【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题It用法（7页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题It用法（7页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题 it用法 一、概述 小小的it在英语中却扮演着非常重要的角色，它使语言更加生动流畅。‎ 本章将it法分为指代性用法和非指代性用法，对于指代性用法从人称代词和指示代词两方面进行了详尽阐述，将非指代性用法的it分为“虚义”it、“先行”it和“分裂句引导词”it分别予以阐述。‎ 将it用法看作一种分析问题的方法，在具体的语言环境中要能准确判断it的相应用法。‎ ‎ 二、分类及用法 总的来说，根据it在运用中是否具有指代性，可将it用法分为两大类：一、指代性it，二、非指代性it。‎ ‎1、指代性it包括：人称代词it、指示代词it。‎ ‎（1）人称代词 代词it一般指物不指人。如：‎ You shouldn’t hunt the deer and kill it.‎ The cupboard is used to put files on and it is made of steel.‎ 但it可指代不知性别的婴儿和小孩。如：‎ What is it? A boy or girl?‎ His sister gives birth to baby, it is very lovely.‎ it表示鄙视、轻蔑的含义时，也可指人。如：‎ What a bad and mean man it is.‎ 在电话用语中要用人称代词it。如：‎ Who is it speaking? （而不说who are you speaking?）‎ ‎（2）指示代词 ‎①it作为指示代词可以指人，尤其指不知名的人。如：‎ ‎—Who is knocking at the door?‎ ‎—It is Tom.‎ ‎②it可用于指代名词（或名词短语）和整个句子，既可指代前面已提到的事物或事情，也可指代后面出现的事物或事情。如：‎ I put my pen in the drawer but now I can’t find it.（it指代pen）‎ ‎—Whose is the car?‎ ‎—It is Mrs. Brown’s.（it指代the car）‎ You have saved my life; I will remember it forever.（it指代第一个分句）‎ Here it is, the walkman you just bought.（it指代walkman）‎ It is worthy and meaningful —I’ve paid a visit to the famous mountain.（it指代后一句I’ve paid a visit to ‎ the famous mountain.）‎ There is no any doubt about it, the earth goes around the sun.（it指代后一句the earth goes around the sun）‎ ‎③it也可以指复数名词。如：‎ ‎—Who is playing cards upstairs?‎ ‎—It may be the workers.‎ 下面补充说明一点，关于which指代一个句子和it指代一个句子的区别。‎ which作为关系代词，用在定语从句中，尤其是非限制性定语从句中，常常用以指代which前的整个句子，也就是说which用以指代整个句子，必须依赖定语从句才能实现。而it作为指示代词，既可指前面提到的句子也可指后面提到的句子，it指代的是前一个或后一个单独的分句，所以it前后都是完整的分句，所以it前常出现分号或and、but等并列连词，而which前常出现逗号作为非限制性定语从句的标志，不能出现分号或and、but等并列连词，否则定语从句便不存在了。如：‎ He was admitted to a key university, which made his family very happy.（正）‎ He was admitted to a key university, it made his family very happy.（误）‎ 因为两分句之间是逗号，而每个句中都有相应的谓语动词was admitted和made，在一个句中只能出现一个谓语动词，所以第二个是错的，而第一句作为一个定语从句，作为一种主从复合句，主句和从句都必须是完整的句子，所以各有其相应的谓语动词was admitted和made是完全合理的，所以第一句是正确的。‎ He was admitted to a key university; it made his family very happy.（正）‎ He was admitted to a key university; which made his family very happy.（误）‎ He was admitted to a key university and it made his family very happy.（正）‎ ‎ He was admitted to a key university and which made his family very happy.（误）‎ 分号和and作为并列句的标志，它们前后应是独立完整的句子，所以便失去了定语从句的语言环境，which便没有任何的指代功能。因此第一句是正确的，而第二句是错误的。‎ ‎2、非指代性it包括：“虚义”it、“先行”it和“分裂句引导词”it。‎ ‎（1）“虚义”it ‎“虚义”it是一种非指代性it，以示区别于人称代词it，用以指代天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境等。如：‎ It has rained for a week.‎ It is already eight o’clock.‎ It is about one kilometer from home to school.‎ It is spring.‎ ‎“虚义”it也常表示一般笼统的情况。