【英语】2019届二轮复习“七选五”阅读理解解题指导(9页word版)

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【英语】2019届二轮复习“七选五”阅读理解解题指导(9页word版)

‎2019届二轮复习“七选五”阅读理解解题指导 ‎“七选五”阅读理解,也称“阅读填空”题,在高考英语试卷中属于第二部分的第二节,共5小题,每小题2分。在一段约300词的短文中留出5个空白,要求考生从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项,使补全后的短文意思通顺,前后连贯,结构完整。‎ ‎《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意思的理解和掌握”。它考查的重点在文章的结构上,需要考生具有较强的逻辑思维、判断推理和信息整合能力,要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构,理解句子之间、段落之间的关系,对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握,并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。‎ ‎2015-2017全国卷“七选五阅读理解”双向统计细目表 年份 试卷类别 题材 体裁 试题长度 ‎(文长+选项长)‎ 设空位置 选项特征 ‎2017‎ 全国卷Ⅰ 野外宿营 记叙文 ‎290=222+68‎ 小标题/段首:2‎ 段中:2‎ 段末:1‎ 信息完整,句式完整 全国卷Ⅱ 远离打扰 指导性说明文 ‎293=203+90‎ 小标题/段首:1‎ 段中:4‎ 段末:0‎ 选项可为复合句的一部分 全国卷Ⅲ 摆脱赖床 指导性说明文 ‎296=239+57‎ 小标题/段首:1‎ 段中:3‎ 段末:1‎ 信息完整,句式完整 ‎2016,‎ 全国卷Ⅰ,密码学,事物类说明文,281=187+94,小标题/段首:1‎ 段中:4‎ 段末:0,信息完整,句式完整 全国卷Ⅱ,建造花园,指导性说明文,295=227+68,小标题/段首:1‎ 段中:4‎ 段末:0,信息完整,句式完整 全国卷Ⅲ,买鱼与烹饪技巧,指导性说明文,252=203+49,小标题/段首:1‎ 段中:4‎ 段末:0,信息完整,句式完整 ‎2015,‎ 全国卷Ⅰ,重建信任关系,指导性说明文,304=233+71,小标题/段首:2‎ 段中:3‎ 段末:0,信息完整,句式完整 全国卷Ⅱ,马拉松训练指导,指导性说明文,208=153+55,小标题/段首:0‎ 段中:5‎ 段末:0,选项可为复合句的一部分基于上表,我们可对“七选五”阅读理解的命题特点作出如下概括:‎ ‎“七选五”阅读理解所选文章的体裁主要是说明文,但2017全国卷Ⅰ的为记叙文。内容以教育和介绍为主,即教人做事、生活,介绍物品、方法等,多为“总—分”或“总—分—总”结构,逻辑性强,层次分明,适合对学生进行语言综合运用能力和逻辑思维能力的考查。‎ 从选项设置来看,七个备选选项大致可分为主旨概括句(体现文章或段落的整体内容)、过渡性句子(反映文章的行文结构,起承上启下作用)和注释性句子(上下文逻辑意义)三类。所设选项一般为完整句子,但有时标题类的选项可为单词或短语。值得注意的是,七个备选项中的两个干扰项通常也属于以上三类句子,只是在逻辑或表述上进行干扰设计。例如:主旨概括句过于宽泛,或以偏概全,‎ 或偏离主题;过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构;注释性句子与上下文脱节等。‎ 从试题的总长来看,包括选项在内,文章的篇幅多集中在290-300词的区域,体现了考试说明中“约300词的短文”的试题长度要求。“七选五”阅读理解所选短文一般不少于3个自然段,不会在同一个自然段设置两个以上的空格。空格可设在段落首句,也可设在文中或文章的最后一句,也可能会空缺整个段落,但文章首句一般不设空。‎ ‎1. 通读全文,了解文章大意 ‎ 通读全文,寻找主题句,掌握文章结构和主要内容。通常情况下,文章的主题句会出现在文章的开头或结尾,因此,在阅读的过程中,要特别注意文章的首尾两段,准确快速地掌握文章大意。另外,不少文章都有标题或小标题,考生也可以通过标题大致确定文章的主题。‎ ‎2. 快速浏览选项,初选答案 ‎ 顺次速览所有的备选项,要特别注意选项中出现的与原文相同或者相似的词语,如果遇到这种情况,可以试着把选项代入原文,看看是否符合上下文逻辑。‎ ‎3. 详读文章和选项,确定答案 ‎ 文章的行文需要通过一定的衔接手段来实现。文章的衔接手段有:重复使用某一词语或其近义词;用总称指代具体事物或用具体事物指代整体;使用代词避免重复;使用语篇标记语连接句子等。有的文章即使没有采用明显的衔接手段,但字里行间依然透着千丝万缕的逻辑关联。因此,考生在解题过程中,可遵循以下几点:‎ ‎(1)依据文章结构 如果空格在段首,那么说明这个句子可能是该段的主题句,也可能是本段和上一段的过渡句。‎ ‎ (2017全国卷Ⅰ) __39__ We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer ‎ even has matching carpet and curtains.‎ ‎__40__ It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.‎ A. This time there was no tent.‎ B. Things are going to be improved. ‎ C. The trip they took me on was a rough one. ‎ D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.‎ E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping. ‎ F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping. ‎ G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.‎ ‎ 通读全文之后,考生可以了解到这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者由不喜欢野营到喜欢上野营的过程。作者认为每个人迟早都会找到回归自然的方式。‎ 第39空设在段首,是承上启下的过渡句。根据空格后一句中的代词We可判断,所填句子中应含有复数名词,F项中的my family就是后一句中We指代的内容,且后一句中的it指代的就是F项中的camping。‎ 第40空也设在段首,同样是承上启下的过渡句。从第一段第一句作者三年前对露营的态度到和现在的态度可以看出,作者显然已经慢慢喜欢上了露营(come to enjoy camping),所以选项E符合语境。随后自然引出本段第二句It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature,这是全文的主旨句。‎ 如果空格在段中,考生则要密切关注选项及其前、后句的逻辑关系,如:指代关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、并列关系、递进关系等,而这些关系有很明显的关联词来表达。例如:‎ ‎(下划线部分为答案)‎ 指代关系:If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. Leave_it_open_when_you're_available_to_talk_and_close_it_when_you're_not. (2017全国卷Ⅱ第40题)‎ 这两句中的it都指代前一句里面的“a door to your office”。‎ 转折关系:This_time_there_was_no_tent. Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. (2017全国卷Ⅰ第38题)‎ 第二句中的Instead表明了两句之间的转折关系,tent和a pop-up camper ‎ with comfortable beds and an air conditioner进行对比。