高考英语语法图表总结-重点

高考英语语法图表总结-重点

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 1 - 一、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法 1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 3 表示“每一”相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质 的人或事 — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? —Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） 6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 2 - II. 定冠词的用法 1 表示某一类人或物 In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用 法 5） —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please? —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; / 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代) 11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 He patted me on the shoulder. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 3 - III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法 1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等 名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通方式的名词前 We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 4 - II. 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规 则 例 词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作 复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮 料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 7 表示“某国 人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为 -men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为 复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 5 - III. 主谓一致 规 则 情 况 举 例 语 法 一 致 原 则 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或 从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为 复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由 what 引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用 单数形式，但若表语是复数或 what 从句是一个带有复 数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. 由连接词 and 或 both…and 连接起来的主语后面， 要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是 指同一个人或物 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由 and 连接的并 列单数主语前如果分别有 no, each, every 或 more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要 用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或 no+单数 名词和由 some, any no, every 构成的复合不定代词， 都作单数看待。. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若 none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就 要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单 数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 6 - 在定语从句里，关系代词 that, who, which 等作主语 时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单 数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复 数形式 The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学 生） 由 a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数 或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的 数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，还有 a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复 数），但 the number of +复数名词的数就得依 number 而 定（用单数）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 7 - 逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数， 也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时， 谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词 在概念上是一个整体。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式， 其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主 语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 一些学科名词是以-ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及 news, works 等。都属于形式上 是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词， 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于 1990 年。 I don’t think physics is easy to study. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作 主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有 a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes 被 a suit of 修饰）谓 语动词用单数。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. “定冠词 the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用 复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 就 近 /远 一 当两个主语由 either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保 持一致,即就近一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 8 - 致 原 则 there be 句型中 be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主 语。如果其后是由 and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠 近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 主语后面跟有 with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 9 - II. 不定代词用法注意点 类 别 区 别 例 句 one, some， any 和 it one 可以泛指人或者事（东西）， 其复数为 ones ①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them ②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼 望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建 议，请求等 —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________? A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数 时，some 表示某个，any 表示任 何一个 ①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. ②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either one 指同类中的一个，it 指代同 一种类的东西。此外 it 还可以作 形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调 句型中。 —There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 10 - some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于 疑问句和否定句 ①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any ②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much each 和 every each 强调个别，代表的数可以是 两个或两个以上，而 every 强调 整体，所指的数必须是三个或三 个以上 ①Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary. ②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. none 和 no no 等于 not any，作定语。none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名 词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词， 谓语单复数皆可以 ①There is no water in the bottle. ②How much water is there in the bottle? None. ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. other 和 another other 泛指“另外的，别的”常 与其他 词连用，如：the other day, every other week, someother reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一 个，复数为 the others ①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. A. another B. the other C. neither D. each ②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. another 指“又一个，另一个” 无所指， 复数形式是 others，泛指“别的 人或 事” ①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month． A．the other B．some C．another D．other ②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. ③Some like football, while others like basketball. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 11 - either 和 neither 前者意思为：两者都（两者中任 何一方都）；后者意思为： 两者都 ①—Do you want tea or coffee? — ______, I really don't mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. all ②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each 四、形容词和副词 I. 形容词 1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置 1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不 定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰的名 词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等作定语时后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 7 enough 修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副 词时要后置 ______to take his adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.(NMET2000) A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave students C.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave 注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序 熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。 