高考英语动词的时态和语态讲解

高考英语动词的时态和语态讲解

时态语态 ‎（一）时态 一般现在时表示:1.现在的经常性、习惯性动作 eg: I read English every morning.‎ ‎ 2.客观真理、普遍公立、科学事实eg: The sun rises in the east.‎ ‎ 3.现有的兴趣、爱好或能力eg: He likes playing football.‎ ‎ 4.现存的性质、特征或状态eg: The situation is encouraging.‎ ‎ 5.介绍故事剧情、新闻标题eg: Workers face tough times abroad.‎ ‎ 6.按时刻表或按规定计划、安排将要放生的动作（常见动词如：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, takeoff, return, stop, open, close等）eg: The train leaves at 4:30 p.m.‎ ‎ 注意：here, there, now, then 等开头的倒装句要用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如： Look! Here comes the bus.‎ 一般过去时表示:1.过去经常性、习惯性的动作或状态eg: He often cried when he was a boy.‎ ‎ 2.过去某时的状态或动作 eg: I went to the bank just now.‎ ‎ 3.用于 I didn’t know… 或 I forgot…，表示实现不知道或不记得，但现在已经知道或记得的事情。eg: I didn’t know you were here. Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.‎ ‎ 注意：表示过去经常发生的动作，也可以用 “used to do…” 和 “ would do”‎ 一般将来时表示：1.现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态eg: Tom will come next week.‎ ‎ 2.事物的固有属性或必然趋势eg: Oil will float in water. Fish will die without water.‎ ‎ 3.对将来某个动作的安排、计划eg: He is going to speak on TV this evening.‎ 注意：将来时常见表达形式：will/ shall do; be going to do; be to do; be about to do （此形式不能与时间状语连用）‎ 现在进行时表示：1.此时此刻正在发生的动作eg: I’m studying English now.‎ ‎ 2.现阶段正在发生的动作eg: We are building our socialism.‎ ‎ 3.情况的暂时性eg: I don’t really work here. I am just helping until the secretary arrives.‎ ‎ 4.与 always, forever, constantly, continually 连用，表示参上或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行eg: He is always helping others. She is always forgetting something.‎ ‎ 5.按计划、安排近期发生的动作（只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等动词）eg: A foreigner is coming to visit our school. I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow.‎ ‎ 注意：不宜用进行时的动作： 感觉类： look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear 情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear 心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, thin, understand, agree, know, remember, forget 所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to 过去进行时表示：1.过去某一时刻或阶段发生的动作eg: He was watching TV this time yesterday. ‎ ‎ 2.与 always, forever, constantly, continually 连用，表示赞赏或亚无等感情色彩eg: Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.‎ ‎ 3.过去计划、安排好的将来动作（只限于 come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay 等动词）eg: He said he was leaving the next day. I was told the train was starting soon.‎ ‎ 注意：过去进行时可用来描绘故事发生的背景，如：The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.‎ 过去将来时表示：1.过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图、打算（主要用于宾语从句中）eg: She was sure she would succeed. I thought you would come.‎ ‎ 注意：把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式 现在完成时表示：1.现在已完成或刚刚完成且对现在有影响的动作eg: I have finished my homework.‎ ‎ 2.表示始于过去持续至今的动作或状态eg: He’s lived here since 2005. I’ve taught English for 15 years.‎ ‎ 3.到目前为止的一段时间内，多少次或第几次做某事eg: He’s been to Beijing several times. It’s the third time that I’ve seen the film.‎ ‎ 4.将来某时将要做完的动作（仅限于时间和条件状语从句）eg: Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.‎ ‎ 5.发生在过去的，但已成为现在的经历或经验eg: We’ve all played with snow and ice.‎ 注意：没有包括“现在” 在内或不是截止到“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用。 短暂性动词的肯定式不能与时间段连用。 “in the pass/ last+时间段” 要与现在完成时连用。 have gone to 表示人在去所指地方的路上或已在所指地方；have been to表示人曾到过所指的地方，但现在不在所指地方。‎ 过去完成时表示：1.过去某时间前已发生的动作或情况eg: Marx had learned some English before he came to London.‎ ‎ 2.过去某动作前已发生的另一动作eg: The train had left when I got to the station.‎ ‎ 3.始于过去持续至过去灵异事件，也许仍将延续下来的动作eg: He said he had been in the Party for 10 years.‎ ‎ 4.过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望（只限于 think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose, wish, want等动词）eg: I had planned to see you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.‎ ‎ 注意：过去完成时必须以过去某一时间为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。 Before，after 本身“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如 “He (had) left before I arrived”‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ （二） 被动语态 1. 被动语态的构成 英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的，而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成。助动词be随着主动的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表：‎ 体 时 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 is/ am/ are done was/ were done will/ shall/ be done would/ should be done 进行 is/am/are being done was/ were/ being done will/ shall be being done would/ should be being done 完成 have/ has been done had been done will/ shall have been done would/ should have been done 完成进行 have/ has been being done had been being done will/ shall have been being done would/ should have been being done 1. 