【英语】2018届二轮复习时态和语态学案（14页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习时态和语态学案（14页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 时态和语态 动词的时态和语态已成为高考语法填空和短文改错的必考内容。主要有以下特点：‎ ‎1．时态的考查以“情景立意”为主，主要考查考生在具体的语境下运用各种时态的能力。‎ ‎2．时态的考查以现在时和过去时为主，语态的考查主要集中在一般过去时的被动语态和现在完成时的被动语态或者是被动语态中过去分词的误用上。‎ ‎3．语法填空和短文改错对动词时态、语态的考查不是孤立的，它常和主谓一致联系在一起，因此考生做题时一定要弄清主语。‎ 解答时态、语态题时具体应做到：‎ ‎1．联系上下文确定时态和语态；‎ ‎2．根据时间状语确定时态；‎ ‎3．注意一些固定句式中的时态和语态。‎ ‎[典题感悟](考什么、怎么考)‎ 一、语法填空常考点 ‎(一)现在时 ‎1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)This cycle ________ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.‎ 解析：goes　主语是this cycle，且此处表示目前的情况，所以用goes。‎ ‎2．(2016·北京高考改编)I ________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.‎ 解析：have read　句意：这本英文小说我已看了一半了，我会尽力到周末读完。根据句意和情景可知，read的动作已经完成，且对现在产生了影响，故应该使用现在完成时。‎ ‎(二)过去时 ‎1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ________ (be) too violent for use at the table.‎ 解析：were　此处believed后面的宾语从句的主语是knives，宾语从句有两个谓语，第一个是would remind，第二个是设空处。因为此处讲的是过去孔子的想法，所以用一般过去时were。‎ ‎2．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)It was raining lightly when I ________ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.‎ 解析：arrived　句意：就在天亮之前我到了阳朔，天下着小雨。根据主句可知，本文是记叙的过去发生的事情，应该使用一般过去时。‎ ‎(三)将来时 ‎1．(2015·北京高考改编)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.‎ ‎—All right. I ________(call) him later.‎ 解析：will call　句意：“约翰逊博士现在不在办公室。”“‎ 好的，我待会儿再打给他。”由时间状语later和情景可知，此处表示临时性的打算，应该使用will表示一般将来时。‎ ‎2．(2015·天津高考改编)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she _________(teach) a class at that time.‎ 解析：will be teaching　句意：简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了，因为她那个时候正在讲课。根据“3 o’clock this afternoon”可知是将来某个时间点，故用将来进行时，表示将来的某个时间点正在做的事情。‎ ‎(四)被动语态 ‎1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I ________ (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre.‎ 解析：was allowed　分析句子结构可知，主语I与allow之间为被动关系，且再由上一句的“was”可知，此处应用一般过去时的被动语态。‎ ‎2．(2016·四川高考)The giant panda ________ (love) by people throughout the world.‎ 解析：is loved　句意：大熊猫受到全世界的人们喜爱。根据句子的主谓关系可知，此处使用一般现在时的被动语态。‎ 二、短文改错常考点 ‎(一)动词时态和时间状语不一致 ‎1．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Since then — for all these years — we had been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please.________________‎ 解析：had→have　本句的时间状语是Since then — for all these years，通常和现在完成进行时连用。所以使用have been doing的形式。‎ ‎2．(2013·全国卷Ⅰ)I was only four when she passes away.________________‎ 解析：passes→passed　根据句中的I was only four可知，此处讲的是过去的事情，用一般过去时。‎ ‎(二)并列动词形式不一致 ‎1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.________________‎ 解析：telling→told　told和前面的saw并列作谓语动词。‎ ‎2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Tony was scared and begun to cry.________________‎ 解析：begun→began　根据and前面的was可知，此处需要一般过去时。begin的过去式是began，过去分词是begun。‎ ‎(三)时态/语态混用 ‎1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)However, my parents didn’t seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it.________________‎ 解析：tell→‎ told　考查时态。此处讲的是过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。‎ ‎2．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.________________‎ 解析：去掉been　主语studies和谓语show是主谓关系，应该使用主动语态。‎ ‎[谨记规律](为什么、怎么办)‎ 一、如何确定时态和语态(4步法)‎ 第一步，确定句子是否缺少谓语 如果括号中给出的提示词是动词，首先要分析句子成分。如果句子缺少谓语，那么空格处应填谓语动词，就要考虑使用合适的时态和语态。‎ 第二步，确定时态 要根据具体的语境、时间状语或另一动词的时态来判断用哪种时态。‎ 第三步，确定语态 语态要根据主语和谓语动词之间的逻辑关系确定。主语和谓语动词之间是主动关系时动词就应用主动语态，是被动关系时就应用被动语态。‎ 第四步，确定主谓一致 要注意谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。‎ 二、掌握独特的时间状语标志(7看法)‎ ‎1．看到always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually要想到用一般现在时；‎ ‎2．看到yesterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day等要想到用一般过去时态；‎ ‎3．看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等要想到用将来时态；‎ ‎4．看到all the time, now, at present等要想到用现在进行时态；‎ ‎5．看到at that time, then, at six o’clock yesterday等要想到用过去进行时；‎ ‎6．看到at this time tomorrow，from 1 o’clock to 3 o’clock tomorrow等要想到用将来进行时；‎ ‎7．看到since, so far, up to now, by the time, in the last/past few years等要想到用完成时态。‎ I usually get up at four o’clock every morning when it’s still dark.‎ 我通常每天早晨四点起床，那时天还很黑。‎ I’ll be talking with the professor at this time tomorrow.‎ 明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。‎ By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.‎ 你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。‎ 三、熟记固定句型中的时态(6句型)‎ ‎1．be doing ...when ...，主句常用过去进行时，从句常用一般过去时；‎ ‎2．no sooner ...than/hardly ...when ...，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；‎ ‎3．It is/has been＋时间段＋since ...表示“自从……以来已经……”。主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时；‎ ‎4．