小学六年级英语语法总结

小学六年级英语语法总结

第一章 词汇分类集中复习 一、学习用品 pen钢笔 pencil铅笔 pencil-case铅笔盒 ruler尺子 eraser橡皮 comic book漫画书 schoolbag书包 crayon蜡笔 Chinese book语文书 notebook笔记本 dictionary词典 bag包magazine杂志 story-book故事书 newspaper报纸 sharpener卷 post card明信片 English book英语书 math book数学书 book书 ‎ 二、人体 foot脚 head头 face脸 hair头发 nose鼻子 finger手指 leg腿 tail尾巴 mouth嘴 eye眼睛 ear耳朵 arm手臂 hand手 ‎ 三、颜色 red红 blue蓝 yellow黄 green绿 white白 pink粉红 purple紫 orange 橙 brown棕 black黑 ‎ 四、动物 cat猫 dog狗 pig猪 duck鸭 rabbit兔 horse马 elephant大象 fish鱼 bird鸟 eagle鹰 snake蛇 mouse老鼠 ant蚂蚁 beaver海狸 bear熊 donkey驴 goose鹅 deer鹿 monkey猴 goat山羊 squirrel松鼠 panda熊猫 lion狮子 tiger老虎 fox狐狸 zebra斑马 hen母鸡 giraffe长颈鹿 turkey火鸡 lamb小羊 sheep绵羊 cow奶牛 squid鱿鱼 lobster龙虾 shark鲨鱼 seal海豹 sperm whale抹香鲸 killer whale虎鲸 kangaroo袋鼠 五、人物 friend朋友 boy男孩 girl女孩 mother母亲 father父亲 sister姐妹 brother兄弟 man男人uncle叔叔；舅舅 woman女人 Mr.先生 Miss小姐 lady女士；小姐 mom妈妈 dad爸爸 parents父母 son儿子 daughter女儿 kid小孩 baby婴儿 grandparents祖父母 grandma/grandmother（外）祖母 robot机器人 grandpa/grandfather（外）祖父 visitor参观者aunt姑姑 cousin堂（表）兄弟；堂（表）姐妹 classmate同学 queen女王 neighbour邻居 tourist旅行者 principal校长 people人物university student大学生 pen pal笔友 六、职业 teacher教师 student学生 doctor医生 nurse护士 driver司机 farmer农民 singer歌唱家 writer作家 actor男演员 actress女演员 artist画家 engineer工程师 accountant会计 cleaner清洁工 salesperson销售员 baseball player棒球运动员 assistant售货员 police警察 policeman(男)警察 policewoman(女)警察 TV reporter电视台记者 weather reporter天气预报 ‎ 七、食品、饮料 rice米饭 bread面包 beef牛肉 milk牛奶 water水 egg蛋 fish鱼 tofu豆腐 cake蛋糕 cookie曲奇 biscuit饼干 jam果酱 noodles面条 tea茶 meat肉 chicken鸡肉 pork猪肉 salad沙拉 soup汤 Coke可乐 mutton羊肉 ice冰 ice-cream冰淇淋 juice果汁 coffee咖啡 ‎ breakfast早餐 lunch午餐 dinner/supper晚餐 meal一餐 hot dog热狗 hamburger汉堡包 French fries炸薯条 vegetable蔬菜 八、水果、蔬菜 apple苹果 banana香蕉 pear梨 orange橙子 grape葡萄 eggplant茄子 green beans青豆 tomato西红柿 potato土豆 peach桃 strawberry草莓 cucumber黄瓜 onion洋葱 carrot胡萝卜 cabbage卷心菜 watermelon西瓜 九、衣服 jacket夹克衫 pants长裤 skirt短裙子 dress连衣裙 socks袜子 jeans牛仔裤 T-shirt丅恤衫 shirt衬衫 shoes鞋子 sweater毛衣 coat上衣 raincoat雨衣 shorts短裤 sneakers网球鞋 slippers拖鞋 sandals凉鞋 boots靴子 hat(有沿的)帽子 cap便帽 cloth布 sunglasses太阳镜 tie领带 scarf围巾 gloves手套 trousers裤子 clothes 衣服 ‎ 十、交通工具 bike自行车 bus公共汽车 train火车 jeep吉普车 ship轮船 yacht快艇 motor cycle摩托车 boat小船 car小汽车 taxi出租车 van小货车 plane/airplane飞机 subway/underground地铁 十一、杂物 window窗户 door门 desk课桌 chair椅子 computer计算机 board写字板 fan风扇 light灯 teacher’s desk讲台 picture图画；照片 wall墙壁 floor地板 curtain窗帘 trash bin垃圾箱 closet壁橱 mirror镜子 end table床头柜 present礼物 walkman随身听 lamp台灯 sofa沙发 football/soccer足球 phone电话 shelf书架 fridge冰箱 bed床 table桌子 TV电视 air-conditioner空调 key钥匙 lock锁 photo照片 chart图表 plate盘子 knife刀 fork叉 spoon勺子 chopsticks筷子 pot锅 gift礼物 toy玩具 doll洋娃娃 ball球 balloon气球 kite风筝 jigsaw puzzle拼图游戏 box盒子 umbrella伞 zipper拉链 violin小提琴 tube管子yo-yo溜溜球 nest鸟窝 hole洞 toothbrush牙刷 menu菜单 e-card电子卡片 money钱e-mail电子邮件 traffic light交通灯 medicine药 ‎ 十二、地点 home家 room房间 bedroom卧室 bathroom卫生间 living room起居室 kitchen厨房 classroom教室 school学校 park公园 library图书馆 post office邮局 police office警察局hospital医院 cinema电影院 bookstore书店 farm农场 zoo动物园 garden花园 study书房 playground操场 canteen食堂 teacher’s office教师办公室 library图书馆 gym体育馆 flat公寓washroom卫生间 art room绘画教室 computer room计算机教室 music room音乐教室 city城市 TV room电视机房 company公司 factory工厂 fruit stand水果摊 pet shop宠物商店 nature park自然公园 theme park主题公园 science museum科学博物馆 the Great Wall长城supermarket超市 bank银行 country国家 village乡村 hometown家乡 bus stop公交车站 十三、课程 sports体育运动 science科学 Moral Education 思想品德课 Social Studies社会课 Chinese语文 math数学 PE体育课 English英语课 十四、国家、城市 China/PRC中国 America/USA美国 UK联合王国 England英国 Canada/CAN加拿大 Australia澳大利亚 New York纽约 London伦敦 Sydney悉尼 Moscow莫斯科 Cairo开罗 ‎ 十五、气象 cold寒冷的 warm温暖的 cool凉爽的 snowy下雪的 sunny晴朗的 hot炎热的 rainy下雨的 windy有风的 cloudy多云的 weather report天气预报 ‎ 十六、景物 river河流 lake湖泊 stream河；溪 forest森林 path小道 road公路 house房子 rain雨 cloud云 bridge桥 building建筑物 sun太阳 mountain山 sky天空 rainbow彩虹 wind风 air空气 moon月亮 十七、植物 flower花 grass草 tree树 seed种子 sprout苗 plant植物 rose玫瑰 leaf叶子 ‎ 十八、星期 Monday星期一 Tuesday星期二 Wednesday星期三 Thursday星期四 Friday星期五 Saturday星期六 Sunday星期天 weekend周末 ‎ 十九、患病 have a fever发烧 hurt疼痛 have a cold感冒 have a toothache牙疼 have a headache头疼 have a sore throat喉咙疼 二十、季节 spring春 summer夏 fall/autumn秋 winter冬 二十一、方位 south南 north北 east东 west西 left 左边 right右边 二十二、月份 Jan. (January)一月 Feb.（February）二月 Mar.(March)三月 April四月 May五月 June六月 July七月 Aug.(August)八月 Sept.(September)九月 Oct.(October)十月 Nov.(November)十一月 Dec.(December)十二月 ‎ 二十三、数词 one一 two二 three三 four四 five五 six六 seven七 eight八 nine九 ten十 eleven十一 twelve十二 thirteen十三 fourteen十四 fifteen十五 sixteen十六 seventeen十七 eighteen十八 nineteen十九 twenty二十 thirty三十 forty四十 fifty五十 sixty六十 seventy七十 eighty八十 ninety九十 forty-two四十二 hundred百 one/a hundred and thirty-six一百三十六 first第一 second第二 third第三 fourth第四 fifth第五 eighth第八 ninth第九 twelfth第十二 twentieth第二十 thirtieth第三十 fortieth第四十 ‎ fiftieth第五十 sixtieth第六十 seventieth第七十 eightieth第八十 ninetieth第九十 fifty-sixth第五十六 二十四、形容词(adj)‎ big大的 small小的 long长的 tall高的 short短的；矮的 young年轻的 old旧的；老的 strong健壮的 thin瘦的 active积极活跃的 quiet安静的 nice好看的 kind和蔼亲切的 strict严格的 smart聪明的 funny滑稽可笑的 tasty好吃的 sweet甜的 salty咸的 sour酸的 fresh新鲜的 favourite最喜爱的 clean干净的 tired疲劳的 excited兴奋的 angry生气的 happy高兴的 bored无聊的 sad忧愁的 taller更高的 shorter更矮的 stronger更强壮的 older年龄更大的 younger更年轻的 bigger更大的 heavier更重的 longer更长的 thinner更瘦的 smaller更小的 good好的 fine好的 great很好的 heavy 重的 fat胖的 happy快乐的 new新的 right对的 hungry饥饿的 cute逗人喜爱的 little小的 lovely可爱的 beautiful漂亮的 colourful色彩鲜艳的 pretty漂亮的 cheap便宜的 expensive昂贵的 juicy多汁的 tender嫩的 healthy健康的 ill有病的 helpful有帮助的 high高的 easy简单的 proud骄傲的 sick有病的 better更好的 higher更高的 二十五、介词（prep）‎ in在……里 on在……上；在……时候 under在……下面 near在……的旁边 behind在……后边 next to与……相邻 over在……上面 in front of在……前面 二十六、代词（pron）‎ I我 we我们 you你；你们 he他 she她 it它 they他（她，它）们 my我的 our 我们的 your你的；你们的 his他的 her她的 二十七、动词（v）‎ play（.ed）玩；踢 swim(swam)游泳 kate滑冰 fly(flew)飞 jump跳 walk走 run(ran)跑 climb爬 fight(fought)打架 swing(swung)荡 eat(ate)吃 sleep(slept)睡觉 like像，喜欢 turn转弯have(had)有；吃 buy(bought)买 take(took)买；带 live居住 teach（taught）教 go(went)去study(studied)学习 learn学习（learned） sing(sang)唱歌 dance跳舞 row划 do(did)做 do homework做作业 do housework做家务 watch TV看电视 read(read) books读书 cook the meals做饭 water the flowers浇花 sweep(swept) the floor扫地 clean the bedroom打扫卧室 make(made) the bed铺床 set(set) the table摆饭桌 wash the clothes洗衣服 do the dishes洗碗碟 use a computer使用计算机 go to school上学 eat breakfast吃早饭 eat dinner吃晚饭 do morning exercises晨练；做广播操 have English class上英语课 play sports进行体育运动 get（got）up起床 climb mountains爬山 go shopping买东西 play the piano弹钢琴 visit grandparents看望（外）祖父母 go hiking去远足 fly kites放风筝 make a snowman堆雪人 plant trees种树 draw(drew) pictures画画 cook dinner做饭read a book看书 play chess下 棋answer the phone接电话 listen to music听音乐 clean the room打扫房间 write(wrote) a letter写信 write an e-mail写电子邮件 drink(drank) water喝水 take pictures照相 watch insects观察昆虫 pick up leaves采摘树叶 do an experiment做实验 catch butterflies捉蝴蝶 count insects数昆虫collect insects收集昆虫 collect leaves收集树叶 write a report写报告 have a picnic举行野餐 get to到达 ride(rode) a bike骑自行车 play the violin拉小提琴 make kites制作风筝 collect stamps集邮 meet(met)见面 welcome欢迎 thank谢谢 love爱 work工作 drink(drank)喝 taste尝 smell闻 feed(fed)喂养 shear剪 milk挤奶 look看 guess猜 help帮助 pass传递 how展示 use使用 clean打扫 open打开 close关上 put放 paint绘画 tell(told)告诉 kick踢 bounce反弹 ride(rode)骑 stop(stopped)停 wait等 find(found)寻找到 drive(drove)驾驶 fold折 send(sent)寄 wash洗 shine照耀 become变成 feel(felt)感觉到 think(thought)思考 meet(met)遇见 fall(fell)落下 leave(left)离开 wake(woke) up醒来 put on穿上 take off脱掉 hang up挂起 wear(wore)穿 go home回家 go to bed上床睡觉 play computer games玩电脑游戏 play chess下棋 empty the trash倒垃圾 put away the clothes收拾衣服 get off下车 take a trip去旅行 read a magazine阅读杂志 go to the cinema去看电影 go straight向前直走 第二章 常用短语汇总 1. 动词短语 clean the floor 扫地 clean the house 打扫房间 collect stamps 集邮 come back 回来 come from 来自„„ come here 来这里 come in 进来 come on 过来/加油 come to tea 来喝茶 cook the meal 煮饭 crash into 撞向 dig a hole 挖坑 do housework 做家务 do morning exercises 晨练 do one’s homework 做作业 do some reading 读点书 do sports 做运动 draw a picture 画画 drink some water 喝些水 drive a car 驾车 fall over 跌倒 fill the hole with earth 用泥土填坑 get off 下车 get out of 走出（„„之外） go and have a look 去看一看 go back 回去 go boating 去划船go fishing 去钓鱼 go for a walk 去散步 go home 回家 go on a diet 节食 go out 出去go shopping 去购物 go sightseeing 去观光 go skating 去溜冰 go skiing 去滑雪 go straight on 直走 go swimming 去游泳 go to bed 去睡觉 go to school 去上学go to the cinema 去看电影 go to work 去上班 have a bath 洗澡have a Chinese lesson 上语文课 have a cold 感冒 have a fever 发烧 have a good time 玩得开心 have a headache 头痛 have a look 看一看have a picnic 举行野餐活动工 have a rest 休息have a stomachache 胃痛 have a tooth-ache 牙痛 have a trip 去旅游have a try 试一试 have been to 到过 ‎ have breakfast 吃早餐 have fun 玩得开心 have lunch 吃午饭have some coke 喝些可乐 have supper/dinner 吃晚饭 have time 有时间 just a minute 等一下 just now 刚才keep a diary 记日记let me see 让我想一想/让我看一看 listen to music 听音乐 listen to the CDs 听CD 碟 listen to the radio 听收音机 make friends 交朋友 make the bed 整理床铺mark the pupils’ homework批改作业 next to 下一个 no problem 没问题 paint a picture 涂画 pick up 捡起plant trees 种树play badminton 打羽毛球 play basketball 打篮球 play cards 打牌play football 踢足球play games 玩游戏play table tennis 打乒乓球 play tennis 打网球 play the guitar 弹吉他play the piano 弹钢琴 put away 放好 put on 穿上put the tree into the hole 把树放进洞里 ride a bike 骑自行车 see a film 看电影 surf the Net 上网take a message 传递信息 take exercise 进行锻炼 take medicine 服药 take off 脱下 take photos 照相 turn off 关闭turn on 打开wait a moment 稍等一下 wait for 等候 wash clothes 洗衣服 wash dishes 洗碟子watch a football match 看足球赛 watch TV 看电视 water the flower 浇花 water the tree 浇树 write a letter 写信 1. 介词短语 a glass of 一杯„„ a lot of 许多„„a map of 一幅„„的地图 a pair of 一双„„a picture of 一幅„„的画 a plate of 一碟„„ agree with 同意„„ all of them 他们大家 all of us 我们大家 at first 首先 at home 在家 at last 最后 at night 在晚上 at school 在学校 at the top of 在„„顶部 at the weeken 在周末 be good at 擅长于„„ be made of 由„„制造 by the road 在路边 by the way 顺便问问 close to 靠近„„ different from 不同于 fall down 跌倒 far away from 远离 from then on 从那时起 from…to… 从„„到„„ full of 充满 get off 下车 get on 上车get out of 走出„„之外 get to 到达 go on 继续hand in 上交on holiday 度假 help…with… 帮助某人做某事 on Monday 在星期一 in English 用英语on September 1st在九月一日 in front of 在„„前面on the farm 在农场 in the afternoon 在下午on the left 在左边 in the east / south / west /north在东/南/西/北方 on the right 在右边 in the evening 在晚上 on time 准时 in the middle 在中间 play with 与„„玩 in the morning 在早上 put on 穿上 in the sky 在空中 sit down 坐下 in time 及时stand up 起立in trouble 遇到麻烦start for 出发前往 It’s time to 是该„„的时候了。 talk to 和„„交谈late for 迟到 Thank you for… 感谢你的„„ look for 寻找 wait for 等待 not at all 根本不 wake up 醒来on foot 步行 2. 特殊疑问词 what 什么 what colour 什么颜色 how often 多经常 where 哪里 what language 什么语言 how long 多长时间 who 谁 what subject 什么科目 how old 多大 whose 谁的 what class 什么班 how tall 多高 when 什么时候 what ‎ day 星期几 how heavy 多重 how 怎样 what date 日期 why 为什么which 哪一个how many 多少 what time 什么时候 how much 多少钱 1. 缩写词 I’m = I am aren’t = are not won’t = will not It’s = it is don’t = do not we’ll = we will he’s = he is doesn’t = does not who’s = who is she’s = she is wasn’t = was not what’s = what is you’re = you are weren’t = were not let’s = let us they’re = they are hasn’t = has not here’s = here is that’s = that is haven’t = have not No. = number isn’t = is not can’t = cannot 2. 时间词和短语 year年 afternoon 下午 last year去年 month 月 evening 晚上last month 上个月 week周 the day before yesterday 前天 last week 上个星期 date日期 yesterday 昨天 next year 明年 day 日 today 今天next month 下个月 hour 小时tomorrow 明天next week 下周morning 早上 the day after tomorrow 后天 3. 常见介词 ‎（一）方位介词 in 在„„里面 at 在„„（小地方） on 在„„上面 under 在„„下面 behind 在„„后面 next to 紧挨着 near 在„„附近 in front of 在„„前面 over 在„„上方 outside 在„„外面 between…and… 在„„与„„之间 in the middle 在中间 beside / by 在„„旁边 （二）其他介词 at… 在„„点钟 for 给，为了，作为 to 到„„ from…to… 从„„到„„ of „„的 by 乘（坐）„„交通工具 with 用„„，和„„一起，带„„ into 进去 from 来自 out 外面 up 向上 down 向下 before 在„„之前 after 在„‎ 4. 时间介词at，on，in的用法 ‎1、at 用在具体的时刻和中午前面。如：at 6:00, at seven thirty, at noon 2、on用在具体星期、日期前面。如：on Monday, on September 1st 3、in 用在年、月、季节或早上、下午、晚上的前面。如： in 2008, in February, in spring, in the morning 时间的排列顺序：由小到大如：‎ at two in the afternoon 在下午2点。 on September 1st ,2006 2006年9月1日。‎ 第三章 日常用语 第四章 主要问句汇总 一、询问姓名、年龄。‎ ‎1.