将副词置于句首,主谓语交换位置就好。其中主语须为名词,谓语的单复数形式由名词的数来决定。 结构:Here+谓语+主语 Here comes a bus. Here are some apples. ▲当主语为代词时,不需要倒装,即谓语动词仍放在主语之后。 Here you are. Here it is. 3.most 的用法: (1)most作形容词直接用于名词前作定语,意为“大多数的,大部分的”。 Most students like watching TV. (2)most作代词常与of连用 构成“most of the+名词”或“most of +代词宾格”,意为“大部分,大多数”。其中of后可接可数名词复数形式,也可接不可数名词,作主语时谓语动词要和of后的名词保持一致。 Most of the apples are red. Most of us don’t like him, because he is too lazy. 4.be good for…对……有好处,对……有益 be bad for…对……有害处 be good at …擅长,善于做……=do well in be good to …对……友好(和善,慈爱)=be friendly to =be kind to 5.be/keep in good/poor/bad health身体好/不好 6.have a habit of…有一个……的习惯 7.try to do sth 尽力去做某事,努力做某事 try doing sth 尝试,试着做某事 try one’s best to do sth 尽某人最大努力去做某事 try on 试穿 have a try 试一试,试试(try为名词) 8.look after =take care of 照看,照顾 look after…well=take good care of…照顾的好 9.help sb do (to) do sth=help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事 10.be the same as+n/pron/v-ing 和……一样,与……相同 be different from 与……不同 11.kind of =a bit=a little有点儿,有几分. +形容词和副词,表程度。 12.although=though ,是连词,引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,尽管”。 在英语里如果用了although 或者though,就不能用but , 但可以用yet 或still.。 although 和though 意思相同,用法也基本一样。但是在让步状语从句中,though的位置比较灵活,although则一般用于句首。另外,在短语even though(即使)和as though(仿佛,似乎)中不能换用 although。 Although he was ill, he (still) worked hard. 三、语法归纳 一般现在时 1.构成:主语+动词+(宾语) (1)一般现在时中,be动词有三种形式,am, is, are。 be动词:第一人称单数之后用am, 第二人称及复数人称后用are,第三人称单数后用is。 (2)一般现在时中,谓语动词为实义动词时,一般用动词原形,当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。 (3)一般现在时中,谓语动词若是情态动词,则没有人称和数的变化。 2.动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则: (1)一般情况下,在动词后直接加s,如likes, runs, works, learns, drinks, 等等。 (2)以字母s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词,后加es.如watches, fixes, teaches等等。 (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词把“y”变成“i”再加es. 如studies, tries。若以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词则直接加s.如plays, stays。 3.一般现在时的意义和用法: (1)表示经常性,习惯性或反复发生的动作。常与always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never, in the morning, twice a month等表示频率的时间状语连用。 We often go to school by bus. (2)表示目前存在的状态或客观事实。 My mother is a teacher. The earth travels around the sun. (3)表示某人的爱好,习惯,性格,能力等。 I like reading. U3 I’m more outgoing than my sister+U4 what’s the best movie theater? 固定搭配 have fun (in)doing 做某事有乐趣 have a good time enjoy oneself make sb do让某人做 be|get close to接近 think over仔细考虑 of想出 about考虑、关心 be up to 由。。。决定 (一)形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成: 1. 单音节词和少数双音节词比较级和最高级的规则变化: 规则 原级 比较级 最高级 1.在词尾后直接加-er/est tall taller tallest 2.词尾是e,只加-r/st nice nicer nicest 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y变i再加-er/est happy happier happiest 4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加-er/est thin thinner thinnest 2. 其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-more/most beautiful—more beautiful—(the) most beautiful 3. 由形容词加ly构成的双音节词和多音节词,都是在该词前加-more/most. quickly—more quickly—(the) most quickly difficultly—more difficultly—(the) most difficultly 4. 不规则变化: good/well better best bad/badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest (二)形容词比较级和最高级的用法: 1. 原级的用法: 用于两者之间对比,意思为“……和……相同” A+v.+as….+形容词原级+as B Tom is as honest as Jack. Her skin is as white as snow. My dog is as old as that one. He is not as (=so) tall as I. The weather here is not as(=so)cool as the weather in Harbin. 