高考英语二轮复习精品资料专题01 名词与冠词

高考英语二轮复习精品资料专题01 名词与冠词

‎2019届高考英语二轮复习精品资料：专题01 名词与冠词（高考押题）‎ 一、单词填空 ‎1．Don't wait for an ________ (apologize)．“Many times the person who hurt you may never think of apologizing，” says Dr.Luskin.‎ apology　【解析】句意：不要等待道歉。拉斯科说：“多次伤害你的人也许从来就不会考虑道歉。”不定冠词an后须用名词形式，根据apologize可知答案填apology。‎ ‎2．ike many popular restaurants in Paris，________(reserve)are hard to get at Dave，so I wasn't surprised to find a complete sign hanging over the red door.‎ reservations　【解析】句意：就像巴黎许多受欢迎的餐馆一样，在Dave也很难预订，因此当我看见红色的门上挂着客人已满的招牌时并不惊讶。根据括号中的提示词及后面的谓语动词are可知，主语为名词复数形式，故填reservations。‎ ‎3．He pushed and pulled with all his ________(strong)to move it.‎ strength　【解析】句意：他用力地推拉将它(石头)移走。分析句子结构可知，with后面接名词，故填strength。‎ ‎4．He asked ________(permit)to introduce his friend，whose name was Mr Wickham，and who had apparently arrived recently from London.‎ permission　‎ ‎5．Experts hope the whole society pay more attention to the mental health of ________(adolescent)．‎ adolescents　【解析】句意：专家们希望全社会都来关心青少年的心理健康。根据句意可知，此处泛指“青少年”，用复数表示泛指，故填adolescents。‎ ‎6．Girls are luckier than boys；they have more flexible ________(choose)than boys.‎ choices　【解析】句意：女孩比男孩要幸运些，她们比男孩有更灵活的选择。前面flexible是形容词，后面须接名词；choice此处应为可数名词，意味着多种选择，故填choices。‎ ‎7．I have a strong ________(believe)that one day Chinese students can buy these tickets，too.‎ belief　【解析】句意：我坚信有朝一日中国学生也会购买这些票。空白处前面有a strong修饰，说明空白处须填可数名词单数。‎ ‎8．So I asked her why she sat there in ________(silent)．‎ silence　【解析】句意：因此我问她为什么坐在那里沉默不语。in silence“沉默”，是固定用法。‎ ‎9．About 20 percent of ________(baby)feel nervous when they see strangers.‎ babies　【解析】句意：约百分之二十的婴儿见到陌生人会感到紧张。baby是可数名词，前面有百分数修饰，故用复数形式。‎ ‎10．There was never a time when I had not called him and he did not call me right back within a couple of ________(hour)．‎ hours　【解析】句意：当我给他打电话，如果他没接的话，他都会在几小时内回电话。可数名词hour前有a couple of修饰，故用复数形式。‎ ‎1．In the centre of the main road into the town，he placed ______ very large stone.‎ a　【解析】句意：他在进城的主干道中间放了一块很大的石头。在此stone作可数名词，意为“一块石头”，前面需要用不定冠词a。 ‎ ‎2．．..when they heard the sound of horses，and saw Darcy and Bingley riding down the street.______ two gentlemen came straight towards the ladies to greet them.‎ The　‎ ‎3．They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don't see things ______ same way.‎ the　【解析】句意：他们可能想过要伤害你，或者他们并没有用同样的方式看待事情。当名词前面有形容词same修饰时，same前面必须加定冠词the。‎ ‎4．On the third day，I received a message from Mike's wife that she said Mike had been killed in ______ unexplained truck crash on the morning of my call.‎ an　【解析】句意：第三天，我收到了来自迈克妻子的短信，她说在我打电话的那天早上迈克在一次不明原因的卡车撞击事故中死亡。此处泛指“一次不明原因的车祸”，故用不定冠词；unexplained以元音音素开头，故填an。‎ ‎5．Covering ______ area of 16，800 square kilometers with a population of about 11 million，Beijing has 18 districts and counties under its jurisdiction(管辖)．‎ an　【解析】句意：占地16 800平方千米，拥有约1 100万人口的北京市，管辖着18个区和县。an area of...“面积是……”，是固定短语。‎ ‎6．What if your first choice is wrong？If so，just give yourself ______ second chance.‎ a　‎ ‎7．So God turned it into ______ dog.‎ a　【解析】句意：所以上帝把它变成了一条狗。此处泛指“一条狗”，所以填不定冠词。‎ ‎8．A government study has found that South Korean children are ______ least happy compared to children ‎ in 29 other developed countries.‎ the　【解析】句意：政府研究发现，与其他29个发达国家的儿童相比韩国儿童是最不快乐的。形容词最高级前用定冠词。‎ ‎9．I am ______ reporter from the New York Times.‎ a　【解析】句意：我是来自《纽约时报》的一名记者。泛指“一名记者”，表示身份，用不定冠词。‎ ‎10．I consider myself very lucky because I was ______ only one of my friends who had their dads around.