规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 12 - （材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。 ▲This ________ girl is Linda’s cousin. (05 北京卷) A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish III. 形容词和副词的比较等级 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most。 项 目 例 句 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及 not so(as)…as… She is as tall as her mother. I am not as/ so good a player as you are. 双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 （+ than）” 的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏 起来的情况。 This picture is more beautiful than that one. I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one). 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than” 的结构表示 This room is less beautiful than that one. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型 The harder you work, the more progress you will make 用比较级来表达最高级的意思 I have never spent a more worrying day. 我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。 （意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。） 倍数的表达 表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高） 三倍。 表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 13 - Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。 表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours. 你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。 用 times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用 twice 或 double. 注意：1. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal； 2. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior 等。 七、非谓语动词 非谓语动词的语法功能 所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语补足 语 定语 状语 V-ing 形式 现在分 词 △ △ △ △ 动名词 △ △ △ △ 不定式（to do） △ △ △ △ △ △ 过去分词(done) △ △ △ △ 注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分 generally speaking 一般说来；frankly speaking 坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration 考虑到……； to tell you the truth 说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing 假设，如果；providing 如果；given 考虑到，鉴于；provided that 如果 非谓语动词的形式变化 非谓语 形式 构成 时态 语态 复合结构 否定式主动 被动 不定式 一般式 to do to be done for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加 not 或 never 进行式 to have done to have been done 完成式 to be doing / 完成 进行式 to have been doing / 动名词 一般式 doing being done sb.或 sb’s doing 在前加 not 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 14 - 作主语要用 sb’s doing 特别注意复合结构的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done 完成式 having done having been done 现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加 not 非谓语语法功能的比较 做宾语的非谓语动词比较 情况 常用动词 只接不定式 做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接动名词 做宾语的动词或 短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 两 者 都 可 以 意义基本相 同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习 惯行为） need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意 义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） 意义相反 stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未 发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已 经发生） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事） try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意思是，意味着） can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） be considered to have done 被认为已经做了 consider…to be 认为是 consider doing 考虑做某事 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 15 - 非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别 分 类 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成 I asked to be sent to the countryside. I heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分 词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完 成 I found her listening to the radio. 过去分 词 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed. IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别 分 类 区 别 例 句 不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进 行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语 动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词 at 不 能丢) 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作 同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语 动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态 注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built 已经建好的桥 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 16 - 八、情态动词 I.情态动词基本用法 情态动 词 用 法 否定式 疑问式 简答式 can 能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常 用） 可能性（表猜测，用于否 定句或疑问句中） can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…? Yes,…can. No,…can’t.could couldn’t do may 可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或许（表推测） 祝愿（用于倒装句中） may not do May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. must 必须，应该（表主观要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表 推测） must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? to. Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have have to 只好，不得不（客观的必 须，有时态和人称的变 化） don’t have to do Do…have to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口 语中多用 should） ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. shall 用于一三人称征求对方 意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、 命令、警告、威胁等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. should 应当，应该（表义务责任） should not/shouldn’t Should…do…? 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 17 - 本该（含有责备意味） do will 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中 would 比较委婉 will not/won’t do Will/Would…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t.would would not/wouldn’t do dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问 句中） dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. need 需要,必须（常用于否定句 和疑问句中） need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. used to 过去常常（现在已不再） used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…? Did…use to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. II.情态动词的重点知识 表示“能 力、许可” 的 can 和 may 表示能力的情态动词用 can/could A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to do. A.can’t B.mustn’t C.may not D.might not 表示许可时用 may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问 句中用 could…?或 might…？ 以使口气委婉客气，其 回答一定要用 can 或 may，以使回答口气明确（must 表示一定，必须，mustn’t 表示禁止，不许可）。 ①—Could I call you by your first name? —Yes, you____ A.will B.could C.may D.might ②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself. A.won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t 在肯定句中 could 不可以用来表示过去某一特定场 合的能力，而要用 was/were able to。 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_____get out. A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to 表示“推 断、判断” 的 can may, must 在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上 must 语 气最肯定,may 表示的是事实上的可能性。 Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. A.must B.may C.can D.will 而 can 表示的是逻辑上的可能性： Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 18 - 在否定句中只能用 can 和 may。所以 can’t 时用以代 替 mustn’t，语气比 may 更肯定。中文可以翻译为不 可能。 Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may 在疑问句只能用 can，不能用 may 和 must。 He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? need need 作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和 疑问句。 dare dare 作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare 和 dared 两个词形，除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可 以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。 