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2020_2021中考英语知识点归纳及题型专练语法归纳(pdf版附解析)
2020-2021 学年初三英语知识点归纳及题型专练:语法归纳 一、定语从句 1、关系代词和关系副词基本用法。 2、关系代词特殊用法。 定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫 关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行 词保持数的一致。 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系 代词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which 和 that 在从句 中做宾语时, 常可以省略, 但介词提前时 后面关系代词 不能省略,也 不可以用 that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. whose 人,物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that 人,物 主语,宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主语,宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as* 人,物 主语,宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as 做宾语一般 不省略 II. that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区别: 情况 用法说明 例句 只用 that 的情 况 1. 先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2. 先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时 3. 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4. 先行词既指人又指物时 5. 先行词被 the only, the very,the same 修饰时 6. 句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时, 只能用 that 7. time 作先行词且前面有序数词或 last 修饰,用 that 引导(可省略),无序数词或 last,可用 that 或 when 引导 1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 7.This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 只用 which, who, whom 的 情况 1. 在非限制性定语从句中,只能用 which 指代物, 用 who/whom 指人 2. 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher 关系 副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用 on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用 in which why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用 for which 能用 which 指物,whom 指人。 3. 先行词本身是 that 时,关系词用 which, 先行 词为 those, one, he 时多用 who。 4. “-one;-body”式的不定代词,只用 who 不用 that。 is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. Anyone who plays with fire will get burnt. III. as 与 which 的区别:(当你没看见) 定语从 句 区别 例句 限制性 定语从 句中 名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时,关系代词用 as,不能用 which He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制 性定语 从句中 as 和 which 都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有 “正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以 放在后面,那么用 as;而 which 引导的从句只能 放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别: 类别 语法意义及特征 例句 限 制 性 定 语 从句 对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不 完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不 用逗号分开。 The accident happened at the time when I left. 非 限 制 性 定 语从句 对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切, 较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插 入语,不能用 that 引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省 略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago. 二、过去完成时 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概 念 : 过 去 完 成 时 表 示 在 过 去 某 一 时 间 或 动 作 之 前 已 经 发 生 或 完 成 了 的 动 作 , 即 “过 去 的 过 去 ( past-in-the-past )”。 ----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前 那时 现在 构成:过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作, 即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在: ( 1 )宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had seen the film before. ( 2 )状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成 时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如: When I got to the station, the train had already left. 注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、 从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如: Where did you study before you came here? ( 3 )表示意向的动词,如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用过去完成时表示"原本…, 未能…" 如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。 如: When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”) 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使 用它。如: He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等时间副词及 by , before , until 等引导的短语或从句连用。 如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结 束,仍然有继续下去的可能。 如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能) 5. 过去完成时也用于 hardly...when...(刚…就…), no sooner...than... (刚…就…), It/That was the first time + that 等一些固定句型中。(注:This/It is the ...次数 time+ that+现在完成时) 如:He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他刚离开房间,他们就议论起他来。;It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.他用这样的语调跟我讲话,这是第一次。 四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动 词 have (has) + 过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过 去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较: I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 — I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在) — John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪儿了?