This/It/That is the first/second ...time that ...表示“这/那是第一/二……次……”，后面的句子要用现在完成时；‎ ‎5．在时间、条件和让步状语从句中常用现在时表将来；‎ ‎6．祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句中要用一般将来时。‎ Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.‎ 演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。‎ It is the third time that you have been late for work this week, isn’t it?‎ 这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？‎ The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.‎ 当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。‎ 四、正确区分几种易混时态(7比较)‎ 比较1：一般现在时与现在进行时的比较 一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态；现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作(说话时未必正在做)。‎ On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(经常性、习惯性的动作)‎ 在星期一的早上，开车上班经常要花费我一个小时的时间，虽然实际的距离仅仅有20英里。‎ Hurry up! Mark and Carol are expecting us.(正在进行的动作)‎ 快点！马克和卡罗尔正在等我们。‎ 比较2：一般现在时与现在完成时的比较 一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态；现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成，或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。‎ I do all the cooking for my family, but recently I have been too busy to do it.‎ 通常由我给家人做饭，但我最近太忙了，没时间做了。‎ 比较3：一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或情况，常与过去时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或情况，常与一段时间连用；一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或情况，与现在没什么联系；现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already, ever, never, yet, just等词连用。‎ I felt very tired when I got home, and I went straight to bed.‎ 回到家时我感觉非常累，所以就直接去睡觉了。‎ ‎—Alvin, are you coming with us?‎ ‎—I’d love to, but something unexpected has come up.‎ ‎——艾尔文，你会跟我们来吗？‎ ‎——我想去，但出了点预料之外的事情。‎ 比较4：一般过去时与过去完成时的比较 一般过去时表示动作发生在过去；而过去完成时表示在过去某个动作发生之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。‎ Tom and I became friends in 2000, although we had actually met several years before.‎ 汤姆和我在2000年成为朋友，尽管在那时的几年之前我们就见过面。‎ 比较5：一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。‎ He wrote a novel last month.‎ 他上个月写了一部小说。(已经完成)‎ He was writing a novel last month.‎ 上个月他正在写一部小说。(不一定完成)‎ 比较6：一般将来时与将来进行时的比较 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态；而将来进行时强调将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。‎ I am busy reviewing my lessons because I will have an exam tomorrow.‎ 我正忙着复习功课，因为明天要考试。‎ I can’t come tomorrow. I will be having an exam at this time tomorrow.‎ 我明天来不了，因为明天这个时候我将正在考试。‎ 比较7：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到现在已经完成，侧重于结果或影响；而现在完成进行时则表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到现在，并且还在进行，强调动作的延续性。‎ Mary has phoned you.‎ 玛丽给你打过电话了。‎ Mary has been phoning you.‎ 玛丽一直在给你打电话。‎ 五、主动形式表示被动意义(4特例)‎ ‎1．英语中有很多动词，如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, wear, open, sell, read, write, wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表示被动意义。此时，主语通常是物，且常和easily, well等副词连用。‎ His books sell well, so they are sold soon.‎ 他的书很畅销，因此很快就卖光了。‎ ‎2．表示感受、感官的系动词如feel, sound, taste, look等，后面跟形容词、名词构成系表结构时，常以主动形式表示被动意义。‎ Your reason sounds reasonable.‎ 你的理由听起来很合理。‎ ‎3．在need, want, require, deserve等动词及形容词worth的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。‎ The house needs repairing/to be repaired.‎ 这房子需要修理。‎ ‎4．在“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中，不定式的主动形式可表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。‎ This problem is difficult to work out.‎ 这个问题很难解决。‎ ‎[基础巩固练习]　　　　　　　　 　　‎ Ⅰ.语法填空专练 一、单句语法填空 ‎1．I got a place next to the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike caught (catch) my attention.‎ ‎2．Pollution is a serious problem, which calls (call) for our great concern.‎ ‎3．So far, research has_shown (show) that people who forgive others can have more energy, better appetite and better sleep.‎ ‎4．—Did you have difficulty finding Li Ping’s house?‎ ‎—Not really. She had_given (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.‎ ‎5．My husband is_playing (play) computers while my son is watching TV.‎ ‎6．He must have sensed that I was_looking (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that？”‎ ‎7．He promised that he would_come (come), but he hasn’t arrived until now.‎ ‎8．This will help a lot if your passport is_stolen (steal)．‎ ‎9．The water felt (feel) cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.‎ ‎10．Close the door of fear behind you, and you will_see (see) the door of faith open before you.