----What’s your name? ----你叫什么名字？ ----My name is ________. ‎ ‎2. ----What’s his name? ---他叫什么名字？ ----His name is ________. ‎ ‎3. ----What’s her name? ----她叫什么名字？ ----Her name is ________. ‎ ‎4. ----How old are you? ----你几岁了？ ----I’m 12.‎ 二、询问颜色。‎ ‎1. ----What color is it? ---它是什么颜色的？ ----It’s yellow and white. ----黄白相间。‎ ‎2. ----What color are they? ----它们是什么颜色的？ ----They’re green.. ----绿色的。‎ 三、询问数量或价钱。‎ ‎1. ----How many kites can you see? ----I can see 12. ‎ ‎2. ----How many crayons do you have? ----I have 16. ‎ ‎3. ----How many people are there in your family?？---Three. ‎ ‎4. ---- How many horses are there? ----那有多少匹马？ ---- Twelve. -十二匹。‎ ‎5. ----How much is this dress? ----这条连衣裙多少钱？ ----It’s ninety-nine yuan. ---九十九元。‎ ‎6. ----How much are these apples? ---这些苹果多少钱？ ---They’re thirty-five yuan. ---三十五元。‎ 四、询问时间或日期。‎ ‎1. ----What time is it now? ----It’s nine o’clock.. It’s time for English class. (----It’s eight o’clock. It’s time to go to bed.) ‎ ‎2. ----What day is it today? ----It’s Monday. ‎ ‎(----What do we have on Mondays? ----我们星期一上哪些课？ ----We have Chinese, English, math ‎ ‎3. ---- What do you have for lunch on Mondays? ----We have tomatoes, tofu and fish. ‎ ‎4. ----When is your birthday? ----It’s October 1st, our National Day. ‎ ‎5. ----When is your father's birthday? ----It’s in May. ---在五月。‎ ‎6.----When is your mother's birthday? ----It’s July 1st. ‎ ‎7. ----When do you do morning exercises / get up„? ----I usually do morning exercises / get up… at 8:30 / ‎ ‎8. ----What's the date? ---几月几日？ ----June 9th. ----六月九日。‎ 五、询问方位或地方。‎ ‎1. ----Where is my toy car? ----It’s here, under the chair. ----在这儿，在椅子下面。 ‎ ‎2. ----Where is the canteen? ----It’s on the first floor. ----在一楼。 ‎ ‎3. ----Where are the keys? ----They’re in the door. ----在门上。‎ ‎4. ----Excuse me. Where is the library, please? ----It’s near the post office. ‎ ‎5. ----Where are you from? ----I’m from China. ----我从中国来。‎ ‎6. ----Where does the rain/cloud„ come from? ----It comes from the clouds/stream„‎ ‎7. ---- Where are you going this afternoon? ----I'm going to the bookstore. ‎ ‎8. ----Where did you go on your holiday? ----I went to Xinjiang. ‎ ‎9. ---- Where does she work? ---- She works in a hospital. ----她在医院工作。 ‎ ‎10. ----Where is the cinema, please? ----It's next to the hospital. ‎ ‎----How to go there? ----Turn left at the cinema, then go straight. It's on the left.‎ ‎11. ---- There are two bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a living room.‎ ‎----There is a mirror, a bed and a big closet. ‎ ‎----The closet is near the table. ‎ ‎----Many clothes are in the closet. ---- 很多的衣服在衣柜里。 ‎ ‎----The trash bin is behind the door. ----垃圾桶在门后。‎ 六、询问想吃什么或学校食谱。‎ ‎1. ----What would you like for breakfast / lunch / dinner ? ----I’d like some bread and milk / rice and soup. ‎ ‎2. ----What’s for breakfast / lunch / dinner? ----Hamburgers and orange juice. ‎ 七、询问天气状况。‎ ‎1. ----What’s the weather like in Beijing? ----It’s rainy today. How about New York? ----It’s sunny and hot. ‎ ‎2. ----It's warm today. ‎ ‎3. ----It's cool. ‎ 八、询问身体状况或情绪。‎ ‎1. ----How do you feel? ----I feel sick.‎ ‎2. ----What’s the matter? ----My throat is sore. / I have a sore throat. ‎ ‎3. ----How are you, Sarah? You look so sad. ----I failed the math test. ----I am sorry to hear that！ ‎ 九、询问体重、身高 ‎1. ---- How heavy are you? ----I'm 48 kg. ---- I'm thinner than you, and shorter. ‎ ‎2. ---- How tall are you? ---你多高？----I'm 164 cm tall. --- You're shorter than me.‎ ‎（----You're 4 cm taller than me. ----你比我高四厘米。） ‎ 十、询问职业、身份或人物。‎ ‎1. ----What’s your father / mother? ----He’s a doctor. / She’s a teacher. ‎ ‎2. ----What does your mother / father do? ----She’s a TV reporter. / He’s a teacher. He teaches English.‎ ‎3. ----Who’s that man / woman? ----He’s my father. / She’s my mother. ‎ ‎4. ----Who’s this boy / girl? ----He’s my brother. / She’s my sister. ‎ ‎5. ----Who’s your art teacher? ----Miss Wang / Mr Wu. ‎ ‎ ----What’s she/he like? ----She's / He's young and thin. ‎ 十一、询问兴趣、喜好。‎ ‎1. ----What’s your favorite food / drink? ----Fish / orange juice. ‎ ‎2.---- What's your favorite fruit? ---I like apples. They're sweet. ‎ ‎（----I like fruit. But I don't like grapes. They're sour.‎ ‎3. ----What’s your favorite season? ----Winter. ‎ ‎(----Which season do you like best? ----Winter. ）‎ ‎----Why do you like winter? ----Because I can make a snowman. ‎ ‎4. ----What’s your hobby? ----I like collecting stamps. ----What’s his hobby? ----He likes riding a bike. ‎ ‎5. ----Do you like peaches?‎ 第五章 常用词性 第一节 名 词 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。 ‎ 二、分类 ‎1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如：John is a student。 这里student是普通名词，john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。‎ ‎2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。‎ ‎3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。 ‎ 三、名词的数 可数名词——可以数的名词 不可数名词——数不清（没有复数）‎ Drink：milk tea water orange juice coke coffee Food：rice bread meat fish fruit cake tofu ‎2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 ‎ ‎3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词：数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much ‎ ‎4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法：‎ ‎1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。‎ 注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。如 :There is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 I'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。 ‎ ‎2） 用单位词表示。 用a ... of 表示。‎ 如 a cup of （ 一杯......），a bottle of （一瓶......） a piece of （ 一张......），a pair of shoes（一双鞋） 如two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸）‎ 注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式；千、百等数词与名词加用，表示复数时，数词仍保持单数，名词变复数。如 :Two hundred students（200名学生） Ten thousand trees（10000棵树） ‎ ‎5、可数名词分为单数和复数。‎ 名词单数就是该词本身，在其前面加a或an。 ‎ ‎1）单数 如：a desk（一张桌子） an old desk（一张旧书桌）‎ ‎2）复数：要表示一个以上概念时，要用名词复数形式 规则变化 ‎1）一般情况下加-s 如book--books（书） desk--desks（书桌）‎ ‎2）以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es 如box--boxes（盒子） bus--buses(公共汽车) 注意①以 th 结尾加-s, month--months ②stomach--stomachs ‎3)以辅音字母+结尾，变y为i再加- es。‎ 如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家)‎ 注意以元音+y，直接加s。如：day--days(天)，boy--boys(男孩) 4)以f或fe结尾，复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es 。如： knife-knives(刀) , half-halves(一半)‎ ‎(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf) 注意①有少数词后直接加s，如roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)以o结尾 ‎(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es. 如 tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆) (2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s 如piano-pianos (钢琴) zoo-zoos(动物园) kilo-kilos(千克) photo-photos (照片) kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠) 注意zero 两种方式都可：zero-zeros或 zeroes(零) 不规则变化 ‎1） 元音字母发变化。 如：‎ man--men(男人) woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿) foot--feet(脚) mouse--mice(老鼠) policeman--policemen(警察) policewoman--policewomen(女警察) ‎ ‎2) 词尾发生变化。如：child--children(小孩) ox--oxen(公牛) ‎ ‎3) 单、复数形式相同。如：fish--fish(鱼) sheep--sheep(绵羊) chinese--chinese(中国人) 等 注意 不说an english，要说an englishman. ①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。 ②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。 ‎ ‎4) 形似单数，实为复数意义。如：people(人，人们)these people (不说a people，可说a person) police(公安，警察)ten police (不说a police，可说a policeman)‎ ‎5) 由man和woman构成的合成名词，变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。如 ： a man driver-men drivers(男司机) a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生) ‎ ‎6) 合成名词变为复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如：passer-by-passers-by(过路人) bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机) 注意如果没有主体名词，就在最后一词上加-s。如：‎ grown-up-grown-ups(成年人) letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱)‎ 注意①hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个词的复数形式。如 :‎ Would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果？‎ We bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果， China has some good frits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类) His black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。‎ 注意②wind ,snow和rain这类词，有时也可以有复数形式，表示多次的风、雪或雨。 注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时，一般只把后一名词变成复数。如: boy student-boy students(男学生) girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友) ‎ ‎7) 有些名词只有作复数。如:‎ trousers(裤子) shorts(短裤) jeans(牛仔裤) sunglasses(太阳镜)‎ 名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词，其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把man(woman)改成men(women)。 如：‎ Englishman--Englishmen(英国人) Frenchwoman--Frenchwomen(法国妇女) 注意German不是复合词，它的复数是Germans。 ‎ 四、名词的所有格 有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。如： Mary's father(玛丽的父亲) Jim's mother(吉姆的母亲) 与所有格相对来看，不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。 1.名词所有格的构成法 ‎1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s，也要加's。如: Tom's knife(汤姆的小刀) Children's books(儿童书籍)‎ ‎2)表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人名字后加，如果表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加。如 Jim and mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间 Jim's and mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间 3)若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加"'"即可。如： The students' reading-room(学生阅览室)‎ Everyone needs to have at least eight hours' sleep a night. 每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级)‎ 注意①所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。‎ ‎②名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。如： This is a woman's work. 这是女人干的工作。This is a girls' school. 这是一所女子学校。‎ ‎4)以-s结尾的专有名词，构成所有格仍然加's，或只加'，但读音都是/iz/。如： Mr jones's(mr jones')book(琼斯先生的书) (1)表示时间和距离的名词。如：‎ Where is today's newspaper? 今天的报纸在哪儿？ An hour's walk isn't far. 一小时的路程不远。‎ ‎(1) 有些无生命东西的名词，如国家，城市季节，太阳，月亮，大地，江河，海洋，船等名词也可用's，表示所有关系。如：‎ china's population(中国人口) the city's life(城市生活)‎ 注意在表示店铺或某人家时，为避免重复(因前面已提到)，名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。‎ my uncle's(我叔叔家) the doctor's(医生的诊所) ‎ ‎2.短语所有格 有生命的名词，我们用's结构来表示所有关系，如果是无生命的，我们就要用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示。‎ The window of the house(这间房子的窗户)‎ 注意当's所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如：男式鞋应是men's，而不是shoes of men。‎ ‎3.of +名词所有格 of +名词所有称为双重所有格，使用时要注意以下几项。‎ ‎1)表示部分时，前面的词一定要有a ,an ,some ,any ,few ,two ,no ,several (几个)之类有修饰语，不能是one和the 。 如：‎ 可说：A book of my brother's 我兄弟的一本书 不说：Books of my brother's或 book of my brother's .‎ ‎2)当带有感情色彩时，可用the ,this ,that ,these ,those于名词前。如 ： The pretty daughter of your sister's 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿 Did you read that book of lu xun's ? 你读过鲁迅的那本书吗？ 3)of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。如 不说：This is john of his uncle's. 4)of 后面的名词必须是特定的。如 ：These books of my friend's are good 我朋友的这些书很好。 5)of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。 比较不说it is a leaf of the tree's. A picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。‎ 测试点a car of betty's cars ,不可换为a car of betty.。jim's and tom's fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。‎ 常用口诀 表示民族的名词顺口溜 ‎（1）“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。 （2）“英、法”联盟a变e。‎ ‎（3）其他一律加s 即Chinese，Japanese单复数同形；Englishman，Frenchman的复数为Englishmen，Frenchmen；其他像German，American，Australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。‎ o结尾的名词顺口溜 ‎1）有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加es，凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加s。‎ 有生命：potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes 等。 无生命：zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos等。 2）两人两菜一火山。（+es）‎ 小学—中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时，加es的只有negro（黑人），hero（英雄），potato（土豆），tomato（西红杮），volcano（火山），这就是“两人两菜一火山”。‎ ‎（或：黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes） 2）其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。‎ 图景：你在“zoo”里，看见一要“bamboo”，上面挂着一张“photo”，所照的是一架“piano”，上面放着一台“radio”。