‎ the　【解析】句意：我认为自己很幸运，因为我是朋友当中唯一一个爸爸在身边的。only前一般用定冠词，表示“唯一的”。‎ 语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ A man came to the USA from another country.After________(settle)down at an island，he went into a cafeteria to get something_______(eat)．He sat down at an empty table and waited for someone to take his order，but nobody did.________(final)，a woman with a tray full of food sat down opposite him and informed him________the cafeteria worked.‎ ‎“Start out at that end，” she said.“Just go along the line and pick out what you want.At___________other end they'll tell you how much you have to pay.”‎ ‎“I soon__________(learn)how everything worked in the USA，”the man told his friend.“Life's a cafeteria there.You can get anything you want as long as you are willing to pay the price.You can even get success，___________ you'll never get it if you wait for someone to bring it for you.You have to get up and get it__________．”‎ You can't change the inevitable.The only thing you can do_______(be)to control your attitude.Once you reach that point in life，happiness and_________(satisfy)can't be too far away.‎ ‎1．解析：settling。根据前面的介词after，可知这里要用动名词形式。‎ ‎2．解析：to eat。这里用不定式作定语。‎ ‎3．解析：Finally。此空放在句首，修饰整个句子，因此要用该词的副词形式。注意首字母要大写。‎ ‎4．解析：how。一位妇女带着一个装满食物的盘子坐在他对面，告诉他自助餐厅是怎样运作的。‎ ‎5．解析：the。at the other end为固定搭配，意为“在另一端”。‎ ‎6．解析：learned/learnt。整篇文章是叙述过去的事情，故此处用一般过去时。‎ ‎7．解析：but。句意：你甚至可以获得成功，但如果你等别人把它拿给你，你永远都不会得到它。‎ ‎8．解析：yourself。根据句意可知你不得不自己去做，所以这里用反身代词yourself。‎ ‎9．解析：is。此处是主系表结构。‎ ‎10．解析：satisfaction。and连接两个并列成分，根据happiness可知此处用名词形式。‎ ‎2019届高考英语二轮复习精品资料：专题01 名词与冠词（讲学案）‎ 名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外，还常结合其他项目一起考查，题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现，考查要点主要包括：‎ ‎1．考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。‎ ‎2．考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。 ‎ ‎3．考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如：shelter n．庇护，避难所→vt.保护，躲避，避难； storm n. 暴风雨， 大动荡→vi.&vt.横冲直撞， 猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部→vt.肩负，承担； trail n．小径， 痕迹→vt.追踪。‎ 一、名词的单复数 ‎1．可数名词复数的规则变化 可数名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加－s或－es，其规则如下：‎ 构成方法 例词 一般情况在词尾加－s cat—cats　　girl—girls page—pages 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词在词尾加－es bus—buses　box—boxes watch—watches brush—brushes ‎ 但有例外：stomach—stomachs 以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词变复数时，直接在词尾加－s two Marys three Henrys monkey—monkeys ‎ holiday—holidays ‎ boy—boys 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，把y变成i加－es baby—babies city—cities factory—factories ‎ story—stories 以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的词，在词尾加－es tomato—tomatoes hero—heroes potato—potatoes ‎ 但有例外：photo—photos ‎ piano—pianos 以“元音字母＋o”结尾的词在词尾加－s radio—radios zoo—zoos 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v加－es knife—knives　　wife—wives half—halves　　leaf—leaves 但仍有例外： ‎ belief—beliefs　roof—roofs ‎ handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves ‎ ‎【特别提醒】因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化，所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误：‎ ‎①你有词典吗？‎ Do you have dictionary? ‎ ‎②他悲伤地摇了摇头。‎ He shook head sadly. ‎ 一般情况下，英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时，要么用复数形式，要么在其前面加冠词或限定词。因此以上两句可以表达为： ‎ ‎①Do you have a dictionary? ‎ ‎②He shook his head sadly.