如：‎ It was dawn when Mary was away.‎ It was amusing when the conjuror produced the child.‎ It looks as if the park is very big.‎ It’s my duty (turn, treat等).‎ 虚义it 常同be动词和with连用，构成独立的句子，为习惯用法。如：‎ It’s all over with it.一切都过去了。‎ It’s well with her.她一切都好。‎ It’s all gone with the man.这个男的一切都完了。‎ It fared well with him.他生活地很好。‎ How is it with your mother? 你妈妈还好吗？‎ 虚义it还可同动词结合组成惯用词组，这种用法的it无明确指代关系，也无明确语义。‎ cab it乘车 foot/walk it步行 bus it坐公共汽车 tram it坐电车 taxi it坐出租车 boat it坐船 train it坐火车 tube it坐地铁 trip it长途旅行 beat it走开 make it成功办成 rough it艰难的生活 come it达到目的 hit it猜对说中 cheese it停止 pig it过困苦生活 leg it逃走 cool it平静下来 chance it冒险 run it跑步 battle it打仗 hike it远足 get it挨骂 dog it摆阔气 hoof it逃走 hotel it住旅馆 inn it住旅馆 king it做帝王 queen it做女王 go it加油 catch it受责备 got it明白了 brave it out拼命干到底 go it alone独自干 come it strong做得过分 lord it over欺压 fight it out一决雌雄 call it a day今天到此结束 just for the hell of it只是为了好玩 take it out of somebody拿某人出气 have it out with somebody与某人讲个明白 be hard put to it处于困境 take it easy别着急慢慢来 stick it out坚持到底 have a nice time of it玩得开心 have a hard time of it痛苦地生活 That’s it.那正是我想知道的。 That must be it.准是那回事。‎ That’s about it.差不多是这样。 have had it没希望了，不行了 ‎（2）“先行”it It的另一种用法是充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语分别是动词不定式、动名词或名词性分句。为了避免头重脚轻而采取形式主语和形式宾语it的形式。‎ ‎①形式主语 a、真正主语为不定式。如：‎ It’s not easy to pass the driving test.‎ It is our duty to look after our old parents.‎ It takes two hours to get to the top of the hill.‎ 真正主语也可为不定式复合结构。‎ It’s very difficult for the boy to solve the problem.‎ Is it convenient for you to call on my anytime.‎ It’s very kind of you to help me out of the trouble.‎ b、真正主语为动名词。如：‎ It’s no use giving him good suggestions.‎ It’s no good quarreled with such a bad lady.‎ It’s worth seeing the film.‎ It’s a waste of time surfing the internet.‎ 作为形式主语的it既可代替不定式也可代替动名词，形式主语it代替不定式是非常普遍的，相对地，用以代替动名词则是十分稀少的，仅限于一些固定的句式结构。如：‎ It’s no use (good) doing sth It’s not the slightest use doing sth It’s no easy task (job) doing sth It’s worth (while) doing sth It’s a waste of time doing sth It’s a bore doing sth It’s hopeless doing sth It’s useless (enjoyable, dangerous, senseless) doing sth It’s wonderful doing sth 动名词复合结构亦可为真实主语。如：‎ It’s no easy job your working out the problem.‎ It’s a waste of time his playing games in class.‎ c、真正主语为主语从句。如：‎ It’s illegal that you drive without a license.‎ It’s said that he has gone abroad to study further.‎ It’s not known whether the student has graduated.‎ 在上述诸例中后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置，而出现于句首。如：‎ To pass the driving test is not easy.‎ Surfing the internet is a waste of time.‎ Whether the study has graduated is not known.‎ 上述结构远不如先行it结构普遍，因为先行it作为形式主语就是为了避免头重脚轻的现象，此外也并非所有先行it结构都可作上述转化。