‎ zoo-zoos photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios等. f、fe结尾的顺口溜 ‎（1）以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时，有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s，其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。‎ 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；‎ 躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 wife（妻子），knife（刀子），wolf（狼）thief（小偷），shelf（架子），life（生命）leaf（树叶），self（自己），half（一半），这9个名词变复数时，都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。‎ ‎(2)以f结尾的名词，一般把把f改为ves，但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的，如: gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。 巧记不规则名词单变复 man-men；woman-women；foot-feet；tooth-teeth goose-geese； mouse-mice；‎ 第二节 冠 词 一、定义 冠词是一种虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面(相当于名词的帽子)，帮助指明名词的含义。‎ 二、分类 共3类：定冠词（the definite article），不定冠词（the indefinite article）、零冠词（zero article）。‎ 三、用法 ‎ ‎1、定冠词的用法 a 、an与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前。‎ ‎(1) 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用，表示一个。I gave him a book yesterday .我昨天给了他一本书I am reading an interesting story . 我在读一则有趣的故事。 ‎ ‎(2) 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。 A horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。‎ ‎(3) 不定冠词用在事物的"单位"前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 "每一"。 We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。 ‎ ‎(4) 不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。 A boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。 ‎ ‎(5)在序数词前表示"又一；再一"时。如:I want to read the story a second time 我想再读一遍这篇小说 。 ‎ ‎(6) 表示不特定的"某一个"时。如:A Mr. smith is calling on the phone. 有一位史密斯先生来电话找你 。‎ ‎（7）在特定的短语里表示特定的含义，与不可数名词连用，如： Have a good time .过得高兴 ‎ (8) 一日三餐前有修饰语时。如: -Mom, what shall we have for lunch? ‎ ‎-Oh, what a wonderful lunch! I enjoy it very much. ‎ ‎(9) 在形容词最高级前表示"非常"时。如:‎ Lesson nine is a most difficult lesson, but it isn't the most difficult one.‎ ‎ (10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。‎ a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden ‎2.定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this that these those同源，有"那（这）个""这（那）些"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形:！‎ ‎(1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前： take the medicine. 把药吃了。 ‎ ‎(2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前：He bought a house. I've been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 ‎ ‎(3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth ‎ ‎(4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如： The fox is cunning .狐狸是狡猾的。‎ ‎(5)与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人； the living 生者。 ‎ ‎(6)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：‎ Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 That's the very thing that ineed 那正是我需要的东西。 ‎ ‎(7)在表示"...世纪...年代"的结构之前 He began to learn russian in the 1950s. 他在20实际50年代开始学俄语 。 但注意:in one's 50s意为"在某人五十多岁时"。如: He looked quite healthy though he was in his 80s.‎ ‎(8)在比较级的两种句型中: ①表示"越 ......,就越......"时。如: The lighter, the better. 越轻越好 。 ② 表示"两者中比较......"时,用定冠词。如:There are two books on the table. i like the thicker one.‎ ‎(9)用在"动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名称"的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。如: The ball hit me on the back. 球打中了他的头 。 ‎ ‎(10) 在表示"计量单位"的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。如:‎ The workers are paid by the hour/day/month. 按月付给工人工资 .‎ ‎(11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前：the great wall(长城)，the people's park(人民公园)等。‎ The people's republic of china 中华人民共和国 The united states 美国 ‎ ‎(12)用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴.‎ The little girl likes to play the violin. 小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。 ‎ ‎（13）定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。‎ They are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。 ‎ ‎(14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： The greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)‎ ‎(15)在方位名词之前 ，如：in the west on the west ‎(16)在某些短语中 in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow ,the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre ‎3、零冠词（不用定冠词) ‎ ‎(1) 在物质名词前，如：Water is very important . 水是非常重要的 。 ‎ ‎(2) 在抽象名词前，如：‎ Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。 ‎ ‎(3) 复数名词表示人或物的种类时，如： Doctors cure patients. 医生治病救人 .‎ Those people are teachers, not students. 这些人是老师,不是学生 . ‎ ‎(4) 在有关游戏的名词前，如：Do you like to play chess? 你喜欢下棋吗 ? ‎ ‎(5) 在"by + 交通工具"的短语里，如：Shall we walk or go by bus? 我们乘车还是步行 ?‎ ‎(6) 在国名，人名和地名前通常不用定冠词，如 ： England，mary；‎ ‎(7）在年份、季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 ‎ ‎(8)在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词； The guards took the American to general lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。‎ ‎(9)在三餐、球类运动的名称前，不加冠词 。如： Have breakfast，play chess ‎(10) 在某些固定词组中，是否有冠词，意义不同。如：‎ In hospital住院，in the hospital在医院里 in bed在卧床 ，in the bed在床上 In front of在......（外）前面，in the front of 在......（内）前部Go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)‎ 泛指用a/ an，单数可数；特指用the，不特不the。‎ 释：1）泛指用a/ an，单数可数——泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/ an。‎ ‎2）特指用the——如果是特指，那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。‎ ‎3）不特不the——不特指则不用the，包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/ an，泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词，泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。‎ 定冠词：特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。 ‎ ‎（1）the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如： There is the teacher？老师在哪里？ ‎ ‎（2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如：‎ I can see a cat. the cat is lucy”s. 我能看见一只猫，那只猫是露茜的。 ‎ ‎（3）the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如： The earth goes around the sun.地球围绕着太阳转。 （4）the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如：‎ Mike is the tallest of the three boys. 迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。 ‎ ‎（5）the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：‎ the great wall（长城） the people”s park（人民公园 ）等。 ‎ ‎（6）the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如： in the day（在白天） play the piano（弹钢琴）等。‎ 不用冠词：代词限定名词前，专有名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球类三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。‎ ‎（1）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their, some等限定词时，不用冠词。如：this eraser, her pencil-box, some boxes, those women等。‎ ‎（2）泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如：meat, rice, water, bread, tea, milk, juice等。 ‎ ‎（3）复数名词表示泛指时，不用冠词。如：‎ The people in the room are doctors. 房间里的那些人是医生。‎ ‎（4）在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如：chinese, english, maths, physics, history等。在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如：have breakfast/ lunch/ supper, play basketball/ football等。‎ ‎（5）在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如：autumn, summer, winter, spring, sunday, february等。 ‎ ‎（6）在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如：white, brown, french, australia等。 ‎ ‎（7）在表示称呼语的名词之前，以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如： Doctor green is a scientist. 格林博士是位科学家。‎ 第三节 介词 一、定义 介词preposition缩写prep.，又叫前置词，表示其后的名词或代词（或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句）与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中作成分。‎ 二、介词的用法 ‎1、表示时间的（at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、 until、through、from、since、within） ‎ ‎(1)at:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点。‎ at noon在午时 at night在夜间 at present目前 ‎(2)on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时，一律用on) 如： on sunday在星期天 on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日 ‎ ‎(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。 in 1999 在1999年 in november 在11月份 in summer 在夏季 in the afternoon在下午 过„„后(未来时间)‎ I think he will be back in an hour .我想他一小时后就会回来。 I heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。 ‎ ‎(4)before：在„„之前 Wei hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning .今天早晨，魏华在7点之前起床了。 ‎ ‎(5)after：在„„之后 Aafter that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull . 从那时起，任何人不得捕杀海鸥。 ‎ ‎(6)by：在„„前(时间)，截止(到)„„‎ By the time i arrived ,she had already gone .在我到达之前，她已经走了。‎ ‎(7)for：达„„之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时，过去时，将来时连用，但是经常和完成时连用。Florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest . 弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。 ‎ ‎（8）during：在„„期间During the lifetime of one man ,north America and Europe will more further apart by nearly two metres .在一个人的一生期间，北美洲和欧洲由于漂移，其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。 ‎ ‎(9）through：一直„„(从开始到结束)‎ He ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington 领导美国度过了这些年代的他，于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。 ‎ ‎(10）from：从„„起(时间)The workers were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。‎ ‎(11）since：自从„„以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)Since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起，我的眼睛一直不是很好。 ‎ ‎(12)within:不„„超过的范围He will arrive within an hour .他一小时内就人到。‎ ‎2、表示地点（at、in、on 、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front of、behind、in 、into、out of、along、across、,through、to、for、from)‎ ‎(1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所).如：at school上学 at home在家 at the station 在火车站 ‎ ‎(2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)She will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。 ‎ ‎(3)表示地点方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below ‎①on:在„„上面，有接触面. 如：on the table 在桌子上面 ‎ ‎②above:在„„上方Sometimes Amy could hear planes above the trees. 有时艾米能听到树林上空的飞机声。 ‎ ‎③over:在„„正上方，是under的反义词Over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在这些坟墓上，他们建起了金字塔。 ‎ ‎④under：在„„下面，在„„之内The twin sisters put the basket under the tree .这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。 ⑤below：在„„下方，(不一定是正下方)Three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle . 3000米以下，除了茂密的丛林之外，她什么也看不见。 ‎ ‎(4)near ,by ‎①near:近的，不远的(=not far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间，in the near future在不远的将来。 Green’s lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。‎ ‎②by:在„„旁边，比的距离要近 Amy walked by the side of the river for six more long days . 艾米沿着河岸又走了足足6天。 (5)between ,among ,around ‎ ‎①between:在两者之间 The differences between american english and british english are not very great . 美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。‎ ‎②among:在三者或者更多的之中 There are some American students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学校。 ‎ ‎③around:环绕，在„..的周围，在„„的四周 They arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it . 他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷 ‎ ‎(6)in front of ,behind ‎①in front of :在„„的前面 There is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。 ‎ ‎②behind :在„..后边 Are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛吗？ ‎ ‎(7)in ,into ,out of ‎①in:在„..之内，用于表示静止的位置There are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。‎ ‎②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come ,go ,walk ,jump ,run..She took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。‎ ‎(8)along ,across ,through ‎ ‎①along:沿着Go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing .沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。 ‎ ‎②across:横过(平面物体)Very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world . 各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。 ‎ ‎③through:贯通，通过The students walked through the gate with uncle wang . 学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。 ‎ ‎(9)to ,for ,from ‎①到达„„地点(目的地)或方向 Where’s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了？他去伦敦了。 ‎ ‎②for：表示目的，为了„„‎ Do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗？ ‎ ‎③from：从„„地点起 How far is it from london to new york? 从伦敦到纽约有多远？ ‎ ‎3、表示手段和材料的介词用 ‎ ‎（1）with ‎①和„„在一起These plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them . 这些板块载着各个大陆，像航船一样不断地漂移。 ‎ ‎②具有，带有A person with good manners is always kind and polite. 有礼貌的人总是和和气气，彬彬有礼的。 ‎ ‎③用某种工具或方法He could swim with some special swimming shoes. 穿着一些特制的游泳鞋，他能游泳。‎ ‎(2）in:表示用什么材料(例如：墨水，铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着，声调特点时，不用with而用in。What’s this in english. 这个用英语怎么说？ ‎ ‎(3）by:通过„„方法，手段 What do you mean by the word“what”？ “what”是什么意思 I prefer traveling by train .我更喜欢乘火车旅行。 ‎ ‎4、其他 ‎ ‎(1）of , from ‎①of 属于)„„的，表示„..的数量或种类It was beginning of the term .这是学期开始的时候。 ‎ ‎②from:来自(某地，某人)，以„.起始She is a lady from canada .她是一位加拿大的女士。 (2)without ,like ,as ① without :没有，是with的反义词She often worked for twenty-four without rest .她通常工作24小时而不休息。 ‎ ② like:像„„一样like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer . 像很多同龄的孩子一样同，丁芳是个少先队员。 ‎ ③ as:作为They are carrying us as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。 ‎ ‎(3)against:反对。靠着Everyone tried to fight against the locusts .所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。 ‎ ‎(4) about:‎ ‎① 关于，各处，四周Nightingale wrote a book about nursing .南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。 ②询问某人，某物的情况或提出建议what about your family ? 你家里人怎么样？ ‎ 第六章 常见介词（连接词）的用法 第一节 系动词Be的用法 一、请记住以下口诀 我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它； 单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。 变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记。 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。 二、Be动词在一般过去时中的变化 ‎1．am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not = wasn’t） ‎ ‎2．are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not = weren’t）‎ ‎3．带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和am,is, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。‎ 三、Be动词的用法 ‎1、be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如： They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。‎ English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。‎ ‎2、be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：‎ The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 ‎ ‎3、be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： ‎ A、表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：‎ He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 ‎ B、表示命令，例如：‎ You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。‎ He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。 ‎ C、征求意见，例如：‎ How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他? Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢? D、表示相约、商定，例如：‎ We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合 第二节 Do 的作用 动词do在句中的作用可以概述为四句十二字："做"实义，助动词，替前文，强语气。 ‎ 作用一：实义，动词do.do作实义动词时，有do, does, did, done, doing五种形式，还有及物、不及物之分。如：‎ ‎1、"做；研究；整理；完成"。如：‎ ‎①The old man does an hour of sport every day. ②She did her homework at home last night. ③Mother was doing the cooking when I ‎ reached home. ④Have you done the exercises yet? 2、"行动；工作；进展；足够"。如：①Kate does very well in her Chinese. ②How do you do? ③Well done! ④That will do. ‎ 作用二：助动do do作助动词时，只有do, does, did三种形式，无词义，限用于含行为动词的一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态的否定句和疑问句中。如：‎ ‎①They don't have any tickets for tonight's concert. ②Kate stayed at home last night, didn't she? ③How many books does the library have? ④She doesn't do the washing in the evening. ‎ 作用三：替代do 为避免动词的重复，使语言简练，常以do, does, did替代前文所用的行为动词。如： ①Tom runs much faster than you do.‎ ‎②-Lucy, can you get some more tea, please? -Sure. I'll do it right away. ②-Who broke the cup? -Mimi did. ③-I like bananas. -So does he. ‎ 作用四：语气do 为突出感情色彩，do常用于祈使句、强调句和倒装句中，以加强语气。如：‎ ‎①Do be careful. ②Don't tell a lie. ③He did come. ④-You often go to the park. -So we do.‎ 第三节 介词for的用法 ‎1. 表示“当作、作为”。如:‎ I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? ‎ ‎2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:‎ Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 ‎ ‎3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给„„”、“对„„ (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 ‎ ‎4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 ‎ ‎5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于„„的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 ‎ ‎7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如:‎ Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? ‎ ‎8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?‎ For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。‎ 第四节 with的用法 with 是介词，但其意义颇多，一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪，这里以教材中的句子为例，进行分类，并配以简单的解释 ‎1. 带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如：Run with the kite like this. ‎ ‎2. 附加、附带着……(表事物特征)。如：A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish. ‎ ‎3. 和…… (某人)一起。‎ a. 跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈……) 。如：Now I am in China with my parents. Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends. ‎ b. 跟go, come 连用，有 "加入"到某方的意思。如：Do you want to come with me? ‎ ‎4. 和play一起构成短语动词play with 意为"玩耍……，玩弄……" 如： Two boys are playing with their yo-yos. ‎ ‎5. 与help 一起构成 help...with...句式，意为"帮助 (某人) 做 (某事)"。如： On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English. ‎ ‎6. 表示面部神情，有"含着……，带着……" 如： "I'm late for school," said Sun Yang, with tears in his eyes.‎ ‎7. 表示 "用……" 如：You play it with your feet. What do the farmers do with your machines? 8. 表示 "对……， 关于……"。如：What's wrong with it? There's something wrong with my computer.‎ 第五节 some与any的用法 ‎（一）some 的用法 some 一些，某些，某个。可代替名词和形容词。常用于肯定句。在句子中用作主语、宾语、定语。作定语时，它可以修饰单数可数名词和复数可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 ‎ ‎1. 用于肯定句 ‎——Ask some boys to help you.（修饰复数可数名词） ——叫些男孩来帮助你。‎ ‎——Please bring some coffee.（修饰不可数名词） ——请拿些咖啡来。‎ ‎——Ask some girl to come here.（修饰单数可数名词） ——叫（某）个女孩来这儿。‎ ‎2. some 用于疑问句时表示“请求、邀请或希望得到肯定的回答”。 ——Would you like some coffee?（表示请求、邀请） ——请喝咖啡。‎ ‎——Have you some stamps?（希望得到肯定的回答）‎ ‎（二）any 的用法 any 一些，任何。可代替名词和形容词。常用于否定句或疑问句，也可以用于条件状语从句。作定语时，它可以修饰复数形式的可数名词和不可数名词。 ‎ ‎1. 用于疑问句或否定句 ‎——Are there any cows in the fields?（修饰复数形式的可数名词） ——田里有一些牛吗？‎ ‎——There won't be any trouble.（修饰不可数名词） ——没有任何麻烦。 ‎ ‎2. 用于条件状语从句 ‎——If there is any trouble, let me know.‎ ‎——如果有什么麻烦，要让我知道。‎ ‎3. any 用于肯定句时，通常要重读，修饰单数可数名词和不可数名词。 ——Any time you want me, just send for me. ——什么时候你需要我，随时叫我来。 ——Come any day you like. ——只要你喜欢，随时可以来。‎ 第六节 How many和How much的区别和用法 大家都知道how many和how much是用来提问多少,的意思，那么how many和how much有什么区别吗？ ‎ ‎1、所修饰词的不同 how many用来修饰可数名词的复数，它的句式是:How many+复数名词+ 一般疑问句＋ how much用来修饰不可数名词，表示数量，也可单独使用。 ‎ ‎2、how many的用法 ‎ ‎（1）对there be句型中主语的数量如:some, five, only one等提问时,如果主语是可数名词,不管主语是单数还是复数一般都用复数形式提问,因为问话人不知道具体的数量是多少,而且many只能接可数名词复数形式,所以be一定要用are.即用How many+可数名词复数+are there+地点/时间状语 的句型结构.例如:‎ a.There is a book on the desk. (用how many改为特殊疑问句) How many books are there on the desk b.There are seven days in a week. (对划线部分进行提问) How many days are there in a week (2)记忆口诀 how many在句首,名词复数跟着走,一般问句紧相随,其它成分不要丢. ‎ ‎3、how much 的用法 ‎（1）用来询问事物的数量，后接不可数名词。例如：‎ How much milk is there in the glass 玻璃杯里有多少牛奶？ ‎ ‎（2）用来询问事物的重量。例如：‎ ‎----How much does the pig weigh 这头猪多重？ ----Eighty kilos.八十公斤。‎ ‎（3）how much 意为“多少钱”时，可单独使用，也可构成词组how much money，但英语中常省略money，‎ 用来询问某物的价钱、价格。 （注意：how much询问价格时，它的回答若是中国的货币单位应采用汉语拼音yuan,fen来表示，几角常采用几十分来表示，字母用小写，且不用复数。例如:‎ ‎－How much is the eraser 这块橡皮擦多少钱？－Ninety two fen.九角二分。） ‎ ‎（4）用来询问数字计算的结果，相当于what。例如：‎ ‎－How much is three plus one 三加一等于多少？ －It ’s four.等于四。‎ 第七节 have 和 has的用法 have和has与主语搭配：‎ have：I 、We、You 、They、Amy and Tom has： He 、She 、It 、The boy、Amy 可见，主语为第三人称单数时用has，其余人称都用have。 have / has的含义及用法：‎ ‎1、作―有‖讲。如： I have a bag. 我有一个包。 He has a red cup. 他有一个红杯子。 ‎ ‎2、作―吃、喝‖讲。如：have breakfast (吃早饭) have tea (喝茶) have a drink (喝点水) ‎ ‎3、作―拿、取得、得到‖讲。如：Can I have a toy? (我可以要一个玩具吗?)‎ 注：somgthing,everything等用has,each of加名词用has，复数主语开头加each如they each仍旧用have.‎ 第八节 do和does的用法 do 这个词（does是第三人称单数形式），大体上从两方面来讲。‎ ‎1.作为行为动词，跟其他动词一样，如study, play等。他的意思是“做”等。如：‎ We usually do our homework in the afternoon. He does his homework in the evening.‎ ‎2.作为助动词，也就是帮助主要动词构成否定和疑问等。 We don't like bananas. Do you like apples? Does he like English? He doesn't like swimming.‎ 上面有一句He does his homework in the evening.变成否定句是： He doesn't do his homework in the evening.这里加上了助动词doesn't，而原来的主动词does变成原形do了。作为助动词的do和does是没有词义的，它们在句中的构成一般现在时的疑问句和否定句. ‎ Do用于主语第一人称，第二人称和第三人称复数形式的句中，does用于主语第三人称单数的句中。 Do you want to be a teacher? 你想成为一个老师吗？ I don’t like him. 我不喜欢他。Where does Tom come from? 汤姆来自哪里？ I don’t know.我不知道。He doesn’t live here. 他不住在这儿。will/can/could/would/should/shall 等助动词后面加be 其他时候, 第一人称I后面用am，第二人称, 复数, 用are单数用is...‎ 第七章 重要句型 第一节 一般疑问句 ‎1. 概念：能用yes / no(或相当于yes / no)回答的问句叫一般疑问句。 ‎ ‎2. 含系动词be的一般疑问句的构成 具体地说，就是当陈述句中有am /is / are时，可直接将它们提至主语前，但如遇第一人称，最好将其置换成第二人称。如：I'm in Class 2, Grade 1. →Are you in Class 2, Grade 1? 你是在一年级二班吗？ 3. 含情态动词的一般疑问句的构成 一般疑问句面前人人平等：情态动词与am / is / are一样，也可直接将它们提至主语前，所以问题迎刃而解了。如：I can spell it. →Can you spell it? 你会拼写它吗？ ‎ ‎4. 含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成 含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成稍微有点讲究，要在句首加do；如逢主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词为一般现在时单数第三人称形式"v-(e)s"时，奉does为座上 宾并要变回原形(如has→have，likes→like等)；有时陈述句中的some还要变作any等。如：‎ She lives in Beijing. →Does she live in Beijing? 她住在北京吗？ I like English. →Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗？‎ There are some books on my desk.→Are there any books on your desk?‎ ‎5. 少数口语化的一般疑问句 如问一个与前文相同的问句时，可省略成"And you?"或"What / How about...?"等；甚至只抓关键词，读作升调。如：Your pen? 你的钢笔？‎ ‎6. 小插曲：一般疑问句的语调 大部分的一般疑问句都应读作升调(↗)，并落在最后一个单词身上。如：Is it a Chinese car↗? 7. 一般疑问句的应答 用yes / no(或相当于yes / no的词)回答，并怎么问怎么答(句首为情态动词am / is / are还是do /does)，简略回答时要注意缩写(否定的n't)和采用相应的人称代词以避免重复：即"Yes，主语(代词)+情态动词或am / is / are或do / does."表示肯定；"No，主语(代词)+情态动词或am / is / are或者do / does not(n't)."表示否定。如：‎ ‎① -Is Mary a Japanese girl? 玛丽是日本女孩吗？‎ ‎-Yes, she is. / No, she isn't. 是的，她是。/不，她不是。 ‎ ‎② -Can Lily speak Chinese? 莉莉会说中国话吗？‎ ‎-No, she can't. / Sorry, I don't know. 不，她不会。/对不起，我不知道。 ‎ ‎③ -Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗？ -Yes, very much. 是的，非常喜欢。‎ 第二节 特殊疑问句 ‎1、定义 以特殊疑问词开头，对陈述句中的某一部分提出疑问 / 进行发问的句子叫特殊疑问句。 ‎ ‎2、特殊疑问词 一句话： wh-开头外加能与之结伴同行的名词； how及它的形容词兄弟姐妹们，即如： what（什么），why(为什么)，who(谁)， where(哪里)， which(哪一个)， what class(什么课)， what time(什么时间)， what number(什么号码)； how(怎么样)，how many(多少)， how old(多大)， how much(多少)等。‎ ‎3、特殊疑问句的构成特殊疑问句由"特殊疑问词+一般疑问句"构成： How old are you? 你多大了？ What's this in English? 这个用英语怎么讲？‎ 但特殊疑问句有时也要"特殊解"：即如果问的是主语或主语的定语时，这时的特殊疑问句看起来成了"特殊疑问词(+主语)+陈述句"。如：Who's not here today? 今天谁没来？ Which pen is red? 哪枝钢笔是红色的？ ‎ ‎4、特殊疑问句的语调 一般说来，特殊疑问句都要读成降调(↘)，并往往让最后一个单词承担此重任。如： What row are you in(↘)? 你在第几排？ Where is"E" (↘)? "E"在哪里？ 5、特殊疑问句的答复 回答特殊疑问句，不能用"yes / no"；但可用"到什么山上唱什么歌"来形容对特殊疑问句的应答- -即问什么答什么(尤其是简略回答更明显)。如：‎ ‎-How old is your sister? 你妹妹今年多大了？ -She's only five. / Only five. (她)才5岁。‎ 英语中的疑问句有一种是以what, who, where, how等开头的疑问句，这类疑问句便叫做特殊疑问句，而这些表示疑问的词叫疑问词。为了掌握特殊疑问句，还是让我们一起来勇闯三关吧！‎ 第一关： 疑问词关 询问的内容不同，我们所使用的疑问词便不同。问物用what，问(电话)号码也用what，问人用who，问地点用where，问年龄用how old，问身体情况用how，问年级则用what grade，问为什么用why等。例如：‎ ‎1. -What's that in English? -It's a book. ‎ ‎2. -How old are you? -I'm fourteen. ‎ 第二关： 语序关 英语中疑问句一般应用倒装语序，即将动词be(can等)放在主语的前面。特殊疑问句的语序还应注意将特殊疑问词放在句首。例如：‎ ‎1. Where are you from? 你来自哪里/你从哪里来？ ‎ ‎2. How is your father? 你的爸爸怎么样儿？ 如果疑问词在句中作主语，则其后直接跟上动词。例如： Who is Lin Ying? 谁是刘芸？ ‎ 第三关： 回答关 对特殊疑问句进行回答往往不可用yes或no，而应根据它所询问的内容直接作出回答。例如： -What class are you in? -I'm in Class Five.‎ 回答时，问句中的名词在答句中常用代词代替，this和that指物常用it来代替，these和those指人或指物时常用 they来代替。例如：‎ ‎1. -Where is Mr Wang from? -He is from Beijing. ‎ ‎2. -What are these？ -They are boxes.‎ 第三节 情态动词的用法 一、情态动词的定义：情态动词有词义，但它不能单独作谓语，它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化；它的后面必须跟动词原形。 ‎ 二、情态动词的种类：‎ 三、情态动词的用法及主要句型：‎ ‎1、Can I help you? ——Yes, please. / No, thanks.‎ ‎2、Can + 主语 + 动词原形? Yes, ～ can. No, ～ can’t. 3、Can I borrow your book?----Yes,of course.‎ ‎4、Can I write on the book? ------No, you can’tmustn’t. 5、Could Can you help me?---- Yes,of course.Certainly. Sure. 6、Could Can you tell me the way to the Zoo? 7、May I come in ?----- Come in, please.‎ ‎8、May I sit here?----- Yes, please.Sorry, please don’t.‎ ‎9、May I have some Coke?---- Yes, of course.