‎ 单复数形式意义不同的名词：‎ experience经验　　　　experiences经历 manner方式 manners礼貌 custom风俗 customs海关 work工作 works著作，工厂 wood木材 woods树林 sand沙子 sands沙滩 paper纸张 papers报纸，论文，试卷 glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜 ‎2．可数名词复数的不规则变化 有些名词的复数属于不规则变化，需要考生在平时的学习中逐一记忆：child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, phenomenon—phenomena, ox—oxen, mouse—mice, man—men, woman—women等。‎ ‎3．总是表示复数意义的名词 集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义，不能说a people, a police, a cattle，但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattle。‎ The police are searching for the stolen boy.‎ The cattle are feeding on the grassland. ‎ 有些名词只用复数形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings。‎ ‎4．单复数同形的名词 有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式，方法)等。‎ All possible means have been tried.‎ Every possible means has been tried.‎ ‎【点拨】‎ 对于单复数同形的名词，一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式)，来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。‎ ‎5．合成名词的复数 ‎①把主体名词变成复数，如：lookers－on, editors－in－chief(总编辑), fathers－in－law(岳父)。‎ ‎②没有主体名词时，在词尾加－s，如：grown－ups(成年人), go－betweens(中间人)。‎ 二、名词间的相互转化 ‎1．物质名词转化为可数名词 物质名词一般为不可数名词，但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词。‎ ‎(1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时，是可数的。如：‎ The bridge is made of stone.(不可数)‎ The bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数)‎ ‎(2)当物质名词表示份数时，是可数的。如：‎ Tea is very good for our health.‎ Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。‎ ‎2．抽象名词具体化 抽象名词一般是不可数名词，但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词：‎ ‎(1)表示具体的人或事。请比较：‎ Failure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念)‎ The meeting was a great success.(success表示具体的事情)‎ ‎ (2)表示“一种”、“一场”、“一阵”、“(动作)一次”等。请比较：‎ We had plenty of rain last years. ‎ 去年我们这个地区雨量丰沛。(rain指“雨水”，不可数)‎ What a heavy rain！多么大的一场雨啊！ ‎ ‎【易错警示】‎ 在特定的语境中，有些不可数名词也可以转化为可数名词，这就需要考生区别对待。‎ 三、名词作定语 名词作定语，即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词，主要用来说明被修饰名词的：‎ ‎1．物质构成，如：steel bridge, paper money；‎ ‎2．用途，如：coffee cup, fire escape；‎ ‎3．时间，如：evening paper；‎ ‎4．地点，如：city life, country life, country music；‎ ‎5．种类，如：office work；‎ ‎6．内容，如：body language, film industry。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 名词作定语，第一个名词一般用单数，但也有例外，如：‎ sports shoes运动鞋 students reading room学生阅览室 ‎ 四、名词所有格 ‎ 英语名词所有格有两种：‘s所有格和of所有格。‎ ‎1．‘s所有格的构成 ‎(1)通常在单数名词和不以－s结尾的复数名词的词尾加‘s，如：Jack’s books, Children’s Day, the boy’s bag, men’s room, Tom’s dog, Jones’s father, my brother’s books, sheep’s skin。‎ ‎(2)以－s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加‘，如：the students’ books。‎ ‎(3)作为一个整体的词组，一般在最后一个词的词尾加‘s，如：an hour and a half’s walk(步行一个半小时的路程)；a month or two’s absence(一两个月的缺席)。‎ ‎(4)以and连接的两个名词，表示共同所有时，在最后一个词的词尾加‘s，如：Kate and Mary’s father (Kate和Mary是姐妹俩)；表示分别所有时，在每个名词后分别加’s，如：Kate’s father and Mary’s father (Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebody else's bag, somebody else's books。‎ ‎2．'s所有格的用法 ‎(1)常表示有生命的东西。如：Tom's birthday, the dog's owner。‎ ‎(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如：‎ ‎①时间：a day's work(一天的工作)，today's newspaper；‎ ‎②距离：twenty minutes’ ride, five minutes’ walk, a mile’s distance；‎ ‎③天体：the sun’s heat, the moon’s surface；‎ ‎④度量衡与货币价值：ten dollars’ worth, twenty pounds’ weight；‎ ‎⑤国家、城市等：China’s industry, the city’s development, the government’s plan, China’s development。‎ ‎(3)表示某人的家或店铺。