If he dare come,I will kick him out. I don’t know whether he dare say. 注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否定句） Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句） shall 用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening? 用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。 You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告 He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺 He shall be punished.威胁 should 劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。 You should(ought to) go to class right away. I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble. will/ would 请求、建议，would 比 will 委婉客气。 Would you pass me the book? 表示意志、愿望和决心。 I will never do that again. They asked us if we would do that again would 可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。 During the vacation he would visit me every week The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合） would 表示估计或猜想。 It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there? 情态动词 +have done 的 用法 could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。 You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推 测。 He cannot have been to that town. can+主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不 肯定（用在疑问句中）。 Can he have got the book? 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 19 - might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定 的推测。 He may not have finished the work. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier. must+ have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。 其否定式为：cannot have done。 You must have seen the film. You cannot have seen the film. needn’t+ have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做 了。 You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain. 注意：didn’t need to(have to)do： 没有必要做而实际上也没有做 I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago. should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又 没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生 了。 You should have started earlier, but you didn’t. She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I worked to use it. 注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推 测） 虚拟语气 类 别 用 法 例 句 If 引导的 条件从句 与现在事实 相反 从句动词：过去式（be 用 were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do If he were here, he would help us. 与过去事实 相反 从句动词：had+done 主句动词： should/would/could/might+have+done If I had been free,I would have visited you. 与将来事实 相反 从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形 /were+to do 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动 词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 省略 if 的 虚拟条件 句 将虚拟条件从句中的 were，had,should 放到主语之前，构 成主谓倒装 ①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 20 - 混合虚拟 条件句 不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则 ①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now. ②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now. ③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. 虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则 ①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough. ②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago. 含蓄虚拟 条件句 but for+名词表示虚拟条件 句子或主句中的谓语动 词的形式视具体情况而 定。这是考查考生应变 能力的最佳试题。 ---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble. ---You know we’re friends. A. would get B. must have got C. would have got D. can’t have got without+名词表示虚拟条件 Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold. 动词不定式表示虚拟条件 It would be only partly right to follow in this way.如 果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。 现在分词表示虚拟条件 Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident. 过去分词表示虚拟条件 Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 副词 otherwise 表示虚拟条件 I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you. 连词 but 连接的句子表示虚拟 条件 He _____fatter but he eats too little . A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 21 - 其它 状语从句 as if/as though 引导的状语从句中动词用 did 或 had＋done 或 would／could／might＋do。 注意：as if/as though 引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语 气： 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的 事实时： It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。 He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子看他是醉了。 ①与现在事实相反 He talks as if he knew where she was． ②与过去事实相反 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. ③与将来事实相反 He opened his mouth as if he would say something. in order that/so that 引导的状语从句中动词用 can/could/may/ might/ would 等+do Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. 宾语从句 demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的从句中动词为 should+do He suggested that we not change our mind. wish 后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和 should/would+do 表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 I wish I could be a pop singer. I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month. 主语从句 在 It is necessary / important / strange that… It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从 句中， 谓语动词用 should+do It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 其它 句型中 It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或 should+do It’s high time that we left/should leave. would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now. If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈 的愿望 If only our dream had come true! 十、名词性从句 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 主 语 从 连 词 that That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 that 在引导主语从句时不可省去 whether Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 主语从句中只能用 whether 不可用 if。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 22 - 句 连接 代词 who what which whatever What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此 一般 连接 副词 when where why how It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有 宣布。 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来 作形式主语。 宾 语 从 句 陈述 意义 that I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。 We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 that 在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正 式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句 时,第二个分句前的 that 不可省。 疑问 意义 if whether I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是 否好。 whether 常与 or not 连用，不能用 if 代替。 作介词宾语要用 whether 不能用 if。 从句是否定句时一般用 if 引导。 特殊 疑问 意义 who, whom, which,whos e, what, when, where, why, how,whoev er, whatever, whichever Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什 么？ She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾 语。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 23 - 注 1 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式 宾语，将从句后置。 We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到 惩罚。 注 2 think,believe,imagine,suppose 等动词引出的宾语从 句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。 We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不 对。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会 这样做的。 表 语 从 句 连词 that whether as if The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。 在非正式的文体中 that 可以省去 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 连接 代词 who what which That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。 