‎ ‎10、May/ Could / Can I speak to Tom? -----Speaking. Who’s calling? ‎ ‎11、should 、shouldn’t 表示劝告：‎ ‎1) He should get up early. ‎ ‎2) She shouldn’t play computer game too much. ‎ ‎12、Should +主语 +动词原形? Yes, ～ should. No, ～ shouldn’t.‎ ‎13、表示建议“你愿意…吗‖Would you like to go shopping with me? -----Yes, I’d love to. /I’d love to. But I’m busy now. ‎ ‎14、就餐用语Would you like something to eatdrink? ----Yes, I’d like…‎ ‎15、shall用于第一人称(I, we), 可以表示“将”和表示建议 “„„好吗?”‎ ‎1) Where shall we have dinner? ‎ ‎2) Shall we go fishing? -----All right. OK. Good idea. ‎ ‎16、Must + 主语 + 动词原形? ---Yes,～ must.No, ～ needn’t.‎ 第八章 五种语法汇总 第一节 现在进行时态 一、概念 表示正在发生的事情或动作，常和now，look，listen连用。如：We are listening to music now. 我们现在正在听音乐。Listen! He is playing the piano. 听！他正在弹钢琴。‎ 二、句子结构 ‎1．be + 动词现在分词（即：动词-ing形式），be + doing 是一个整体，不能分开。 ‎ ‎2．be 随着主语的变化而变化，doing的变化规则根据现在分词的变化规律来定。 ‎ 三、动词现在分词的构成规律 ‎1．一般情况下,在动词原形后直接加-ing； 如：work→working do→doing play→playing ‎ ‎2．以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing； 如：dance→dancing come→coming ‎ ‎3．在重读闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）的动词中，要先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ing；‎ 如：get→getting shop→shopping run→running swim→swimming ‎ ‎4．以ie结尾的重读闭音节词，将ie改成y再加ing。如：lie→lying die→dying ‎ 四、现在进行时的各种句式变化 ‎ ‎1．否定句 方法：直接在be的后面加not。如： They are running. →They are not running. ‎ ‎2．一般疑问句 方法：直接把be放在主语的前面，其余位置不变。如：They are running. →Are they runnin? ‎ ‎3．特殊疑问句 方法：如果就划线部分提问事情或动作时，用What„doing?‎ 如：They are swimming in the sea now. →What are they doing in the sea now?‎ 第二节 一般现在时态 一、概念 ‎1．表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。如：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom（很少）, never（决不）, every day, at 8:30, on Sunday,in the morning等。‎ 如：I always get up at 6:00 in the morning. ‎ ‎2．表示现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。‎ 如：She loves English very much. My sister can play the piano very well. ‎ ‎3．表示客观的事实。 如：The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 ‎ ‎4．格言或警句。 如：Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 ‎ 二、句子结构 ‎1．如果句子主语的人称是I, we, you, they或复数名词时，动词用动词原形。‎ 如：We often go home by bus.‎ ‎2．如果句子的主语是第三人称单数，即：he, she, it 或单数名词时，动词要用第三人称的单数形式。‎ 如：He often goes home by bus. ‎ 三、动词的第三人称单数构成规则 ‎ ‎1．一般情况下在动词的后面直接加“s”；‎ 如：work→works play→plays¬ rain→rains see→sees visit→visits ‎ ‎2．以o, x,s,sh, ch结尾的动词，在后面加“es”；‎ 如：do→does fix→fixes guess→guesses wash→washes teach→teaches ‎ ‎3．以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把 “y” 改为 “i”, 再加“es”； 如：fly→flies study→studies carry→carries ‎ ‎4．不规则变化。 如：have→has ‎ 四、注意 在一般现在时的句子中，如果前面使用了助动词does, doesn’t, will, won’t, can, can’t, would, wouldn’t, must, mustn’t 等，尽管主语是第三人称单数，后面的动词用动词原形。‎ 如：He doesn’t want to go shopping. He can sing the song. ‎ 五、一般现在时的一般疑问句 一般现在时的一般疑问句是把助动词do, 或does 放在句首来引导。‎ ‎1、如果句子的主语是I, we, you, they或复数名词时，用do来引导，其余句子的位置不变。肯定回答：Yes, I/we/they do. 否定回答：No, I/we/they don’t.‎ 如：They go to school by bus every day. →Do they go to school by bus every day?‎ ‎→Yes, they do.（肯定回答） →No, they don’t.（否定回答）‎ ‎2、如果句子的主语是he, she, it 或单数名词时，用does 来引导，其余句子的位置不变，但是要把原来句子中的动词第三人称单数形式，改为动词原形。肯定回答：Yes, he/she/it does. 否定回答： No, he/she/it doesn’t.‎ 如：He often goes to school by bike. →Does he often go to school by bike? →Yes, he does. （肯定回答） →No, he doesn’t. （否定回答） ‎ 六、一般现在时的否定句 ‎1．如果句子的主语是I, we, you, they或复数名词时，则在主语的后面加don’t。‎ 如： We always go to school on foot. →We don’t always go to school on foot.‎ ‎2．如果句子的主语是he, she, it或单数名词时，则在主语的后面加doesn’t 。但是要把原来句子中的动词第三人称单数形式，改为动词原形。‎ 如：He often goes to school by bike. →He doesn’t often go to school by bike.‎ 第三节 一般将来时态 一、概念 一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。一般将来时由助动词shall（第一人称），will（第二、三人称）+动词原形构成。美国英语则不管什么人称，一律用will。‎ 二、一般将来时的形式 ‎●will 常简略为 'll，并与主语连写在一起，如：I'll，he'll，it'll，we'll，you'll，they'll。 ●一般疑问句如用Will you„？其简略答语须是Yes，I will或 No，I will not；如用 Shall you„？（较少见）其简略答语须是 Yes，I shall．或 No， I shall not．。‎ 三、一般将来时的用法 ‎ ‎1）表示将来的动作或状态 一般将来时常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow（明天）， next week（下周）， from now on（从现在开始）；in the future（将来）等。‎ ‎2）表示将来经常发生的动作。‎ 一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，其表达形式除了“shall（第一人称），will（第二、三人称）+动词原形构成”外，还有以下几种形式。‎ ‎1）“to be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：‎ ‎①It is going to rain. 要下雨了。 ②We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我们开会。 ‎ ‎2）go， come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作，例如： I'm leaving for Beijing. 我要去北京。‎ ‎3）“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如： ‎ ‎①Are we to go on with this work?我们继续干吗？‎ ‎②The boy is to go to school tomorrow.这个男孩明天要去上学。‎ ‎4）“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。例如： We are about to leave.我们马上就走。‎ ‎5）某些词，如come， go， leave， arrive， start， get， stay 等的一般现在时也可表示将来。 ①The meeting starts at five o'clock.会议五点开始。 ②He gets off at the next stop.他下一站下车 四、一般将来时特点 ‎1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first? Will you be at home at seven this evening? ‎ ‎2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。‎ a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.‎ ‎3)be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing.‎ 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 ‎ 五、一般将来时常见用法 ‎1、表示将要发生的动作。例如：I shall go to see a friend this evening.‎ ‎2、shall用于第一人称作主语的问句里，表示征求对方的意见或询问情况。例如：Shall I open the door? ‎ ‎3、will用于第二人称的问句里，征求对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令。例如：Will you please read the word?‎ ‎4、be going to打算、准备做某事或即将发生的事。例如：We are going to plant trees.这种时态由be的将来时形式+现在分词构成。如主语为第一人称，除在疑问句外will要比shall更常用.可用做一般进行时；也可表示不含意图又未发生的动作。‎ ‎5、be to do按计划安排要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如：When is the swimming pool to open? 6、be going在go,come,leave,stay等按计划安排要发生的事中。这些动词经常具有趋向性。例如：They are leaving here tomorrow.‎ 第四节 一般过去时态 一、概念 表示在的过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。通常在句子里找到表示过去时间的词或词组。如：yesterday，yesterday morning，yesterday afternoon，yesterday evening，the day before yesterday（前天），last night，last week，last month， last year，a moment ago（刚才），just now（刚才）， two days ago，a week ago，in 1990等。 如： I went to bed at eleven last night. 昨晚我11：00睡觉。‎ 二、动词过去式的构成规律 ‎ ‎(一)规则动词的过去式 ‎1、一般情况下，在动词原形后面加-ed；如：look→looked play→played； ‎ ‎2、以不发音e结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d；如：live→lived use→used；‎ ‎3、以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词，先将 y 改为i ,再加 –ed；如：study→studied, try→tried fly→flied ‎ ‎4、以重读闭音节（即辅音＋元音＋辅音）或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要先双写这个辅音字母后，再加 –ed。如：stop→stopped plan→planned；‎ ‎(二)不规则动词的过去式（后附不规则动词变化表） ‎ ‎1、改变动词中的元音；‎ begin→began drink→drank come→came eat→ate grow→grew run→ran know→knew win→won speak→spoke take→took write→wrote get→got ‎2、变词尾的–d 为–t ； build→built lend→lent send→sent spend→spent bend→bent 3、与动词原形一样； cut→cut put→put cost→cost hurt→hurt shut→shut 4、变-ay 为-aid (少数动词)； say→said pay→paid lay→laid ‎ ‎5、采用不同词根；sell→sold teach→taught buy→bought ‎6、其他。如：am/is→was are→were have/has→had do→did 三、句式变化 ‎（一）一般过去时的一般疑问句 ‎1、把was, were放在句首，其余位置不变。由Was„？引导的一般疑问句，肯定答为：Yes，… was. 否定回答为：No，…. wasn’t. 由Were„？引导的一般疑问句，肯定回答为：Yes，… were. 否定回答为：No，… weren’t. 如：‎ ‎（1）I was born in Shanghai. →Were you born in Shanghai? →Yes, I was. (肯定回答) →No, I wasn’t. (否定回答) ‎ ‎（2）They were in Li Yan’s home last night. →Were they in Li Yan’s home last night?‎ ‎→Yes, they were. (肯定回答) →No, they weren’t. (否定回答)‎ ‎2、在行为动词的句子中，要用助动词词did来引导，其余的语序不变。要注意的是，要把行为动词的过去式改为原形。肯定回答为：Yes, „did. 否定回答：No, „didn’t. 如：‎ John played computer games last night. →Did John play computer games last night?‎ ‎→Yes, he did. (肯定回答) →No, he didn’t. (否定回答) ‎ ‎（二）一般过去时的否定句 ‎1、在表示过去存在的状态的句子中，相接在was, were的后面加上not。‎ 如：（1）He was in the park the day before yesterday. →He was not in the park the day before yesterday.‎ ‎(2)We were busy last week. →We were not busy last week.‎ ‎2、在表示过去的时间发生的动作的句子中，要在行为动词的前面加助动词didn’t.然后把过去式的行为动词改为动词原形。即：didn’t + 动词原形。如：‎ ‎（1）She played the violin last night. →She didn’t play the violin last night. ‎ ‎(2) They swam in the lake yesterday. →They didn’t swim in the lake yesterday.‎ ‎(三) 一般过去式的特殊疑问句 ‎1.What did „ ?（主要是询问过去发生了什么事情，注意要把过去式改为动词原形。） We ate Chinese food last night. →What did we eat last night? ‎ ‎2.Where did ?( 主要是询问过去事情发生的地方。) They sang and dance in the music room yesterday morning. →Where did they sing and dance yesterday morning?‎ ‎3.Who + 动词过去式 „ ?( 主要是询问过去事情发生的人物。) Mike and Tom climbed mountains last weekend. →Who climbed mountains last weekend? 四、句子结构 ‎1、在表示某个时间里存在的状态的句子，系动词用过式was，were构成。如：‎ ‎（1）I was at home yesterday. 昨天我在家。 （2）We were in the gym just now. 刚才我们在体育馆。‎ ‎2、在表示过去某个时间里发生的动作，用动词的过去式构成。如： I visited my uncle yesterday. 昨天我拜访了我的叔叔。 ‎ ‎3．各种句式 ‎（1）一般过去时的肯定陈述句： 主语 ＋ 动词过去式 ＋ 宾语或表语。‎ He worked in Shanghai ten years ago. ‎ ‎（2）一般过去时的否定句：‎ a．主语 ＋ didn’t ＋ 动词原形 ＋ 宾语。 (did + not = didn't)‎ He didn't do morning exercises yesterday.‎ b．主语 ＋ wasn’t/weren’t ＋表语。(was + not = wasn't were + not = weren't)‎ He wasn't an English teacher ten years ago. ‎ ‎（3）一般过去时的一般疑问句：‎ a．Did ＋ 主语 ＋ 动词原形 ＋ 宾语 ？‎ Did you study English in 1990 ? b．Was/Were + 主语 ＋ 表语 ？‎ Was he a pupil five years ago ? ‎ ‎（4）一般过去时的特殊疑问句：‎ a．特殊疑问词 ＋ did + 主语 ＋ 动词原形 ＋ 宾语？‎ Where did your parents live five years ago？ What did you do last Sunday？‎ ‎ b．特殊疑问词 ＋ were/was ＋ 表语？‎ Who was at the zoo yesterday?‎ 第五节 小学英语不规则动词变化表 1. am/is –was 动词“是”‎ 2. ‎ choose—chose 选择 3. are—were 动词“是”‎ 4. ‎ do/does—did 干，做 5. ‎ become—became 变为，变成 ‎ 6. ‎ drink—drank 喝 1. begin—began 开始 2. ‎ drive—drove 驾驶，驾驭，驱赶 ‎ 3. ‎ buy—bought 买 4. draw—drew 画 ‎ 5. bring—brought 拿来，带来 ‎ 6. dig—dug 挖，掘，刨 ‎ 7. ‎ beat—beat 敲打，搅拌 8. at—ate 吃 9. blow—blew 吹，吹动 10. fly—flew/flied 放（风筝）‎ 11. break—broke 打破，打碎，折断 12. forget—forgot 忘记，遗忘 ‎ 13. build—built 建筑，建造 14. fall—fell 落下，掉下，跌倒 ‎ 15. ‎ can—could 能，会，允许，可以 16. ‎ feel—felt 触摸，感觉，觉得 ‎ 17. come—came 到，到来，来临 18. find—found 寻找，发现，找到 ‎ 19. catch—caught 捕捉，抓住 ‎ 20. ‎ give—gave 给，给予 ‎ 21. cut—cut 切，割 22. ‎ go—went 去，离去，离开 ‎ 23. ‎ cost—cost 花费 24. get—got 开始，收到 25. grow—grew 生长，成长 26. ‎ have/has—had 拥有，取得，拿 ‎ 27. ‎ hurt—hurt 使受伤，使痛疼 28. ‎ hit—hit 打，撞击，碰撞 ‎ 29. ‎ hang—hung 悬挂，吊 ‎ 30. ‎ hear—heard 听，听见，收到 31. ‎ hold—held 抓住，握住，拿住 32. ‎ know—knew 知道，了解 ‎ 33. ‎ lose—lost 丢失，遗失 ‎ 34. ‎ lend—lent 借给，贷给 35. ‎. learn—learnt/learned 学习，得知 ‎ 36. ‎ let—let 放开，允许 37. leave—left 离开，离别，离去 ‎ 38. ‎ lie—lay 躺，卧 39. make—made 制作，制造，整理 ‎ 40. ‎ meet—met 遇见，看见，引见 ‎ 41. ‎ may—might 可以，允许 ‎ 1. ‎ mean—menat 意思是，决定做 2. ‎ put—put 放，安置 3. ride—rode 乘，骑，坐 4. ‎ rise—rose 升起，出现 5. ‎ read—read 阅读，朗读 ‎ 6. ‎ run—ran 跑，奔跑 7. ring—rang 给…打电话，画图 8. shall—should 命令，允许 9. ‎ swim—swam 游泳，游 ‎ 10. ‎ sing—sang 唱，唱歌 ‎ 11. sit—sat 坐，就坐 ‎ 12. ‎ send—sent 送，寄，递 ‎ 13. ‎ spend—spent 花费（钱，时间） ‎ 14. ‎ sweep—swept 打扫，清理 ‎ 15. smell—smelt 闻，嗅 ‎ 16. sleep—slept 睡觉，睡 17. ‎ speak—spoke 说，说话，讲话 18. ‎ sell—sold 卖，出售 ‎ 19. see—saw 看，看见，望 ‎ 20. say—said 说，说话 ‎ 21. stand—stood 站立，站起 ‎ 22. ‎ steal—stole 偷，盗取 ‎ 23. ‎ think—thought 思考，考虑 ‎ 24. ‎ teach—taught 教，教导，教授 25. ‎ take—took 得到，拿走，抓住 ‎ 26. throw—threw 扔，投，掷 ‎ 27. ‎ write—wrote 写，书写，写字 ‎ 28. ‎ win—won 获胜，赢得 29. ‎ wake—woke 醒，使活跃 30. ‎ will—would 将要，可以，会 31. wear—wore 穿着，佩戴 第六节 形容词副词的比较级与最高级 一、形容词和副词的形式 形容词和副词有三种形式：原级、比较级、最高级。原级就是形容词和副词的原形，如long；比较级就是在原形之后加上er，如longer；最高级就是在原形之后加上est，如longest。‎ 二、形容词和副词比较级最高级的用法 ‎1．形容词和副词的比较级用法：当两者人或者事物进行比较时，形容词和副词要用比较级，也就是—er形式，比较级常常用than来连接被比较的两个人或事物。如：Li Lei is taller than Wang Jun.。‎ ‎2．形容词和副词的最高级用法：当三者或三者以上的人或事物进行比较时，形容词和副词要用最高级，也就是—est 形式，最高级之后常常用of ,in 等短语来限定比较的范围。如：Li Lei is the tallest of all /in our class。注意最高级之前一定要用the ,但副词之前可以省略。如：Li Lei runs (the ) fastest of the three。‎ 三、形容词副词的比较级最高级形式的变化规则 ‎1．大多数形容词副词之后直接加-er –est ,如：short—shorter—shortest slow—slower—slowest quick—quicker –quickest ‎2．以e 结尾的形容词和副词加—r –st ,如：nice—nicer –nicest late—later—latest ‎ ‎3．以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词副词变y为i再加--er ,--est,如：early—earlier—earliest ‎ ‎4．以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词副词双写末尾的辅音字母再加er,est,如：big—bigger—biggest （注：常用的有五个big fat hot thin red,可以这样记：大胖子热瘦子是红色的）‎ ‎5．规则的形容词副词的比较级最高级：many/much—more—most good/well—better—best bad/badly—worse—worst little—less—least far—farther—farthest ‎6．多音节的形容词副词的比较级最高级加—more,--most,如： beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful 四、形容词副词比较级最高级的特殊用法 ‎1．