如：at the doctor's在诊所，the tailor’s裁缝铺，the barber’s理发店，at my uncle’s在我叔叔家。‎ ‎3．of所有格的构成 the＋所有物＋of＋(this, that，. the, my/their...)＋无生命之物。‎ ‎4．of所有格的用法 of所有格主要用于无生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate。‎ Does anyone know the title of the novel?‎ They have the support of people of the developing countries.‎ ‎5．双重所有格 ‎(1)双重所有格的构成：双重所有格即“of＋’s结构”。‎ ‎(2)双重所有格的用法：表示整体中的一个或部分，用于修饰of前面的名词。如：a friend of my brother’s; this book of the professor’s; this lovely baby of my aunt’s。‎ Do you know any friend of my husband’s?‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 双重所有格还可以表示赞赏、厌恶等感情色彩，如：‎ ‎1．That car of Peter's is very nice. ‎ 彼得的车确实很好。(表示赞赏)‎ ‎2．The dog of Tom's is very fierce. ‎ 汤姆的那条狗非常凶。(表示厌恶、不满)‎ 五、具体语境中名词的选择 具体语境中名词的选择是高考考查的重点之一。解题的关键是利用好关键信息，分析语境，使填入的名词符合语境要求。‎ ‎◆探究 知己知彼，才能百战不殆。要解决好这类问题，必须明确命题思路。高考考查的角度有以下几种：‎ ‎①纯语境类：给出语境，让考生判断符合题意的名词。‎ ‎②具体语境中名词词义的辨析。‎ ‎③利用一词多义来设置题目。‎ ‎④具体语境中的词组搭配。‎ 六、冠词的泛指与特指 冠词的泛指和特指是冠词学习的难点之一，也是高考考查的焦点所在。解题时考生要结合语境分析究竟设空处是表示“泛指”还是表示“特指”：‎ ‎1．表泛指(指一类人或事物中的任何一个，而不具体指哪一个)，用不定冠词；‎ ‎2．表特指(特指某人、某事、某物，指上文中提到的或正在谈论的人或物，或者是谈话双方都知道的人或事物)，用定冠词。请比较：‎ I have a computer. The computer is a great help to my studies.‎ ‎(a computer属于泛指，the computer属于特指，指的是上文提到的事物)‎ He is a doctor.(a doctor属于泛指，指的是医生中的一个)‎ A nurse is a person who takes care of the sick.(尽管person后有一个限制性定语从句，但结合句义可知，此处是说明护士属于哪一类人，属于类指，因此用不定冠词)‎ ‎【易错警示】‎ 有些考生一见到名词有定语修饰，就认为是特指，这是错误的。其实，有时候，名词前有修饰语时，表示“一个什么样的人或事物”，即表示这个人或事物属于哪一类，是类指，而不是特指。如：‎ Our teacher is a warmhearted man.‎ He is a person who is ready to help others.‎ 解题时一定要结合语境，切莫一刀切。‎ 七、比较级和最高级前冠词的选择 ‎“a/an＋比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”，属于泛指；“the＋比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the＋最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”；“a most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”。请比较：‎ This one is too small. Can you show me a larger one?‎ Tom is the older of the two boys.‎ Part One is a most difficult part but not the most difficult. ‎ 第一部分是非常难的一部分，但不是最难的。‎ ‎【特别警示】‎ 只有相比较的人或事物为两个时，才能用“the＋比较级”。‎ ‎【易错辨析】‎ ‎“a most＋形容词”不含比较概念，most相当于very；而“the most＋形容词”表示“最……”，句中必须有比较的范围。‎ 八、表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前冠词的使用 表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词，如：sun, sky, moon, world等前面一般用定冠词，但其前有描绘性的修饰语时，用不定冠词。请比较：‎ As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.‎ What a bright moon!‎ 九、物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用 ‎1．物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词，表示泛指时前面一般不用冠词；但物质名词表示特指时，用定冠词。‎ 请比较：‎ Man will die without water.(water表示泛指)‎ The water in this well is not fit to drink.(“The water”特指这口井里的水)‎ I know you don't like music very much. But what do you think of the music in the film we saw yesterday?‎ ‎(第一个music表泛指的“音乐”，不用冠词。第二个music指这部电影中的音乐，表示特指，要用定冠词the)‎ The door is made of wood.(wood表示泛指)‎ The wood outside was all wet. ‎ 外面的那些木头都湿了。(wood表示特指)‎ ‎2．抽象名词属于不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词；但用来表示具体的人或事时，其前用不定冠词。‎ The little boy looked at me in surprise.(surprise在本句中是抽象名词)‎ What a pleasant surprise to see you here！(抽象名词具体化，a surprise指一件令人惊奇的事情)‎ ‎【易错探究】‎ 物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用是考生容易出错的地方。有些考生已经形成了一种定式思维：物质名词和抽象名词前是不加冠词的。因此一见到物质名词和抽象名词，一概不加冠词。‎ 其实，这是不能一概而论的。正确的方法是：结合语境判断名词是泛指还是特指，泛指不加冠词，特指时须加定冠词。‎ 某些物质名词，如rain, snow, fog, wind, tea, coffee等，其前有形容词修饰时，形容词前应加不定冠词。如：‎ What a heavy rain!