连接 副词 when where why how This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 同 位 语 从 句 由连词 that 引 导，不担任成分， 也可有 when, how, where 等引 导。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世 界。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容， 常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story 等。 特别注意 what 的双重功能： ①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality． (what 为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”) ②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93） A.what B.when C.that D.which 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 24 - (what 相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”) ③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ (what 表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”) ④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． (what 表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”) ⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago (what 表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”) 十一、状语从句 种 类 从属连词 例 句 说 明 时 间 状 从 When whenever When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋 时，他正在写信。 We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空， 我们就去那里。 when 指的是“某一具体的时间” whenever 指的是“在任何时间” 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 25 - when I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这 时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。 when 意为“这时”或“在那个时候”, 可以看作是并列句,这种用法的 when 分句一般位于句末。 while While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去 了。 I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。 while 指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期 间”，while 引导的动作必须是持续性 的 as He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。 as 引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句 的动作同时发生 before Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先 生。 after He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。 till We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。 如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定 式，表示“直到…为止” until She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到 11 点钟才 停止工作。 Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there. 她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。 如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式， 表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句 放在句首表示强调，一般用 until since as soon as Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 自从 1978 年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。 As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海 就给你写信。 状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与 主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必 用标点符号。 hardly…when no sooner…than I had hardly got home when it began to rain. 我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had we got to the station than the train left. 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。 Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始 就被叫停。 hardly…when和no sooner…than的意 义相当于 as soon as,但只表示过去发 生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句 为过去时，如 hardly 或 no sooner 位于 句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用 部分倒装 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 26 - every time, by the time, the moment 等 Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕 船。 The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful. 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。 Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见 到他。 在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或 过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时 代替将来时 地 点 状 从 where wherever Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。 Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。 You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的 任何地方去。 Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵 守法律。 where 与 wherever 意义基本相同，但 后者语气较强，多用于书面语 原 因 状 从 because I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来 晚了，因为我值班。 because 用来回答 why 的问题，语气 最强 since Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都 到了，我们开始开会。 since 表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分 析即可表明的原因,多放句首 as As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary . 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。 从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说 明结果，常用于口语中。 now that, seeing that Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey. 鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。 Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor. 鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。 seeing (that), now that 和 since, as 意 义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实” 的意思，that 可以省去 目 的 状 从 that so that in order that I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。 We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。 目的状语从句中常用情态动词 may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动 词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主 从句之间不用任何标点符号 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 27 - lest = for fear that They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能 提前完成工作。 Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold. 多穿点衣服，以免感冒。 结 果 状 从 so that so…that We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news. 我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。 He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. 他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。 so that 前有逗号为结果状语从句 so…that 的 so 后面跟形容词或副词 such…that He gave such important reasons that he was excused. 他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。 It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it. 这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。 such…that 的 such 后面跟名词，如果 名词是单数就要用 such a /an…that 还 可以转换用 so…that，语气较强 条 件 状 从 if unless as/so long as in case so far as Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them. 如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。 We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，我们明 天就去那里。 = We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain. So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed. 只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。 In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提 醒我一下。 So far as I know, the book will be published next month. 据我所知，那本书下月出版。 unless 从句的谓语只能用肯定式。 unless 和 if…not 同义，unless 是书面 语，if…not 是口语，通常二者可以换 用 条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一 般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来 时或过去将来时 方 式 状 从 as as if… as though Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫。 Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。 She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。 He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好 此处 as 译为：按照或正如 as if 或 as though 的意义和用法基本一 样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符 合事实，也可以用虚拟语气 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 28 - 象什么也没有发生。 They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal. 他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。 让 步 状 从 although though Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French. 虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。 