(答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即“过去的过去”) 五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点: 1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试 比较: They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用 过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如: She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去 完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后, 因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如: He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office. 三、感叹句 (1) 由"what"引导的感叹句:"what"用作定语,修饰名词,名词前可有形容词或冠词。 (2) 由"how"引导的感叹句:"how"用作状语,修饰形容词、副词、动词或句子。 2. What 引导的感叹句 what + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + (主语+谓语) + ! what + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 + (主语+谓语) + ! what + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + (主语+谓语) + ! 3. How 引导的感叹句 How + 形容词/副词 + (主语 + 谓语) + ! How + 主语 + 谓语+ ! How + 形容词 +a/an + 可数名词的单数形式 + (主语 + 谓语) + ! How clever she is! How time flies! How nice a boy he is! What a clever girl she is! What good children they are! What bad weather it is! 4. 做题技巧 四、宾语从句 宾语从句:在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。 1 基本形式:(主句+)连词+从句主语+从句谓语+... 2 宾语从句连词: that,没有意义可以省略; 连词 if 或 whether; “是否” 只用 whether:1 or not 2.后有 to do 3.前有介词 方法:去掉主谓,没有名词,就用 how,有名词,就用 what。 疑问词(如 what,who,where,when 等) 3 宾语从句的时态:“主过从过,主现从任,真理一般现在” 如:I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。) 4 宾语从句的语序:陈述语序(主+谓.....) Could you tell me where we should go. 注意:what is wrong? What is the matter? Who did it? 在宾从中是陈述语序 5.wh-+to do 注意:what to do(做什么) how to do it(怎么做) what to do with(怎么处理)how to deal with(怎么处理) 五、被动语态 语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系,分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动 语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往 用“被、受、给”等被动词来表示被动意义 。其结构是由“助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词 done”构成的。be 本身无词义,但有时态、人称和数的变化,其变化与时态中的变化一致。 各种时态的被动语态结构表(以动词 do 为例): 时态 被动语态 例句 一般现在时 am/is/are+ done The classroom is cleaned by us. 教室被我们打扫。 一般过去时 was/were+ done The kite was made by him yesterday. 昨天,风筝被他制作。 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being+ done Flowers are being watered by her. 花儿现在正在被她浇。 现在完成时 have/has +been+ done The work has been finished by Jim. 工作已经被做完。 一般将来时 will/shall/be going to + be done Trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 明天,树将被他们种。 过去进行时 was/were + being+ done A letter was being written by her at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候一封信正在被写。 过去完成时 had+ been +done The work had been finished by Jim. 工作早已经被他完成了。 含有情态动词 can/may/must +be +done He can be found by me. 他不能被发现。 二、被动语态的用法 1. 不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。例: The bridge was built last year. 这座桥是去年建造的。 He was elected chairman. 他被选为主席。 2. 当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由 by 引导置于谓语动词之后,不需要时可以省略。 例: The room hasn’t been cleaned yet. 房间还没有打扫。 The tiger was killed by him. 老虎被他杀死了。 3. 当动作的执行者不是人时,多用被动语态。例: The window was blown by wind. 窗户被风吹开了。 The whole village has been washed away by the flood. 整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。 三、重难点:谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义: 1. 英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们 被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 例:This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料很好洗。 2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等,以主动形式表示被动意义。 例:How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢? 3. 系动词没有被动形式,但感官系动词 feel, sound, taste, look, smell 在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示 被动意义。 例:Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。 四、易错点: 1. 在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear 等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动 结构中不定式 to 要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加上介词 to。 例:The great news made her feel happy. 可改为 She was made to feel happy by the great news. Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 2. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要 把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例:The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 这场会议将会推迟到周五。 3. “动词+宾语+宾补 ”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。 例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4. 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语 仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 六、make 的使役用法 1. 形容词作宾语补足语,即:make + 宾语 + 形容词。这一结构表示“使某人 / 某事(变得)……”。形容 词作宾语补足语用来说明宾语所处的状态。例如:Singing makes me happy. 唱歌使我愉快。 2. 名词作宾语补足语,即: make + 宾语 +名词。这一结构表示“让某人 / 某物(成为)……”。例如:They made him their head.他们使他成为他们的首领。 3. 动词不定式作宾语补足语,即:make + 宾语 +不带 to 的动词不定式。这一结构表示“使某人 / 某物做某 事”。例如:Can you make the machine work?你能使机器运转吗?注意:在被动语态中,make 后面的动词 不定式要带 to。