‎ Longjing is a famous Chinese green tea.‎ 抽象名词表示抽象意义，不用冠词；表示具体事物，用不定冠词。‎ 十、专有名词以及表示季节、星期、三餐的名词前冠词的使用 ‎1．专有名词前一般不加冠词，但是以下情况需要用冠词：‎ ‎(1)由普通名词构成的专有名词前应加定冠词。‎ 请比较：‎ China, Smith, Bob(不用冠词)‎ the Great Wall长城 the United States美国 ‎(2)表示“一个名叫……的人”时，用不定冠词。‎ A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.‎ 有位史密斯先生在外面等你。(这里的a表示“某一”)‎ ‎2．表示季节、星期的名词前一般不加冠词，如：in summer, on Monday，但是以下情况应用冠词：‎ ‎(1)表示季节的名词前有描绘性的形容词时，应加不定冠词；有限制性的定语时(即表示某一年的某个季节时)，应加定冠词。‎ He joined the army in the spring of 1987.‎ We had a very hot summer last year.‎ I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.‎ ‎(2)表示“某一个星期几”时，用不定冠词。‎ I happened to meet my classmate Jack on a Wednesday.‎ ‎3．表示一日三餐的名词前一般不加冠词，但其前面有描绘性的修饰语时，应加不定冠词。请比较：‎ ‎—Have you had supper?‎ ‎—Yes. We had a wonderful supper.‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ 专有名词以及表示季节、星期、三餐的名词前冠词的使用是近几年高考对冠词考查的焦点之一。考查的角度主要针对考生的定式思维——一碰到这类词就认为不应该加冠词。在具体运用中，考生应该打破定式思维，具体情况具体分析。‎ 在一些短语中，用与不用冠词意义差别很大：‎ in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里 in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在…… (内部的)前面 at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁 out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能 ‎【知识拓展】‎ 常见不用冠词的表达：‎ go by train乘火车去 at noon在中午 at night在晚上 in town在城里 in surprise惊奇地 at work在工作 十一、序数词前冠词的使用 表示顺序“第几”时用“the＋序数词”；表示“又一，再一”时用“不定冠词＋序数词”。‎ We have finished the first lesson, and now we will learn the second lesson. ‎ 我们已经学完了第一课，现在我们学习第二课。 ‎ I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one. ‎ 我已经有三本书了，我想再买一本。‎ 例7.Johnson had made up his mind to give it up, but on ________ second thought he determined to try ________ third time.‎ A. /; a B. the; / ‎ C. a; a D. the; a ‎ ‎【解析】A。考查冠词。第一空on second thought是固定短语，意为“三思，再三考虑”；第二空序数词前用不定冠词表示“再一，又一”。句意：约翰逊已经下定决心放弃了，但是思虑再三后，他决定再试一次。‎ 考点一、考查名词 ‎ 例1． —Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?‎ ‎—Living every day to the full, definitely.‎ A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt ‎【答案】‎ ‎【考点】‎ ‎【变式探究】【2019·浙江】4. It is important to pay your electricity bill on time , as late payments may affect your ______.‎ A. condition B. income C. credit D. status ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：准时付电费很重要，因为付晚了会影响你的信用。Condition条件；income收入；credit学分，信用（卡）。根据句意故选C。‎ ‎【考点】考查名词辨析。‎ 考点二、考查冠词 例2．2.______prize for the winner of the competition is ______two-week holiday in Paris.‎ A. The ; 不填 B. A ; 不填 C. A ; the D. The ; a ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】考查冠词。‎ ‎ (2019·新课标Ⅱ，42改编)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even________most modern of architects and engineers. ‎ ‎【答案】the　句意：由美国西南部的印第安村庄的印第安人建造的土坯房甚至被最现代的建筑师和工程师欣赏。根据后面的most modern可知应为“最现代化的”，最高级前要用定冠词the。‎ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. z&xxk It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and ___62__ word. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.‎ Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passsengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day.‎ Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎【1】crowds ‎【2】from ‎【3】laying ‎【4】the ‎【5】were used ‎【6】fairly ‎【7】it ‎【8】managed ‎【9】introduction ‎【10】successful ‎【解析】‎ ‎【1】考查名词，crowd前没有冠词，且它是可数名词，故填crowds.‎ ‎【2】考查介词，to and from来回，故填from.‎ ‎【3】考查动词，这里是由and连接的三个动词-ing形式，故填laying.‎ ‎【6】考查副词，这里fair是形容词，pleasant也是形容词，所以需要将fair变为副词来修饰形容词，故填fairly.