We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day. 虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。 在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再 用“但是”（but）但可以与 yet 或 still 连用。though / although 意义相同，用 法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后 者正式多放主句的前面 even if,even though I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也 要去。 even if 和 even though 的意思为“即 使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多 用于书面语中 as Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得 很多。 Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors. 虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。 as 引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它 比用 though 或 although 引导的从句，语气 强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首， 语序部分倒装。 no matter (who, what when, where which, how…) Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。 No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day. 不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。 No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful. 不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。 no matter……与 who-ever 引导的让 步状语从句意义基本一 样，no matter……引导的从句可是以位于主 句前或主句后 wh+ever (whatever whoever ,whenever whichever ,however) Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart. 无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。 Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来，都会受到欢 迎。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 29 - 比 较 状 从 as…as , not so/as…as the same…as such…as Mary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。 He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那 样快。 His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样。 Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利这个工人不如 彼得那样好。 连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用 as…as 否定句可用 not as…as 或 not so…as …than… She has made greater progress this year than she did last year. 她今年比去年进步更大。 He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少。 the more …the more… The more you read, the better you understand.你看的书越 多，你懂得的就越多。 The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get. 你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。 The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。 The sooner, the better.越快越好。The warmer, the better.越 暖和越好。 the more…the more 意思为越… 越…，通常的语序为从句在前主句在 后，这两个 the 都是表示程度的副词， 用在比较级的形容词或副词前面 十二、定语从句 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例 句 备 注 关 系 代 词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which 和that 在从句中 做宾语时，常可以省略，但介 词提前时后面关系代词不能 省略，也不可以用 that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 30 - whose 人或物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that 人或物 主语，宾 语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主语，宾 语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人或物 主语，宾 语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as 做宾语一般不省略 关 系 副 词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用 on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用 in which why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用 for which II. that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区别 情 况 用法说明 例 句 只用 that 的情 况 1.先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 2.先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时 3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4.先行词既指人又指物时 5.先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时 1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 31 - 6.句中已经有 who 或 which 时，为了避免 重复时 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 只用 which, who, whom 的 情况 1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which 指 代物，用 who/whom 指人 2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 中，只能用 which 指物，whom 指人。 3.先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用 which, 先行词为 those, one, he 时多用 who。 1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. 2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. 3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others. III. as、which 和 that 的区别 从句 区 别 例 句 限制性 定语从句中 名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时，关 系代词用 as,不能用 which He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性 定语从句中 as 和 which 都可以指代前面整个主句。 如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放 在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用 as；而 which 引导的从句只能放主句后， 并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 32 - the same... as 和 the same ...that the same... as 指同类事物 the same ...that 指原物 That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同 一把） That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用 过的工具。 注意：the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由 that, in which 引导或不用引导词。 IV.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别 类 别 区 别 例 句 定语从句 与 并列句 定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于： 并列句有像 and，but，so 等并列连词 或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能 再用引导定语从句的关系词了。 ①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer． ②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer． 从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填 whom； ②小题有并列连词 but，是并列句，故填代词 them。 定语从句 与 状语从句 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而 状语从句没有先行词。 This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为 the place） Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句） 定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只 能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说 明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主 句的前面。 Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时 间吗？（定语从句） It was already five o’clock when the class was over. =When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. 当下课时己经是 5 点了。（时间状语从句） When, where 和 why 在引导定语从句 时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替 换，在引导状语从句时却不行。 This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句） Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句） 定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某 种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分 不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词 在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句 的成分仍然完整。 It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢 的如此有趣的书。 （as 用作动词 like 的宾语，它引导的是定语从句） It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。 （that 不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句） 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 33 - 定语从句 与 同位语从句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词， 对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用， 与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的 作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予 补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词 的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关 系。 The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句） 此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句） The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us. 定语从句 与 强调句 强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调 部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以 是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调 部分是人时，还可用 who 代替 that。 