(主动加原形,被动要加 to!)例如:When my grandfather was young, he was made to work from morning till night.祖父年轻的时候被迫从早到晚地干活。 4. 过去分词作宾语补足语,即:make + 宾语 + 过去分词。这一结构表示“使某人 / 某物被……”。其宾语 与宾语补足语之间存在被动关系。例如:This has made the students interested in the film.这使得学生们对那部 电影感兴趣。 七、系动词 1、概念:系动词不能独立做谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语,成为“系表结构”,说明主语的状态、性质、 特征或身份。后多加形容词。 2、系动词的主要分类: 1)状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有 be 一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is 与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lay, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词:用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词:感官系动词主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 5)变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有 prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如: The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out 表终止性结果) 常见类型归纳:be 动词(am,is,are),感官动词(feel,look,smell,sound,taste,seem),“变得” 词(get,become,turn,grow),“保持”(keep,stay)。 3、关于连系动词后接不定式 连系动词 be (am,is,are)后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语: 1).My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。 2).All you have to do is to listen. 你只需要听。 seem, appear, prove, turn out, grow 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是 to be)短语作表语: 1).The man seemed to be ill. 这个人好像病了。 2).The plan proved to be useful. 这个计划证明是有用的。 3).He appears to know this. 他好像知道这一点。 4).The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。 5).He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。 若所接不定式为 to be,通常可以省略 to be。 sound, smell, feel, taste, become 等连系动词后通常不能接不定式:(也可以理解为用主动表被动) 误:These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉 to be) 误:The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉 to be) 连系动词 look 后有时也可接 to be,但以省略 to be 为多。 用法总结:一般地,系动词后接表语:[包括形容词(原级、比较级和最高级均可加)、不定式等]。 八、情态动词 含情态动词 can,must,need,any 等的基本句型结构及其用法 I. 情态动词基本用法: 情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式、简答与例句 can 1、能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或 许可(口语中常用) can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…? could 2、可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑 问句中) 3、could 表委婉,could 为 can 过去式, can 一般只用于一般时,be able to 可 以用于任何时态 couldn’t do Yes,…can. No,…can’t. Could you please...? may 可以(问句中表示请求) 可能,或许(表推测) 祝愿(用于倒装句中、放句首) may not do May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. May you be happy.祝你幸福 might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. must 必须,应该(表主观要求) 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) must not/mustn’t do (禁止) No,...needn’t/don’t have to Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to. have to 不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化) don’t have to do Do…have to do…? ought to 应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用 should) ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. shall 将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、 威胁等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. should 应当,应该(表义务责任) 本该(含有责备意味) shouldn’t do Should…do…? will 意愿,决心 请求,建议,用在问句中 would 比较委 婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. would would not/wouldn’t do dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. need 需要,必须(常用于否定句疑问句中) need doing = need to be done(want 用 法一样) need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. used to 过去常常(现在已不再) used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. II. 情态动词 must, may, might, could, can 表示推测: 以 must 为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情; must +have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。 He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may 和 might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can 和 could“可能”,could 表示可疑的可能性,不及 can’t 语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生) Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问 句和否定句中) 4、should have done 表应该做而未做 must have done 表对过去事实的肯定推测;couldn’t/can’t have done 对过去的否定推测 could have done 表本可以做某事 5、情态动词表推测时,该句的反义疑问句和情态动词无关,必须去掉该情态动词后,考虑句子谓语动词的 发生时间和谓语构成,再进行相应的变化. 1.It must have rained last night,didn't it? 去掉 must 后,考虑时间状语 last night,说明句子本该使用一般过去时,即变成:It rained last night,所以其反义疑 问句为 didn't it? 2.You can't have been to Beijing before,have you? 去掉 can't 后,根据句意,句子本该使用现在完成时,即变成:You haven't been to Beijing before,所以其反义疑问 句为 have you? III. 情态动词注意点: 1. can 和 be able to: 都可以表示能力。但 be able to 可以表达“某事终于成功”,而 can 无法表达此意。Be able to 有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to 和 would: used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而 would 只表示过去的习惯或喜好, 不涉及现在。 3. need 和 dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区别: 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do查看更多