‎ ‎【7】考查代词，这里用it指代前句的railway,故填it.‎ ‎【8】考查动词，本文全篇都是一般过去时，所以这里也应用一般过去时，故填managed.‎ ‎【小题9】‎ 考查词性转换，空格前是the,后面应该是名词，故填名词introduction.‎ ‎【小题10】考查形容词，空格前是most,其后要跟形容词构成最高级，故填successful.‎ ‎1．(2019·新课标Ⅰ，61)But for tourists like me，pandas are its top ________(attract)．‎ ‎【答案】attraction　句意：但是对于像我一样的游客来说，大熊猫是最大的吸引。形容词top“头等的；最重要的”后面跟名词形式。‎ ‎2．(2019·新课标Ⅰ，69)The nursery team switches him every few ________(day)with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed...‎ ‎【答案】days　‎ ‎3．(2019·新课标Ⅱ，42)Then，handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of ________(achieve)．‎ ‎【答案】achievement　句意：然后，首先处理最重要的任务，那么你会感到真正意义上的成就。介词of后应用名词作宾语。‎ ‎4．(2019·新课标Ⅱ，46)Recent ________(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly．‎ ‎【答案】studies　句意：最近的研究显示如果我们有规律地进行短暂的休息的话，我们工作的效率会更高。study“研究”为可数名词，本句的谓语动词为show，说明主语应用名词复数studies。‎ ‎5．(2019·新课标Ⅲ，68)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the ________ (develop)of chopsticks.‎ ‎【答案】development　句意：一些人认为大约生活于公元前551年到479年间的中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。根据空格前面的the可知，所填词应用名词形式。‎ ‎6．(2019·四川，65)Any smell might attract natural ________(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.‎ ‎【答案】enemies　句意：任何气味都有可能吸引自然界中那些想要吃掉熊猫宝宝的敌人。根据常识可知，此处表示“吸引了自然界中的敌人”，故填可数名词enemy的复数形式。‎ ‎7．(2019·浙江，4)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time，as late ________(pay)may affect your credit.‎ ‎【答案】payments　句意：准时付电费很重要，因为支付晚了会影响你的信用。前面有形容词late修饰，此处应用名词形式，payment可用作可数名词，所以用复数形式。‎ ‎8．(2019·浙江，8)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our _______ _(different)unite，rather than divide us.‎ ‎【答案】differences　句意：当我们学会“求同存异”，而不是“分崩离析”的时候，我们就能获得很多。物主代词our后面接名词，这里是指“我们的差异”，所以用复数形式。‎ ‎．(2019·新课标Ⅰ，70)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed，________ other is with mum—she never suspects.‎ ‎【答案】the　‎ ‎10．(2019·新课标Ⅱ，48)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ________ while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.‎ ‎【答案】a　句意：你可以先出去一会儿，通过锻炼或做些你喜欢的事情来让你的身体和大脑得到休息。for a while意为“一会儿”。‎ ‎．(2019·浙江，2)________prize for the winner of the competition is ________ twoweek holiday in Paris.‎ ‎【答案】The；a　句意：这个比赛获胜者的奖品是一个为期两周的在巴黎度假的机会。第一空特指“获胜者的奖品”，用定冠词the；第二空泛指“一个为期两周的假期”，用不定冠词a。‎ ‎【2019·湖北】22.He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out the secret task. ‎ A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. treasure ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：他执行一项秘密任务时，给自己起了一个新的名字来掩盖身份。A项“情绪”；B项“才能”；C项“身份”；D项“财富”。故选C项。‎ ‎【2019·安徽】30.There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know.‎ A. thought B. support C. protection D. authority ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：现在没必要告诉我答案，你再思考一下，之后告诉我。A思考；B支持；C保护；D权威，当局。这里指让对方再好好想想，故选A。‎ ‎【2019·江苏】35.—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.‎ ‎—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my ______ .‎ A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：—Dave，去跟你的妈妈道歉。—我想这样做，但是我担心她对我的道歉不满意。A项“请求”；B项“借口”；C项“道歉”；D项“遗憾，后悔”。故选C项。‎ ‎【2019·江苏】32.Some schools will have to make ______ in agreement with the national soccer reform.‎ A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements ‎【答案】B ‎【2019·福建】24.The failure was a big__________to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.‎ A. blow B. issue C. excuse D. Factor ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查名词辨析A.blow打击;B.issue问题;C.excuse借口;D.factor要素。