被动语态的用法 （1） 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。如：‎ ‎——George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?‎ ‎——No, I had not been invited. Did they have a big wedding?‎ ‎——The window is dirty.‎ ‎——I know. It has not been cleaned for weeks.‎ （2） 需要强调或突出动作的承受者或时间本身。如：‎ ‎ All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.‎ （3） 在文章标题、广告、新闻中。如：‎ Girls wanted.招女工。‎ Millions of pounds worth of damage has been caused by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.‎ （4） 当动作的执行者不是人时。如：‎ The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.‎ 2. 注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态 （1） 在被动结构中，切不可丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。 如：‎ That old man was often laughed at.‎ 那位老人常被人嘲笑。‎ The plan will be given up. ‎ 那个计划将要被放弃了。‎ Bad habits have been done away with.‎ 坏习惯已经改掉了。‎ （2） 含有情态动词的句子的被动语态结构是：情态动词 + be + 动词的过去分词。如：‎ The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.‎ 计划必须尽早执行。‎ 3. get + 动词的过去分词可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化，如：‎ She got married last week. ‎ 她上周结婚了。‎ He fell off the car and got killed.‎ 他从车上摔下来，摔死了。‎ 易错知识总结 （一） 一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别 1. 一般过去时所表达的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的过去某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去的事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。‎ 2. 比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：‎ （二） 一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别 1. 一般过去时是相对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是相对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这个时间参照点十分重要，她是过去完成概念赖以简历的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。‎ 2. 过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示，如by that time, by the end of…,before 2000,by the time+句子等。‎ （三） 过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别 1. 两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（剧中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。‎ 1. 比较下面的说法 （一） 主动形式表被动意义 1. 系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，appear，seem，go，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，grow，keep + 形容词/名词构成系表结构。如：‎ The steel feels cold.‎ His plan proved（to be）practical.‎ It has gone bad.‎ 2. 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。如：‎ Work began at 7 o’clock this morning。‎ The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day。‎ 3. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read，write，act，iron，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut，dry，eat，drink。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。如：‎ This coat dries easily。‎ 这种外衣容易干。‎ Nylon cleans easily。‎ 尼龙容易洗干净。‎ Food can keep fresh in a fridge。‎ 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。‎ Your speech reads well。‎ 你的演说讲得很好。‎ This material has worn thin。‎ 这个材料已经磨薄了。‎ The match won’t catch。‎ 火柴擦不着。‎ The plan worked out wonderfully。‎ 这计划制定的很好。‎ The engine won’t start。‎ 引擎发动不起来。‎ 4. 少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义，如print，cook，fry，hang，build，make。如：‎ The books are printing。‎ 这本书正在排印中。‎ The meat is cooking。‎ 肉在煮。‎ 5. 介词in ，on under等 + 名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之意，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有：under control（受控制）；under treatment（在治疗中）；under repair（在修理中）；under discussion（在讨论中）；under construction（在施工中）；beyond belief（令人难以置信）；beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及）；beyond one’s control（无法控制）；beyond our hope（我们始料不及）；for sale（出售）；for rent（出租）；in print（在印刷中）；in sight（在视野范围内）；on sale（出售）；on show（展出）；on trial（受审）；out of control（控制不了）；out of sight（超出视线之外）；out of one’s reach（够不着）；out of fashion（不流行）。如：‎ The rumor is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）。‎ His honest character is above all praise。（=His honest character cannot be praised enough。）‎ Today some treasures are on show（=are being shown）in the museum。‎ 6. 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit，have，wish，cost，agree with，arrive at/in，shake hands with，succeed in，suffer from，happen to，take part in，walk into，belong to等。如：‎ This key just fits the lock。‎ Your story agrees with what has already been heard。‎