这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部 分是表时间或地点的词就用 when 或 where 代替 that。 ①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport． ②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works． 从结构上看： ①小题是强调句，故填 that。 ②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知 the factory 前差个 介词 in，故填 where。 十三、强调句 强调的类别 说 明 例 句 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 34 - It is (was) +被强调部分 +that(who)… 为了强调句子的某一成分 （通常是主语、宾语或状 语），常用强调结构： It is (was) +被强调部分 +that(who)… 表示强调的 it 在这种结构 的 句子中作主句的主语。 原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace. 强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night. 强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night. 强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night. 强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace. 一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用 It is…that (who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用 It was… that(who)…。 注意点 ①在强调主语时，that 后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和 数的 It is I who am a teacher. ②即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数 It is they who often help me with my lessons. ③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用 when,where,why 或 how ，而用 that It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 35 - ④在强调 not … until 结构中由 until 短语（或从句）表示的时 间状语时， 要用固定的强调句型 It is(was) not until ...that...。that 从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。 My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night. It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home. ⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的 语序： 把 is/ was 提到 it 前面。 Did this happen in Beijing? Was it in Beijing that this happened? ⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“被强调部 分（通 常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部 分?" Where were you born? Where was it that you were born? 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 36 - ⑦not …until…句型的强调句[来源:学|科|网 Z|X|X|K] 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分 原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 此句型只用 until，不用 till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until 可通 用；因为句型中 It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that 后面的 从句 要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。 谓语动词的强调 It is/ was … that …结构不 能强调谓语，如果需要强 调谓语时，用助动词 do/ does 或 did。 Do sit down. 务必请坐。 He did write to you last week.上周他确实给你写了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！ 此种强调只用 do/does 和 did ，没有别的形式；过去时用 did， 后面的谓语动词用原形。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 37 - 十四、省略句 类别 具体内容 例句 词 法 上 的 省 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以 省略 ①如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出 现，则可以省略。 ②名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商 店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。 These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). 这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。 at the doctor's 在诊所 at Mr. Green's 在格林先 生家 to my uncle's 到我叔叔家 at the barber's 在理发店 冠词的省略 ①为了避免重复 ②在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省 略。 ③在某些独立主格结构中。 ④在 as 引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语 的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。 ①The lightning flashed and thunder crashed.电闪雷鸣。 （thunder 前省略了定冠词 the） ②She sings best in the class.她在班上唱歌唱得最好。 ③Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.) 我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。 ④Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多 介词的省略 ①both 后常跟 of 短语，其后可以接名词复 数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接 复数名词时，介词 of 可以省略，但接代词 宾格时，of 不能省略。 ②在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中， 一段时间前的介词 for 可以省略。 ③和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词， consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing..., have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介 词可以省略。 ①Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很 有趣。 She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。 ②These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time. 这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。 ③Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 树能阻止泥土被冲走。 Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？ I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 38 - 略 ①有些动词，believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove 等后作宾补的结 构。 to be + n. / adj.中的 to be 可以省略。 ②感官动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等 以及使役动词 let, make, have 后作宾补的 动词不定式， 其中的不定式符号 to 要省略，但变为被动 结构时，to 必须保留。 ③在 can not but, can not choose but, can not help but 之后的动词不定式一般不带 to；but 之前有实 义动词 do 的某个形式 do, does, did, done 时，也不带 to, 否则要带 to。 ④在并列结构中为了避免重复。 ⑤在 why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟 省略 to 的动词不定式。 ⑥动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略， 主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动 词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为 了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动 词原形，而保留不定式符号 to。 ①I consider him (to be) lazy.我认为他懒。 His mother found him (to be) a clever boy. 他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。 ②They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男 孩早睡。 The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫 早睡。 注：help 后作宾补的动词不定式中的 to 可以省略也 可保留。 ③We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。 I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的 勇敢。 He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。 ④I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。 但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个 to 不能省。 I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。 ⑤Why talk so much about it?为什么大谈这个事呢？ Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？ ⑥They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。 Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以 去。 在一些动词 afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try 等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中 的 to 可以承前（后)省略。 —Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？ —Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 39 - I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you). 我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。 在某些形容词，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager 等后 承前省 略动词原形，只保留不定式符号 to。 —Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗？ —Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 当然，我 愿意。 有些动词，tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like,forbid 等后跟动 词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前 省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号 to。 He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come). 尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。 注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词 have 或 be， 则要保留 be 或 have。 —Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？ —No, but I used to be (a teacher).不，我以前是。 句 简单句中的省略 ①感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。 ②在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。 ①What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊！ How wonderful!多妙啊！ ②—（Will you）Have a smoke?你抽烟吗？ —No.Thanks.不，谢谢了。 （Is there）Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗？ 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 40 - 法 上 并列句中的省略 ①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分 相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。 ②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都 可以省略。 ③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主 语。 ④在并列复合句中，如果 that 从句 从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾 语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同 时，这个 that 从句通常可以省略这些相同 的部分。 ①John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. 约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。 ②His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry. 他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。 ③Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways. 老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。 ④Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't （sing at the party）. 杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱 歌。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 41 - 的 省 略 复合句中的省略 ▲名词性从句中的省略 ①作宾语的 what 从句中的谓语动词与主 句的相同，则 what 从句可以省略谓语，甚 至主语 ②有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主 句中的一些成分。 ③在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从 句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语 动词中的助动词 should 可以省略。 ▲定语从句中的省略 ①在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代 词 that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。 ②关系副词 when, where, why 以及 that 在 the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year 等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school 等)where, the reason why, the way that 结构 中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合 下，可以省略关系副词 when, where, why, that。 ▲状语从句中的省略 当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致， 或状语从句中的主语是 it，并且又含有 be 动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和 be 动 复合句中的省略 ▲名词性从句中的省略 ①Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it). 有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。 He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone). 他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。 ②（I'm）Sorry I've kept you waiting so long. 对不起，让你久等了。 ③It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely. 我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。 ▲定语从句中的省略 ①The man(who/whom)I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。 Where is the book (which) I bought this morning? 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？ ②I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. 我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。 The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. 他来这么早是他自己的事。 The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。 ▲状语从句中的省略 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 42 - 词。 ①在 as, before, till, once, when, while 等引 导的时间状语从句中。 ②在 though, although,等引导的让步状语 从句中。 ③在 if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语 从句中。 ④在 as, as if, as though 引导的让步状语从 句中。 ⑤在 as(so)... as..., than 引导的比较状语从 句中。 ①While（I was）waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。 ②Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。 ③You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited. 除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。 ④He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样 去做了。 He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。 ⑤He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样 去做了。 He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。 I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。 This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。 十五、倒装句 类 型 情 况 例 句 部分倒装 （部分倒装 是把 be 动 词、情态动 词、助动词 放到主语之 前。如果句 句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句 子。 这类词或短语主要有 never, neither, nor, little,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,no sooner, not only,in no way,at no time,few, not,no 等 Not a word did I say to him. Never have I found him so happy. Little does he care about what I said. I can’t swim. Neither can he. No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep. Hardly/Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 43 - 子中没有这 些词,要在 主语之前加 助动词 do/does /did等,而把 原来的谓语 动词变成原 形放在主语 之后。） only+状语放在句首,要部分倒装 Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语) Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词) Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句) 注意:如果 only 后面不是状语,则不用倒装。 OnlyWang Ling knows this. so 或 so 引导的短语放在句首,要部分 倒装 I saw the film, so did she. So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. “Not only+分句,but also+分句”句型中 的前一分句要部分倒装“Not only + 分 句,but also + 分句”句型中的前一分句 要部分倒装 Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it. 但 not only...but also...连接主语时,不倒装。 Not only the mother but also the children are sick. Not until 放在句首,从句不倒装,主句 倒装 Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句) Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (复合句) as/though 引导的让步状语从句 Proud as these nobles are, he’s afraid to see me. Tired as he was, he kept on running. Tired though he was, he kept on running. =Though he was tired,he kept on running Child as he is,he knows a lot.(注意：child 前没有冠词 a) 在以 often, well, many a time, now and again 等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子 中,要用部分倒装结构 Many a time has John given me good advice. Often have we made that test. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 44 - 在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有 were, had 和 should 这三个词是，可省去 if， 将 这些词移至主语之前。 Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you. Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad. Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 May you succeed! 完全倒装 There be 结构。另外,在此结构中可以 用来代替 be 动词的动词有:exist, seem, happen, appear,live, rise, stand 等 There stood a dog before him. There exist different opinions on this question. “Here,There, Now, Then + come (或 be 等) + 主语” 结构 说明:本句型中 there 是副词,应重读, 强调地点。而前一句型中的 there 是 引导词,本身没意义 Here comes the old lady! Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. There comes the bus. Now comes your turn. 除了 then 引导的句子用过去式以外,其余的均用一般现在时,表 示一种生动的描述。其次,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。 Here you are. There she comes. 表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置 于句首,要用全部倒装。 In came Mr White. Up went the arrow into the air. Away went the boy. 表示地点的介词短语 (如 on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house,in the middle of the room 等)放在句首时, 要全部倒装 On the top of the hill stands a pine tree. In front of the classroom is a playground. They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 45 - 其它形式的完全倒装 Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.（形容词短 语） Such was the story he told me.（代词） East of the city lies a new railway. (副词短语) First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不 定式短语) Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (过去分词) Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (现在分词短语) 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 Long live the People’s Republic of China!