2. 比较级的用法: 1)A+形容词比较级+than+ B Susan is happier than Jane. His brother is younger than me. Beijing is more beautiful than Osaka. 形容词比较级前还可以用much, even, still, a little,far, a lot, a bit, much more来修饰。 Very, so, too, quite 不能修饰比较级。 2)数字+形容词比较级+than I’m two years older than you. She is a head taller than me. 3)比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越……” The earth is getting warmer and warmer. China becomes more and more stronger. 4)the +比较级,the +比较级结构,表示“越……就越……” The more I study it, the more I like it. 5)which/who +is +比较级 Which city is bigger, Beijing or Tianjin? Who is happier, you or me? 3. 最高级用法: 用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,最高级前加the,最高级前有物主代词,序数词和名词所有格时,不加定冠词,后面跟带in或of表范围的短语。 1)one of the +最高级 Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in China. Our city is one of the safest cities in the world. Most people like apples. Most of the boys are good. It is our nearest neighbor in space. 2)最高级意义的表达方法: 例句 最高级 She is the best in her class. 比较级 She is better than any other student in her class. No other student in her class is better than she. 原级 No other student in her class is as good as she. (三)副词比较级和最高级的用法: 1. 原级主要的句型: 1)as+副词原级+as Tom runs as fast as Jones. not as/so+副词原级+as He didn’t come as/so early as Li Lei. 2)too+副词原级+to do sth. Jean rides too slowly to catch up with me. 3)so +副词原级+ that Jean rides so slowly that she can’t catch up with me. 4)副词原级+enough to do sth. Jean doesn’t ride fast enough to catch up with me. 2. 比较级的用法: 1)比较级+than。当前后使用的动词相同时,通常用助动词来代替后面的动词,该动词或助动词可以省略。 Lily run faster than Mary(did). 2)比较级+and +比较级 The days are getting longer and longer in summer. 3)the more…the more… The harder you work, the better you will learn. 3. 最高级的用法: 副词最高级前一般有the,也可省略。 He works (the) hardest of all the students in the class. U5 Do you want to watch a game show? · think of · find out · game show · go on · one of · try one’s best · as famous as · have a discussion about · such as · dress up · do a good job · interesting information · learn from · talk show · soap opera · watch a movie · a pair of · look like · around the world · one day · a symbol of · take sb.’s place something enjoyable 重点搭配:How about+ 名词、代词、Ving …怎么样? =What about except+to do 期望做.. mind +n./ding 介意做… stand +n./doing忍受… try one’s best to do 尽力做.. happen:发生、出现 sth. + happen+地点、时间 某地、某时发生… sth. + happen+to +sb. 某人出了某事 Sb. + happen+to do 某人碰巧做某事 It+ happens/happened+that 碰巧发生某事 be famous for 因…而出名 be famous as 作为…而出名 III.Grammar---Infinitive used as object不定式 · want, hope, decide, agree, choose, plan, fail, would like+ to do · know, ask, show, teach, think, guess, understand, find out + what,how….+to do · like, love, begin, start + to do/ doing · find, think, feel + it + adj.+ to do stop, forget, remember, try + to do/ doing Unit 6 I’m going to study computer science. I.短语 · · grow up · be sure about · make sure · send…to… · the meaning of · in common · write down · take up · too…to · every day · be able to · different kinds of · at the beginning of · have to do with · hardly ever · practice doing · finish doing II.Grammar---the usage of be going to表示一般将来时(见U7) · definition · adverbials time or adverbial clause of time时间状语从句 · the changes of be be的变化 · followed by the original forms of verbs后跟动词原形 · difference between be going to and will Unit 7 Will people have robots? I.