比较级之前用the 特指两个中的更„„的一个,如:The older boy of the two boys is my brother . ‎ ‎2. the 加比较级„„,the 加比较级„„表示“越„„就越„„”,如:The better the environment will be,the more trees we plant every year.‎ ‎3. 比较级加and 加比较级表示“越来越”，如：He walks faster and faster.‎ 第七节 几种时态的构成汇总 一、名词复数的变化规律 ‎1、规则变化 ‎1) 一般情况直接在词尾加-s . 如：chair—chairs；apple—apples；grape—grapes；desk—desks等。‎ ‎2）以s、sh、ch、x等结尾的词加–es .如：bus—buses；watch—watches；box—boxes；brush—brushes等。 ‎ ‎3）以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y 为i 再加es，baby—babies；city—cities；family—families等。 4）以f或fe结尾的将f或fe直接换成ves. 如：knife—knives；thief—thieves；shelf—shelves等。 2、不规则变化 ‎1）没有规律的变化。如：child—children；foot—feet；tooth—teeth；mouse—mice；woman—women等。 ‎ ‎2）单复同形。如：deer—deer；sheep—sheep；fish—fish；yuan—yuan；tofu—tofu；pork—pork等。 3）以o结尾的名词有的加es有的加s. 如：potato—potatoes；tomato—tomatoes；Hero—heroes等。‎ 二、动词第三人称单数的变化规则 ‎1）直接在动词后+s. 如：like—likes；play—plays；read—reads；get—gets；help—helps；ski—skis等。 ‎ ‎2）以s, x, sh, ch, 接尾的动词：+es. 如：wash—washes；wacth—watches；teach—teaches；brush—brushes等。 ‎ ‎3）以辅音+o接尾的动词：+es. 如：go—goes；do—does等。‎ ‎4）以辅音+y接尾的动词：变y为i+es. 如：fly—flies；study —studies；carry—carries；sky—skies等。 末尾字母y前为元音字母的，直接在动词后面加-s. 如：play—plays；say—says等。 ‎ ‎5）特殊变化。如：be—is；have—has等。这些没有规律，需要加强记忆。‎ 三、动词现在分词-ing形式的构成 ‎1）一般情况在动词原形后加-ing . 如：go—going；stand—standing；climb—climbing等。‎ ‎2）以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，再加-ing. 如：write—writing；hope—hoping；care—caring等。‎ ‎3）以-ie结尾的动词应先将e去掉，将i变成y然后再加-ing. 如：die—dying，tie—tying等。‎ ‎4）如果动词最后一音节为重读闭音节，最后一个字母需要重复. 如：run—running； stop—stopping；hop—hopping；plan—planning；star—starring；get—getting等. 但辅音x是个例外，无需重复（x其实起着两个辅音的作用）。如：tax—taxing，relax—relaxing等。‎ ‎5）以-ee，-oe，-ye结尾的动词加-ing时应保留词尾e. 如：see—seeing；hoe—hoeing；eye—eyeing等。‎ ‎6）以-ue结尾的动词大多应先去e再加-ing. 如：sue—suing；imbue—imbuing；rue—ruing等。‎ ‎7）以-ic结尾的动词应先在字母c后加一字母k再加-ing. 如：frolic—frolicking；panic—panicking；‎ mimic—mimicking；picnic—picnicking；traffic—trafficking等。‎ 五、动词的过去式变化 ‎1、规则变化 ‎1）一般情况下，在动词词尾直接加-ed. 如：work—worked；piay—played；want—wanted；act—acted等。 ‎ ‎2）以不发音的-e 结尾动词，在动词词尾加-d. 如：live—lived；move—moved；decide—decided等。 3）以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed. 如：study—studied；try—tried；cry--cried 等。 ‎ ‎4）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 –ed, 如：stop—stopped；beg—begged；fret—fretted；drag—dragged；drop—dropped；plan—planned；dot—dotted；drip—dripped 等。 ‎ ‎2、不规则变化的动词有很多，规律性不强，需要加强记忆。‎ 第九章 方位的表达方式 第一节 交通工具及 “规则”‎ 一、介词规则 ‎（一）by条款：骑车、乘(驾)车、乘船、乘飞机可以使用介词by。‎ ‎1、by 后跟"光棍"名词，即名词不加任何修饰。如：by bike/bus/car/train/ship/boat/plane。 如：She is going to the Great Wall (长城) by car/ bus. ‎ ‎2、by ship 可用by sea表示;by plane 可以用by air 表示。如：‎ a. How long does it take by ship/sea? b. They often come back by plane/air. ‎ ‎（二）in/on条款：步行、骑车、乘车、乘船、乘飞机可以使用介词 in/on。‎ ‎1.步行只可用on foot。(注意：步行不用by foot) 如：Sometimes I go to school on foot. ‎ ‎2. 骑自行车须用介词 on ：on a/ one's bike。‎ ‎3. 乘车、乘船、乘飞机可用in也可用on： in/ on a bus/train/ship/boat/plane。 ‎ ‎4. 乘坐小汽车应使用 in a car，不用 on a car。 ‎ 条款说明(一)‎ ‎1. "by +名词"短语，多可以用in/on 短语替换来表示"骑、乘"之意。如：‎ a. His father goes to work by bike. →His father goes to work on a bike.‎ b. They go to the railway station (火车站) by car. →They go to the railway station in a car.‎ ‎2. by sea，by air 是一种比较随便的口语结构，故不宜用in 短语和on短语进行改写。即： by sea 不可用in/on the sea 替换；by air不可用 in/on the air 替换。 ‎ 二、动词规则 以上出行活动皆可以选择性地用动词walk, ride, take, drive 来表示。 ‎ ‎1. 步行用walk (to)。如：She walks home every day.‎ ‎2. 骑车用ride a bike。如：Can you ride a bike to go there?‎ ‎3. 乘车用 take a bus/train。如：I will take a bus/train to go to Beijing. ‎ ‎4. 乘飞机用 fly (to ) 或 take a plane。如：We are flying to England next week. ‎ ‎5. 乘(驾)小汽车用 drive a car。如：They will drive a car to go to the USA. ‎ 条款说明(二)‎ 动词规则不能与介词规则相结合使用，尤其是动词walk, fly 。‎ 如：She walks home on foot every day. (×) ‎ a. She goes home on foot every day. (√) ‎ b. She walks home every day. (√)‎ He will soon fly to London by plane/air. (×) ‎ a. He will soon fly to London. (√)‎ b. He will soon go to London by plane/air. (√)‎ 第二节 英语中方位的表达方式 一、in, to, on和off在方位名词前的区别 ‎1. in表示A地在B地范围之内。如：Taiwan is in the southeast of China.‎ ‎2. to表示A地在B地范围之外，即二者之间有距离间隔。如：Japan lies to the east of China. ‎ ‎3. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如：North Korea is on the east of China.‎ ‎4. off表示“离„„一些距离或离„„不远的海上”。如：New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia.‎ 二、 汉语里“东南西北”的先后顺序到英语里就变成了north，south，east，west；并由此有了下列中、英文表达上的差异。‎ 东南方：southeast 西南方：southwest 西北方：northwest 东北方：northeast 如：十三陵位于北京西北50公里处。The Ming Tombs are located about 50 km to the northwest of Beijing. 天津位于北京东南120公里处。Tiajin is situated l20 km southeast of Beijing.‎ 三、 near, by, beside, at表示“在„„附近”时的区别 ‎1. near表示相对的近，实际距离可能还很远。如： Suzhou is near Shanghai.‎ ‎2. by和beside都表示靠近，实际距离不可能很远，但beside比by更具体地表示出“在„„旁边”的意思。如：He was sitting beside her.‎ ‎3. at也有“在旁边”的意思，但多表示有目的的行为所处的位置，而by和beside仅表示位置关系。如：The students are sitting at the desks listening to the teacher.‎ 四、at, in和on表示地点时的区别 ‎ ‎1、at表示地点：‎ ‎（1）用于指较小的地方。如： I shall wait for you at the station. （2）用于门牌号码前。如： He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road. ‎ ‎2、in表示地点：‎ ‎（1）用于指较大的地方。如： He lives in Shanghai.‎ ‎（2）虽然是很小的地方，如果说话人住在那里，也可用in。商店、学校、机关等，若看作一个地点（point）用at，若看作一个场所（place）用in。如：I met him at the post-office. I’m now working in the post-office. ‎ ‎3、on表示地点，一般指与面或线接触，意为“在„„上；在„„旁”。如： The picture was hanging on the wall. New York is on the Hudson River. ‎ 五、above, over, on, up表示“在„„上”之间的区别 ‎1、 above指“„„上方”，表示相对高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词为below。如：We’re flying above the clouds.‎ ‎2、over指“在„„正上方”，表示垂直上方，其反义词为under。 如： The bridge is over the river.‎ ‎3、on表示“在„„上面”，与物体表面接触，与beneath相对。‎ 如：There is a map on the wall. The earth felt soft beneath our feet. ‎ ‎4、up表示动作的方向往上，反义词为down。 如： Please hang the picture up.‎ 第十章 句型转换方法归纳 第一节 改为一般疑问句 ‎1、先找be动词 am, is, are, was, were或情态动词can, may ,must, would，should ,could .如果有这些词，直接把这些词放在句子最前面， some 改成any，句号改成问号！其余照抄；（如果主语是第一人称则变成第二人称）‎ ‎2、如果句子中没有be动词或者是情态动词，要在句子最前面加助动词 do 、does或者是did。 首先判断句子时态，如果句子是过去式，则要在句最前面加Did，后面动词用原型，some改成any，句号改成问号，其余照抄；（如果主语是第一人称则变成第二人称）‎ 如果句子不是过去式，则判断是否为第三人称单数，如果第三人称单数，要在句子最前面前加助动词Does,后面动词用原型，some 改成any，句号改成问号，其余部分照抄。（如果主语是第一人称则变成第二人称）‎ 其他情况均要在句子最前面加助动词do，some改成any，句号改成问号，其它部分照抄. （如果主语是第一人称则变成第二人称）‎ 第二节 改为否定句 ‎1、先找be动词 am, is, are, was, were或情态动词can, may ,must, would，should ,could .如果有这些 词，直接在这些词的后面加not， some 改成any，其余照抄；‎ ‎2、如果句子中没有be动词或者是情态动词，要在动词前面加don’t 、doesn’t或者是didn’t。 首先判断句子时态，如果句子是过去式，则要在动词前面加didn’t，后面动词用原型，some改成any，其余照抄；‎ 如果句子不是过去式，则判断是否为第三人称单数，如果第三人称单数，要在动词前面前加doesn’t,后面动词用原型，some 改成any，其余部分照抄。‎ 其他情况均要在句子动词前面加don’t，some改成any，其它部分照抄.‎ 第三节 对划线部分提问 第一步：先把句子改成一般问句 第二步：把提问部分省略，在句子最前面加疑问词。（如果提问部分是动词词组，要把它改成do；如果提问部分是动名词词组，要把它改成doing）‎ ‎（注：如划线部分为主语，则用who代替，其余照抄；如划线部分为动词或动词短语，则用do代替，句前加what，再改为一般疑问句。‎ 第四节 肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句与特殊疑问句 ‎1、肯定句：是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子，如：‎ I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital. There are four fans in our classroom.. ‎ ‎2、否定句：含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子，如：‎ I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor. He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.‎ ‎☆注意小结：否定句主要是在肯定句的基础上加上了否定词 ―not‖。有动词be的句子则―not‖加在be后面，可缩写成―isn’t，aren’t‖，但am not 一般都分开写。没有动词be的句子则要先在主要动词的前面加上一个助动词（do，‎ does，did），然后在它后面加上―not‖，你也可以把它们缩写在一起如―don’t , doesn’t , didn’t ）。这三个助动词要根据人称和时态来选择，其中―does‖只用于一般现在时主语是第三人称单数的情况，而―did‖只用于一般过去时，不论主语是什么人称和数，都用―did‖ 。‎ ‎3、一般疑问句：是指询问事实的句子，此类句子必须用―yes‖，或―no‖来回答。如： Are you a student? Yes, I am / No, I’m not. Is she a doctor? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.‎ Does he work in a hospital? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.‎ Are there four fans in our classroom? Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.‎ ‎☆注意小结：一般疑问句是在肯定句的基础上：①把动词be调到首位，其他照写，末尾标点符号变成问号即可。②没有动词be的句子则要在句首加上一个助动词（do，does，did）再把紧跟在后面的动词变回原形，末尾标点符号变成问号即可。‎ 这三个助动词也要根据人称和时态来选择，其中―does‖只用于一般现在时主语是第三人称单数的情况，而―did‖只用于一般过去时，不论主语是什么人称和数，都用―did‖ 。一般疑问句有个重要的原则就是问和答要一致，即问句里的第一个单词（助动词）和简略答句里的这个词是一致的。‎ ‎4、特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词（what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等）开头引导 的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么，不能用―yes 、no‖来回答。如：‎ What is this? It’s a computer. Where are you going? I’m going to Beijing. What does he do? He’s a doctor. Which season do you like best? Summer. Who played football with you yesterday afternoon? Mike. When do you usually get up? I usually get up at 6:30. Why do you like spring best? Because I can plant trees. How did you go to Xinjiang? I went to Xinjiang by train.‎ ‎☆其中how又可以和其他一些形容词连用组成特殊疑问词组用来提问，如： how many（多少(数量)） how much（多少(钱)） how tall（多高） how long（多长） how big（多大） how heavy（多重） 例句：How many pencils do you have? I have three pencils.‎ How many girls can you see? I can see four girls.‎ How many desks are there in your classroom? There are 51.‎ ‎☆小结：how many 用来提问可数名词的数量，主要有以上三种句式搭配，‎ How many + 名词复数 + do you have? 你有多少……？ How many + 名词复数 + can you see? 你能看见多少……？ How many + 名词复数 + are there…? 有多少……？‎ 第五节 其它需要注意点 一、学生易错词汇 ‎1. a, an的选择：元音字母开头的单词（名词）用an，辅音字母开头的单词（名词）用a. ‎ ‎2. am , is , are的选择: 单数用is , 复数用are. I 用 am , you 用 are.‎ ‎3. have , has 的选择: 表示某人有某物。单数用has , 复数用have. I , you 用 have . ‎ ‎4. there is, there are 的选择:表示某地有某物，某人。单数用there is , 复数用there are. ‎ ‎5. some, any 的选择:肯定句用some, 疑问句和否定句用any.‎ ‎6. 疑问词的选择:what (什么) who (谁) where (哪里) whose (谁的) why（为什么）when(什么时候） which（哪一个）how old (多大) how many （多少）how much（多少钱）‎ 二、完全、缩略形式:‎ I’m=I am he’s=he is she’s=she is they’re=they are you’re=you are there’s=there is they’re=they are can’t=can not don’t=do not doesn’t=does not isn’t=is not aren’t=are not let’s=let us won’t=will not I’ll=I will wasn’t=was not 总结：通常情况下，'m即am，'s即is（但 let’s=let us）， 're即are ，n't即not （但can’t=can not）‎ 第十一章 小学英语谚语集锦 ‎1. 眼见为实．Ｓeeing is believing.‎ ‎2. 人生短暂，学艺无穷。Art is long, life is short. ‎ ‎3. 三思而后行. Look before you leap. ‎ ‎4. 有其父，必有其子。Like father,like son.‎ ‎5. 再晚也不算迟。Better late than never. ‎ ‎6. 条条大路通罗马。All roads lead to Rome. ‎ ‎7. 并非闪光的都是金子。All that glitters is not gold. ‎ ‎8. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。As you sow,so shall you reap. ‎ ‎9. 物以类聚。Birds of a feather flock together. ‎ ‎10. 不劳无获。No pain,no gain.‎ ‎11. 入乡随俗，When in Rome,do as the Romans do. ‎ ‎12. 那恰是我所喜欢的。It's my cup of tea.‎ ‎13. 一日一苹果，医生远离我。An apple a day keeps the doctor away. ‎ ‎14. 患难见真情。A friend in meed is a friend indeed. ‎ ‎15. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。A young idler; an old beggar. ‎ ‎16. 熟能生巧。Practice makes perfect.‎ ‎17. 一分耕耘，一分收获。No sweet without sweat. ‎ ‎18. 时间就是金钱。Time is money. ‎ ‎19. 欲速则不达。Haste makes waste.‎ ‎20. 说起来容易做起来难。Easier said than done. ‎ ‎21. 人各有所好。Every man has his taste. ‎ ‎22. 物极必反。Extremes meet.‎ ‎ 23. 活到老学到老。Live and learn. ‎ ‎24. 事出必有因。Nothing comes of nothing. ‎ ‎25. 隔墙有耳。Walls have ears.‎ ‎26. 失败是成功之母。Failure is the mother of success. ‎ ‎27. 江山易改，本性难移。A leopard can not change his spots. ‎ ‎28. 好心有好报。Good mind,good find.‎ ‎29. 得饶人处且饶人。Forgive others whenever you can. ‎ ‎30. 爱乌及乌。Love me ,love my dog.‎ ‎31. 行动比语言有力。Actions speak louder than words. ‎ ‎32. 年华不虚度，生命自悠长。Life is long ,if it is full. ‎ ‎33. 既来之。则安之。Take things as they come. ‎ ‎34. 岁月不待人。Time and tide wait for no man. ‎ ‎35. 美德胜于美貌Virtue is fairer than beauty.‎ ‎36. 活到老，学到老．Never too old to learn. ‎ ‎37. 礼尚往来．Give and take. ‎ ‎38. 知足者常乐．Content is happiness.‎ ‎39. 言出必行 So said ,so done. ‎ ‎40. 光阴似箭．Time flies.‎ ‎41. 忍耐是美德．Patience is virtue.‎ ‎42. 天下无不散之筵席．The best of friends must part. ‎ ‎43. 经一事，长一智．It is easy to wise after the event. ‎ ‎44. 少说少错．Least said soonest mended.‎ ‎45. 少壮不努力，老大图伤悲．The young idler，an old beggar. ‎ ‎46. 诚实为上策．Honesty is the best policy.‎ ‎ 47. 切莫半途而废．Never do things by halves. ‎ ‎48. 积少成多．Many a little makes a mickle. ‎ ‎49. 人人为我,我为人人。All for me，one for all. ‎ ‎50. 思考就是明白。To think is to see. ‎ ‎51. 时间就是生命。Time is life.‎ ‎52. 个人力量,微不足道。One man，no man.‎ ‎53. 学习时学习,娱乐时娱乐Study while you study, play while you play。 ‎ ‎54. 没有学识就是盲人。