该句意思为：这个失败对他来说是一个打击，但是他没有泄气，很快振作恢复了原来的热情。故选A ‎【2019·浙江】15. One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.‎ ‎ A. production B. stress C. energy D. passive ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：一种最有效的减压方法就是和你觉得信任的人谈谈你的想法。A. production意为产品， B. stress意为压力， C. energy意为能源， D. passive意为力量。此题考查的是4个名词的词义辨析，需要正确理解该句的语义。根据常识可以知道，和别人谈心应该来说是减压。所以答案是B. stress意为压力。‎ ‎【2019·四川】5.Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be Beethoven.‎ A. a B. an C. the D.不填 ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题考查不定冠词在人名前，表示：一个像…那样的人。故选择A，句意为：Brian在创作音乐上极有才华，他很有可能成为一个像贝多芬那样的人才。‎ ‎【2019·浙江】2. Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write children’s book for many years, but one thing or another always got in way.‎ ‎ A. a;不填 B. the;the C. 不填;the D. a;the ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：多年来，简的奶奶想写一本有关于儿童的书，但总是被这样或那样的原因阻碍了。第一个空使用不定冠词表泛指，第二个in the way 是固定搭配，意为挡道或阻碍。定冠词用于特指或者是固定搭配，不定冠词用于泛指。选D。‎ ‎1.（2019湖北卷）22. When Richard said, “You are much more agreeable and prettier now,” Joan’s face turned ‎ red at the unexpected ______.‎ A. command B. comparison C. compliment D. contribution ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎2.（2019江苏卷）27. She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful in last ‎ year's election.‎ A. symbol B. portrait C. identity D. statue ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题考察的是名词的词义辨析。A象征；标志；符号；记号；代表人物；B肖像；identity身份；statue雕像，塑像；句意：虽然两年前就已遭软禁，她在去年的选举中仍然是势力强大的代表人物。故A正确。‎ ‎3.（2019天津卷）3.Wind is now the world’s fastest growing ________ of power.‎ A. source B. sense C. result D. root ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】本题考察的是名词词义辨析。Source根源，来源，源头；sense感觉，知觉；result结果；root根，根源；原因，本质；祖先；句义：风力是现在世界上增长速度最快的电力来源。根据句义可知souce of power指电力来源。故A正确。‎ ‎ 4.（2019浙江卷 ）6. We most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like.‎ ‎ A. attempts B. requests C. doubts D. promises ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】名词attempt尝试；企图；request请求；doubt怀疑；promise诺言；我们更喜欢同意那些我们了解和喜欢的人的请求。根据句意说明B项request与上下文语境相符。故B正确。‎ ‎5.（2019江西卷）22. They chose Tom to be ___captain of the team because they knew he was __smart leader.‎ A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎6.（2019天津卷）8. Life the like ________ ocean; Only ________strong-willed can reach the other shore.‎ A. an; the B. the; a C. the ;/ D. / ; a ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】本题第一空使用不定冠词an修饰ocean泛指一个海洋。第二空后的strong-will是一个形容词，在形容词前面加上定冠词the表示“一类人”或者“一类事物”。The strong-willed指意志坚定的人。句义：生活就像是一个海洋，只有意志坚定的人才可以到达彼岸。故A正确。‎ ‎7.（2019浙江卷 ）2. The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often long into______night.‎ ‎ A. a; the B. the; 不填 C. a; a D. 不填；the ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本句第一空中的a相当于per；per week每一个星期。第二空使用定冠词the，表示特指long into the night直到深夜。句意：这份论文应该下个月上交，我一个星期要工作七天，而且总是要熬到深夜。故A正确。‎ ‎1.（2019·浙江）4.As the world’s population continues to grow, the ___of food becomes more and more of a concern.‎ A.worth B. supply C. package D. list ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：由于世界人口的不断增长，粮食的供应越来越成为大家关注的焦点。A 价值，B供应，供给 C包裹，包装 Ｄ名单，条目 ‎2.（2019·浙江）2.Mary worked here as a ____ secretary and ended up getting a full-time job with the company.‎ A.pessimistic B. temporary C. previous D. cautious ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：玛丽以前是个临时的秘书在这里工作，但最终成为这个公司的正式人员。