短语 · on computers · on paper · on the earth · live to be · in danger · play a part in sth. · look for · in the future · the same…as · get bored · look like · space station · computer programmer · hundreds of · over and over again wake up · fall down · have to do · agree with sb. · make sb. do sth. · help sb. with sth. · over and over again II.Grammar---一般将来时 时间状语 1tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening 2)next year/week/month/hour/day/century 3)in+一段时间 4)in the future, this afternoon/Sunday/evening, from now on, one day, someday (未来的)某天 soon 基本结构 1、will / shall + 动词原形(否定句在will/shall后加not) 表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,will用于各种人称;shall只用于第一人称。 2、be going to+动词原形 be going to (其中be有人称和数的变化),用来表示将要发生的动作以及计划、安排和打算要做的事。 3、There will be… There is/are going to be… There won‘t be… There isn‘t/aren‘t going to be… Will there be…? Yes, there will. No, there won’t. Is/Are there going to be…? Yes, there is/are going to be… No, there isn‘t/aren‘t going to be… Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake? I.短语 · milk shake · turn on · pour…into… · a cup of yogurt · a good idea · on Saturday · cut up · put …into…. · one more thing · a piece of · at this time · a few · fill…with · cover… with… · one by one · a long time II.可数名词与不可数名词 1)可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下: 1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如: book → books room → rooms house → houses day → days 2. 以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如: bus → buses glass → glasses watch → watches dish → dishes box → boxes 3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如: city → cities body → bodies factory → factories等等。 4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如: half → halves leaf → leaves knife → knives wife → wives 5. 特例 [悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。] ① child → children ② man → men woman → women policeman → policemen (规律:man → men) ③ tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes [悄悄话: 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos ] ④ foot → feet tooth → teeth [悄悄话: oo变成ee。] ⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。] ⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。 2)不可数名词:是不能用数字计算的名词,例snow water bread chalk weather hope advice 等等。 (1) 前面不能用a/an 不能加数词 如:one two 等。 (2) 无得数形式。用how much 提问。例How much meat is there in the basket.蓝 子里有多少肉。 (3) 有些情况下,不可数名词可用of 短语来表达数量,如: 量的表达法 1、表示容器的名词+of a cup of tea three bottles of milk 2、表示单位的名词+of a piece of paper two slices of bread Unit 9 Can you come to my party 知识总结与归纳: 重点词组 1. study for a test 为考试做准备 2. go to the doctor 去看医生 3. have a … lesson 有(上)……课 4. go to the … lesson 去上……课 [点拨] lesson 意为“课;课程”,常用have a … lesson 表示“有(上)……课”,还可用go to a … lesson 表示“去上…… 课”。如:Let’s go to a swimming lesson this summer vacation. [拓展] give sb. a lesson 表示“ 给某人上一课”,而teach sb. a lesson表示“给某人一次教训”。. 5. go to the concert 去听音乐会 6. the day after tomorrow 后天 7. have … training 有……训练 8. thanks a lot 非常感谢(你) 9. on weekdays 在工作日(非周末休息日) 10. the whole day 一整天 11. come over 顺便来访 “come over to + 地点” 表示“ 顺便到访某处”。 重点句型 1. —Can you come to my party on Wednesday?星期三你能来参加我的聚会吗? —Sure, I’d love to. 可以,我很愿意去。 —Sorry, I can’t. I have to… 对不起,我不能去。我必须…… [点拨] can 是情态动词,Can you…? 