Without learning, without eyes. ‎ ‎55. 不能人人都第一。All men cannot be first. ‎ ‎56. 一切皆有可能！Nothing is impossible! ‎ ‎57. 让我们自己做。Let’s do it by ourselves.‎ ‎58. 记住：面带微笑。Remember: Keep smile on your face. ‎ ‎59. 好书如挚友。A good book is a good friend.‎ ‎60. 良好的开端是成功的一半。A good beginning is half done. ‎ ‎61. 覆水难收Don’t cry over spilt milk.‎ ‎62. 不要泄露秘密Don’t put the cat out of the bag. ‎ ‎63. 爱屋及乌Love me, love my dog.‎ ‎64. 不要本末倒置Don’t put the cart before the horse. ‎ ‎65. 三个和尚没水吃Everybody’s business is nobody’s business ‎ ‎66. 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. ‎ ‎67. 好事多磨难Good things never come easy.‎ ‎68. 胜者为王，败者为寇。Losers are always in the wrong. ‎ ‎69. 隔墙有耳Walls have ears.‎ ‎70. 人无知如房无基A man without knowledge is like a house without a foundation. ‎ ‎71. 今日事，今日毕Don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today. ‎ ‎72. 风暴使树木深深扎根Storms make trees take deeper roots ‎73. 浅溪声喧， 静水流深Sallow streams make most din; still waters run deep ‎ ‎74. 困难像弹簧，你弱它就强Problems loom large when men don’t ‎ ‎75. 知识就是力量Knowledge is power ‎76. 脸红是美德的颜色Blushing is virtue’s color ‎77. 好奇甚至比勇敢更能战胜恐惧Curiosity will conquer fear even more than bravery will ‎ ‎78. 苦尽甘来No sweet without sweat ‎79. 观察是最好的老师Observation is the best teacher ‎ ‎80. 离远而情疏Far from eye, far from heart ‎81. 好书胜益友There is no friend so faithful as a good book. ‎ ‎82. 天网恢恢， 疏而不漏Justice has long arms. ‎ ‎83. 样样皆通，样样稀疏Jack of all trades, master of none ‎ ‎84. 过去的就让它过去吧Let bygones be bygones ‎ ‎85. 众口难调It’s hard to please all ‎86. 吃一堑， 长一智Wisdom comes by suffering ‎87. 千里之行始于足下The greatest things must have the smallest beginning. ‎ ‎88. 诚实是最好的品德Honesty is the best policy ‎ ‎89. 病时才知健康好In sickness health is known ‎90. 机不可失 失不再来Opportunity seldom knocks twice ‎ ‎91. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子Nothing ventured, nothing gained ‎ ‎92. 树大招风Tall trees catch much wind ‎ ‎93. 人多心不齐Several men, several minds ‎94. 师傅引进门，修行在个人You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink ‎ ‎95. 物莫如新，友莫如故Everything is good when new, but friends when old ‎ ‎96. 江山易改，本性难移The fox changes his kill but not his habits ‎ ‎97. 杯满盈，须持稳A full cup must be carried steadily 9‎ ‎8. 懒惰是万恶之源Idleness is the root of all evil. ‎ ‎99. 流水不腐，户枢不蠹Drawn wells are seldom dry.‎ 第十二章 写作 第一节 分类写作指导 人物类作文一 我自己 Myself 要涉及的话题或句型：‎ 一、姓名 My name is Wang Xiaoming. /I’m Wang Xiaoming. /This is Wang Xiaoming.注意名字有两个字时，要连在一起，只大写第一个字 如王小明 Wang Xiaoming 二、年龄 I’m twelve/I’m twelve years old. ‎ 三、喜欢的食物水果与运动/功课等等 My favourite fruit/food is …..I like playing badminton.Because it’s good for my body. 四 经常在何时做运动或爱好 I often play badminton with my classmates after school. ‎ 五 家人 There are three people in my family:my father,mother and I. ‎ 六 家人职业及爱好（简略）‎ My father is an engineer.He likes reading books. He often asks me to go to the library with him. 七 结束语 I love my father.And I love my family.This is me. 人物类作文二 我的朋友 My friend 与Myself的区别: 主语由I 变He/She.动词由动词原形变为动词第三人称单数形式.代词由my 变his/her 要涉及的话题或句型：开头句 I have a friend 一、姓名 His name is Wang Xiaoming. /He’s Wang Xiaoming. /注意名字有两个字时，要连在一起，只大写第一个字 如王小明 Wang Xiaoming 二、年龄 He’s twelve/He’s twelve years old. ‎ 三、喜欢的食物水果与运动/功课等等 His favourite fruit/food is ….. He likes playing badminton. Because it’s good for his body. ‎ 四、经常在何时做运动或爱好 He often plays badminton with me after school. ‎ 五、家人 There are three people in his family:his father,mother and he. ‎ 六、家人职业及爱好（简略） His father is an engineer.He likes reading books. ‎ 七、结束语 I like my friend. ‎ 作文三 我的一天 My day 时态：一般现在时 重要句型：主语+动词原形+其它.‎ I get up at 6:00.Then I wash my face and brush my teeth.I eat breakfast at 7:00.Then I go to school.I have seven classes every day.Classes begin at 8:00.School is over at 4:30.After school,I often play table tennis with my friends.I eat dinner at 7:00.Then I listen to music.I do my homework at 8:00.I go to bed at 9:30.This is my day.‎ 作文四 某人的一天Tom’s day 时态：一般现在时 重要句型：主语(第三人称单词形式)+动词第三人称单词形式+其它. 注意与My day的区别 一、主语由I 变为 He. ‎ 二、形容词性物主代词由my 变为his 三、动词由原形变为第三人称单数形式,简单记忆方法就是动词后加s或es Tom gets up at 6:00.Then he washes his face and brushes his teeth.He eats breakfast at 7:00.Then he goes to school.He has seven classes every day.Classes begin at 8:00.School is over at 4:30.After school, he often plays table tennis with his friends.He eats dinner at 7:00.Then he listens to music.He does his homework at 8:00.He goes to bed at 9:30.This is Tom’s day.‎ 作文五 空间类 我的卧室 My bedroom 时态：一般现在时 重要句型 ：There be…..+介词词组(on,next to,behind,over,under等) It’s…. The…is on the…‎ 注意主要物品是作为参照使用的。所以，我们一般先说bed,desk,table之类的主要物品。然后再说其它物品与其的位置关系。‎ I have my own room.It’s small but nice.There is a bed,a desk,a closet and a shelf.There are two end tables near the bed.The computer is on the desk.The books are on the shelf.The trash bin is behind the door.I like my bedroom.‎ 作文六 空间类 我的屋子 时态：一般现在时 重要句型：主语+动词原形+介词词组 There be…..+介词词组。 It’s…. 注意不同的房间功能是不一样的。所以我们可以说经常在哪个房间做哪些事情。‎ I live in a small house.It’s a small green house.In the house we have a dining room,two bedrooms,a living room and a kitchen.We watch TV in the living room.We have meals in the dining room.We sleep in the bedroom.We wash faces and have baths in the bathroom.‎ 作文七 空间类 我的村庄/家乡 My village/hometown 时态：一般现在时 重要句型：主语+be+表语. There be…..‎ 假设小鸟飞过时从天空上看到的主要情景，如果在农村的话，可以看到是山川河流，蓝天白云。然后才是一些具体的情景。假如在城市的话，可能看到高楼大厦公路交通甚至工厂等。‎ I live in a small village.It’s beautiful.The air is fresh.The water is clean.The counds are white.There are many trees and flowers.There are many fish in the rivers.I often go fishing with my parents on weekends.I like my village/hometown.‎ 作文八 动物类 一只小狗 时态：一般现在时 主要句子结构：主语+be+形容词 It’s got…. 由于主语是第三人称单数形式,因此,大部分句子构成是 ―主语+动词第三人称单数形式‖‎ I have a pet dog.It’s cute and naughty.It’s my best friend.It’s got a black nose and a long tail.It’s got orange hair and big eyes.It likes playing with balls.I often take it out for a walk.I like it very much!‎ 作文九 信件类 给笔友的信 1、注意邮件格式 ‎2、自我介绍作文加信件格式. 时态：一般现在时 主语+动词原形 ‎(注意,当写家人如父亲时,使用 主语+动词第三人称单数形式) 重要句型：主语+be+表语 I like doing sth. He likes doing sth. 例文 To: Alice @ penpal.com From: Liu Yun @ penpal.com Dear Alice,‎ I am happy to have a new pen pal. I live in China with my mom and dad.I don’t have a sister or brother.My mom is a singer.She likes swimming.My dad is a TV reporter.He likes listening to music.I like playing the violin and writing emails.‎ Your new friend,Liu Yu. 作文十 信件类 找路与邀请某人参加生日晚会 Dear Amy,‎ Please come to my twelfth birthday party at 6 pm on Saturday.Now let me tell you how to come:‎ Start from the bus stop in front of our school. Take the No.17 bus. Get off at the post office. Walk east for three minutes. Find the white building on the left. Look for me near the door.‎ Yours, Sarah 作文十一 时态类 上周未是如何渡过的? 时态：一般过去时.‎ 模板：I had a busy/happy/good time last weekend.On Saturday morning,I ……..Then,I …….In the afternoon,I ……On Sunday morning,I …..In the afternoon,I …..After that,I ……..‎ 重要句型：主语+动词过去式+其它。 例文如下：‎ I had a good time last weekend.On Saturday morning,I got up early and then I played badminton with my mom.In the afternoon,I went swimming with my classmate.In the evening,I watched TV with my family.On Sunday morning,I went to the library.I read an interesting book.Then,I went shopping with my friend.I bought a new CD.In the evening,I did my homework.‎ 作文十二 时态类 下周末打算怎么渡过 时态：一般将来时 重要句型：主语+be+going to do sth. 主语+be+going to 地点.‎ 模板：I am going to have a busy/happy weekend.On Saturday morning,I’m going to….Then,…..In the evening,I….On Sunday morning,I…..In the afternoon,….In the evening……. 例文如下：‎ Hi,this is Liu Yun.I’m going to have a busy weekend!On Saturday,I’m going to the bookstore by subway.I’m going to buy a new CD and some story-books.Then,I’m going to go home and read the new books.On Sunday,I’m going to the supermarket with my mother.We’re going after lunch.Then,in the evening,I’m going to visit my aunt.We are going to watch TV together.That will be fun!‎ 第二节 命题作文 My New English Teacher Miss Tang is my new English teacher. She’s very pretty. She is tall and thin. She has two big eyes and a small mouth. Her hair is long. She likes singing and dancing. Her English is very good. We often play games in English classes. She is very kind to us. We all love her.‎ My Days of the Week I’m a student and I am in Grade 5. I get up at six o’clock every day. I have classes from Monday to Friday. On Saturday，I often play ping-pong and watch TV. On Sunday, I do my homework and read books. I like weekends very much.‎ My Favourite Food Today is Wednesday. We have potatoes, pork, and green beans for dinner. Potatoes are my mother,s food. But I don,t like potatoes. I like pork. It is tasty. And I like green beans, too. It is good for me. After dinner, we eat some apples. Apples are my favourite fruit. They are healthy!‎ My Friend I have a new friend. Her name is Amy. She is 12. She is beautiful. She has a round face and big eyes. She has long hair. She is tall and thin. She likes singing and dancing. Her English is very good. We are good friend！‎ About Me My name is Chen jie. I am 12 years old. My favourite day is Monday. We have P.E.and computer class and we have potatoer for lunch. Potatoes are my favourite food. My favourite fruit is apple. It is good for me. Monday is a great day! My favourite teacher is Mr Li. He is our English teacher. He is tall and thin. He is very active.we all like him!‎ I Can Help Do Housework I am a girl. My name is Li Ling. I’m 11. I’m helpful at home. I can water the flowers, empty the trash and sweep the floor. After meals, I can help my mother do the dishes. On Sunday, I can wash the clothes. What about you? Are you helpful, too?‎ My New Room I have my own room now. It is small and nice. There is a bed, a desk, a big closet and a shelf. There are two end tables near the bed. The computer is on the desk. The books are on the shelf. The trash bin is behind the door. The clothes are in the closet. I love my new room very much!‎ My Village My village is very beautiful. There are many houses in the village. Near the village, there is a forest. A small river is in front of the village. The water in it is very clean. We can see some fish in the river. Near ‎ the river, you can see a mountain. Some flowers and grass are on the mountain. I like my village. Welcome to my village!‎ How Do You Go To School?‎ My home is far from the school. I usually go to school by bus，because it’s fast. Sometimes I go to school on foot，it’s good for me. What about you? How do you go to school ? Can you tell me, please?‎ My Weekend Hi! I’m Amy. I’m going to have a busy weekend. On Saturday, I’m going to the bookstore by bike. I’m going to buy some books. In the afternoon, I’m going to play football with my friends. On Sunday morning, I’m going to do my homework. Then I’m going to clean my bedroom in the afternoon. In the evening, I’m going to watch TV . What about you ? What are you going to do on the weekend ?‎ My Travel Plan The weather is good, I will have a good trip with my family. First, we are going to Beijing park by train. Then, we are going to see the Great Wall by bus. Finally,we are take the train back to Shiyan to climb Wudang Mountains. I believe,my journey will be very happy!‎ My Pen Pal (My New Friend)‎ I have a pen pal (new friend). Her name is Amy. She is 12. She is beautiful. She has a round face and big eyes. She has long hair. Amy lives in Beijing now. She goes to school on foot. She likes music very much. She often plays the violin on the weekend. Amy studies very hard. She is a good student.‎ My Family’s Hobby There are 5 people in my family. I like flying kites. My father likes diving. My mother likes playing the violin. My brother likes riding a bike. My sister likes listening to music. I have a happy family.‎ My Family I have a happy family. There are 3 people in my family. My father, my mother and I. My father is a doctor. He works in a hospital. He goes to work by bus. He likes diving and playing football.‎ My mother is a teacher. She works in a school. She goes to work on foot. She likes listening to music and playing the violin.