‎ ‎ (2017北京卷)One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. __72__ We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.‎ A. We should also try to sleep well the night before.‎ B. It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.‎ C. Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.‎ D. The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.‎ E. That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.‎ F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.‎ G. Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.‎ ‎ 该空为第二段的第二句话。第二段首句提出了第一个假设,睡眠帮助我们巩固新的记忆。与这个论点相呼应的例子是E 项,其中第一个词That 指代的就是前面的假设。也就是说,这个假设能够解释“为什么学生在学习之后睡觉休息,会在考试中发挥更好”。第二句当中的That's why表明了两句之间的因果关系。‎ 如果空格在段尾,则多为承上启下句或总结、概括句。解题时,考生必须判断这一空是总结归纳本段主旨,还是引出下一段的内容。‎ ‎ (2017全国卷Ⅲ)●Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If you're tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found. __19__‎ A. Get a sleep specialist.‎ B. Find the right motivation.‎ C. A better plan for sleep can help.‎ D. And consider setting a second alarm.‎ E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up.‎ F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.‎ G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.‎ ‎ 由本段首句可知,本段是在讲述“在周末要坚持执行你的睡觉和起床时间表”。本空位于段尾且其后再无内容,故其应是起归纳本段主旨的作用而非引出下一段的内容。F选项的句意“坚持你所设定的就寝和起床时间,不管是哪天”和本段标题意思相同。‎ ‎(2)依据逻辑衔接 逻辑关系是语篇衔接的重要手段。常见的逻辑关系包括转折、因果、顺序、递进、排比等。解题时要注意这些逻辑关系的标志词,如:表转折关系的however, though, yet, instead, on the contrary, luckily等;表因果关系的because, so, therefore, thus, as a result等;表顺序关系的at first, later, after, finally等;表并列与递进关系的and, or, what's more, not only… but also等;表列举关系的some… others, the second…, the third…, for one thing, for another等。‎ ‎ (2017北京卷)Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. __71__ ‎ A. We should also try to sleep well the night before.‎ B. It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.‎ C. Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.‎ D. The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.‎ E. That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.‎ F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.‎ G. Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.‎ ‎ 该空为首段最后一句。该段首句指出,所有动物(包括人)都要睡觉,但原因仍然是一个谜。接下来列举了具体例证:如果实验室的老鼠被剥夺了睡眠,一个月内就会死亡。C项的句式与空前句一致,表达的含义“同样地,人类如果连续几天不睡觉,就会生病”也符合语境。‎ ‎(3)依据词汇衔接 词汇衔接包括代词的指代和词语复现两种。‎ 代词指代是指为避免重复,用代词替代前文已出现的事物。代词是“七选五”阅读理解解题时非常有用的一类信号词,考生应重视出现在空格前后和选项中的代词,弄清这些代词是指代上下文的哪个词或什么内容。分析上下文,理清指代关系,并注意代词的数、格,这将助力考生在做题时作出正确选择。‎ 具体题例可参见例1中第39空的解析。‎ 词语复现是指一个句子中的关键词(常为动词、名词、形容词)会反复出现在文中的其他句子中,或其同义词、近义词、反义词多次出现在文中。由于英语的用语习惯和固有模式,第一句话的宾语往往是第二句的主语,或者前后句有相同、重叠的词语。因此,考生在做题时应注意寻找空格后句子中的关键词,看这些关键词或其相似表达是否与选项中的一致。‎ ‎ (2016全国卷Ⅰ)People have used secret codes for thousands of years. __36__ Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.‎ There are three main types of cryptography. __37__ For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”‎ A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.‎ B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.‎ C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.‎ D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.‎ E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.‎ F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.‎ G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.‎ ‎ 解答第36空时,空后句“破解密码从未落后于创设密码”中的Code breaking是解题关键。而D项“只要有密码,人们就会试图去破解它们”中的break them与之一致,故选D。‎ 第37空后句中的the first letters of可帮助我们迅速定位E项,因E项中的the ‎ first letters of与其形成对应关系,“你可以用每个单词的首字母来拼写出隐藏的信息”,故选E。‎ ‎4. 对比分析,排除干扰 ‎ 考生在初选答案后,还要注意对比分析多余的两个选项。由于多余选项可能会与某个正确选项的内容相近,所以要仔细研究,确定排除理由,从而选出正确答案。‎
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