根据full-time 可知应选B。A 悲观的 B 临时的，暂时的 C 以前的 D小心谨慎的 ‎3.（2019·福建卷)22. _____ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.‎ A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known ‎ 【答案】C ‎【解析】考查动名词做主语：分析句子成分，可知谓语是will help，所以前面的是主语，用动名词做主语。句意：了解基本的急救知识可以让你尽快的回应紧急状况。所以选C。‎ ‎4.（2019·湖北卷)21. Poetry written from the ______ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.‎ A. perspective B. priority C. participation D. privilege ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：透视城市青年的诗倾向于揭示他们的焦虑在于缺乏归属感。perspective“透视”； priority“ 优先，优先权”； participation“参加，参与”； privilege“特权，优惠”。‎ ‎5.（2019·辽宁卷)23.The accident caused some _____ to my car,but it ’s nothing serious.‎ A.harm B.injury C.ruin D.damage ‎【答案】D.‎ ‎【解析】句意:事故给我的小汽车带来一些毁坏，但不严重。do harm to给……带来伤害；injury损失；ruin毁灭；do damage to给……带来毁坏。根据词义和搭配选择答案。‎ ‎6.（2019·新课标I卷）31. India attained ________ independence in 1947, after _______ long struggle. ‎ A. 不填; a B. the; a C. an; 不填 D. an; the ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎7.（2019·新课标Ⅱ卷)13. Four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.‎ A.a;a B. the; the C.不填；the D.a;不填 ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查冠词。four and a half hours四个半小时，是固定短语；排除B、C；take sb sth带给某人某物，take后加双宾语，break休息，是可数的，故用a break。故选A。‎ ‎8.（2019·新课标Ⅱ卷)9. It may not be a great suggestion. But before _______ is put forward, we’ll make do with it.‎ A. a good one B. a better one C. the best one D. a best one ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查比较级的用法。不定冠词+比较级，表示泛指，意为“一个更（好）......的......”。句意“它或许不是一个很好的建议。但是在一个更好的被提出来之前，我们不得不将就一下。”故选B。‎ ‎9.（2019·浙江）15.People develop______ preference for a particular style of learning at______ early age ‎ and these preferences affect learning. ‎ A.a; an B. a;不填 C.不填;the D. the ;an ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎10.（2019·大纲卷）33. Four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and Break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.‎ A.a;a B. the; the C.不填；the D.a;不填 ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查冠词。four and a half hours四个半小时，是固定短语；排除B、C；take sB sth带给某人某物，take后加双宾语，Break休息，是可数的，故用a Break。故选A。‎ ‎11.（2019·大纲卷）28. The watch was very good, and he 20 percent down for it.‎ A. a good one B. a Better one C. the Best one D. a Best one ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查比较级的用法。不定冠词+比较级，表示泛指，意为“一个更（好）......的......”。故选B。‎ ‎12.（2019·福建卷)21. The "Chinese Dream" is ____ dream to improve people's well-being and ____ dream of harmony, peace and development.‎ A. the; a B. a; a C. a; the D. the; the ‎ 【答案】B ‎【解析】考查冠词：第一空填a，泛指“一个提高人们幸福的梦想”第二空还是填a，指“和谐，和平，发展的梦想”，句意：“中国梦”是提高人们幸福的梦想，是和谐，和平，发展的梦想。所以选B。‎ ‎13.（2019·江西卷)32. Animals are obviously ______ lower form of life than _______ man.‎ A. a ; / B. the ; the C. a ; the D. / ; /‎ ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎14.（2019·山东卷)22. It was ______ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across ____ night sky. ‎ A. 不填；a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; 不填 ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】第一空“一个寒冷的冬夜”，应用不定冠词a；第二空“夜空”，指独一无二的事物用定冠词the。故答案为B。‎ ‎15.（2019·重庆卷)32. The parents were shocked by______news that their son needed______operation on his knee.‎ A. A; / B. the; / C. the; an D. a; an 【答案】B。‎ ‎【解析】此句中的news是特指后面同位语从句中提到的内容，故应该用定冠词the；儿子需要在膝盖上做一个手术，非特指，用不定冠词a。‎