‎ I’m a student. I’m 12. I go to school on foot. I like swimming and diving. I often play football with my friends on the weekend.‎ I have a happy family . My parents love me very much. I love them,too.‎ About My Family（给笔友Amy的信）‎ Dear Amy,‎ My name is Sarah. I’m 13. I’m tall and thin. I like swimming.My father is 40. He is tall and strong. He likes reading books.He is an engineer. ‎ He works in a car company.He goes to work by car.My mother is 39. She is short and thin. She likes cooking.She is a salesperson. She works in a bookstore. She goes to work on foot.‎ Yours, Sarah My School My school is very beautiful. It is in Guicheng, near the Qiandeng Lake. Do you know it? It is Nanhai Experimental Primary School. I like my school very much.‎ There is a big playground in my school. We have P.E. class on the playground and we often play sports on it , too. Our teaching building has five floors. My classroom is on the fifth floor. It is big and clean. The computer rooms are on the third floor. There is a library on the second floor. There are many books in the library. I often read books here. There are some music rooms and art rooms in the teaching building, too.‎ The teachers in my school are very kind . The students are very polite and smart. I am happy in my school.‎ About Me My name is Sarah. I’m a student. I’m 13. usually I go to school on foot. Sometimes I go by bike. I like playing football. My favourite teacher is Mr Li, he is our English teacher. I want to be an engineer in the future！‎ Next Week It's going to be Spring Festival next week.‎ Next Monday I am going to my cousin's house. He lives in a village. I am going by ship. Next Tuesday I am going to have a picnic. Next Wednesday I am going to go shopping in Nanhai Plaza and to have K.F.C. Next Thursday I am going to Jihuayuan to fly kites. In the evening I am going to clean my room. Next Friday I am going to visit my uncle's family and my grandpa. Next Saturday I am going to play football at school. Next Sunday I am going to hot spring in Kaiping.‎ I am going to be very happy.‎ My Good Friend My name is ×××.I have a good friend . Her name is Liu Yun. She lives in China . Her mather is a singer. She likes swimming. Her father is a TV reporter. He likes listening to mnsic. Liu Yun likes piaying the violin and riding her bike. Every morning , she goes to school on foot. Every evening, she reads newspaper ai home. then she goes to bed at nine. This is my good friend Liu Yun。‎ My Favourite Teacher Hello,my name is Steven. I have many good teachers, but my favourite teacher is Miss Li. SWhe is a very good teacher.‎ She is very young, but her English is very good. She teaches us English every day. Her class has so much fun.She sings songs with us, plays games with us. We are so happy . And we learn English well. Our English are very very good.So I like her very much.‎ She likes reading books and playing sports. After class, Miss Li often plays sports with us. We are very happy. We all love her very much.‎ This is my favourite teacher.She is a good teacher .I like my English teacher very much. What about you?Do you have a good teacher, too?‎ Happy Family Everyone has a family. I have a family, too. I name it ―Happy family‖, because everyone in my family is happy.‎ Come and meet my family, please! My mother is kind. I love her, and she loves me, too. My mother is pretty. She likes beautiful clothes. I call her―Dressy Mum‖. My father is a boss. He is tall and thin. He has a small head. I give him a nickname―Small Head Father‖. I am fat and lovely. I have a big head. I give myself a nickname―Big Head Girl‖. I study hard. I am a good student.‎ We are happy every day!‎ My Classroom My classroom is nice and big.There are forty desks and chairs in the classroom.There are two black boards on the walls. And there are two pictures, too.My classroom has eleven lights and twelve fans. Whatcolour are the fans?They are blue. At the coner, there is ashelf,many books are in the shelf. I like the books very much.This is my classroom,it is verynice.I like my classroom very much. Do you have a nice classroom, too ?‎ I Love Spring Best Winter was gone,spring comes.I love spring best,because it's very beautiful.In spring,the weather is aways sunny and rainy,it's not cold and not hot,it's warmer and warmer.The flowers begin to open and the trees begin to turn green.The birds are singing in the sky,they are happy.The animals will go out to play.Many people like to go out and enjoy the sunshine.I like wearing my sweater and jeans, I like to fly kites,plant trees and see the beautiful flowers. Spring is colorful,I think it's a wonderful season. What's your favourite season?Please tell me.‎ Spring Outing Many students are going spring outing.Some students are boating.And some students are having a picnic. The others are playing games. There is a girl siting on a chair reading a book.The sky is blue. The trees are green. The flowers are red.It's a very beautiful park. They have a good time!‎ What is family ?‎ Everybody has his own family. What is family ? I don’t think everyone really knows. There are six letters in the word ― FAMILY ‖. I think ― F ‖ means ―father‖, ―A‖ means ―and‖, ― M ‖ means ―mother‖ , ― I ‖ means― I‖, ― L‖ means ― love‖ and ― Y ‖ means ―you‖. So ― FAMILY ‖ is the short form of ― Father and mother , I love you.‖ Don’t you think so ? Father and mother love us , and we love father and mother . That’s a happy family.‎ My Lovely Father I have a busy father . He works in a big office . He has a big company.‎ He is busy every day . He has many thing to do . He has no time to go home for lunch . He gets home at 7:00 p.m . At home he does the housework. He cooks nice dishes for mother and me .‎ On weekends , he often goes to the park with me .Sometimes he goes to swim with me ,too. I like to stay with my father .He is a good father , he is also a happy business man .‎ 第三节 话题作文 Mike is a student. He is my good friend. He is busy at the weekend. He is going to read a magazine this Saturday morning. He is going to go to the zoo this Saturday afternoon. He is going to buy a book this Sunday morning. He is going to learn Kungfu this Sunday afternoon. He is going to watch TV this Sunday evening.‎ ‎2、根据下面提供的内容，写一篇英语短文。要求语句通顺，条理清楚，字数不少于50个单词。 Mary 是个英国女孩，五年级学生，十二岁。她向别人自我介绍，并介绍她的家庭。她有个双胞胎姐姐，爸爸是医生，妈妈是老师，她非常爱他们，他们也很爱她。‎ My name is Mary. I come from England. I am an English girl. I am a student. I am in Grade Five. I like my English teacher. Her English is good. There are four people in my family. I have a twin sister. My father is a doctor. My mother is a teacher. I love them very much. They love me, too.‎ ‎3、题目： My net friend（我的网友）‎ 要求：（一）条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，标点正确，书写清晰、规范； （二）要将提示词全部体现在作文中；不得少于50个单词。‎ 提示词：（1）computer （2）net friend (3) talk with each other(互相交谈)(4) in the chat room (在聊天室) （5）talk in English (用英语交谈) （6）good now My net friend I am Tony. I have a computer. I have a new friend. His name is Jack. He is 12 years old. He is a student. He likes surfing the net. We often talk with each other in the chat room. We talk in English. My English is good now. He is a good boy. I like him very much. Do you want to have a net friend?‎ ‎4、根据给出的提示和要求，写一篇65个单词左右的短文。要求：写一封介绍你一家的电子邮件给Jay。 Hello, Jay,‎ I am very happy to be your net friend. There are four people in my family. They are my parents, my sister and I. My father is the oldest and the tallest. He can drive a car. He is a doctor. My mother is a factory worker. She works hard. My sister is a student. She is the best in her class. My hobby is playing basketball. My sister and I go to school on foot. I have a happy family. What about you?‎ Bye- bye， Benson ‎5、My Friends I have two good friends. They’re Zhang Ping and Jim. Zhang Ping is 12. Jim is three years older than her. He’s 15. Jim is heavier than Zhang Ping. He’s 60 kilograms. Jim is taller than her. He’s 162cm. Zhang Ping is a Chinese girl. She lives in Xinhui. Jim is a Canadian boy. He lives in Guangzhou now. Zhang Ping likes red. Her favorite sport is badminton. Jim likes blue. His favorite sport is swimming. I like them very much.‎ ‎6、描写你的周末生活，注意用一般现在时。‎ My Weekend I have happy weekend.‎ On Saturday morning I always have English classes at school. I study hard in the classroom. In the afternoon I often play computer games. On Sunday morning I often draw pictures. Sometimes I visit my grandmother and grandfather. Sometimes I listen to music. On Sunday afternoon I often do housework or go shopping.‎ So I love weekends.‎ ‎7、Jack 昨天跟他妈妈买东西，请根据下表的信息，写一篇不少于60个单词的小作文。‎ Yesterday was Jack’s shopping day. He went shopping with his mother.‎ They went to the Happy Shop. They bought some pieces of candy. They are 4 Yuan. They bought a roll of toilet paper. They bought a carton of ice ‎ cream at Mr. Chen’s Store .They bought a bottle of shampoo and a pair of socks at Uncle Eddy’s Store. They went to the Big Blue Department Store. They bought a toy car. It’s 105 Yuan. They were very happy.‎ ‎8、昨天是3月20日，也是你的生日，请描写你的生日派对，注意用一般过去时。‎ My birthday Yesterday was March 20th. It was my birthday. I had a party. I ate too much. Mike brought a carton of ice cream. Jenny brought some candy. Mary brought a lot of cookies. My mom made a cake. My dad bought a toy car for me. I was very happy. At the party we sang and danced. We had a good time.‎ ‎9、根据下面提供的信息，写一篇60字左右的作文。‎ My Friend I have a good friend. We are in the same class. His name is Bill. He is 13. He likes sports very much. These sports are tennis, soccer and basketball. He plays tennis twice a week. He plays soccer twice a week. He plays basketball once a week. He often likes to wear black T-shirt and blue pants. His phone number is ‎ Everyone likes him.‎ ‎10、写一个你最喜爱的人，请对他/她进行一定的外貌描写。‎ My Favorite People Who is your favorite person? My favorite person is my mother. She is beautiful. She is 38 years old. She is tall and thin. She has big eyes and long hair. She likes cooking. She cooks good meals for us every day. And she always does all the housework. She looks after my father and me. I love my mother very much.‎ ‎11、请描写一下你的房间，注意要使用“there be ”句型。‎ My Bedroom I have a nice and small bedroom. There is a beautiful bed and two small chairs. I also have a big and tall closet because I have many clothes. There is a big desk next to the window. I always do my homework at the desk. There is a family photo on the wall. We took this photo this summer holiday. I like my bedroom.‎ ‎12、描写一种你最喜爱的动物，要对它进行外形描写。‎ My Favorite Animal My favorite animal is rabbit. Its name is Sweet. Sweet has long ears. It’s very small. It’s white. It has a short tail. It has red eyes. It likes eating carrots. It likes jumping. It goes jumping three times a day. I like it very much. It’s lovely. It’s my best friend. I like the rabbit.‎ ‎13、同学们，你一定有很多的爱好，请你写一个你的爱好，字数不少于60个单词。‎ My hobby My hobby is collecting stamps（集邮）. There are many stamps in my room. I like stamps very much. There are many things on the stamps. They are colorful and beautiful. After school I usually go to the post office and there are many people there. I learn a lot from collecting stamps. I like collecting stamps very much.‎ ‎14、寒假很快就要到了，请你为你的寒假写一个计划。快点把你的计划写出来吧！‎ My Winter Holiday It’s January. My winter holiday is coming. I am going to go to Thailand. I will go there by plane. I like the food in Thailand. It’s spicy and tasty. In the winter holiday, I am going to play basketball. I am going to paint pictures, too. I will help my mother do some housework. I will be very happy in my winter holiday.‎ ‎15、假设Jack 是10岁,短发,1.5m, 50kg; 而May 是12岁,长发,1.6m,45kg。请运用学过的句型介绍和比较一下他们的特征。‎ Jack and May I have two good friends. They are Jack and May. He is ten. He has short hair. He is 50kg now. And May is a beautiful girl. She has long hair. She is two years older than Jack. She is 12 now. She is taller than Jack. She is 1.6m. But Jack is heavier than May. May is 45kg. They are lovely students. I like them.‎