‎ 二、片段语法填空 A David will never forget what 1.happened (happen) to him the day before yesterday. He 2.was_eating (eat) something at home when he received a strange phone call from a hospital. The caller said that his son 3.had_fallen (fall) to the ground unconscious on the way to school. It was he who took him to the hospital. David hung up his cellphone and 4.rushed (rush) to his son’s classroom, only to find him listening to the teacher attentively. He suddenly realized that he 5.had_been_cheated (cheat), but he felt relieved. ‎ B No one likes the mosquito. But the mosquito may decide that she 1.loves (love) you. She? Yes, she. It’s true that the male mosquito doesn’t bite and only the female mosquito bites because she 2.needs (need) blood to lay eggs. She is always 3.looking (look) for things or people that she wants to bite. If she likes what she finds, she bites. After she bites, you will have an itch (痒) on your body. By the time the itch begins, she 4.has_flown (fly) away. But if she doesn’t like your blood, she 5.will_turn (turn) to someone else for more delicious blood.‎ C Aesop (伊索) 1.was (be) a slave living around 550 BC. We call the stories he wrote fables (寓言), as every story 2.has (have) a moral.‎ ‎ Almost all the fables he 3.wrote(write) are humorous and entertaining, appealing to people of all ages. To date, Aesop’s fables ‎ ‎4.have_been_translated(translate) into many languages and are known all over the world. Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1,500 years, but expressions from them 5.have_entered(enter) various languages.‎ D I noticed a small boy pressing a doll against his chest. So I walked towards him and 1.asked (ask) him all about it.‎ ‎“It is the doll that my sister wanted so much this Christmas. She was so sure that Santa Claus 2.would_bring (bring) it to her.”‎ I told him not to worry. However, he 3.replied (reply) sadly, “No, Santa Claus cannot bring it to where she is now. I’ll have to give the doll to my mother so that she can give it to her when she 4.goes (go) there.”‎ ‎“My sister 5.has_gone (go) to be with God. Daddy said that Mommy 6.will_join (join) God very soon, so I think that she can bring the doll with her to give it to my sister. I 7.told (tell) Daddy to tell Mommy not to go yet. I asked him to wait until I come back from the store.”‎ Ⅱ.改错专练 一、单句改错 ‎1．It has been over three years since they get in touch with each other.get→got ‎2．When you will wake up tomorrow, you will be a little better.去掉第一个will ‎3．In the past two and a half years, our school had organized many activities.had→has ‎4．A discussion about hiking had been held in our class recently.had→has ‎5．The answer sheet must cut from the newspaper and sent to China Daily before the deadline.must后加be ‎6．Hurry up, kids! The school bus was waiting for us！was→is ‎7．When I first meet Bryan I didn’t like him, but I have changed my mind.meet→met ‎8．She was phoning someone, so I nod to her and went away.nod→nodded ‎9．I am sorry I didn’t go to the cinema with you yesterday. You know, I have seen the film. have→had ‎10．After Tom finished some paper work, he had started interviewing the applicants.去掉had 二、片段改错 A (共5处错误)‎ Zhang Xiaowen, who is sixteen, a middle school student in Northern China. She is one of the best students in her class and she was won an award for young scientists last year. When seated in the ‎ classroom she looked just like all her classmates but after class her life is obviously different. She is born without the ability to use her legs and she has no feeling below the waist. She had to use a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a little longer to do everyday things.‎ 答案：第一句：a前加is 第二句：去掉was 第三句：looked→looks 第四句：is→was 第五句：had→has B (共4处错误)‎ Nearly five years ago, and with the help of our father, my sister and I were planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden. Since then — for all these years — we had been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please. As a result, the plants were growing everywhere. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and tasty. There are so many that we often shared them with our neighbors.‎ 答案：第一句：去掉were 第二句：had→have 第三句：were→are 第五句：shared→share C (共6处错误)‎ The other day I have an unusual experience. I am walking along a street when I saw a lady knocked down by a car. But the driver just drives away. Immediately I put her on my back and have carried her to a hospital nearby. On reaching the hospital, however, she started to say I was to blamed for her injury. Though I tried to explain, she insisted that I was the very person who were responsible for the accident.‎ 答案：第一句：have→had 第二句：am→was 第三句：drives→drove 第四句：去掉have 第五句：blamed→blame 第六句：were→was