是熟人和朋友之间常用的表示邀请或请求的句型。同意接受时,常用Sure, I’d love to. / Certainly. / Of course. 等回答(I’d love to 是I would love to 的缩写形式,相当于I’d like to)。若表示拒绝,一般不直接说No,而应说(I’m)Sorry, I can’t. 以示礼貌,然后说明理由;也可用I’d love / like to, but… 委婉地说明不能接受的原因并表示歉意。 2. Maybe another time. 也许下一次吧。 [点拨] another 表示“ 另一个,又一个”,可作代词或形容词,指三者(或以上)中的或不确定数量中的另一个,后面通常跟单数名词或代词one。 [链接] “the other(+ 单数名词或one)” 指两者中的另一个,是特指。如:My uncle has two children. One is a son, and the other is a daughter. [练习]选词填空:Can I have (other / another)apple, please? 3. —What’s today? 今天是什么时间? —It’s Monday the 16th. 今天是十六号,星期一。 [点拨] 提问星期和日期,通常用句型What’s today? 如:—What’s today? —It’s Sunday the 1st. [拓展] 询问星期,用What day is(it)today? 如:—What day is(it)today? —Today / It is Sunday. 询问几月几号,则用What’s the date today? 如:—What’s the date today? —It’s May 5th. 4. Thank you for doing 谢谢…。 5.look after=take care of 照顾 6. must与have to的区别 区别1:must多表示主观需要或责任感的驱使有必要或有义务去做某事,多译为“必须”, have to多表示客观存在的环境所限,即客观要求(无奈)而为之,多译为“不得不干某事” 7. so that引导目的状语从句时,表示“以便;为了”, so+形容词或副词+that ...引导的肯定的结果状语从句,意思是“如此„„以致于„„” (四)写作: 今天,Tom收到了好朋友Betty的一封电子邮件,Betty邀请他明天去参加她的生日聚会。请根据下面的提示,帮Tom写一封电子邮件给Betty。 1. 谢谢她的邀请。 2. 很抱歉,不能去。 3. 母亲病了,得呆在家里照顾母亲。 4. 向她说声“生日快乐”。 词数:不少于60词。 参考例文: Hi Betty, Thank you very much for your invitation. I’m sorry I can’t go to your birthday party. My mother is ill. She has a bad headache and the doctor asks her to stay in bed for a few days. I have to stay at home and look after her. I’m really sorry. I’m visiting you after my mother feels better. Here I say “Happy birthday!” to you. Yours, Tom Unit10 If you go to the party,you’ll have a great time! 1. have a great time=have a good time =have fun =enjoy oneself1、过得高兴;玩得愉快 2. let sb in / out 让某人进去/出来 3. take sth away 把某物拿走 4. bring、take 5. ask sb to leave 叫某人离开 6. travel around the world 环游世界 7. go to college 上大学 8. make /earn /get (a lot of/much) money挣(许多)钱 9. get an education接受教育 10. seem like a dream job 好像是一份理想的工作 11. complain sb about (doing) sth因(做)某事而抱怨某人 12. travel a lot/much大量旅行 13. 祈使句+and/then/or + 一般将来时的陈述句=if从句+主句 ① Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam. = If you work hard, you will pass the exam.①努力学习,你考试会及格的。 =如果你努力学习,你考试会及格的。 ② Get up early, or you will be late. =If you don’t get up early, you will be late.②早点起床,否则你会迟到的。 =如果你不早点起床,你会迟到的。 14.too+adj./adv.+to do too+adj./adv.+to do 15. advice n. 劝告 some advice 一点意见 a piece of advice 一条意见 give advice 提出忠告 take one's advice 接受忠告 16.advise + sb. + to do 17.sometimes sometime some time some times 的区别 1)sometimes是个频度副词,意为“有时候”,多用于一般现在时,对它进行提问常用how often。 2)sometime也是一个副词,意为“在某一时候(过去或将来)”,表示的是任何时候或某一不确定的时间,对它提问用when。 3)some times是名词短语,意为“几次(倍)”, time是可数名词。对它提问用how many times。 4)some time也是名词短语,意为“一段时间”, time是不可数名词,对它提问用how long。 18. at last/ in the end/ finally 19.if 引导的条件状语从句。If是连词,所连接的句子 叫条件状语 从句,表示假设或条件,意思是 “ 如果…的话”,用法如下: 1、表示假设,表示将会发生和可能发生的事,或进行提醒警告。句子结构如下: If +句子(一般现在时),+主句(主语will/may/can) +动词) a. If you finish your homework , you can go out and play. b. If I have enough money next year , I will go to travel . 2. 表示真实条件、客观真理、自然现象、定理定义 . 民 间谚语等,句型是: If + 句子 (一般现在时 ),+ 主句 ( 一般现在时). 例: If you study hard ,you are sure to succeed . If you put ice in a warm place ,it turns into water . If a glass falls on the floor, it usually breaks If you cook a banana, it becomes very soft . If a plant don’t get enough light ,it grows very tall and thin.查看更多