如：‎ It is said (thought, believed…) that he has gone abroad.‎ It seems that he isn’t very well today.‎ It happened that Tom saw the thief stealing the bike.‎ 上述三句只能转换为：‎ People say that he has gone abroad.‎ He is said to have gone abroad.‎ He seems not very well today.‎ Tom happened to see the thief stealing the bike.‎ ‎②形式宾语 a、真正宾语为不定式。如：‎ I find a little difficult to get along with a mean man.‎ I think it worthwhile to visit the great writer.‎ We made it rule not to speak in class.‎ Parents feel it their duty to give their children good care.‎ b、真正宾语为动名词。如：‎ I think it a waste of time talking with him.‎ The girl finds it wonderful dancing with friends at a party.‎ 形式宾语it代替不定式和动名词和形式主语it代替不定式和动名词的常见性相同，一般绝大部分形式宾语it代替不定式，而只有少数情况用以代替动名词，同前面形式主语it代替动名词条件基本相同，即当句中出现no use（good）、no easy task（job）、worth（while）、a waste of time、a bore hopeless、useless、enjoyable、dangerous、wonderful等词时。‎ c、真正宾语为宾语从句。如：‎ I think it best that you should have a try.‎ Please keep it a secret that he is making new plan.‎ Every time he leaves, he will see to it that the light is off.‎ Progress depends on it that you make great efforts.‎ I take it that he is studying hard.‎ He hid it that he had had a girl friend.‎ The man took it for granted that he knew the way.‎ 一般情况下，及物动词或及物动词词组后常可直接跟宾语从句在下列以下情况下常借助形式宾语it。‎ ‎1、固定搭配take it（猜想，认为）、have it（说…）、take it for granted（想当然…）、hide it（隐瞒）中常用it作形式宾语后接that宾语从句。如：‎ He always takes it that others will do harm to him.‎ Don’t take it for granted that you will make progress without efforts.‎ ‎2、动词短语介词后常用it作形式宾语，然后接that宾语从句，如depend on、count on、see to、insist on、rely on等。如：‎ He insists on it that his answer is right.‎ The government should see to it that they’ll do something about the pollution.‎ ‎3、当宾语后接有宾语补足语时，也常用it作形式宾语，后接宾语从句。如：‎ I think it stupid that you tell a lie to your parents.‎ He finds it exciting that he watches a sports game live.‎ ‎（3）“分裂句引导词”it 分裂句也就是平时所说的强调句。分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型，它的结构形式是：It is/was +被强调部分+that/who+分句。如：‎ It was the boy that broke the glass.‎ It was at about ten o’clock that the man drove back.‎ It is the book that he gives me.‎ 对于强调句的相关内容在此不再全面展开，在从句法强调句部分将详尽阐述。‎ 三、总结归纳，提炼精华，点津it ‎1、it具有指代性和非指代性两重属性。对于人称代词要特别注意it可指代不知性别的婴儿和小孩，对于指示代词it要特别注意it可指不知明的人，也可代替这个分句。要掌握it指代一个句子和which指代一个句子的区别，关键把握指代一个句子时，it用在两个分句和并列句中，而which只可用于定语从句且一般为非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎2、非指代性it在英语中是十分重要的，要掌握“虚义”it常用于指代天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境等以区别于it人称代词。对于“先行”it，应知道先行“it”是用以充当形式主语和形式宾语的，并掌握it所指代的真实主语和宾语，包括动词不定式（动词不定式的复合结构）、动名词（动名词复合结构）和名词性从句。尤其应掌握动名词作为真实主语或宾语的特定情况，在具体的语言环境中要能准确判断形式主语或形式宾语，并找出it所指代的真实主语或真实宾语，同时准确判断形式主语和形式宾语有助于进行正确的句法分析。“分裂句引导词”it在强调句中起着重要作用，无论被强调部分名词是单数还是复数形式，都必须用it且谓语动词为单数is或was形式。‎ 四、it法知识网